Professional Documents
Culture Documents
4. State the number of protons and the number of neutrons in 146C. [2]
The mass of one nucleus of 146C = 2.34 x 10-26 kg. The nucleus of carbon-14 has a radius of 2.70 x 10-15 m.
Show that the volume of a carbon-14 nucleus is about 8 x 10-44 m3. [2]
Determine the density of this nucleus. [2]
How does your value compare with the densities of everyday materials? [1]
Carbon-14 is a radioisotope with a half-life of 5700 years. What is meant by the term half-life? [2]
Calculate the decay constant of carbon-14 in s-1. [2]
PHYSICS M&R JUNE 2001 1
1. A car traveling at 30ms -1 collides with a wall. The driver wearing a seatbelt, is brought to rest in 0. 070 s.
The driver has a mass of 50 kg. Calculate the momentum of the driver before the crash. [2]
Calculate the average resultant force exerted on the driver during impact. [3]
Explain why the resultant force is not the same as the force exerted on the driver by the seatbelt. [1]
2. Alpha particle radiation has a short range in matter. With reference to the effect of alpha particles on atoms. Explain
why they only travel a short distance. [2]
A worker in the nuclear industry accidentally swallows some liquid that emits alpha particles.
The plant manager tells him not to worry as the swallowed liquid will be excreted within a day.
However, the health physicist investigating the accident is still anxious to determine the half-life of the radioisotope
involved . Explain the significance of the radioactive half-life for the health of the worker. [2]
An alternative method is for each person to hold a rope tied to the handle
as shown in the second diagram.
Draw a free-body diagram for the container when held by the ropes. [2]
The weight of the container is 400 N and the two ropes are at 40o to
the horizontal.
Show that the force each rope applies to the container is about 300 N. [3]
Suggest two reasons why the first method of carrying the container
is easier. [2]
Two campers using the rope method find that the container keeps
bumping on the ground. A bystander suggests that they move further
apart so that the ropes are more nearly horizontal. Explain why this
would not be a sensible solution to the problem. [1]
PHYSICS M&R JANUARY 2002 1
1. Copy out and complete the equations below by writing the correct physical quantities, in words,
inside the brackets. [4]
4. A disk has a radius of 0.24m. Two 5.0 N forces act on the disk as shown on the first diagram below.
What is the resultant moment about O? Find the magnitude and direction of the resultant force on the disk. [6]
The two 5.0N forces are now positioned in such a way that the resultant force on the disk becomes zero whilst the
resultant moment about 0 remains the same as before. The second diagram below shows one of the forces. Copy this
diagram and sdd an arrow to show the new position and direction of the other force. [2]
PHYSICS M&R JANUARY 2002 2
5. The diagram below and opposite shows the positions of two ice skaters at intervals of 0.50 s
Up to 0.50 s, skater A and his partner B are
gliding together across the ice. Between
0.50s and l.00s, A pushes B away from him
in the direction of travel. After l.00s, they
continue to glide separately across the ice.
Determine the speed of the skaters before
they separate. [2]
The masses of the skaters A and B are 75 kg
and 55 kg respectively. Use these figures,
together with information from the diagram,
to show that momentum is approximately
conserved when they separate. [5]
Why should momentum be approximately
conserved in this situation? [1]
Without further calculation, explain whether
you would expect the total kinetic energy of
the skaters to increase, decrease or remain the same when they separate. [3]
7. Samples of two different isotopes of iron have been prepared. Compare the compositions of their nuclei.
The samples have the same chemical properties. Suggest a physical property which would differ between them. [3]
Tritium (hydrogen-3) is an emitter of beta particles. Complete the nuclear equation for this decay. [3]
Describe how you would verify experimentally that tritium emits only beta particles. [4]
8. A radioactive source contains barium-140. The initial activity of the source is 6.4 x 108 Bq. Its decay constant is
0.053 day-1. Calculate the half-life in days of barium-140.
Calculate the initial number of barium-140 nuclei present in the source. [4]
The graph below represents
radioactive decay.
Copy this graph and add a suitable
scale to each axis, so that the graph
correctly represents the decay of this
barium source.
.........................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................
(1)
At the bottom of the slope the cyclist turns round and pedals back up at the same steady speed of
8.4 m s–1. Give an estimate of the rate at which the cyclist does work as he climbs the hill.
.........................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................
Definition: ........................................................................................................................
Unit: ........................................................
(2)
226
90 Th → 222
88 Ra + 42 He
State the value of the momentum of the thorium nucleus before the decay ..........................
(1)
After the decay, both the alpha particle and the radium nucleus are moving.
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.........................................................................................................................................
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.........................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................
(3)
(Total 6 marks)
7. Indium-115 (symbol In, proton number 49) decays by beta-minus emission to tin (symbol Sn).
Write down a nuclear equation representing this decay.
.........................................................................................................................................
(2)
Indium-115 has a half-life of 4.4 × 1014 years. Calculate its decay constant.
.........................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................
A radioactive source contains 2.3 × 1021 nuclei of indium-115. Calculate the activity of this
source in becquerels.
.........................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................
Activity = ...................................................... Bq
State how this activity compares with a normal background count rate.
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(3)
(Total 7 marks)
...............................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................................
(1)
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(1)
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(1)
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(1)
(Total 7 marks)
7. A wooden mallet is being used to hammer a tent peg into hard ground.
................................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................................
(3)
The head strikes the tent peg as shown at a speed of 4.20 m s–1 and rebounds at 0.58 m s–1.
Calculate the magnitude of its momentum change in the collision.
................................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................................
The head is in contact with the peg for 0.012 s. Estimate the average force exerted on the peg by
the head during this period.
...............................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................
Give a reason why your value for the force will only be approximate.
...............................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................
(1)
With reference to your calculations above, discuss whether a mallet with a rubber head of the
same mass would be more or less effective for hammering in tent pegs.
...............................................................................................................................................
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...............................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................
(2)
(Total 11 marks)
……….…………………………………………………………………………………………….
……….…………………………………………………………………………………………….
……….…………………………………………………………………………………………….
X = ....................................................................
(2)
Explain why, in this moments calculation, it is reasonable to ignore the vertical forces on the
stump.
……….…………………………………………………………………………………………….
……….…………………………………………………………………………………………….
……….…………………………………………………………………………………………….
(1)
Calculate force Y.
……….…………………………………………………………………………………………….
……….…………………………………………………………………………………………….
Y = ....................................................................
(2)
If a tree stump is to be removed, it is a mistake to cut it off very close to the ground first. Using
the concept of moments, explain why.
……….…………………………………………………………………………………………….
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……….…………………………………………………………………………………………….
(2)
(Total 8 marks)
5. A model truck A of mass 1.2 kg is travelling due west with a speed of 0.90 m s–1. A second
truck B of mass 4.0 kg is travelling due east towards A with a speed of 0.35 m s–1.
……….…………………………………………………………………………………………….
……….…………………………………………………………………………………………….
Select from this list the quantity or quantities fitting each description below. You may use each
quantity once, more than once or not at all. A quantity which can be measured in newton second
(N s).
………………………………………………………………………………………………….
A quantity which equals the rate of change of another quantity in the list.
…………………………………………………………………………………………………..
A quantity which equals the product of two other quantities in the list.
………………………………………………………………………………………………….
………………………………………………………………………………………………….
1 ..........................................................................................................................................
2 ..........................................................................................................................................
(Total 5 marks)
2. A neutron of mass 1.7 × 10–27 kg travelling at 2.96 ×107 m s–1 collides with a stationary nucleus
of nitrogen of mass 23.3 × 10–27 kg. Calculate the magnitude of the momentum of the neutron
before it collides with the nucleus of nitrogen.
…………………………………………………………………………………………….….
…………………………………………………………………………………………….….
Given that the neutron ‘sticks’ to the original nucleus after the collision, calculate the speed of
the new heavier nucleus of nitrogen.
…………………………………………………………………………………………….….
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Speed = ....................................................................
(3)
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(3)
(Total 8 marks)
3. An athlete runs a 100 m race. The idealised graph below shows how the athlete’s velocity v
changes with time t for a 100 m sprint.
u/ m s–1
umax
0
0 2 4 6 8 10 12
t/s
By considering the area under the graph, calculate the maximum velocity vmax of the athlete.
…………………………………………………………………………………………….….
…………………………………………………………………………………………….….
…………………………………………………………………………………………….….
…………………………………………………………………………………………….….
m s–1 Velocity
m s–2
kg m–3
Nm
kg m s–1
N m s–1
(Total 5 marks)
2. The diagram shows two magnets, M1 and M2, on a wooden stand. Their faces are magnetised as
shown so that the magnets repel each other.
Wooden pole
Magnet M 1
Bottom face of M1
is a North pole
Magnet M 2
Wooden base
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(1)
(Total 8 marks)
8. When electrons are fired at nucleons many of the electrons are scattered.
However, when the electrons have sufficiently high energy, deep inelastic scattering occurs.
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
(1)
(b) What is revealed about the structure of the nucleon by deep inelastic scattering?
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(1)
(c) What quantity is conserved during both elastic and inelastic scattering?
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(1)
(d) Historically, physicists found that electrons of low energy could not be used to find out
information about the nucleus of neutral atoms. Suggest why.
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(1)
(Total 4 marks)
What would the height h have to be for the truck to reach a speed of 4.0 m s–1 at the
bottom of the slope? You may assume that any friction at its axles is negligible.
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Height = ....................................................................
(3)
(b) On reaching the bottom, it joins magnetically to two stationary trucks, identical to the
first, and the trucks all move off together.
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(2)
*N24600A01020*
10
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(ii) Use this law to calculate the speed of the trucks immediately after the collision.
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Speed = .....................................................................
(2)
(c) One of the stationary trucks has a total frictional force of 0.12 N at its axles. How
much time does it take for the three trucks to stop moving if this is the only frictional
force acting?
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Time = .......................................................................
(3) Q5
(Total 10 marks)
*N24600A01120*
11
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1. What physical quantity does the gradient of each of the following graphs represent? Give
your answers in the table below the graphs.
(i) (ii)
Displacement Velocity
Time Time
(iii) (iv)
Momentum Work done
Time Time
(i)
(ii)
(iii)
(iv)
Q1
(Total 4 marks)
*N22362A0216*
2
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4. (a) State Newton’s second law of motion in terms of momentum.
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(2)
(b) A wind blows steadily against a tree. The area of the tree perpendicular to the
direction of the wind is 10 m2 and the velocity of the wind is 20ms–1.
(i) Show that the mass of air hitting the tree each second is about 250 kg. (Density
of air is 1.23 kg m–3.)
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................................................................................................................................
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(2)
(ii) Calculate the momentum of this mass of air when it is moving at 20 m s–1.
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Momentum = .........................................................
(iii) Assuming that all the air is stopped by the tree, state the magnitude of the force
exerted on the tree by the wind.
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Force = ...................................................................
(2) Q4
(Total 6 marks)
*N22362A0616*
6
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5. During a game of football the ball, mass 0.42 kg, is kicked towards the goal. It hits one
of the posts and rebounds directly back into play. The diagram shows the ball as it is just
colliding with the post. At impact its speed is 27 m s–1.
Direction of motion
Post
Football
.......................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................
Momentum = ...........................................
(2)
(b) The ball’s speed at the moment it loses contact with the post is 20 m s–1 in the opposite
direction. Calculate its momentum at this instant.
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.......................................................................................................................................
Momentum = ...........................................
(2)
(c) (i) The ball remains in contact with the post for 0.22 s. Determine the average force
exerted on the ball due to the collision.
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10
*N26139A01016*
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(d) State one difference and one similarity between this force and the force that acts on
the post due to the impact of the ball.
Difference: .....................................................................................................................
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Similarity: .....................................................................................................................
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(2) Q5
(Total 10 marks)
11
*N26139A01116* Turn over
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6. An elastic collision is one in which kinetic energy is conserved.
A proton, mass 1.67 × 10–27 kg, travelling with a speed of 2.40 × 106 m s–1, has a head-on
elastic collision with a stationary helium nucleus. After the collision the helium nucleus,
mass 6.65 × 10–27 kg, moves off with a speed of 9.65 × 105 m s–1.
(a) Show that the kinetic energy of the helium nucleus is approximately 3 × 10–15 J.
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(2)
................................................................................................................................
(1)
(ii) Hence determine the speed of the proton after the collision.
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(c) Name a quantity, other than kinetic energy, that is conserved in this collision.
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(1) Q6
(Total 7 marks)
12
*N26139A01216*
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6. A uranium-238 nucleus, decays to a thorium-234 nucleus according to the nuclear
equation
238
92U → 234
90 Th + particle
.......................................................................................................................................
(1)
(b) The particle is emitted with a speed of 1.41 × 107 m s–1 and a kinetic energy of
6.58 × 10–13 J. Use this data to show that the momentum of the particle at the instant
it is emitted is about 9 × 10–20 kg m s–1.
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(4)
(c) When a decaying uranium-238 nucleus is at rest, the thorium-234 nucleus moves with
a speed of 2.4 × 105 m s–1 in the opposite direction to the particle.
Explain with the aid of a calculation how this is consistent with the principle of
conservation of momentum.
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(3) Q6
(Total 8 marks)
10
*N21066A01016*
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3. A boy throws a ball vertically upwards. It rises a maximum distance of 28.0 m in 2.4 s.
(a) (i) Calculate the distance of the ball above the point of release 3.8 s after it was
thrown.
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Distance = .........................................
(4)
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(1)
6
*N30615A0616*
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(b) The ball is caught by the boy.
Explain why moving his hands downwards as he catches the ball will reduce the force
that the ball applies to his hand. You may be awarded a mark for the clarity of your
answer.
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(5) Q3
(Total 10 marks)
7
*N30615A0716* Turn over
PHY1 JANUARY 2001 6
1. Density (1)
Displacement [not distance] (1)
Acceleration due to gravity/gravitational field
strength/acceleration of free fall/acceleration g
[not gravity or gravitational force/pull] [not g]
[not acceleration by itself] (1)
Number of nuclei/atoms [not particles, molecules]
[not amount of substance] [not nuclides, decayed nuclei] (1)
[4]
2. Diagram:
Shown and labelled
Ticker timer at top or Strobe light (1)
Tape from trolley through timer or camera [consequent] (1)
OR
Motion sensor pointing at trolley or video (1)
Connection to datalogger/computer or rule [both consequent] (1)
OR
Three or more light gates (1)
Connection to datalogger/computer [consequent] (1)
[Two light gates connected to ‘timer’ – max 1]
[Rule and stop clock - max 1]
Values for υ and a: 2
0.95 m s–1 [2 s.f.] (1)
Use of gradient or formula (1)
0.79 m s–2 [no e.c.f. if u = 0] (1)
Distance AB: 3
AB = ‘area’ under graph, or quote appropriate equation of motion (1)
Physically correct substitutions (1)
0.86 m [allow 0.9 m] [e.c.f. wrong u or a] (1)
Graph: 3
Smooth curve rising from origin, getting steeper (1)
Initial gradient non-zero [consequent] (1)
(0.70, 0.86) matched (e.c.f. on distance) (1) 3
[11]
4. Resultant moment:
Use of moment = force × distance (1)
1.2 N m (1)
Resultant force:
5N
[8]
5. [Accept use of 0.5 s or 0.6 s intervals in calculations. Values using 0.6 s are
shown in square brackets.] (1) 2
Speed:
Use of distance/time (1)
6.4 m s–1 [5.3 m s–1]
Conservation of momentum:
Final υA = 4.4 m s–1 (2.2/0.5) [3.7 (2.2/0.6)] (1)
OR υB = 8.4 m s–1 (4.2/0.5) [7.0 (4.2/0.6)] (1)
Any use of p = mυ
Use of pi = (∑m) ui (1)
Use of pf = (∑mυf) (1)
pi = 832 N s/kg m s–1 [689], pf = 792 N s/kg m s–1 [662.5] (1)
(both ± 5) [consequent on all 4 above] 5
Reason:
On ice friction is small / No external forces/friction (1) 1
Explanation:
Total kinetic energy increases (1)
Skater does work pushing partner away [conditional] (1) 2
[10]
6. Calculation of g.p.e:
Use of m = ρV (1)
Use of Ep = mgh [m = 8.1 × 10x kg] (1)
64 J (1) 3
Explanation:
(Some) water has moved up (1) 1
Why g.p.e. is less:
Water has less mass (1)
8. Vehicle movement
mgh and ½ mυ 2 [Both required] / mgh and mgh / ½ mυ 2 and ½ mυ 2 (1) 1
Expression for speed
Kinetic energy gained = gravitational potential energy lost /
mgh = ½ mυ 2 (1)
υ = (2 gh ) (1) 2
2. Momentum of neutron
Use of p = mυ (1)
p = 5.03 × 10–20 N s/kg m s–1 (1) 2
Speed of nucleus
Total mass attempted to be found (1)
Conservation of momentum used (1)
υ = 2.01 × 106 m s–1 [ecf from p above only] (1) 3
Whether collision was elastic
Use of k.e. = ½ mυ2 (1)
ke = 7.45 × 10–13 (J) / 5.06 × 10–14 (J) (ecf) (1)
A correct comment based on their two values of ke. (1) 3
[8]
3. Maximum velocity
Area = 100 m (1)
Attempt to find area of trapezium by correct method (1)
υ = 10 m s–1 (1) 3
Sketch graph
Horizontal line parallel to x axis
Some indication that acceleration becomes 0 m s–2
The initial acceleration labelled to be υmax ÷ 2 [ initial a = 5 (m s–2) (1)
(ecf)]
t = 2 (s) where graph shape changes (1) 4
[7]
14
7 N (1) )
0 (−)
−1 e / −01 β (1) ) [Either way round] 3
1.
Unit Physical Quantity
m s-1 Velocity
2
8. (a) Inelastic scattering
(b) Structure
(d) No information
11
(c) Time for trucks to stop
[Do not penalise candidates for using a total frictional force of 0.36 N. 3/3
possible]
Either
Correct use of power = f × v and ½ mv2 9
[Do not penalise power of 10 errors or not dividing by 2 in f × V equation]
Energy 0.21 J
=
power 0.08 W
t = 2.6(5) s
3
[accept 2.6 or 2.7 as rounding]
OR
Use of F = ma 9
∆v
Use of either v = u + at i.e. or a =
t 9
Answer in range 2.6 s to 2.7 s 9
t = 2.6(6) s
OR
Select Ft = ∆p 9
Substitution (-)0.12t = (-3) × 80 × (10-3) kg × 1.33 m s-1 9
[Allow omission of any bracketed value]
Answer in range 2.6 s to 2.7 s 9
10
8
5. (a) From what height?
mg ∆h = ½ mv2 9
[shown as formulae without substitution, or as numbers substituted into
formulae]
Answer [0.8(2) m] 9
7
6731 Unit Test PHY1
1.
3
4. (a)Newton’s Second Law of Motion
Example
20 m s−1 × 10 m2 = 200 m3
7
5 a Momentum at impact
p = mv seen or used 9
Answer [11 kg m s-1] 9
2
-1
eg momentum = 0.42 kg × 27 m s
= 11.34 kg m s-1
b Momentum at release
Minus 9
8.4 kg m s-1 9
2
ci Average force(ecf momenta values)
∆p
Use of F = ie for using a momentum value divided by 9
∆t
0.22
Adding momentum values 9
− 8.4 kg m s −1 − 11.3 kg m s −1
F=
0.22 s
F = (−) 89.5 N
Or
Use of F = ma 9
Adding velocities to calculate acceleration 9
Answer [88.0 N – 89.8 N] 9
− 20 m s -1 − 27 m s -1
Eg acceleration = ( = − 213.6 m s -2)
0.22 s
Force = 0.42 kg × −213.6 m s-2 = (−)89.7(2) N
3
cii Direction of force on diagram
Right to left 9
[Accept arrow drawn anywhere on the diagram. Label not required] 1
Similarity: same type of force / same size / acts along same line / 9
act for same time / same size impulse
[‘Magnitude’ and ‘size’ on their own is sufficient. ‘They are equal’
is OK. Accept; they are both contact forces; they are both
electrostatic forces] 2
10
6 a EK of helium nucleus
1
Use of EK = mv2 9
2
Answer [ 3.1 × 10-15 J. No ue. Min 2 sig fig required] 9
2
1
eg EK = × 6.65 x 10-27 kg × ( 9.65 × 105 m s-1)2
2
= 3.096 × 10-15 J
Or
Use of the principle of conservation of momentum. 9
Correct expression for the total momentum after the collision 9
Answer [ (1.40 – 1.50) × 106 m s-1] 9
7
Question Answer Mark
Number
6 (a) Identify particle
Alpha (particle) / Helium nucleus / 42 He / He 42 / 42 α / α 42 / 42 alpha / (1)
alpha 42 /α
b Momentum of particle
Momentum equation [In symbols or with numbers] (1)
Either
1 2
Correct substitution into mv = energy (1)
2
Use the relationship to determine the mass [6.6 x 10-27 kg] (1)
Answer [9.3 x 10-20 (kg m s-1 ) Must be given to 2 sig fig. No unit error] (1)
Or
1 2 2E K
Rearrangement of EK = mv to give momentum ie (1)
2 v
Correct substitution (1)
Answer [9.3 x 10-20 kg m s-1. Must be given to 2 sig fig. No unit error] (1)
1
Eg m( 1.41 x 107 m s-1)2 = 6.58 x 10-13 J
2
2 x 6.58 x 10 −13 J
m= = 6.6 x 10-27 kg
(1.41 x 10 7 m s −1 ) 2
momentum = 6.6 x 10-27 kg x 1.41 x 107 m s-1
= 9.3 x 10-20 (kg m s-1)
Or
2 x 6.58 x 10 −13 J
Momentum = 7 −1
= 9.3 x 10-20 (kg m s-1)
1.41 x 10 m s
(4)
c Consistent with the principle of conservation of momentum
(Since total) momentum before and after (decay) = 0 (1)
State or show momentum / velocity are in opposite directions (1)
[Values of momentum or velocity shown with opposite signs would get this
mark]
Calculation ie 3.89 x 10-25 kg x 2.4 x 105 m s-1 = 9(.3) x 10-20 (kg m s-1) (1)
m vector
kg m2 s-2 scalar
2 -3
kg m s scalar
kg m s-1 vector
[ Accept answers where the units are not combined eg
kg m s-3 m for power] (4)
[Do not accept answers written in dimension symbols eg
M L2 T-2 for gravitational potential energy]
Or
The velocity / speed measurements required are the velocities /
speeds (at the instant) when the trolleys collide(1)
[ Award this mark for statements such as ‘the velocities / speeds
measured would not be the speeds they have when they collide’]
Measurement of these velocities is impossible / difficult (1)