Adv Soil Mechanics PDF

203552 Advanced Soil Mechanics
Lecture No. 3
Dr. Warakorn Mairaing
Associate Professor
Civil Engineering Department

Kasetsart University, Bangkok
Tel: 02-57902-579-2265
02
579-2265
Email: mairaing@yahoo.com
Soil Settlement
Settlement
Soil
(Consolidation)
(Consolidation)
Dr.Warakorn Mairaing
Soil Settlement
Soil Settlement generally due to stress and environmental changes

causing the volumetric change in soil mass
o o +
Then
vo vo v
Or
H o H o S
According to stress strain

relationship
Soil Settlement
Types of settlement
Parameter Involved
- Stress increase
Cc - Compressibility Index
E - Modulus of Elasticity
eo - Initial Void Ratio
Ho - Soil Depth
- Poison Ration
Ho - Soil Depth
Cv - Coeff of Consolidatiion
Se
Allowable settlement
Se + Sc > Sa
Sc
T - Time Factors
D - Drainage Path
Soil Settlement
Strain mechanisms. (a) Deformation of mica particle. (b) Reorientation of

particles. (c) Reduction of Particle spacing.
Soil Settlement
Results of oedometer test.
Soil Settlement
Soil Settlement
Soil Settlement
Settlement analysis requires the calculations of overburden stress
(P or )
o
vo
and induced stress (P or v)
- Overburden stress ( vo )
vo =
dz = i zi
When
---(1)
i =1
= total depth
= effective unit weight
= depth of each soil layer
Soil Settlement
- Induced stress
Based on elastic theory of soil mass
in Boussinesg (1985) Newmarks etc.
1.
Point load
2.
Line load
3.
Rectangular uniform load
4.
Strip load
5.
Circular area load
6.
Irregular area load
Soil Settlement
Based on approximation of area
Fv = 0
qs Ao = v Ai
Ao
v
=
qs ( Ao + A)
---(2)
Soil Settlement
Soil Settlement
Soil Settlement
Stresses under uniform load on circular area.
Soil Settlement
Principal stresses under strip load.
Principal stresses under triangular strip load
Elastic Settlement
Settlement
Elastic
Elastic Settlement
E.Sattlement distribution
Total elastic settlement (Se) Large Loading area.
Se = zi = E zi Zi
When z
Ez
z
v
E
=
=
=
=
=
---(3)
settlement on each soil layer

vertical strain
thickness of soil layer
induced stress
modulus of elasticity
Elastic Settlement
For small loading area where lateral movements are influenced

to vertical settlement
E zi =
1
z ( x + y )
Ei
---(4)
Where
z
x, y
= stress increase in vertical direction

= stress increase in lateral direction
= poison ratio
Elastic Settlement
Application and Problems on Elastic Settlement
1. Applications
- Foundation on sand layer subjected to load and unload cycle.
Ex. Oil tank, Silo
- Foundation on organic soil
- Elastic or untrained settlement of clay.
2. Problems
- Calenlation of z, x, y for layered soil
- Estimation of Ei and i
- Interaction between foundation soil stiffness
Ex. Rigid footing v.s. flexible foothing
See more details on Item 14.8 14.11 Page 212-224

Soil Mechanics by Lamke and Whitman.
Elastic Settlement
Youngs modulus for vertical static compression of sand from standard

penetration number
Reference
Relationship
Soil Types
Remarks
Schmertmann
(1970)
Es = 766 N kN / m2
Sand
Webb (1969)
Es = 5(N+15) ton / ft2

Es = 10/3(N+15) ton / ft2
Sand
Clayey sand
Below water table
Begemann
(1974)
Es = 40+C(N-6) kg / cm2 N>15

Es = C(N+6) kg / cm2
N<15
Silt with sand to

gravel with sand
Used in Creece
Trofimenkov
(1984)
Es = (350 to 500) log N kg / cm2
Sand
U.S.S.R. practice
*N = standard penetration number
10
Elastic Settlement
Elastic Parameters of Various Soils
Youngs modulus, Es
Type of Soil
MN/m2
Poissons ration, s
1b/in.2
Loose sand
10.35-24.15
1,500-3,500
0.20-0.40
Medium dense sand
17.25-27.60
2,500-4,000
0.25-0.40
Dense sand
34.50-55.20
5,000-8,000
0.30-0.45
Silty sand
10.35-17.25
1,500-2,000
0.20-0.40
69.00-172.50
10,000-25,000
0.15-0.35
Sand and gravel

Soft clay
Medium clay
Stiff clay
2.07-5.18
300-750
5.18-10.35
750-1 , 500
10.35-24.15
1,500-3,500
0.20-0.50
Elastic Settlement
Correlation between the

undrained modulus of elasticity
for clay and the undrained shear
strength (Duncan and
Buchingnani, 1976)
11
Consolidation of
of Clay
Clay
Consolidation
Consolidation of Clay

Excess Pore Pressure (u)

(us)

Consolidation
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
12
1.
2.
1.
2.
3.
4.
(, )
5.
System of aquifers under the Chao Phraya plain
Distribution of recent clays in Southeast Asia
13
14
Recent sediments of the lower central plain, Thailand
Isopach map and locations of radiocarbon-14 dating age of Bangkok

marine clay (after Nutalaya and Rau 1981)
Soil Sedimentation
Sedimentation and
and
Soil
Self weight
weight Consolidation
Consolidation
Self
15
Consolidation of Clay Soil Sedimentation and Self weight Consolidation
Alluvial soils are the deposit of river transported

sediment suchas Chao Phraya river delta, Mekhong,
Missisipi etc.
When flow velocity is reduced at the river mouth,
soil particle sedimented according to Strokes law
First stage, muddy soil (e 15 or Wn 600-700%)

is consolidated by it own weight. Until the water content
reachs 150-200% or e = 4.0-50, soil starts to gain its
stength.
16
Flocculation / Sedimentation / Consolidation (Imai, 1981)
Consolidation of Clay Soil Sedimentation and Self weight Consolidation
Large strain or non linear consolidation is governed (Gibson 1967)

e
is
varied
and
av
are
varied = f(e)
Second stage, On next flooding season, very soft clay is overlain by next
layer of sediment. Soil at points X is continued to settle as normally
consolidated soil (N.C.)
When
vm vo or
vm
OCR 1
vo
Third stage, If the top layer of soil is eroded by river current or dry out by
dissication, then soil at point x is considered at over consolidated soil
(O.C.)
When
vm > vo OCR > 1.0
17
Sedimentation and self weight consolidation
Normally and over consolidated clay.
A Typical Bangkok Subsoil Profile (Pom Prachul)
18
19
Cc Cv
Cc
0.30 1.30
0.06 1.65
0.07 0.15
0.23 0.27
0.08 0.25
0.04 0.19
0.182
-
Cv
(x10 m2/day)
2 - 40
5.6 11.0
15
-3
References
AIT (1981)
Premchit (1981)
Nguyen (1999)
AIT (1981)
Premchit (1981)
Nguyen (1999)
AIT (1981)
(Prediction Rate of Consolidation)

1.

2
3.
4. (Preloading) Sand
drain P.V.D.
5. (Stage
loading)
20
Terzaghi (1925) 1 D

Assumptions of Terzaghi 1-D Consolidation Theory

1.
(Homogeneous)
2.
(100% Saturation)
3.
4.
Laminar Flow Darcys Law Continuity Equation
5.
6.
mv =
av
1+ e
Low strain consolidation
21
- Stress-Strain Parmeters Confined Compression Page 153-158 Soil Mechanics

Lambe & Whitman.
e
log v
e
cc
Vol.
e
av =
H2O
wq v
de
e
=
v
d v
= Coeff of Compressibility
mv =
av
1
de
= Coeff of Compressibility
=
(1 + eo ) d v (1 + eo )
Cc =
de
e
=
d log v log v
SOLID
Unit Solid Volume Diagram.
= Compressibility Index
The Continuity equation of flow in soil mass

kx
h 2
h 2
h 2
1 s
e
+ ky 2 + kz 2 =
e + s
x 2
y
z
1 + e t
t
---(1)
For Saturated Soil and vertical flow (1-D), the equation (1) reduced to
kz
h 2
1 e
=
z 2 1 + e t
---(2)
Compressibility of Soil skeleton

Coefficient of compressibility,
av =
de
,
d v
or =
e
v
Coefficient of volume change,

mv =
dev
,
d v
or
or =
ev
v
When
Results of confined compression test plotted
as void ratio versus stress on natural scale.
Ev =
v
vo
e
1+ e
then
mv =
av
1+ e
22
e = av v
Substitute
---(3)
Into (2), Obtain

(1 + e) 2 h v
= 2 =
av
z
t
kz
---(4)
Equilibrium of hydraulic head and yaressure

h = he +
u
1
= he +
(uss + ue )
r
r
he = elevation head =
f ( z ),
---(5)
he
2 he
=0
= constanst
z
z 2
uss = steady state pore pressure = constant

Ue = excess pore pressure
2 h 1 2ue
=
z 2 r z 2
From (5)
---(6)
Substitute 6 into 4
kz (1 + eo ) 2ue v
= 2 =
r av
z
t
Introduce the new constant
---(7)
cv =
k z (1 + eo )
kz
or
r ao
r mv
Then equation (7) became

cv
When
cv
2ue v
=
z 2
t
v = v ( e + ss )
2ue ue v
=
z 2
t
t
---(8)
Then equation (8) can be writen as
---(9)
23
Solution to Terzaghis 1-D Consolidation Equation

Diff. Equation
cv
2u u
=
z 2 t
---(10)
Solution form
= F ( z ) G (t )
---(11)
When F(z) = function of z alone and G(t) = function of t alone, then
u
G (t )
= F (z )
= F (z ) G(t )
t
t
---(12)
2
2
and u = F ( z ) G (t ) = F ( z ) G (t )
---(13)
Substitute (12) and (13) into Eq. (10)
cv F ( z ) G (t ) = F ( z ) G(t )
F (z ) 1 G(t )
=
F ( z ) Cv G (t )
---(14)
Eq(14) term z
Eq(14) term t
= -B2
F (z ) = B 2 F (z )
---(15)
Solution (15) General Term

F ( z ) = A1 Cos Bz + A2 sin BZ
A, A2 = Constants.
---(16)
(14)
G(t ) = B 2 Cv G (t )
---(17)
Solution (17) General Term

G (t ) = A3 e ( B
Cv t
---(18)
A3 = Constants.
24
(16) (18) (11)

= (A1 Cos BZ + A2 sin BZ ) A3 e ( B
Cv t
---(19)
= (A4 Cos BZ + As sin BZ ) e ( B
A4 = A1 A3
Cv t
---(20)
A5 = A2 A3
Boundaries Condition Initial Condition Consolidation layer.

1. Initial Condition
at time
t=0
u = ui
---(1.1)
z=0
u=0
---(2.1)
z = 2H
u=0
---(2.3)
2. Boundary Condition
at any time
where
Double Drainage
B.C. (2.1) Eq(20)

o = ( A4 Cos (0 ) + As sin (0 )) e ( B
Cv t
A4 = 0
B.C. (2.2) Eq(20)

o = (0 + A5 sin B 2 H ) e ( B
Cv t
A5 sin 2BH = 0 2BH = n (n = 1, 2, 3 )
B=
n
2H
---(21)
(21), A4 = 0 (20)
n =
= An sin
n =1
Tv =
n 2 2 Tv
n z
e
2H
---(22)
Cv t
= non dimensional time factor
H2
25
(22) Initial Condition (1.1) @ t = 0, u = ui
ui = An. sin
n =1
nz
2H
---(23)
(23) Fourier sine series An

1
H
An =
2H
ui sin
nz
dz
2H
---(24)
(22) (24)
1
u=
n =1 H
2H
ui sin
n 2 2 Tv
nz
nz
dz sin
e
2H
2H
---(25)
Initial Pore Pressure

1
H
2H
u0 sin
u=
n =1
2u
nz
dz = 0 (1 Cos n )
2H
n
---(26)
n 2 2 Tv
2u0
nz
(
1 cos n )sin
e
2H
n
---(27)
(1-cos n) 0 n = 2, 4, 6
(27) n = 2m+1 m = 0, 1, 2 or n = 1, 3, 5
u=
m=0
( 2 m +1) 2 2 Tv
(2m + 1)z e
2u0
(1 cos (2m + 1) ) sin
(2m + 1)
2H
M = (2m + 1)
u=
m=0
---(28)
2u0
mz ( m 2 Tv )
sin
e
m
H
---(29)
26
% Consolidation at any depth z

Uz =
ui u
ui
---(30)
Average % Consolidation
1
H
U av = t
1 Ht
Ht
ui dz u dz
0
Ht 0
1 Ht
ui dz
Ht 0
---(31)

u
u0
2.0
1.0
0.8
Tv = 0.05
0.6
0.4
0.2
0.1
1.5
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
1.0
0.8
0.9
0.5
0
0
0.2
Variation uf Uz with z/H and T
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
uz
un
27
Relationship between degree of consolidation and time factor for uniform load
applied to the soil
U - Average % Consolidation
20
40
60
80
100
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
T-Time Factor
One-Dimensional Consolidation of a Double-Drained Soil Layer with Six Depth

Increments and Different Initial Epwp Distributions
28
29
Fig. E27.1-2
Fig. E27.1-1
Z=1
UZ = 0.95
Fig. E27.1-3
30
Settlement due
due to
to long
long
Settlement
Construction Time
Time
Construction
Settlement due to long Construction Time
Settlementdue
dueto
tolong
longConstruction
ConstructionTime
Time
Settlement
Loading
Part 1 During Construction Period (0 tc)

Instant Loading.
Actual
Construction
Loading
qf
tc
Construction Time
t
S 0tc = S in t = i K ti
2
---(1)
ti =
kti =
Time (ti)
Part 2 After Construction Period (> tc)
S >tc = S in t = ti c
2
---(2)
tc = Construction time
Settlement
Instant Loading.
31
Example 27.5
Given. Soil profile and loading of Fig. E27.11 with the load increased linearly during 1 Yr.
Find Time-Settlement relationship.
Solution. See Fig
Sample computations :
t = 3 mo. From curve for instantaneous
loading, settlement at 0.15 mo is 0.4 ft. Onequarter of the load is in place.
Settlement = 0.4(0.25) = 0.1 ft
t = 2 yr. From curve for instantaneous

loading, settlement at t = (2-0.5) = 1.5 yr is :
Settlement = 1.5 ft
Fig 27.7 Settlement from time-varying load.
z
) (Steady State) 2
) y
/
1 S e
t 1 + e0 b
Saturation raito
void ration
eo
initial void ratio
Laplaces Equation Consolidation h, z,e t
32
2. Flownet A,B,C D
Sheet pile -4.00

Stift Clay Boiling
3. 20
u = B 3 + A (1 - 3 )
B = 1.0
A = 0.80
.
. Stress-Path A B TSP ESP
Normally Consolidation Clay
33
4. A Triaxial CTUC-Test 3
. Effective Confinening pressure
. Stress-path Saturated
Consolidation Shearing 1
. Triaxial Test Normally Consolidation Over
consolidated.
5.
. Self weight consolidation
. Time Factor (Tv)
. Strain Contours
. SHANSEP Theory
. Consolidation Boundary Condition
Consolidation of
of
Consolidation
Two-Layer Soil
Soil
Two-Layer
34
Construction of Two-Layer Soil
Consolidation of
of Two-Layer
Two-Layer Soil
Soil
Consolidation
To estimate the degree of consolidation of two-layer soil, we can pre-analysis
solution (Figure 27.9), or FEM or Approximate method.
Construction of Two-Layer Soil
- Approximate method
Ex.
On Figure 27.6,
if
Find Uz for Ti = 0.5
k =
1
k
10
1. Assume soil layer (2) as impervious

find distribution on layer (1) at T1=0.5
2. Assume soil layer (1) as pervious
Find distribution on layer (2) at T2 =
T=
T1
= 0.05
10
Cv t k t
=
H 2 rw mv H 2
If H1 = H2 and t1 = t2
T = f(k)
T1 k1
k
= T2 = 2 T1
T2 k 2
k1
3. Adjust at the interface between soil (1) and (2)

Note : If k1 > 20 k2 Treat k2 as impervious or k1 as previous
Which layer is control layer.
35
Consolidation
Consolidation
Consolidation
36
Consolidation
Cv
P1(%)
Cv ( field )
Cv (lab )
OCR
40-50
3.0-6.0
70
Natamon (1984)
- (. 2+890)
40-50
1.0-2.0
80
Udomrek (1985)
- (. 24)
40-80
1.0-2.0
7-14
(2528)
- (. 30)
50-80
1.0-2.0
10-20
(2528)
- (. 52)
40-70
1.5-2.5
(2528)
Discrepancy between
between Prediction
Prediction
Discrepancy
and Field
Field Observation
Observation
and
37
--
Discrepancybetween
between Prediction
Predictionand
andField
FieldObservation
Observation
Discrepancy
Rates of settlement or consolidation are usually different between
laboratory and field from the following reasons.
1. Partial settlement occur during construction period
2. Anisotropic and layer soil properties.

Sedimentary soil as in Bangkok Clay tend to have kx > ky or having
sand lense or this layers of sand sandwich between clay layer. The drainage
path there shorten by this behavior.
38
COMBINED RATE OF CONSOLIDATION
Case I
Initial Excess Pore Pressure
U av =
Known A.
Case II
Known B.
U av I A1 U av II A2
A1 A2
Two Layer Consolidation

Use FEM. Or simplified If. K1 > 20 K2 Cv1 > 20 Cv2
Two or Three Dimensional Consolidation

1.
Total Stresses vary with time (v = n Const)
2.
Elastic Solution not valid
Simplifiedn (Assuneed)
1.
Assumed Pseudo 3-D with constant total stresses
2.
Rate of change of pore pressure = rate of volume change
39
40
Consolidation Settlement
Settlement
Consolidation
Calculation
Calculation
41
Consolidation Settlement Calculation
Consolidation Settlement
Settlement Calculation
Calculation
Consolidation
Concepts
1. Based on Terzaghis Consolidation Theory.
2. Assume 1-D, homogeneous soil layer.
3. Low strain settlement eo = const.
4. Linear relationship between e-log p Curve.
5. Saturated soil layer
42
High Pressure Consolidation

600
2,000 /
6,000 kg

7
3
1.0 x 1.0 .

Sta.
Depth (m)
Cv
P'm
Unit
Weight
Cc
Cs
Cr
e0
Mv
cm2 / kg
(cm / s)
From
To
(cm2/s)
(ksc)
(t / m3 )
KD
49.50
50.00
2.62E-04
19.50
2.088
0.1970
0.0684
0.0398
0.6251
1.00E-03
2.63E-10
KD
188.50
189.00
3.46E-04
37.00
2.162
0.1703
0.0345
0.0640
0.4541
9.82E-04
3.39E-10
KE
99.00
99.50
5.72E-05
27.00
2.147
0.1975
0.0389
0.0240
0.6051
1.21E-03
6.92E-11
KE
179.50
180.00
1.67E-04
33.50
2.255
0.1694
0.0451
0.0437
0.3673
7.97E-04
1.33E-10
KE
266.00
266.50
1.15E-04
50.00
2.166
0.2159
0.0586
0.0511
0.4132
7.41E-04
8.49E-11
KE
366.50
367.00
9.66E-05
62.00
2.262
0.1893
0.0413
0.0432
0.3284
5.48E-04
5.30E-11
KE
367.00
367.50
1.41E-04
55.85
2.272
0.1628
0.0413
0.0483
0.3032
5.66E-04
8.00E-11
KE
440.00
440.50
6.08E-04
72.25
2.325
0.1285
0.2779
4.45E-04
2.71E-10
KE
566.50
567.00
8.71E-05
104.00
2.267
0.2225
0.3422
3.82E-04
3.33E-11
0.0387
0.0440
43
Cc 0-20
E-Log P' Curve at Depth 0-20 m.
2.20
20-15.1 m.
2.10
21-10.8 m.
2.00
21-14.5 m.
1.90
21-17.4 m.
1.80
22-14.8 m.
1.70
22-17.8 m.
Void ratio (e)
1.60
23-10.8 m.
1.50
1.40
23-16 m.
1.30
23-18.5 m.
1.20
24-19.7 m.
1.10
1.00
0.90
0.80
0.70
0.60
0.50
0.40
1
10
Pressure (t/m2)
100
1000
Comparision between; Settlement in soil and test sample

e
S
=
H 1 + e0
S=H
---(1)
e
1 +e 0
P + P
e = co . log o
Po
From e-logp curve
Then (1) become
S=
P + P
H
co . log o
1 + e0
Po
---(2)
---(3)
44
1. N.C. Clay Layer
when
Po Pm Then
use
Equation(3)
2. Over Consolidation Clay Layer

when
Po < Pm Then
S = S oc + S NC
---(4)
3. Exeavation or Pressure release

when
Pressure relase from
S=
Po Po P
P P
H
C s log o
He0
Po
---(5)
45
Steps for
for
Steps
Calculation
Calculation
of
of
Consolidati
Consolidati
on
on
Settlement
Settlement
46

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203552 Advanced Soil Mechanics

Civil Engineering Department

203552 Advanced Soil Mechanics

Soil Settlement generally due to stress and environmental changes

According to stress strain

eo - Initial Void Ratio

203552 Advanced Soil Mechanics

Strain mechanisms. (a) Deformation of mica particle. (b) Reorientation of

Results of oedometer test.

203552 Advanced Soil Mechanics

203552 Advanced Soil Mechanics

Settlement analysis requires the calculations of overburden stress

and induced stress (P or v)

= effective unit weight

= depth of each soil layer

Rectangular uniform load

Circular area load

Irregular area load

203552 Advanced Soil Mechanics

Based on approximation of area

203552 Advanced Soil Mechanics

Stresses under uniform load on circular area.

203552 Advanced Soil Mechanics

Principal stresses under strip load.

Principal stresses under triangular strip load

203552 Advanced Soil Mechanics

settlement on each soil layer

For small loading area where lateral movements are influenced

= stress increase in vertical direction

203552 Advanced Soil Mechanics

Application and Problems on Elastic Settlement

See more details on Item 14.8 14.11 Page 212-224

Youngs modulus for vertical static compression of sand from standard

Es = 5(N+15) ton / ft2

Below water table

Es = 40+C(N-6) kg / cm2 N>15

Silt with sand to

Es = (350 to 500) log N kg / cm2

*N = standard penetration number

203552 Advanced Soil Mechanics

Elastic Parameters of Various Soils

Medium dense sand

Sand and gravel

Correlation between the

203552 Advanced Soil Mechanics

Excess Pore Pressure (u)

203552 Advanced Soil Mechanics

System of aquifers under the Chao Phraya plain

Distribution of recent clays in Southeast Asia

203552 Advanced Soil Mechanics

203552 Advanced Soil Mechanics

Recent sediments of the lower central plain, Thailand

Isopach map and locations of radiocarbon-14 dating age of Bangkok

203552 Advanced Soil Mechanics

Consolidation of Clay Soil Sedimentation and Self weight Consolidation

Alluvial soils are the deposit of river transported

First stage, muddy soil (e 15 or Wn 600-700%)

203552 Advanced Soil Mechanics

Flocculation / Sedimentation / Consolidation (Imai, 1981)

Consolidation of Clay Soil Sedimentation and Self weight Consolidation

Large strain or non linear consolidation is governed (Gibson 1967)

vm > vo OCR > 1.0

203552 Advanced Soil Mechanics