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Unit 7
Electricity
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7.1
ELECTROSTATICS
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Electrostatics
Electrostatics is the study of static electrical
charges.
Electrical charges are produced in material
through friction.
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Example of phenomena happens as a
result of electrical charges
When a plastic pen is rubbed with some wool, the pen will
attract dust and small pieces of paper.
When you comb your hair with a plastic comb, the plastic
comb may pull against your hair.
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Types of electrical charges and their properties
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Types of electrical charges and their properties
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Types of electrical charges and their properties
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Producing and detecting electrical charges
It produces electrical
charges which are stored
on the metal dome.
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Natural phenomena related to electrostatic
Lightning
a. Lightning is an electric
discharge.
b. During a thunderstorm,
electrical charges are
produced when air that
flows quickly rubs against
the rain clouds.
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c. Negative charges build up at the bottom of the
cloud.
d. The top of the cloud becomes positively charged.
e. The Earth's surface and the buildings underneath
the clouds are positively charged.
f. Lightning occurs
i. when the electrons that collect at
the bottom of the cloud move to the
positively charged areas of the cloud.
ii. when sparks jump between clouds
and the surface of the Earth.
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Phenomena related to electrostatic
I. Petroleum tankers
Petroleum tankers may become charged as a result of
friction.
i. between the tankers and the surrounding air on a dry day.
ii. between the exhaust gases and the exhaust pipe.
These charges can heat up the tanker and result in an
explosion.
An iron chain is usually hung from the tanker to enable the
electrical charges to flow to the ground.
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Phenomena related to electrostatic
II. Aeroplanes
Aeroplanes become charged as they fly in the air. The body of
the aeroplane comes in contact with the hot, dry air.
The tyres of aeroplanes are made of carbon and this enables
the charges to flow to the ground during landing.
Aeroplanes are also fitted with strips of metal conductor to
enable charges to flow to the ground during landing
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Static Discharge Reels
7.2
ELECTRICITY
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Source of electrical energy
Electrical is generated from two main source:
a. electric cells,
b. generators.
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Examples of electric cells
1. dry cells,
2. mercury cells,
3. lithium cells,
4. nickel- cadmium cells,
5. lead acid accumulator.
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7.3
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Measuring electric current
The quantity of electric current is measured
using an ammeter.
An ammeter has to be connected in
series in an electric circuit.
The S.I. unit for electric current is amperes (A),
While measuring electric current,
a. the positive terminal of the ammeter must be connected to
the positive terminal of the electrical supply.
b. the negative terminal of the ammeter must be connected
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Measuring voltage
The potential difference (voltage) is measured with a
voltmeter.
The S.I. unit for voltage is volts (V).
A voltmeter is always connected in parallel across the
electrical components in a circuit.
The positive and negative terminals of the voltmeter are
connected to the positive and negative terminals of the
electrical component respectively.
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Resistance
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7.4
Electric Circuits
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Electrical circuits and components
• The symbols of electrical component make it
easier for us to draw electric .
• An electric circuit is a complete pathway formed from
connecting wires and other electrical components that allow
the flow of electric current.
• A complete electric circuit consists of :
a. an electrical source such as dry cells,
b. connecting wires such as copper wires,
c. a switch that controls
current flow,
d. other electrical
components such as
ammeters, voltmeters,
resistors or bulb
Series circuits and parallel circuits
• Electrical components in a circuit can be connected in
series or parallel.
Series circuits
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The advantages of a series circuit
One switch can control all the electrical appliances,
such as fans and lights, in the circuit.
Parallel circuits
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The advantages of a parallel circuit
o If one bulb fuses, the other bulbs in the parallel circuit can still
light up because current can flow through the other complete
paths.
o Each bulb receives the full voltage from the electrical source
and has the same brightness.
Magnetism
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Magnetic Fields
The area surrounding a magnet where
magnetic forces act is known as a magnetic
field.
The pattern of a magnetic field consists of
curved lines of forces called magnetic field
lines
Characteristics of the magnetic field lines
ELECTROMAGNETISM
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Electromagnetism
Electromagnetism is the combination of an electric field
and a magnetic field and their interaction to produce a
force.
force
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Maxwell's corkscrew rule
If a cockscrew is turned
clockwise, the direction
of the screw represents
the direction of the
magnetic field.
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Right-hand grip rule
• When a straight wire is
gripped with the right
hand, the thumb points
in the same way as the
current.
• Your curved fingers
show the direction of
the magnetic field
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