Introduction To Transmission

Introduction

Telecommunications –

Communication over distance

Transmission networks deal with getting

information from one location to another.
 Transmission Technologies

FDM – Frequency division multiplexing.

TDM – Time Division Multiplexing.

DWDM – Dense Wave Division Multiplexing

 Time Division Multiplexing
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2

4 3 2 1 4 3 2 1

3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3

4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 Higher order signal

Low order signals

Dense Wave Division Multiplexing

One
Wavelength
(λ )
Dense Wave Division Multiplexing
Dense Wave Division Multiplexing

λ1 λ1
λ2 λ2
λ3 λ3
λ4 λ4

DWDM Signal

λ5 λ5
λ6 λ6
λ7 λ7
λ8 λ8
 Primary Rate Multiplexing
Analogue Signal

Sampling Quantising Encoding

PCM Signal

Multiplexing
Primary Rate Multiplexing

Analogue signal

Sampled at 8000 Hz
 Primary Rate Multiplexing

Quantising

10110010110010010101010 Encoding
 Primary Rate Multiplexing
2MBit/s

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 1516 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 2526 27 28 29 30 31

64KBit/s

31 Channels
31 Channel

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 1516 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 2526 27 28 29 30 31

Framing

15 Channels 15 Channels
30 Channel

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 1011 12 1314 15 16 1718 19 2021 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31

Framing Signalling
 PDH

Plesiochronous Digital Hierarchy

Plesiochronous – “Almost Synchronous”

Multiplexing of 2Mbit/s signals into higher order multiplexed signals.

Laying cable between switch sites is very expensive.

Increasing traffic capacity of a cable by increasing bit rate.

4 lower order signals multiplexed into single higher order signal at

each level.
 PDH

140
565 140
565

140
34 140
34

34
8 34
8

8
2 2
8
 PDH

140
565 140
565

140
34 140
34

34
2 34
2
 PDH Limitations
Synchronisation

The data is transmitted at regular

intervals. With timing derived from
the transmitters oscillator.

TX RX
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

The data is sampled at the same

rate as it is being transmitted.
 PDH Limitations
Synchronisation
These bits are
missed at the
The data is transmitted at regular
receiver end.
intervals. With timing derived from
the transmitters oscillator.

TX RX
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

The data is sampled at a slower

rate than the transmitter.
 PDH Limitations
Synchronisation

The data is transmitted at regular These bits are

intervals. With timing derived from sampled twice at
the transmitters oscillator. the receiver end.

TX RX
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

The data is sampled at a faster

rate than the transmitter.
 PDH Limitations
Synchronisation

TX RX

DE
MUX HO HO
TX RX
MUX

Timing
extraction
RX TX

DE HO HO
RX TX MUX
MUX

Timing
extraction
 PDH Limitations
Synchronisation

‘fast’ incoming Justification

2Mbit/s channel bits

bit rate 2
4 3 2 1 J J 4 3 1
adaption

8Mbit/s
Master
oscillator

3 2 1 bit rate
J J J 3 2 1
adaption

‘slow’ incoming
2Mbit/s channel Justification
bits
 PDH Limitations
Mux Mountain

140
565 565
140

140
34 140
34

34
8 34
8

Increased equipment requirements

Increased space on site.
2
8 Increased spares requirements.
8
2

Add / Drop
 PDH Limitations
Lack Of Traffic Resilience

140
565 140
565

Traffic Lost Traffic Lost

 PDH Limitations
Limited Network Management

!
Alarm reported.
No diagnosis tools available.
Maintenance staff sent to site.

DCN DCN

565
140 140
565

Traffic Lost Traffic Lost

 PDH Limitations
No Mid-Fibre Meet

Vendor A Vendor B

565
140 140
565
 SDH

The Synchronous Digital Hierarchy

 SDH – Global Networks
  
DS1 DS2 DS3
x24 x4 x7
1.5Mb/s 6Mb/s 45Mb/s

North American bit rates

64Kb/s
(PCM) 1st Order 2nd Order 3rd Order 4th Order

European bit rates

x32 x4 x4 x4 x4
2Mb/s 8Mb/s 34Mb/s 140Mb/s 565Mb/s

E1 E2 E3 E4
 X   X
Not supported Non standard
in SDH.
 SDH – Network Topologies
Line Systems

Terminal Terminal
 SDH – Network Topologies
Line Systems

Terminal Terminal
Regenerator
 SDH – Network Topologies
Ring Systems

ADM

ADM ADM

ADM
 STM-1

Overheads

Pointers
Payload

Overheads
 STM-1
270 Bytes
9 Bytes 261 Bytes

Overheads

Pointers
9
Bytes
Payload

Overheads
 270 2430
269 2429
268 2428
Payload
261 Bytes

Transmission time - 125 µseconds

STM-1
270 Bytes

12 2172
11 2171
10 2170
9 2169
8 2168

Overheads

Overheads
Pointers
7 2167
9 Bytes
6 2166
5 2165
4 2164
3 2163
2 2162
1 271 541 811 1081 1351 1621 1891 2161

Bytes
9
 STM-1 Overheads

9 Bytes

3 Bytes Repeater Section Overheads

1 Byte AU Pointers

5 Bytes Multiplex Section Overheads

 STM-1 Overheads

SDH SDH SDH SDH SDH

ADM Regen Regen ADM
 STM-1 Overheads

RS RS RS

SDH SDH SDH SDH SDH

ADM Regen Regen ADM
 STM-1 Overheads

MS

SDH SDH SDH SDH SDH

ADM Regen Regen ADM
 STM-1 Overheads

SDH SDH SDH SDH SDH

ADM Regen Regen ADM

POH
 STM-1 Overheads

MS
RS RS RS

SDH SDH SDH SDH SDH

ADM Regen Regen ADM

POH
 STM-1 RS Overheads

A1 A1 A1 A2 A2 A2 J0 X X

B1 MD MD E1 MD F1 X X

D1 MD MD D2 MD D3

AU Pointers

X – Reserved bytes

MD – Media dependent
Multiplex Section Overheads
 STM-1 RS Overheads

A1 A1 A1 A2 A2 A2 J0

B1 E1 F1

D1 D2 D3

AU Pointers

The A1 & A2 bytes are

used for frame
alignment.
Multiplex Section Overheads
 STM-1 RS Overheads

A1 A1 A1 A2 A2 A2 J0

B1 E1 F1

D1 D2 D3

AU Pointers

The J0 byte is used to

carry the RS Path
Trace. This is a
repetitively transmitted Multiplex Section Overheads
string used to identify
the transmitting node.
 SDH Path Trace

London Paris

SDH SDH SDH SDH

ADM ADM
“London” “Paris”
 SDH Path Trace

London Paris

SDH SDH SDH SDH

ADM ADM
“London” “Paris”

“Paris” “London”
 SDH Path Trace

London Paris

 
“London”
“Paris”

SDH SDH SDH SDH

ADM ADM
“London” “Paris”

“Paris” “London”
 SDH Path Trace

London Paris

X 
“Amsterdam” “London”

SDH
SDH SDH
! SDH

ADM ADM
“London” “Paris”

“Paris” “London”
 STM-1 RS Overheads

A1 A1 A1 A2 A2 A2 J0

B1 E1 F1

D1 D2 D3

AU Pointers

The B1 byte is used for

parity error checking.
It carries the parity of
the complete previous
Multiplex Section Overheads
frame.
 STM-1 RS Overheads

A1 A1 A1 A2 A2 A2 J0

B1 E1 F1

D1 D2 D3

AU Pointers

The E1 byte provides a

64Kbit/s channel that
can be used to carry
voice for engineering
order wire use. As this Multiplex Section Overheads
is in the RS overhead
this channel can be
accessed at any node.
 SDH EOW

SDH SDH SDH SDH SDH

ADM Regen Regen ADM
 STM-1 RS Overheads

A1 A1 A1 A2 A2 A2 J0

B1 E1 F1

D1 D2 D3

AU Pointers

The F1 byte is reserved

for user purposes. Multiplex Section Overheads
 STM-1 RS Overheads

A1 A1 A1 A2 A2 A2 J0

B1 E1 F1

D1 D2 D3

AU Pointers

The D1, D2, & D3

bytes provides a
192Kbit/s channel that
is used as a data
communications Multiplex Section Overheads
channel between
nodes for management
purposes.
 SDH Management
Network Management Centre

DCN Network
DCN DCN
Connection Connection

DCC DCC DCC

Channels Channels Channels

SDH SDH SDH SDH SDH

ADM Regen Regen ADM

Gateway Gateway
Node Node
 STM-1 MS Overheads

A1 A1 A1 A2 A2 A2 J0
X – Reserved bytes
B1 RepeaterE1
Section Overheads
F1

D1 D2 D3

AU Pointers
B2 B2 B2 K1 K2

D4 D5 D6

D7 D8 D9

D10 D11 D12

S1 Z1 Z1 Z2 Z2 M1 E2 X X
 STM-1 MS Overheads

The B2 byte allows for

parity error checking
within the MS A1 A1 A1 A2 A2 A2 J0
overhead. Parity is
computed from the
previous frame with the B1 RepeaterE1
Section Overheads
F1
exception of the RS
overheads. D1 D2 D3

AU Pointers
B2 B2 B2 K1 K2

D4 D5 D6

D7 D8 D9

D10 D11 D12

S1 Z1 Z1 Z2 Z2 M1 E2 X X
 STM-1 MS Overheads

The K1 & K2 bytes are

for used for automatic A1 A1 A1 A2 A2 A2 J0
protection switching.
The are used to control
the switches that occur B1 RepeaterE1
Section Overheads
F1
on the network.
D1 D2 D3

AU Pointers
B2 B2 B2 K1 K2

D4 D5 D6

D7 D8 D9

D10 D11 D12

S1 Z1 Z1 Z2 Z2 M1 E2 X X
SDH Network Resilience
ADM

Standby path

ADM ADM

Active path

ADM
SDH Network Resilience
ADM

Active path

ADM ADM

Standby path

ADM
 SDH Network Resilience
Network Management
Centre ADM Switch

Active path

ADM ADM

Standby path

ADM
 STM-1 MS Overheads

The Dx bytes are for

used for a DCC
channel within the MS A1 A1 A1 A2 A2 A2 J0
overhead.
576Kbit/s are available B1 RepeaterE1
Section Overheads
F1
for communication
within this channel.
D1 D2 D3

AU Pointers
B2 B2 B2 K1 K2

D4 D5 D6

D7 D8 D9

D10 D11 D12

S1 Z1 Z1 Z2 Z2 M1 E2 X X
 STM-1 MS Overheads

The S1 byte is used for

synchronisation
messaging. It denotes A1 A1 A1 A2 A2 A2 J0
the quality level of the
synchronisation that B1 RepeaterE1
Section Overheads
F1
can be derived from this
incoming signal.
D1 D2 D3

AU Pointers
B2 B2 B2 K1 K2

D4 D5 D6

D7 D8 D9

D10 D11 D12

S1 Z1 Z1 Z2 Z2 M1 E2 X X
 SDH Network Synchronisation
Primary
reference ADM

ADM ADM

Secondary ADM
reference
 SDH Network Synchronisation
Primary
reference ADM

ADM ADM

Secondary ADM
reference
 SDH Network Synchronisation
Primary
reference ADM

ADM ADM

Secondary
reference
ADM
!
 SDH Network Synchronisation
Primary
reference ADM

ADM
! ADM

Secondary ADM
reference
 STM-1 MS Overheads

The Z1 and Z2 bytes A1 A1 A1 A2 A2 A2 J0

currently have no
allocated function. B1 RepeaterE1
Section Overheads
F1

D1 D2 D3

AU Pointers
B2 B2 B2 K1 K2

D4 D5 D6

D7 D8 D9

D10 D11 D12

S1 Z1 Z1 Z2 Z2 M1 E2 X X
 STM-1 MS Overheads

The M1 byte is used as A1 A1 A1 A2 A2 A2 J0

a remote error
indicator. B1 RepeaterE1
Section Overheads
F1

D1 D2 D3

AU Pointers
B2 B2 B2 K1 K2

D4 D5 D6

D7 D8 D9

D10 D11 D12

S1 Z1 Z1 Z2 Z2 M1 E2 X X
 Remote Error Indication

B2 error
detected

Multiplex section

SDH SDH SDH SDH SDH

ADM Regen Regen ADM

Multiplex section
 Remote Error Indication

B2 error
detected

Multiplex section

SDH SDH SDH SDH SDH

ADM Regen Regen ADM

Multiplex section
MS-REI MS-REI
received generated
 STM-1 MS Overheads

The E2 byte provides A1 A1 A1 A2 A2 A2 J0

an EOW channel within
the MS overhead. B1 RepeaterE1
Section Overheads
F1

D1 D2 D3

AU Pointers
B2 B2 B2 K1 K2

D4 D5 D6

D7 D8 D9

D10 D11 D12

S1 Z1 Z1 Z2 Z2 M1 E2 X X
SDH Pointers

Repeater Section Overheads

AU Pointers

Multiplex Section Overheads

 SDH Pointers
Payload area
Repeater Section Overheads

AU Pointers

Multiplex Section Overheads

Actual Payload

Repeater Section Overheads

AU Pointers

Multiplex Section Overheads

Payload area
 SDH Pointers
Payload area
Repeater Section Overheads

AU Pointers

Multiplex Section Overheads

Actual Payload

Repeater Section Overheads

AU Pointers

Multiplex Section Overheads

Payload area
 SDH Pointers
Payload area
Repeater Section Overheads

AU Pointers

Multiplex Section Overheads

Actual Payload

Repeater Section Overheads

AU Pointers

Multiplex Section Overheads

Payload area
 SDH Pointers
Payload area
Repeater Section Overheads

AU Pointers

Multiplex Section Overheads

Actual Payload

Repeater Section Overheads

AU Pointers

Multiplex Section Overheads

Payload area
 SDH Pointers

H1 H1 H1 H2 H2 H2 H3 H3 H3

9 Bytes
 SDH Pointers

H1 H1 H1 H2 H2 H2 H3 H3 H3

1 0 0 1 S S 1 1 1 0 0 1 S S 1 1
 SDH Pointers

H1 H1 H1 H2 H2 H2 H3 H3 H3

1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
 SDH Pointers

H1 H1 H1 H2 H2 H2 H3 H3 H3

NDF NDF NDF NDF S S I D I D I D I D I D

Pointer value
 SDH Pointers

H1 H1 H1 H2 H2 H2 H3 H3 H3

Payload
 Past STM-1
STM16 Frame
4320 Bytes
144 Bytes 4176 Bytes

Overheads

Pointers
9 Bytes Payload

Overheads
 Past STM-1

Signal Medium Bit rate

E1 Electrical 2Mit/s
E3 Electrical 34Mit/s
E4 Electrical 140Mit/s
STM-1 Electrical / Optical 155Mbit/s
STM-4 Optical 622Mbit/s
STM-16 Optical 2.5Gbit/s
STM-64 Optical 10Gbit/s
STM-256 (future) Optical 40Gbit/s
 SDH Hierarchy
xN
STM-N AUG AU-4 VC-4 C-4 140M

x3 x1
TUG-3 TU-3 VC-3
x3
AU-3 VC-3 C-3 45M
34M
x7
x7 x1
TUG-2 TU-2 VC-2 C-2 6M

x3
TU-12 VC-12 C-12 2M
Mapping

Aligning
x4
Multiplexing TU-11 VC-11 C-11 1.5M
 SDH Hierarchy
C-4 140M

The Container isx3 the basic

element of SDH. PayloadAU-3 C-3 45M
signals that are to be 34M
transported across the SDH
layer are mapped into the
appropriate container.
C-2 6M
1.5M maps into a C-11
2M maps into a C-12
6M maps into a C-2
34M maps into a C-3
45M maps into a C-3 C-12 2M
140M maps into a C-4

C-11 1.5M
 SDH Hierarchy
VC-4 C-4 140M

VC-3
x3
AU-3 VC-3 C-3 45M
34M
Overhead bytes collectively
known as the Lower Order
Path Overhead are added to
the container to form a Virtual VC-2 C-2 6M
Container.

VC-12 C-12 2M

VC-11 C-11 1.5M

 SDH Hierarchy
VC-4 C-4 140M

VC-3
x3
The VC-11/12/2 POHAU-3
is VC-3 C-3 45M
comprised of : 34M

V5 - Indication and error

monitoring.
J2 - Path indication VC-2 C-2 6M
N2 - Tandem connection
monitoring
K4 - Automatic protection
switching
VC-12 C-12 2M

VC-11 C-11 1.5M

 SDH Hierarchy
VC-4 C-4 140M

The VC-3/4 POH is comprised VC-3

of :
x3
J1 - Path indication AU-3 VC-3 C-3 45M
B3 - Quality monitoring 34M
C2 - Container format
G1 - Transmission error
acknowledgment
F2 - Maintenance VC-2 C-2 6M
H4 - Superframe indication
F3 - Maintenance
K3 - Automatic protection
switching
N1 - Tandem connection VC-12 C-12 2M
monitoring

VC-11 C-11 1.5M

 SDH Hierarchy
VC-4 C-4 140M

TU-3 VC-3
A Pointer is added
x3 to the
Virtual Container to create
AU-3a VC-3 C-3 45M
Tributary Unit. 34M
This pointer functions in the
same way as the pointer
within the section overheads TU-2 VC-2 C-2 6M
but is applied at a lower level
and should not be confused
with the higher level pointer.
This lower level pointer is
known as the TU Pointer TU-12 VC-12 C-12 2M

TU-11 VC-11 C-11 1.5M

 SDH Hierarchy
VC-4 C-4 140M

TU-3 VC-3
x3
AU-3 VC-3 C-3 45M
34M

Four of the TU-11 Tributary

Units can be multiplexed
together to create A Tributary TUG-2 TU-2 VC-2 C-2 6M
Unit Group-2 (TUG-2)

TU-12 VC-12 C-12 2M

x4
TU-11 VC-11 C-11 1.5M
 SDH Hierarchy
VC-4 C-4 140M

TU-3 VC-3
x3
AU-3 VC-3 C-3 45M
34M

Alternatively three of the

TU-12s can be multiplexed TUG-2 TU-2 VC-2 C-2 6M
together to form the TUG-2

x3
TU-12 VC-12 C-12 2M

x4
TU-11 VC-11 C-11 1.5M
 SDH Hierarchy
VC-4 C-4 140M

TU-3 VC-3
x3
AU-3 VC-3 C-3 45M
34M

Or the last way to construct x1

the TUG-2 is to use a single TUG-2 TU-2 VC-2 C-2 6M
TU-2.

x3
TU-12 VC-12 C-12 2M

x4
TU-11 VC-11 C-11 1.5M
 SDH Hierarchy
VC-4 C-4 140M

TUG-3 TU-3 VC-3

x3
AU-3 VC-3 C-3 45M
34M
x7
In a typical lower order SDH
network carrying 2M traffic 7
x1
TUG-2s will be multiplexed TUG-2 TU-2 VC-2 C-2 6M
together to create a TUG-3.

x3
TU-12 VC-12 C-12 2M

x4
TU-11 VC-11 C-11 1.5M
 SDH Hierarchy
VC-4 C-4 140M

x1
TUG-3 TU-3 VC-3
x3
AU-3 VC-3 C-3 45M
34M
x7
Alternatively if the network is
carrying 34M or 45m traffic the
x1
TUG-3 can be created from a TUG-2 TU-2 VC-2 C-2 6M
single TU-3

x3
TU-12 VC-12 C-12 2M

x4
TU-11 VC-11 C-11 1.5M
 SDH Hierarchy
VC-4 C-4 140M

x3 x1
TUG-3 TU-3 VC-3
x3
AU-3 VC-3 C-3 45M
34M
3 TUG-3s can be multiplexed x7
together to create a VC-4.
When this is created another
x1
layer of path overhead is TUG-2 TU-2 VC-2 C-2 6M
added. This is known as the
High Order Path Overhead.

x3
TU-12 VC-12 C-12 2M

x4
TU-11 VC-11 C-11 1.5M
 SDH Hierarchy
AU-4 VC-4 C-4 140M

x3 x1
TUG-3 TU-3 VC-3
x3
AU-3 VC-3 C-3 45M
34M
x7
A single VC-4 will have a
pointer added to create an
x1
Administrative Unit, known TUG-2 TU-2 VC-2 C-2 6M
as an AU-4

x3
TU-12 VC-12 C-12 2M

x4
TU-11 VC-11 C-11 1.5M
 SDH Hierarchy
AUG AU-4 VC-4 C-4 140M

x3 x1
TUG-3 TU-3 VC-3
x3
AU-3 VC-3 C-3 45M
The Administrative Unit 34M
Group is created when
x7
multiplexing several
Administrative Units. x1
Using this route through the TUG-2 TU-2 VC-2 C-2 6M
hierarchy only one AU-4 is
needed to create the AUG, no
processing is performed or
overhead added. x3
TU-12 VC-12 C-12 2M

x4
TU-11 VC-11 C-11 1.5M
 SDH Hierarchy
xN
STM-N AUG AU-4 VC-4 C-4 140M

x3 x1
TUG-3 TU-3 VC-3
x3
To create the SDH signalAU-3 VC-3 C-3 45M
several AUGs are multiplexed 34M
together with the section x7
overheads added to create the
STM-N signal.
x1
TUG-2 TU-2 VC-2 C-2 6M
For example, one AUG would
be used in an STM-1, whereas
sixteen AUGs would be used
to create an STM-16 signal x3
TU-12 VC-12 C-12 2M

x4
TU-11 VC-11 C-11 1.5M
 SDH Hierarchy
xN
STM-N AUG AU-4 VC-4 C-4 140M

x3 x1
TUG-3 TU-3 VC-3

VC-3 C-3 45M

34M
x7
x1
TUG-2 TU-2 VC-2 C-2 6M

There is an alternative way to

create the signal, although the x3
one shown here is typically TU-12 VC-12 C-12 2M
used. The alternative route is
mainly used when
interconnecting with SONET
networks or for SDH radio
x4
applications where lower bit
rate STM-0 / OC-1s are used TU-11 VC-11 C-11 1.5M
as the building block instead
of STM-1
 SDH Hierarchy
xN
STM-N AUG AU-4 VC-4 C-4 140M

x3 x1
TUG-3 TU-3 VC-3

VC-3 C-3 45M

34M
x7
x7 x1
TUG-2 TU-2 VC-2 C-2 6M

x3
TU-12 VC-12 C-12 2M
Seven TUG-2s are multiplexed
together to form a VC-3. This
stage also adds a High Order
Path Overhead. x4
TU-11 VC-11 C-11 1.5M
 SDH Hierarchy
xN
STM-N AUG AU-4 VC-4 C-4 140M

x3 x1
TUG-3 TU-3 VC-3

AU-3 VC-3 C-3 45M

34M
x7
x7 x1
TUG-2 TU-2 VC-2 C-2 6M

x3
TU-12 VC-12 C-12 2M
A pointer is added to the VC-3
to create an AU-3. This pointer
is know as an AU Pointer.
x4
TU-11 VC-11 C-11 1.5M
 SDH Hierarchy
xN
STM-N AUG AU-4 VC-4 C-4 140M

x3 x1
TUG-3 TU-3 VC-3
x3
AU-3 VC-3 C-3 45M
34M
x7
x7 x1
TUG-2 TU-2 VC-2 C-2 6M

x3
Three AU-3s can be TU-12 VC-12 C-12 2M
multiplexed together to form
an AUG if an STM-1 or higher
is going to be created.
The AUG then has the section x4
overheads added.
TU-11 VC-11 C-11 1.5M
DWDM Within The Network
Site A
ADM

Site C
Site B

ADM ADM

ADM

Site D
DWDM Within The Network
Site A
ADM

Site C
Site B

ADM Network ADM ADM

1

Site E
ADM ADM Network ADM
2
Site D

ADM

Site F
 DWDM Within The Network
Site A Site C Site E
A A
D D

M
M

M M

D
D

A
A

Network Network
1 2

A A
D

M
M D
M

D
M
D

A
A

Site B Site D Site F

 Protocol Independent
DWDM networks are protocol independent.

They transport wavelengths of light and do not operate at

the protocol layer.

SDH
SONET
Ethernet
Digital Video
….
 λ1
λ2
λ3
λ4

λ5

λ8
λ6
λ7

DWDM Coupler
Blue Amplifier
DWDM Amplifiers

Red Amplifier

Blue direction
Red direction

Blue Amplifier
Red Amplifier
DWDM Coupler

λ1
λ2
λ3
λ4

λ5
λ6
λ7
λ8
DWDM Equalisation

This wavelength has not been equalised

 Red Amplifier
DWDM Coupler
DWDM Equalisation
Attenuator
Variable
Optical

λ3

λ4
λ7

λ8

Fibre Management Frame

λ1
λ5

λ2
λ6
Fibre Management Frame Fibre Management Frame

Variable Output Transmitter

High High
Order Order
RX RX RX RX
TX ADM TX TX ADM TX
Low Order Low Order
Electrical/Fibre Management Frame Electrical/Fibre Management Frame
Optical Dispersion
Chromatic Dispersion
Polarisation Mode Dispersion

While a light pulse is not itself

polarised, it consists of two
perpendicularly polarised
components.
 Polarisation Mode Dispersion

An imperfectly shaped core can affect one of the Impurities within the core can delay the arrival of
components of the pulse one of the components.
 Four Wave Mixing
With two wavelength within the fibre, two additional wavelengths are generated.

DWDM channel DWDM channel

1529.16nm 1528.77nm
f221 ( f2 ) ( f1 ) f112

f(123)= f1+f2-f3
Power

195.975 196 196.025 196.05 196.075 196.1 196.125 196.15 196.175

Frequency (THz)
 Four Wave Mixing
DWDM DWDM DWDM
channel channel channel
1529.55nm 1529.16nm 1528.77nm
( f1 ) ( f2 ) ( f3 )
Power

DWDM Channels
FWM Channels

195.9 195.9 195.9 196 196 196 196 196.1 196.1 196.1 196.1 196.2 196.2 196.2 196.2

Frequency (THz)

f321 f331, f332 f132 f223 f112 f113

f331 f231 f312 f123
f213