Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Instead of overwhelming you with a whole bunch of them, well just go through them as we come across them. Well eventually cover all of them. If youre feeling anxious about knowing all of them I can give you a list this week.
Youre probably already upset from annotating 9 pages of Letter from Birmingham Jail.
STOP FREAKING OUT. Youll feel better by the end of the day and even better by the end of the week.
BUT BEFORE WE GO ON
Heres a meme to make you feel better. When you see this It now becomes a race to yell
Prize TBD
ANTI-CONFRONTATION
The writer makes every effort to avoid confrontation. The writer does this by giving as much credit as possible to the opponents counter-arguments, rather than simply dismissing these counterarguments outright. If opponents believe that their arguments are being understood and taken seriously, they will be more open to listening to the writers position.
Enthymeme example All teachers have college degrees. (major premise is assumed) Ms. Clark is a teacher. (minor premise is stated) Therefore, Ms. Clark has a college degree (conclusion stated)
The enthymeme is a shortened syllogism that serves the purpose of a more practical and expedient way to argue.
Restructured as an Enthymeme:
ENTHY
Ms. Clark is a teacher because she has a college degree What is left out? Why?
Enthymeme example
All teachers have college degrees. (major premise is assumed) Ms. Clark is a teacher. (minor premise is stated) Therefore, Ms. Clark has a college degree (conclusion stated)
MEME
Lets get all AP on this: The major premise (aka: the universal principle) all teachers have college degrees is an assumption shared by everyone and everyone agrees with the statement. An argument may be vulnerable if the audience does not accept the unstated principle that supports the argument.
HOW IT WORKS
1. Claim 2. Reasons 3. Warrant
4. Grounds
5. Backing 6. Conditions of Rebuttal 7. Qualifier An enthymeme provides the claim, the reasons, and the warrant.
HOW IT WORKS
Claim (arguable statement) Reasons (supports claim) Warrant (The unstated assumption that makes the enthymeme work. The audience must accept the warrant in order to find an argument persuasive)
Grounds (Claims, reasons, and warrants represent an argument in broad outline, stated in phrases or sentences. The grounds provide the actual evidence in support of the reasons. Includes facts, citations from authorities, examples and statistics)
Backing (Supports the warrant: If the person making the argument is unclear about the warrant or unfamiliar with the values and the beliefs of the audience, then the writer must provide backing to support the warrant. Conditions of Rebuttal (Brings up and addresses counter-arguments. Attacks the reasons and grounds and/or the warrant and backing Qualifier (Limits a claim. Must have a qualifier because any argument dealing in absolutes (always, never, etc.) can be faulty)
HOW IT WORKS
1. Claim King should not be leading local protests
2. Reasons because he is an outsider 3. Warrant Outsiders should not be leading local protests 4. Grounds We are now confronted by a series of demonstrations by some of our Negro
7. Qualifier Clergyman should not have used absolutes in their claim too easy for King to
shoot down