Material Strength2

(
)
∑F i = 0 ⇒ ∑ σ i dA = 0 → ∫ σdA = 0
A
'
(
)* + .

!"# $%

. , ,-.
,12 y + ,-. /0 σ
M = − ∫ (σdA) y
. 3 $% ,-. ""0

4# /0
5
6
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9! : 3 /1; < = + /1; < 9- % ( % 1> = %6
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Copyright by:www.Afshinsalari.com
A

ε u = − y tan θ ⇒ δ u = − y ???
∆x
e − y tan θ θ y
ε = Lim u = Lim = − y Lim = − y Lim P = −
∆x → 0 ∆x ∆x → 0 ∆x ∆x → 0 ∆x ∆x → 0 ∆x P
−y
ε=
P
: # $ %&' ( )' ' * +,
σ −y σ −E
ε= ⇒ = ⇒σ =( )y
E P E P
E
∫ σdA = 0 ⇒ ∫ (− P ) ydA = 0 : 0 B
%
A A
E
ydA = 0 → ∫ ydA = 0 '
2!# C8
D + E"F
B
%
P ∫A
−
y=
∑Ay
i i
.";
( 9
# -
C :0%
∑A i
G

−E 2 1
M = ∫( ) y dA = − ∫ Ey 2 dA
P P
E 2 EI 1 M
P ∫A
M = y dA ⇒ M = ⇒ R
{ = =
P ‫ا‬ P EI
σ My
M =− I ⇒ σ =−
y I
Mc
σ =− . 0
#

6
( < .";
(
%.0*: C
I
)
.
H , I 1#:0
/"(
MC
σ max = −
I
wl 2 1 × 52
M max = = = 3.125 t.m = 3.125 × 105 kg.cm
8 8
. , '
( .";
( ( 9 K2 %)
M

";
( ∫ ydA = 0
A
bh3 30(50) 2
I= = = 3.125 × 105 cm4
12 12
h 50
C= = = 25
2 2
3.125 × 105 × 25
σ max = ⇒ σ max = 25 kg
→ σ max = ±25 kg
3.125 × 105 cm 2 cm 2

σ a = 1400 kg
cm 2
<
4 /"( %
wl 2 εσ S 8 × 1400 × 81.9
M = σ a S xx ⇒ = σ a S x ⇒ w = a2 x =
8 l 900 2
w = 5.73 kg
cm
= .573 ton
m
σ a = 1400 kg
cm 2
, w =1 ton
m
, lmax = ? (N
1 1
wl 2  8σ .S  2  8 × 1400 × 81.9  2
M = σ a .S x ⇒ = σ a .S x → l =  a x  =   ⇒ l = 303 cm
8  w   10 
M M wl 2 10(400) 2
σa = →S = = = ⇒ S x = 142.86cm3 (
Sx σ a 8σ a 8 × 1400
INP 160 117 cm3
INP 180 161 cm3
(@
O

wl 10 × 400
V
% /"( τ = ⇒ τ max = 2 = 2 ⇒
AV h.tv 14 × 0.5
: )
.
3( I (L ) 3
6 %.0* . , σ a = 50 kg
cm 2
0 <
4 /"( % .
)
.
H

Mc Wl 2c 8Iσ a
σa = − =− ⇒ l2 = −
I eI wc
8 × 3.125 × 105 × 50
l= ⇒ lmax = 707 cm
10 × 25
:)
.
σ =?
P

wl 2 200 × 2 2
M max = = = 100 kg.m
8 8
.";
( ∫ ydA = 0 →y=
∑Ay i i
=
30 × 5 × 2.5 × +3 × (40 − 5) × 22.5
= 10.73 cm
A ∑A i 30 × 5 + 3 × 35
30 × 53 3 × 353
I = ∫ y 2 dA = ∑ I oi + ∑ Ai d ?? = + 30 × 5(10.73 − 2.5) +
2
+ 3 × 35( 22.5 − 90.73) 2
12 12
= 35737 cm 4
− MC 100 × 100 × 10.73

σ = =− ⇒ ‫ ري‬ σ = −30.02 kg
cm 2
I 35737
100 × 100 × (−40 − 10.73)

σ =− ⇒
‫آ‬ σ = 14.19 kg
cm 2
35737
:)
.
 A = 18.2cm 2


 I
 I xx = 573 cm → S xx = 81.9 cm S=
4 3
 C


 I yy = 25.2 cm → S yy = 107 cm
4 3
σ max = ? (Q8

5+ 0

R

M wl 2 M × (400) 2
σ = = = ⇒ σ = 2442
kg
S 8S xx 8 × 81.9 cm 2
τ max = 250.6 kg
cm 2
: / % 0-.
@ %0V) U
S8% ‘ 0 ‘ 91>
S3T <
#
6 '
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. , W
(
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S3T +
6 8X %3T
-3
6 < !# '
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. #+T , %Y 1F+
[0 %6 < 9
* '
% /"( \ % % %7"8
'
:16 +% 3 %Y ,( % ZG
. "0 %-F 1F 6

3
F
 P
σ p = −
 A


 σ ′ = ± MY
N
 I
P MY
σt = − ±
A I
]

14 14
1 × 10 5 × 10 5 ×
2000 2 Kg − 2000 2 kg
σ A = − − = −1331 4
, σB = + = +1111
cm
18.2 573 cm 18.2 573
:#:1(
H, I 318T+ ,12 %6 /"( P=10 ton < :Q8
H 2( \ B
< !# P=Pu I < (^
H,I 'K 90 )B % _( P=1.2Pu < (N
ES =2.1×106 kg
cm2
Eall=7×105 kg
cm2
σall=800 cm2
kg
σs =2400 kg
cm2
δ = ? + σ all = 500 "0 $% % (
P = Fs + Fall
(Q8
Fl F l
∆S = ∆Pl → S = all →
Es AS Es AS
 FS + Fal = 10 ton Fall = 4.1ton

 
 ⇒ 
 F = 1.44 F F = 5.9 ton
 S all  S
(^
}?
2( [ "#[8T Fall = σ a Al = 800 × 25 = 2000 = 20ton
`

2( Fu = σ s . AS = 2400 × 12 = 28.8 ton ≤ 1.44 × 20 = 25.8

s
." 2( a8 b# +%6
Pu = 20 + 28.8 = 48.8ton
(N
P = 1.2 × 48.8 = 58.56ton
(, 58.5b>48.8 ;%I)., ,#
S3 9! % _(
F = 500 × 25 = 12.5ton
Fas = 28.8 > 1.44 × 12.5 = 18ton

(
Pu = 12.5 + 18 = 30.5ton
P2 = 1.2 Pu = 1.2 × 30.5 = 36.6ton
Fs 2 = 36.6 − 12.5 = 24.1ton
($ ! " #)

FL 24100 × 200
δ = = ⇒ δ = 0.19cm
AE 2.1 × 106 × 12
c

12 3-
42 ' 5 6 7
N
;
,8
*
- F( 91> 0 +% 3
[X( /1;<
; ,8
*
C :0% 0 p +% 3

, )
= :0% < N
; +% 3 .91> ., :0% <
: 1; %7"8 @+d= "0 %Y e%>
M=P. e
P M .y
σ = ±
A I
:
, %% e%> 3 %6 /"(
P P.e y
σ = +
A I
. 9
* /"( ' % % +
2 <
P P.e y −I
σ = + =0 ⇒ y=
A I Ae
, % 'T /"( 0 , ; 8

=

Z %#< 0 +% 3 b# P 0 = 0 6 '

3 8
= # " ,d>
.";
# /6
0 e ,#:0 % < N+%; % . % Z
.";

. b#:3 C :0% ."; \

# /#: e% + 6; + C :0% <

6 < !# + P :0% < N
; 0 +% 3 %Y 3 0 =
. ,% 6; f

6 )* '
:16 /1; 33 % e%>

6 )* 1;
6%7"8 6 /#
13 ez , ey
P %Y 3 f
DKg %
. f # . "6; ,P.ey P.ez %% h (%( > z , y
:
, %% z, y f
DKg e%> < 3 "#T % 1> /"(
P P.ez P.e y
σ = + +
A Iy Iz
:)
.
C 88 %6 , @ 9 !( B 3 88 + ' iF

ABC ^

. d = 27.3 cm F

; % + I = 8820 cm 4 Kg8 +
K , A = 103.9 cm 2
H = 1.8, L = 2.4m P = 1350kg $%

^

+ 0
6 /"( %.0*
. "0 5
A

M B = 1620kgm :9*
'
( AB = H 2 + L2 = 1.8 2 + 2.4 2 = 3m
H 1.8
cos α = = = 0.6 , sin α = 0.8
AB 3
P
A < X
1;%7"8 M = R A sin αx = ( )(0.8) x = 0.4 Px = 540 x
2
.
B 3 1;%7"8%.0* ⇒ M B = 540(3) = 1620kgm
, %%+ ,
Y AB)B%% +% 3 ⇒ P = R A cos α = cos α
2
P My P cos α M B y

B ^

+ 0
S"( %.0* σ = + =− +
A I 2A I
d
MB( )
P cos α

B 3

(
/"( %.0* (σ c )max =− − 2
2A I
(1350)(0.6) (162000)(27.3) kg
(σ c )max =− − = 254.6
(2)(103.4) (2)(8820) cm 2
d
MB( )
− P cos α 2 = 246.8
, %% B 3
K(
( 0 /"( %.0* (σ t ) = + kg
cm 2
2A I
:)
.
/"( %.0* . , @ QD3 mm 9! %

b# C
. "0 ^
2* p
%Y ,( @ bI0
+ 0 @
G

%% y < z

1> /"( % /1; ,( y )* #
:
,
P Mz
σ= +
A I
pa
z
P 4 2p z
σ= + = 2 (1 + 12 )
a 1 a 3
(a )( 3 ) a a
(a )  12
 2
a
:
, %% +
z =
0 /"( %.0*
4
(σ t ) max = σ ( z = a4 ) = 8P
a2
a
:
, %% +
z = −

/"( %.0*
4
a 4p
(σ c ) max = σ ( z = − ) = − 2
4 a
M

:)
.
: < "(
-> # f
Dg "0 5 %#< 9! I K26
I Z = 27346 cm 4 , I y = 1544 cm 4 A = 94.84 cm 4
Iz 27346
e1 = − = = 13.96cn
Ay (94.84)(20.65)
Iy 1544
e2 = − = = 1.81cm
Az (94.84)(9)
}2e2
6 7 81 2e
.
3.62 + 27.92
<8 b# : K26 #%
"
O

:)
.
@ K;
:#%0
; S73 % @ e%> 0 #
" C8
D <
* #
"0 + # % q

k
;.
γ =1.8 t/m3 #
" jDg '<+. ,
, 1 .5t/m2 %% #

5 'T %.0* + "0 % _( ; # l
( 0
H "0 ^
2* #
5 1 " + 1#:0

6 /"(.
F L=1m ) # < K12
'( ,12 # mmm "0 [
,% %a3 @%B @% ( b# fD
.
% / 3
K(
SK3 0
i; '<+ %Y ,( @%B % ( #
e%> @% k

;
+
. , 6; /"( #%K #

5
P M
σ = ± Q1 + Q2 %% @ F ,12 '<+ : P
A S
Q1 = 12 h(b − a ) Lγ = 12 (4.5)(2 − 0.8)(1)(1.8) = 4.86 T = c1

Q2 = haLγ = (4.5)(0.8)(1)(1.8) = 6.48 T = c2
P = Q1 + Q2 = 4.86 + 6.48 = 11.34 T
P

0 , Z )* k
;
"#T%+ Q2 + Q1
6 '<+ %7"8 l14
%% M 1; %7"8
."0 -> #

5 e%> C :0%<
b−a b b a q h h
M = Q1 (a + − ) − Q2 ( − ) + max ( ) = (4.86)(0.2) − (6.48)(0.6) + 16 (1.5)(4.5) 2 = 2.15 T .M
3 2 2 2 2 3
−P M Lb 2
σ = ± #
S = + A = bl = 2m 2 'I
A 6 6
11.34 2.15
σ =− ± = −5.67 ± 3.21 t / m 2
2 0.62
.
B 3 1 "
/"(+ A 3 1#:0

/"(
1#:0

/"( : σ max = −5.67 − 3.21 = −8.88 t
m2
1 "
/"( : σ min = −5.67 + 3.21 = −2.46 t
m2
: )
.

6 /"( #<( =( ,2. , @ @ '
3 ..
"K b#
<%K b# f
-
.
@ @ '
3 <%( ^T C 0 K+ B-A

K jDg '<+. #0 $% :4 % ( b# fD n

0 % 1> ,SF % (
"S5
. , h=! %K % ( 3 0 AO
R

H = V = 12 γh × h × 1
 1 
H = V = ( )(2.7)(10) (2.7)(1) = 36.4 KN
 2 
 1  
W = P =  (1.8)(3)(1) 25 = 67.5 kn
 2  
M 0 = H (0.9) − w(0.3) = 36.4)(0.9) − (67.5)(0.3) = 12.5 KN .m
− w MC 67.5 12.5 × .9
σ = + =− + = −37.5 + 23.2 = −14.3 KN / m 2‫ ري‬
A I 1.8 × 1 1.82
12
w MC
σA = − − = −37.5 − 23.2 = −60.7 KN / m2‫ ري‬
A I
:)
.
0 M ,;"!# @%K2

b# 91( % 100∗150 mm I % ( b#
^
2* 3
6 o+ 1; /"( %.0* . % @
K %KG 3
6 ( 3
. ( "0 %a3 p% % ( '<+ <) . "0 =( .";

( 9 '
16 %+ "0
]

}
cos 30
WL 4 × 3 3
M = = = 1.5 KN .m M Z = M cosα = 1.5( ) = 1.3 KN .m
8 8 2
1 1
IZ = (100)(150)3 = 2.81 × 107 Iy = (150)(100)3 = 1.25 × 107 mm 4
12 12
M z y M Y Z 1.3 × 106
σ =± ± =
IZ Iy
σ A = +3.47 + 3 = 6.47 N
mm 2

‫آ‬
σ B = +3.47 − 3 = 0.47 N
mm 2
‫آ‬
σ c = −3.47 − 3 = −6.47 N
mm 2
‫ ري‬
σ ِ = −3.47 + 3 = −0.47 N
mm 2
‫آ‬
:)
.
. "0 -
C,B,A bI0 ,#
S3 q:F %YX 1#:0

6 /"(
( % -
3 #

S"( [
1()
`

(32 7 3-
6
)32 7 -
809
:F
( ""0 %Y .. q:F < AB C + #
0 #
6 /"( =( , ^ ()
.
.3
1
)
=( bI0
F1 = 3 cos α F2 = 2 cos α F3 = 2 sin α F4 = 1sin α
→+
∑ Fx(Fn) = 0 N = F1 cos α − F2 sin α − F3 cos α + F4 sin α ⇒ N = 1.29 N
∑ Fs = 0 S = F1 sin α + F2 cos α − F3 sin α − F4 cos α ⇒ S = 2.12 N
Ac

σ X = 1.29 N τ x = 2.12 N
∑F X′=0 N = F1 cos θ − F2 sin θ − F3 cos θ − F4 sin θ = 0
σ x′ dA = σ x cos 2 θ dA + τxy dA cos θ sin θ + τxy dA sin θ cos θ + σ y dA sin 2 θ
"! p* dA %B <
(1 + cos 2θ ) (1 − cos 2θ )
σ x′ = σ x +σ y + τxy sin 2θ
2 2
%7# r b# <

"( 9#-(
σ x +σ y σ x −σ y
σ x′ = + cos 2θ + τ xy sin 2θ (1)
2 2
σ x −σ y
τ x′y′ = − sin 2θ + τ xy cos 2θ (A)
2
σx +σ y σ x −σ y
σ y′ = − cos 2θ − τ xy sin 2θ (G)
2 2
A

.#T , (G) r + 6 % θ = 90 + θ , θ ο

F () r
."0 W ,SF o , 9- 3 '

16 σ x′ , σ y′ ,τx ′y ′
(1 + 3) ⇒ σ x′ + σ y′ = σ x + σ y = σ 1 + σ 2 = ,
Y
(:') ( min, Max ) -
. 1#:0
σ x′ \ θ I q<
σ x′ = + cos 2θ + τ xy sin 2θ
2 2

6 /"( 6 % % +
2 9
* 4 K3 + #% 7 sK θ ,-23 ()r < %
."#T , ( min, Max )
dσ x′ σ x −σ y
=− 2 sin θ + 2τ xy cos 2θ = 0
dθ 2
2θ1′
τ xy 
tan 2θ =
(σ x − σ y ) 
2 2θ1′′ = 180 + 2θ1′
θ ′ = θ

 ⇒ .3 pdK; 90 0 %7#!#
1 " + 1#:0
/"(
 θ ′′ = 90 + θ ′
 1 1
.(31> 6%
S"( f
)
."#
6 /"( 1 " + 1#:0

S"(
AA

(PRINCIPAP) :' 3-
σ x′ = σ 1 Max
σ y′ = σ 2 Min
(σ x − σ y ) 2
???? A = + τ 2 xy
2
(σ x − σ y )
2 τ xy
cos 2θ = (II) sin 2θ = (I)
σ x −σ y
2
σ x −σ y 
( ) 2 + τ xy 2   + τx 2 y
2  2 
.# (3) + (1) II + I o+ 7#

F

2
σx +σ y σ x −σ y 
(σ ) max
x′ min = σ1 σ2 = ±   + τ xy 2
2  2 
. "0 @
K #<
K3 #+< %
3-
;2'0<
σ x −σ y
τ x′y′ = − sin 2θ + τ xy cos 2θ (2)
2
. 6% % +
2 sK + #% 7 sK \ θ ,-23 (2) < %
dτ x′y′
=0⇒
dθ
(σ x − σ y )
2 σ x −σ y
tan 2θ = − =−
τ xy 2τ xy
AG

F tu +
2
S"( f

9*
#+%.0* % /"( f
#+<
.

2
σ x−σ 
WD %.0* %
S"( τ max
min = ± 
y
 + τ xy 2 (3)
 2 
:
3%% ""0 91> %.0* %
6 /"( f
+ 0 1

6 /"(
σ x +σ y
σ′ =
2
!"# %7 6; @%16

/"( b# 16 % /"( %.0*
#%
"
σ x +σ y = 0
\ 6 % (G) σ y , σ x %

14 2 43

‫ا‬ ‫ي‬
: @
73T % +
2 τ xy \ 6 % (3)
6 /"( %
σ1 − σ 2
τ max =
2
. % % /"( % % 'T (σ 2 , σ 1 )

S"( 0
σ x −σ y
0=− sin 2θ + τ xy cos 2θ
2
σ x −σ y τ xy
0=− tan 2θ + τ xy → tan 2θ = →
2 σ x −σ y
2
AM

., % 'T %

S"( 0
., K% % 60KN 0 +% 3 %Y ,( \850mm2 C ()

.
. "0 5 ,-23 30 0 r#+<

+ % + 1> /"((Q8
., I % /"( 1#:0

(^
θ = 120 = 90 + 30 ⇒ 2θ = 240
(Q8 (9*
'T # @ '+ F 30 0 \ f

DKg @
7K ,-23 "#7%
., θ = 30 0
P 60 × 10 3 N
σx = = = 70.6 ← ( /"() # /"(
6x ,SF
A 850mm 2 mm 2
}
70.6 }0 }
70.6 }0
σ x′ = + cos 2θ + τ xy sin 2{θ = 17.65 1>
2 2 { 240ο
0
AO

}
70.6 }0
σ x −σ y }0
τ x′y′ = − sin 2{θ + τ xy cos 2{θ = 30.6 N (%)
2 240ο 240ο
mm 2
2
σ x −σ y 
τ max =   + τ xy (^
 2  {0
70.6
τ max = = 33.3 N
2 mm 2
.#+T ,
6 /"( + f
SF ()
.
σx =σy = 0
.# % /"( o+ 3% %% σ y ‫ و‬σ x

4"#
}0 }0 2 σ 1 = τ xy
σ x +σ y σ x +σ y  
σ 1 ,σ 2 = ±   + τ xy 2 ⇒ σ 1 , σ 2 = ±τ xy → 
2  2  σ = −τ
 2 xy
2θ ′ = 90 → θ ′ = 45 0
τ xy  1 1

tan 2θ = = ∞ = tan 90 0 
}0 }0
σ x −σ y 2θ ″ = 270 0 → θ ″ = 135 0
 1 { 1
180+ 90
2
AP

σ x′ = + cos 2θ + τ xy sin 2{θ
2 2 2× 45ο
σ x′= τ xy sin 90 = +τ xy
.#+T , θ = 60 0 /"( ()
.
σ x = −30 σ x′ = + cos 2θ + τ xy sin 2θ
2 2
σ y = +20
− 30 + 20 − 30 − 20 N
τ xy = −10 σ x′ = + cos120 − 10 sin 120 = −1.16
2 2 mm
θ = 60
AR

-
=8'
2
σ x −σ y 
R = τ max = OM = ON ′ ⇒ R =   + τ xy 2
 2 
σ 1 = σ ave + R → ‫آ‬
σ 2 = σ ave − R →
σ x ≠ 0
τ max K+
σx +σ y
σ x′ = σ ave =
2
A]

-
0> ?<
σ 1 > σ 2 > σ 3 : %
A`

9! @ @ '

3 "( ,8
* % ()
.
#<
2 @%# (Q8
"0 5
6 /"( (^
#+T ,
v%
/"( + %.0* % /"( (N

/"( 0 @# 9! F(

6x K 0 , ,1 F+ %
(,-.), 0

6 %> pd; C q:F '+ 9#
1(
,1 F+ '
16 % %YX % /"(
%#<+
, p%B + ( σ x ,−τ xy ) f
DKg
x 4 K3 (,-.) ,>

% %
σ x = 50 σ y′ = −10
X Y
− τ xy = −40 τ xy′ = 40
Gc

σ x +σ y 50 − 10 N
σ ave = = = 20
2 2 mm 2
2
σ x −σ y   50 − (−10) 2 
R =   + τ xy 2 =   + 40 2 ⇒
 2   2 
R = 50 N
mm 2
R = 30 2 + 40 2 ⇒ R = 50
N
σ 1 = σ max = σ ave + R = 20 + 50 = 70
mm 2
N
σ 2 = σ min = σ ave − R = 20 − 50 = −30
mm 2
40
tan 2θ = → θ = 26.6 0
30
2θ = 53.13
N
τ max = R = 50 1#:0
% /"(
mm 2
N
σ ′ = σ ave = 20
/"(
mm 2
G

, ^ %#< 9! @ @ '

3 /"( ,8
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.

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, F 300 1 ,>

6 %>
.#T
σx +σ y 100 + 60
σ ave = = = 80 N
2 2 mm 2
GA

N
CF = OF − OC = 100 − 80 = 20
mm 2
N
R = (CF ) 2 + ( FX ) 2 = (20) 2 + (48) 2 = 52
mm 2
− 48
tan 2θ = = 2.4 → 2θ 1 = −67.4 0 , θ1 = −33.7 0
20
N
σ max = OA = OC + CA = 80 + 52 = 132
mm 2
N
σ min = OB = OC − BC = 80 − 52 = 28
mm 2
N
σ x′ = ok = OC − KC = 80 − (52) cos 52.6 = 48.4
mm 2
N
σ y′ = ol = OC + CL = 80 + (52) cos 52.6 = 111.6
mm 2
φ = 180 − 60 − 67.4 = 52.6 0
N
τ x′y′ = k x′ = 52 sin 52.6 0 = 41.3
mm 2
GG

. "0 + /"( ,8

* % @%# ()
.
. "0 =(
θ = 20 0 % 0 %D"> lde + τ θ′ , σ θ′ ,τ θ , σ θ
6 /"(
σ x = −840
σ y = 280
θ = 20 0 → 2θ = 40 0
σx +σ y 280 − 840 kg
σ ave = = = −280 2
2 2 cm
kg
R = 840 − 280 = 560
cm 2
GM

kg
τ θ′ = R sin 40 = 560 × sin 40 = 354.46
cm 2
σ ave + R = σ max
σθ = + cos 2θ + τ xy sin 2θ
2 2
σ ave − R = σ min
− 840 + 280 − 840 − 280 kg

σθ = + cos 40 = −708.98 2
2 2 cm
σ x −σ y − 840 − 280
τθ = − sin 2θ + τ xy cos 2θ = sin 40 = +359.96
2 2
σ θ′ = − cos 2θ + τ xy sin 2θ
2 2
− 840 + 280 − 840 − 280

σ θ ′′ = − cos 40 = 148.98
2 2
:[%( '
#
5
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.
(σ 3 = 0) 6 % % +

2 %3T
K3 σ 3 K+
GO

50 + 30
σ ave = = 40 X = 50
− 20
2
N
R = (10 2 ) + 20 2 = 22.36 ≅ 22..4 Y= 30
20
mm 2
σ 1 = σ ave + R = 40 + 22.4 = 62.4
σ 2 = σ ave − R = 40 − 22.4 = 17.6
=8' @7 <

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σ x = 1120
σ y 420
τ xy = 280
2θ = 38.65
2τ xy 2 × 280 
tan 2θ = = = 0.8 
σ x − σ y 1120 − 420 
Q8 ) θ 1 = 19 .32 = 19 .20′
0 0


θ 2 = 90 + 19.32 = 109 0.20′
GR

 σ +σ y σ x −σ y 
2
σ , σ = x ±   + τ xy 2
 1 2 2  2 

‫اﻝ‬  1218.21 kg
 2 ← σ1 max σ x
1120 + 420  1120 − 420   cm 2
σ
 1 2
, σ = ±   + 280 2
= 
 2  2  321.79 kg 2 ← σ 2 min σy
  cm
 1120 + 420 1120 − 420 kg

‫) ب‬σ θ = 2
+
2
{ + 280 sin 90 = 1050
cos90
cm 2
2θ


 }90
τ = σ x − σ y sin 2θ − τ cos2θ = 350 kg
 θ 2
xy
cm 2


‫ب‬  ′ 1120 + 420 1120 − 420
 σ θ = 2
+
2
cos 270 + 280 sin 270 = 440
 
θ = 90 + 45 = 135 ⇒ 
  1120 − 420
 τ θ′ = sin 270 − 280 cos 270 = −350
  2


 2θ = 270
2θ = 38.56 0 = 38 0.33′

2τ xy 2 × 280 
‫ ج‬tan 2θ = = = 0.8 → 
σ x − σ y 1120 − 420 2θ = π + 38.56 = 128.65 = 123 0.40 → θ = 64 0.20′
 2

# +
σθ = + cos 2θ + τ xy sin 2θ = 770 kg
2 2 cm 2
σ x −σ y
τθ = sin 2θ − τ xy cos 2θ = 448 kg
2 cm 2
σ1 − σ 2 1218.21 − 321.79
τ max = = = 448.21 kg 2 = 44.8 N
2 2 cm mm 3
G]

2θ = −51.34 = π − (51.34) = 128.65 → θ = 64.32 0

1120 − 420 − 1 
tan 2θ = − = →
2 × 280 0.8  ο
2θ = 128.65 + 180 → θ = 154.32
% .% % h

S6
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x 210 c f%* F : b#()
.
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cm 2
G`

K2 p%B + 'I 8+ %0 5 )B
#< δ = lα∆T @<3 <T %
.%
4# σ X
/"( 'T
PL AEδ
δ= ⇒P=
AE L
θ = 30 0 ⇒ 2θ = 60 0
AEδ
σX
P
= = L = Eδ = E ( Lα∆T ) = Eα∆T
A A L L
σX
or ε = δ l ⇒ σ = E. ε{ = Eα∆T or εX = 0 = + α∆Τ ⇒ σ x = − Eα∆Τ
ε =α∆T E
σ x = Eα∆T = −(2.1 × 10 6 )(11.7 × 10 −6 )(93 0 − 210 ) = −1769 kg = 176.9 N

cm 2 mm 2
}0 }0
1> /"( σ x′ = + cos2{θ + τ xy sin 2θ
2 2 60ο
− 1769 1769
σ x′ = + cos 60 = −1326.75 kg 2 = −132.67 N
2 2 cm mm 2
}0
−σ x −σ y }0 + 1769
"( τ x′y′ = sin 2{θ + τ xy cos 2θ = sin 60 0 = 766 kg 2 = +76.6 N
2 60 2 cm mm 2
θ = 30 + 90 9- y2
θ = 30
4"#
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Mc

6 /"( ,SF + .
3 b# + +
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( 2#3 s K OAB%D"> )
=( 8
=
( )
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dA %mmm% :mmm 3CB+ OACmmm ,*

2mmm Emmm5 ldmmme +
2mmmK OABzmmm. 'mmmI
.3 F+ % /"( OH.

 3
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+
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τ=
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It R 4
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π × 2R
4
%m 50KN m

m +% 3 ,( 25mm e+ %
b# ()
.
300 m#+<
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. % 9! s

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σ θ = 770 % 0 % σ θ + c @%# :0% (9*
σ θ = 770
% C A l
= + C :0% @%# E .
A 3 9
τ θ = −230
C A = 448kg / cm 2
σ 2 = 770 − 448 = 322, σ 1 = 770 + 448 = 1218

S"( %6 @%#
% ZQ8

190,200 + x #+< #%
" 2θ = 38 0 ,40′ #+< +
θ = 19 0 ,20′ + 90 0 = 109 0 20′
Dm3 m %6 + , @%0 '+ 450 @<3 0 +

6 /"( (^
. {g 2θ = 90 0.

D m3 f
DmKg < .m
m 90 ο − 38 0 40′ = 510 20′ %% σ θ + CD o; #+<
:m 3 D ′ m3
m6 /"m(.m"#T Em , τ θ = 350 kg , σ θ = 1050 kg
S"(
cm 2 cm 2
kg kg
.(N 9! "3
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cm 2 cm 2
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5
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M
1 σ M
1 M M
1 d 2V
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εy
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ρ
<+ @mT , {8
; /1; <
3
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3 3
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  dv 
2

1 +   
 12dx3  
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2
=−
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d 2v M d 2v }
‫" !م‬
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2
=− → M = − EI = − EI v′′ = −V
dx EI dx 2 dx
d 3v
% V = − EI = − EIv′′
dx 3
d 4v
(@%K2
)+% 3 q = − EI = − EIv ′′′′
dx 4
B8'
% @
!( Z
v ( 0) = 0 ‫" م‬
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
x = 0
 θ = dv = 0 #‫ﺵ‬

dx
(!Kn Z D)@
@
!(ZA
@
!( 9 x = 0 ‫" م‬
 → V (0) = 0
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M = 0

:
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#<
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tan θ = V ′ , θ = Arc tan v ′
1 dθ d ( Arc tan v ′) dx
k= = = ds 2 = dx 2 + dv 2
ρ ds dx ds
1
ds  dv 
[ ]
2 1
= 1 + ( ) 2  = 1 + (V ′) 2 2
dx  dx 
d v ′′
( Arc tan v ′) = ( 2)
dx 1 + (v ′) 2
1 dθ v ′′
(1), (2) ⇒ K = = = (3)
ρ
[1 + (v′) ]
3
ds 2 2
, q = 0
:0%1K
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4( U
6%( 923% f
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4( "" '
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θ= = v′ = >
4( "" h
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d 2v }
‫" !م‬
M = EI 2 = EI v′′ = /1;
dx
d 3v
V = EI = EIv′′ = i%
dx 3
d 4v
q = EI 4 = EIv′′′′ =

dx
M]

)
.
+ EI ,
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4( "" r =( ,2
v(0) = 0 M ( L) = + M 1
 
<% o#%   ← x = L <% v%
θ (0) = 0 V ( L) = 0
 
d 2v
1; %7"8 EI = M = M1
dx 2
dv
h EI = M 1 x + c3 → EIv′(0) = C3 = 0
dx
dv
EI = M 1 x → EIv = 1 M 1 x 2 + c4 + c3 x
dx 2
2
EIV (0) = C 4 = 0 ⇒ v = M 1 x
2 EI

,1 >
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L
↵− ∑ M =O ⇒ −ω0 L L + RB( L) = 0 RB = wο
A 2 2
d 2v ω οLx ω 0 x 2
EI = M = −
dx 2 2 2
dv ω 0 Lx 2 ω 0 x 3
EI = − + C3
dx 4 6
ω 0 Lx 3 ω0 x 4 }0
( A) EIV = − + C3 x + C 4
12 24
6 % C3 A
}
x =0
v(0)
# EIv(0) = 0 ⇒ C4 = 0
ω 0 L3
EIv( L) = 0 ⇒ C 3 = −
24
+ ω0 x 4 + ω0 L4 − ω0 3
+ C3 x = +c L⇒ v = ( Lx − 2 L3x + x 4 ) ( B )
24 24 3 24 EI
5w0 L4
at x = L / 2 ⇒ vmax =
384 EI
O

SI F 923% 8
= < @
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9*
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^) EL = q = −ω 0 → EL 3 = −ω 0 x + C1
dx 4 dx
d 2v ω0 x 2 + c x + c
EL = −
dx 2 2 1 2
M (0) = 0 , or , EIv′′(0) = 0, ⇒ C2 = 0
<% i+ 
M ( L) = 0 , or ELv′′( L) = 0 =
=−
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ω0L
2 2
B # ' %

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(1) V = EI = −ω0 x + C1
dx 3
d 2v ω x2 + C x + C
(2) ."; %7"8 M = EI 2
=− 0
2 1 2
dx
(3) h θ : EI
dv ω x 3 + C1 x 3 + C x + C
=− 0
dx 2 2 2 3
v = 0 ⇒ C 4 = 0

x = 0 dv
(4)[% % _( v : EIv = − ω0 x 24 + C1 x 6 + C2 x 2 + C3 x + C4
4 3 2
θ = dx = 0 ⇒ C3 = 0
⇓
 4
ω 0 L4 L3 L2
v = 0 ⇒ − + C1 + C2 =0
 24 6 2
X = L

M = 0
2
ω 0 L2
 ⇒ 2 + C1 L + C 2 = 0
−
5WL − WL2
)S4 A 8
= A : C1 = + C2 =
8 8
ω0  x 4 5 Lx 3 L2 x 
V = − + −  [% % _( 8
=
EI  24 8 × 6 16 
dv ω  x 3 5 Lx 2 L2 
= v′ = θ = 0 − + − 
dx EI  6 16 8
 x2 5 Lx L2   x1 = α
" %7# + ,-. !# ^FA
v′ = 0 → x + −  = x = β
 6 16 8   2
, )- 9
,-. ^F
L2ω0
x = o ⇒ M ( 0) = M A = −
8
 5L  5ω 0 L
i% V = + wo − x +  → V (0) = − Ra =
 8  8
3ω0 L
V ( L) = Rb =
8
OG

. "0 5 q ,;"!# @%K2

%Y ,( @
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= ⇒ EIV ′
′ = − ⇒ EI = − ± + C1 ( A)
dx 2 EI 2 2 dx 4 6
(x = L 2 ‫ ⇒ ) در‬V ′(12 ) = 0 ⇒ C qL3

( A)
V′ = 0 1 =−
24
− qLx 2 qx 3 qL3
. 6 %A 8
= C1 EIv ′ = ± +
4 6 24
− qLx 3 qx 3 qL3 x
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12 24 24
V = (0) = 0 ⇒ C 2 = 0 ⇒ % ( >
4( "" 8
= V =
qx
24 EI
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m B m8
= x = 1 2 ' %m
m+ m
- % ( 3
6 o+ ( δ ) 1#:0
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δ = Vmax = EI = 4 = q %7# #%B
384 EI dx
d 3v qx 2
EI = qx + C1 EIv′′ = + C1 x + C
{2
dx 3 2 0
OM

"
% % (
SK3 + 1;
6%7"8 +
6 '
!% _(
qx 3 x2
EIv′ = + c1 + c2 x + c3
6 2
qx 4 x3 x2
⇒ v ( 0) = v ( L ) = 0 EIv = + c1 + c2 + c3 x + c4
24 6 2 {
0
− ql ql 3
v (0) = v(l ) = 0 ⇒ c1 = , c2 = 0 , c3 = c4 = 0
2 24
qx 4 ql 3 x qlx 3
EIv = − + + +0
24 24 12
:)
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h + 1#:0
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4( ""
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,;"!#
 − q( L − x) 2
M =
 2
V = q ( L − x)

6 7v′′8
d 2v
EI ( 2 ) = M = −q ( L − x)
2
dx 2
}v′
qL3
EI ( ) = M = −q ( L − x)
dv 3
+ c1 , % %% h @
!( V ′(0) = 0 ⇒ C1 =
dx 6 6
OO

qx q (l − x) 4
(A) v′ = (3L2 − 3Lx + x 2 ) → EIv = + C1 x + C2
6 EI 24
qx 2
( B) v= (6 L2 − 4 Lx + x 2 ) + C2
24 EI
qx 2
v(0) = 0 @
!( 9 * v: ⇒ c 2 = 0 

 &‫'دﻝ‬
→ v = (6l 2 − 4l x + x 2 )
24 EI
X=L "#:7#
F
0
% ( <T
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h + δ 1#:0
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qL4 qL3
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8 EI 6 EI
(. 9
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d 4v d 3v
EI = q → EI = qx + C1 (k )
dx 4 dx 3
:%#< f * v%

% x =L % +% 3 'I
d 3v
= 0 ⇒ C1 = − qL → 6
"3
+ 6 % K 8
=
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OP

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0 @
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)
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2
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F
2
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qo L L
∑M B = 0 → R A ( L) =
2
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3
+
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RA = ⇒ ∑ Fy ↑ = 0 R A + RB = ⇒ RB = 0
6 2 3
RB = q0 L − q0 L = q0 L
2 6 3
d 2v q0 L 1 x x q L q
EI = =M M ( x) = x − ( x)( )(q 0 )( ) = 0 x − 0 x 3
dx 2 2 2 L 3 6 6L
d 2 v q0 L q
EI 2
= x = 0 x3
dx 6 6L
dv q 0 L 2 q 0 4
EI = x − x + C1
dx 12 24 L
q 0 l 3 q0 5
EIv = x − x + c1 x + c2
36 120l
OR

q0 L q x
= →y= 0
y x L
− qοL qx x x
x+ ο × × +M =0
6 L 2 3
* o#% v(0) = 0 (1), v( L) = 0 ( 2)
(1) ⇒ C2 = 0
q0 L4 q0 L5 7
( 2) ⇒ − + C1 L = 0 : C1 = q0 L3
36 120 L 360
q0 x
v= (−3 x 4 + 10 L2 x 2 + 7 L4 )
360 EIL
[
SI -(% 9 23%# 8
= < @
K
[+ #%B
d 4v q x q
EI 4
=q= 0 = 0 x
dx l l
d 3v q0l 2
EI = x + C1
dx 3 2l
d 2 v q0 3
EI = x + C1 X + C 2 ()
dx 2 6l
dv q0 4 1
EI = x + C1 x 2 + C2 x + C3 (A)
dx 24l 2
q0 5 q0 l }0 }0
EIV = x + C1 x 3 + 1 C 2 x 2 + C 3 x + C 4
2
(G)
120l 6
* o#%
v(0) = 0 
→
3
C4 = 0
v′′(0) = 0 
→
1
C2 = 0
O]

q0 L4 q0 L4 7
v ( L) = 0 
→
3
− + C3 L = 0 → C3 = q0 L3
120 6 × 6 360
2
q0 L qL
v′′( L) = 0 
→
1
+ C1L → C1 = 0
6 6
q0 x
(G) %#
"#:7#
F ⇒ V = (3 x 4 − 10 L2 x 2 + 7 L4 )
360 EIL
:)
.
=(
M ο :0%1K %7"8 b# %Y ,( 0 @
% ( '
! % _( "" 8
=
. "0
←+
∑M A = 0 → RB ( L) + M ο = 0
− Mο
M ο = − RB L → RB =
L
+
M
∑ Fy ↑ = 0 → RA + RB = 0 → RA = ο
L
0≤ x≤a
Mο
⇒ M = RA x = x
L
Mο
 L x 0≤ x ≤a
M =
a≤x≤L
M( x −1) 0≤ x ≤ L
 L
O`

Mο x
⇒ M = RA x − M ο = x − M ο = M ο ( − 1)
L L

13 v2 + v1 h (%( CB + AC
SK12 '
! % _( "" 8
=
 d 2v M
 EI 2
=M = οx 0≤ x≤a
 dx L


 EI d 2v x
= M = M ο ( − 1) a≤x≤L
 dx 2
L
 }v1′
 dv M
 EI 1 = ο x 2 + C1 0≤ x≤a
 dx 2L

 v2′
 }
 EI dv 2 = M ο ( 1 x 2 − L ) + C a≤x≤L
 dx L 2
x 2
 M0 3
 EIV1 = L x + C1 x + C 3 0≤ x≤a


 M 1 1
 EIV2 = 0 ( x 3 − Lx 2 ) + C 2 x + C 4 a≤x≤L
 L 6 2
:* o#%
v1 (0) = 0 
→
1
C3 = 0
v2 (l ) = 0 ( 2)
v1 (a ) = v2 (a ) (3)
′ M M
v1 (a ) = v2 (a ) → (4) ⇒ 0 a 2 + C1 = 0 ( 1 a 2 − La ) + C2
2L L 2
C1 = C 2 + M 0 a (5)
Pc

M 0 −1 3 1 3
( 2) ⇒ ( L + L ) + C 2 L + C 4 = 0 ⇒ C 4 = −C 2 L + 1 M 0 L2 ( 6)
L 2 6 3
M0 3 M
(3) ⇒ a + C1a = 0 ( 1 a 3 − 1 La 2 ) + C 2 a + C 4
6L L 6 2
C1 a = − 1 M 0 a 2 + C 2 a + C 4 (7 )
2
4 K3 7
( 5 o+ 9* <
M0
C1 = − (3a 2 + 2 L2 − 6 La )
6L
M0
C2 = − (3a 2 + 2 L2 )
6L
M 0a2
C4 =
2
M0x
v1 = (6aL − 3a 2 − 2 L2 − x 2 ) 0≤x≤a
6 LEI
M 0 x  1 2 1 3 3a 2 + 2 L2 a2 L 
v2 =  Lx − x − x+  a≤x≤L
LEI  2 6 6 2 
() 9! % Q8

g C 3 '
! % _( 0 ,8
*
+ % ( 3
6 o+ , M0 %7"8 0 K+ .

( a = 1 2 )
(A)9! , 6g3 '

! % _( c 3
P

:)
.

P
,( i<T
SK3 0 @%B @% ( b# '
! % _( "" 8
=
. "0 -
: 3 <T
SK3 θ #+< + δ '
! % _( .#+T ,
}v′′
d 2v
EL 2 = M = − p ( L − x)
dx
}v′
dv
θ : EI = − P ( Lx − 1 2 x 2 ) + C1
dx
}0 }0
EIV = − P ( Lx 2 − 1 x 3 ) + C1 x + C 2
2 3
* o#%
V ( 0) = 0 ⇒ C2 = 0
V ′(0) = 0 ⇒ C1 = 0
Px 2
V = ( x − 3L )
6 EI
pL2 − pL3
δ = V ( L) = ( L − 3L ) =
6 EI 3EI
PL2
θ = V ( L) = − p( L( L) − 1 2 L2 ) = − PL2 + P 2 L2 = −
2 EI
PA

:)
.
+ % 9#
!n @
!( A 3 0 ABC% ( AB ,12 '
! % _( ""
% ( '
! % _( 9 23%# 8
= < @
K

- ..
,( BC ,12
., I i+
40 AB 3
6 '
! % _( 1#:0
. "0 =(
qL L qL
∑ MA = 0 ⇒ LR B =
4
( L + ) : RB =
3 3
qL qL
∑F y = 0 ⇒ R A cos 60 0 − RB +
4
= 0 : RA =
6
qL
EIv′′ = − M = − RA cos 600 x = − x 0≤ x≤L
12
qL 2
EIv′ = − x + C1
24
qL 3
EIv = − x + C1 x + C2
72
v(0) = 0 (1) v( L) = 0 ( 2) (1) ⇒ C 2 = 0
PG

qL4 qL3
(2) ⇒ − + C1 L = 0 : C1 =
72 72
qLx 2
EIv = (L − x2 ) (3)
72
. 6 % % +
2 v sK 1#:0
'
! % _( 9 =( %
ql L
V′ = ( L2 − 3x 2 ) = 0 :x =
72 EI 3
L
.#T , 1#:0
'
! % _( (3) 8
= x = "#:7#
F

3
qL4
vmax =
108 3EI
.
[
SI -(% 9 23%# 8
= < @
K
y2 # 9* %7# #%B
d 4v
EI = −q = 0
dx 4
d 3v
EI 3 = C1 EIv′′ = C1 x + C2
dx
EIv′ = 1 C1 x 2 + C2 x + C3 EIv = 1 C1 x 3 + 1 C2 x 2 + C3 x + C4 → C4 = 0
2 6 2
:* o#%
C2 =0
}
v′′(0) = v (l ) = 0 v′′ (0) = 0
 qL  L  qL
EIv′′( L) = − M B = −   = C1 L ⇒ C1 =
 4  3  12
'
!% _( "" 8
=
43T <+ % )%7K3 ,
Y
SI W * v%
SI < @
K

#T , (3) 8

=
PM

HF 7 % ' '6
π 2 EI π 2 EAr 2
7' #' Pcr = =
L2 L2
#:7#
F )% %3T
%K10 [0 %6 "0 ^
2* + %6 I y + I x I -
% :I
σ cr @
3 3% /"( \ 3%
v% /"( "0
Pcr π 2 EAr 2 I
σ cr = = r= ;%I l
=
A AL2 A
π 2E
σ cr = 2
 L
 
r
L
"# 'K %n h#%e ,-23
r
%n h#%e 9
1>
/"( 13
N
E = 2 × 10 5
mm 2
PO

+% 42' 5
:0% P 9#-( %
P Mc
σ max = +
A I
M max = PVmax + Pe = P(Vmax + e)
P  (Vmax + e)c  π P
σ max = 1+ Vmax = e(sec − 1)
A  r2 
 2 Pcr
 P L  Pcr Pcr
Vmax = e sec( ) − 1 P= FS =
 EI 2  FS P
 P  ec P L 
σ max = 1 + 2 sec( )
 A r EI 2 



σ P  ec π P 
max = 1 + 2 sec 
 A r 2 Pcr 

P 1
=
Pcr F .S
:)
.
@ 9 !( 3 @ 9DK %7#!# #

6 0 9!I + < 3K
( %K# ) I x = 863.28 cm 4 + A = 22.94 cm 2 B

< b# %6 C . ,
PP

.
( %K =e ) I y = 71.09 cm 4
, I 'K 3%

36ocm 'T )B + @
'K
S6
!(
Kg
E = 2.1 × 10 6
cm 2
I x = I x′ = 2 I X = 2(863.28)1726.56 cm 4
[ ] [ ]
I Y ′ = 2 I y + Ad 2 = 2 71.09 + 22.94(5 2 ) = 1289.18 cm 4
I min = 1289.18 Le = L = 360 cm
@
@
!( % +
π 2 EI min (3.14) 2 × 2.1 × 10 6 × 1289.18

p cr = 2
= = 206171 Kg
Le (360) 2
Pcr
p all = = 82.4 TON
2.5
PR

S6
!( + , $+% 2.5m )+ 50 × 100 C I 'K b# : )
.
. , @ $% @
'T p%B +
N N
.
σ y = 44 × 10 6 2
, E = 13 × 10 9 2 %
m m
'K %n h#%e Z
'K 3%
ZA
'
F /"( 3% /"( ,-23 ZG
. #
13 91( 2.5 '
" 1B h#%e
3( 'K 0 <
4
%.0*ZM
I 1 2
r= I Y = I min = hb
A 12
1 hb 2
12 b2 b b 50
r= = = = = mm
hb 12 12 2 3 2 3
LC 2.5 × 10 3
%n h#%e = = = 173.2
r 50
2 3
π 2 EA π 2 (13 × 10 9 )(0.1 × 0.05)m 2

2) Pcr = 2
= = 2138.50 N
 Lc  (173.2) 2
 
 r 
P]

 Pcr 21385
σ cr = A = (0.1 × 0.05) = 4.277 × 10
6 N 2
m

3)
σ 4.277 × 10 6
 cr = = 0.0972 σ cr = 9.7% σ y
 σ y 44 × 10 6
Pcr 21385
4) Pall = Pmax = = = 8.56 kN
FS 2.5
/3
10 6 $% % 'I % 13 % /3
10 ,+ | 6 /0 ,( >
. % % ;
F ' 0 %Y
K
N N
/"() σ all = 12 2
\ E = 0.125 × 10 5 %
%K A 'K b#:)
.
mm mm 2
:'K
= K , 6=2.5 + (<
4
( 3 0 100
(Q8
. "0 91( ( 3 0 200

(^
P = 100 KN L = 2m
π 2 EI
F .S = → Pcr = 2.5(100) = 250 KN
L2
π 2 EI Pcr L2 (250 × 10 3 )(2 × 10 3 ) 2

Pcr = →I = = = 8106 × 10 3 mm 4
L2 π 2E π 2 (0.125 × 10 5 )
P`

1 4 1 4
I= a → a = 8106. × 10 3 → a = 99.3mm ≅ 100mm
12 12
 P 100 × 10 3 N N
 σ = = = 10 < 12 1 &()
A 100 × 100 mm 2
mm 2

'K
/"( )%K"0 

σ = P = 12 = 100 × 10 → a = 91.3m
3
 A A = a2
. "0 ^
gK3 %KI0a : K!3
*=
., )- 9
* 8 , <
4 /"( < %K!I0 @T , /"( 'I
^)
P = 200 KN Pcr = 2.5(200) = 500 KN
Pcr L2 (500 × 10 3 )(2 × 10 3 )

I= = = 16210 × 10 3 mm 4
π E
2
π (0.125 × 10 )
2 5
1 4 1
I= a ⇒ a 4 = 76210 × 10 3 → a = 118.1mm
12 12
, <
4 /"( < %K : /"( 'I
P 200 × 10 3
N
σ= = = 14 .34
A = a (118 .1) 2 mm 2
13 )- 9
@T ,m @<3
P 200 × 10 3
% #
'K m Cmmmm +
A= = = 16667 mm 2
σ all 12
.
13 =( 'T
,+

a 2 = 16667 ⇒ a = 129 .1 mm
.
h
" 130*130mm b#
Rc

@ K;
\ @ @ f
Dg
B 3 b# < %K 2.45 ) AB 'K : )
.
. ,
% B%
/"(+ <
4
\ A '
" 1B h#%e %8+ < @
K
( Q8
. "0 ^
2* W 'K
% %K ` ,#:0% < N+%;

@T , Q8 ,12 0 <
4
"0 $% (^
@ 8( %.0*

/"( + 'K
'
! % _( \ f # % + 'K
. "0 5 'K
A = 2284mm 2 I = 3.33 × 10 6 mm 4 r = 38.18mm c = 50mm
<T
SK3 b#+ % % b# 'K 'I ⇒ Le = 2 L = 2(2450) = 4900mm
π 2 EI π 2 (2.1 × 10 5 )(3.33 × 10 6 )
Pcr = 2
= = 287456 N = 287.5 KN
Le (4900) 2
Pall 143.75 × 10 3 N
σ all = = = 62.44
A 2284 mm 2
 π P   π  
^) :0% < N
;
Vmax = e sec( ) − 1 = 19 sec × 0.707  − 1
 2 Pcr   2  
R

Vmax = 19(2.252 − 1) = 23.79
P  ec π P  143.75 × 10 3  19 × 50 π 
σm = 1 + 2 sec( ) = 1 + 2
sec( )
A r 2 Pcr  2284  (38.18) 2 2 
N
σ m = 155.64
mm 2
:)
.
o#% $%
. !( ,0%* 9
% n
S6
!( % D
SK3 + !#

\H %0 6;
4# /3
10 ∆t f%* F
e I >
4(
K )T @#
. "0 $% α (%* v

2-3 h#%e
FL
∆L = Lα∆Τ = : F = AEα∆Τ
AE
( F = Pcr ) . Pcr 3%

%% F "0 3
10 K+
π 2 EI π 2I
Pcr = = F = AEα∆Τ ⇒ ∆Τ =
L2 AαL2
:)
.
+% !"# $%

, @ 9 !( '
2!# E"F +
b#
+ < ABC
5 %;
P
# %K '( θ #+< I ,( . % f 'T
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5%* Kg#
π
(0 < θ < ) H %0 +
5%; %
2
RA

. ""0 3
10 '
:16 BC,AB + 0 6; 1#:0
K+ P

π 2 EI
FAB = (Pcr ) AB = = P cos θ
( L cos β ) 2
π 2 EI
FCB = ( Pcr )CB = = P sin θ
( L sin β ) 2
: 4 K3 + %B '%0 2( <
tan θ = cot 2 β ⇒ θ = Arc tan(cot 2 β )
RG

:)
.

S6
!(
SK3 + 2.5 × 5 cm
= + 9 K2 %
'K b#
%8+ )% 'T % 0 'K L )B #%( @

(0 . ,

b# ,( + @

H , I
W
3%
%
Kg Kg
. "0 $% E = 2.1 × 10 6 σ PL = 2100 h
"( *
cm 2 cm 2
H 6; I 'T 3%

/"(
120cm )B 'K % – ^
σ Pl 6 % σ cr
F
Pcr π 2 EI
'K 3% /"( σ cr = =
A AL2
1
π 2 (2.1 × 10 6 )( × 5 × 2.5 3 )
π 2 EI 12
L2 = = = 5140.42
Aσ Pe (2.5 × 5)(2100)
L = 71.71 cm
^) @
K %8+ )% < L = 120cm > 71.70 'I
6 4I‫اق‬-‫ﺡ‬
7 48
1
Pcr π 2 EI
π 2 (2.1 × 10 6 )( × 5 × 2.5)
12 kg N
σ cr = = = = 750 = 75
A AL 2
2.5 × 5 × 120 2
cm 2
mm
RM

:)
.
"0 ^
2* BC > '%0 3
10 z>
0 P 3%
9! F(

( 9D B,C)
→+ PL P
∑M A ⇒
2
− FBC cos 45 L = 0 → FBC =
2
Pcr π 2 EI π 2 EI
Pcr = FBC ⇒ FBC = = : Pcr =
2 ( 2 L) 2 2 L2
:)
.
I p
3% . % f 'T
> /3
10 %Y @<
Kg# +% !"# $%

. $% β=30. #+< .

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. ""0 3
10 6
> %6 0 ,g# 6; +% /3
10 %Y K+ : @<

FAD = FCD : # '

( ,-23
P = FBD + 2 FCD cos β (1)
π 2 EI 20.19 EI π 2 EI
( Pcr ) AD = ( Pcr ) CD = Le = 0.7 L
= ( Pcr ) BD =
} L 2 L2
L ( )
( e )2 cos β
cos β
π 2 EI π 2 EI EI
1) ⇒ Pcr = 2
+2 cos β = 36.1
L (
L 2
) L2
cos β
:)
.
P=4050kg :0% < N

;
,( 1.80m )B + 5cm × 5cm
=+ %
3K
$%
.
2.5m %% + %
6% < !# K e :0% < N+%; @%
. #
'T
/"( %.0*
@

S6
!(
SK3 + 'K !"#
Kg
.
E = 2.1 × 10 6
>
4( h#%e
cm 2

mmmm P
+% 3 %Y mm3 E "0 mmm $%mmm
6; fm X mmmmm )mmmmm* 'mmmmmK /1;
e = EO = 2.5cm ,%

x )* ABC z. +
K %% + x )* % +
K
RP

5
3
5 2( )3
AC (OB) 2
I x = 2( I ABC ) x = 2 =2 = 52.08 cm 4
12 12
P M max P Pe KL
σ max = + = + sec
A S A S 2
Ix 52.08
S= = = 14.73 cm 3
OB 5
2
P 4050 6.04
K= = =
EI x (2.1 × 10 )(52..08) 1000
6
4050 4050 × 2.5 6.04 × 180 Kg

σ max = + sec = 162 + 805.13 = 967.13
5×5 14.73 2000 cm 2
:)
.
EI 'mmmmmmK + % ( ."; , - H "0 3

10 CD 'K P
I ,( 9
9!
. , %% + %6 )B +

'K % + F
+% 3 K
mmmm "0 mmmmm =mmmm( CD
3%
%% 'T Emmmmmmmmm
. 6 mmm %mmm CD 'mmmK
RR

C 3
6 '
! % _(
<
v% "0 %a3 p% 'K 9! % _( < %
. K3 %#< fD
δ =δ′
 δ ′, δ 
  5 PL4 FL3
 δ = , δ′=
  384 EI 48 EI
 
5 PL4 FL3 5 PL
δ =δ′⇒ = ⇒F=
384 EI 48 EI 8
. #T , Pcr "=# P

3% 6 % +
2 ( Pcr ) cd
F +% 3 % )
*
5 PL π 2 EI EI
= : Pcr = 32.3
8 (0.7 ???)2 L3
:)
.

. , @ 9 !( I 9* 3
+
K + L ) '
2!#
> < W 9!
5 %;
. "0 5 'T

> < !# /3
10 %Y
5 %; Kg# +% z>
0 Pcr 3%
R]

 P P
∑ F y = 0 
→ F1 cos 30 = : F1 =
1
‫ ري‬
2 3


 P P
∑ Fx = 0 
→
1
F2 cos 60 = : F1 =
‫آ‬
 2 3 3
 P
∑ Fy = 0 → F3 = F1 =
2
‫ ري‬
 3

 P
∑ Fx = 0 
→
2
F4 = ( F1 + F3 ) cos 60 =
‫آ‬
 3
P
.

S3T 16
+% 3 + "

,( ,CD.BC,AB
6>
3
+% K+
5%; + "
3%
6>
S3T %6 , %% : 3 > # )B 'I
π 2 EI
. % 3%
%%
S3T ; +% 3 0 :#
L2
Pcr π 2 EI 3π 2 EI
F1 = F4 = = : Pcr =
3 L2 L2
:)
.
z>
0 3%
"
I 9* 3
+
K 716 9#V 9!
5%;
>
. "0 5 'T

> < b# /3
10 HHHHH
5%; Kg# +%
R`

∑ Fy = 0 
→
1
F2 cos 45 = P : F2 = 2 P ‫ ري‬



∑ Fx = 0 
→ F1 = F2 cos 45 = P
1

‫آ‬
∑ Fx = 0 
→
2
F3 cos 45 = P : F3 = 2 P ‫ ري‬



∑ Fy = 0 → F4 cos 45 = P
2

‫آ‬
S3T 16
+% 3+ "

,( AE,BE,CE,DE
6mmm> #%
"
; K+
5%;. ""0 3
10 6
%6 , '
2!# : 3
S3T )B 'I."
2 P
π 2 EI
.% 3%
%%
S3T ; +% 3 0 :#%
L 2
( )
2
π 2 EI 2π 2 EI
F 2 = F3 = 2 Pcr = : Pcr =
L L2
( )2
2
:)
.
b# %Y ,( + % BE,AD,AC

6 'K + % 9! s
W '< - 2F
+" fD
6 'K .
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(
3( I W '<+ %.0* .
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3
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8
; (
H :#%3 +% /3
10 @#5 %Y
kg
.
2.1 × 10 6 >
4( h#%e

6 'K E"F
cm 2
H"K26 #
5
S3K
#T ,+

=+ /3
10
= %a3<
]c

o
S3T % +
"
D
SK3 +
6 'K 'I
+
→
∑M A = 0 ⇒ FAC cos 60 − 0.1w − 4 FBE = 0 → FBE = 0.495 N
+
→
∑F x = 0 ⇒ FAC cos 60 − 0.1w = 0 → FAC = 0.2 w
+
↑ ∑ Fy = 0 ⇒ FAC cos 30 + FAD + FBE − w = 0 ; FAD = 0.33 w
, !1 /3
10 FBE>FAD +
'
2!# 'K %6 0 # F(

"0 ^
2* 'K + # < b# %6 /3
10
#%
" . 6 AC
# BE
S3K
. ,% 6; f ( Q =e ) Z )*

6 'K # /3
10 \
12(8) 3 − 9(5) 3
IZ = = 418.25 cm 4
12
π 2 EI Z π 2 (2.1 × 10 6 )(418.25)
( Pcr ) BE = = = 42.81 t
L2 (450) 2
42.81 t > 0.495 w ⇒ w = 86.81 t
]

π 2 EI Z π 2 (2.1 × 10 6 )(418.25)
( Pcr ) AC = = = 32.11t
(
L 2
) (450 )2
cos 30
cos 30
32.11 t > 0.2 w ⇒ w =< 160.55 t
%K10 86.48ton < #

w :#%3 +% /3
10 @#5 %Y : @<
!"# % #%
"
. %0 6; 3
10 BE 'K % 86.48t %% 3
"I


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