Tht vy, nghch nh ca mi im w 0 gm v s im, v nu z thuc nghch nh ca w , tc l ez = w th cc im z = 2jk cng thuc nghch nh ca w v ez+2jk = ez.

y v 2 C2 O x O C2 u

8. Hm loga: a. nh ngha: hm ngc ca hm z = ew c gi l hm loga v k hiu l: w = Lnz b. Phn thc v phn o ca hm w = Lnz: t w = Lnz = u+ jv, th theo nh ta c: eu+jv = z Vy eu = | z | hay u = ln| z | v v = Argz. Tm li: w = Lnz = ln| z | + jArgz (9) hay: w = ln| z | + j(argz + 2k) (10) Hm w = Lnz l mt hm a tr. Vi mi gi tr ca z c v s gi tr ca w. Cc gi tr ny c phn thc bng nhau cn phn o hn km nhau mt bi s nguyn ca 2. nh ca im z l nhng im w nm trn ng thng song song vi trc o v cch nhau mt on c di bng bi s nguyn ca 2. b. Tch nhnh n tr: tch mt nhnh n tr ca hm w = Lnz, ta lm nh sau. Trong cng thc (10) ta gi s k = k1 l mt s nguyn c nh. Khi ta c mt nhnh n tr ca hm loga v k hiu l (w)1. Nhnh ny bin min - < argz < ca mt phng z (tc l mt phng z vi lt ct dc theo na trc x < 0) ln bng (2k11) < Imz < (2k1+1) ca mt phng w. Nu khng v mt lt ct i t im z = 0 ra , th khi im z vch nn mt ng cong kn quanh gc O theo hng dng, argumen ca z s tng thm 2, v nh vy ta s i t nhnh n tr ny sang nhnh n tr khc. Vy im O cng l mt im r nhnh ca hm a tr w = Lnz. c bit, nu trong (10) ta chn k = 0 th s c mt nhnh n tr c gi l nhnh chnh ca hm a tr w = Lnz. Nhnh ny c k hiu l lnz: lnz = ln| z | + jargz (11) Nu z l s thc dng z = x > 0 th argz = 0, | z | = x nn lnz = lnx, ngha l gi tr chnh ca hm loga trng vi hm bin thc lnx. Ni khc i, lnz l thc trin ca hm thc lnx , t trc thc x >0 ra mt phng phc z. V d: Tnh Ln(-1); ln(-1) ; ln(1 + j) ; Lnj * Ln(-1) = ln| -1 | + j[arg(-1) + 2k] = j( + 2k)= j(2k + 1) * ln(-1) = ln| -1 | + jarg(-1) = j
38

 1 nn ln(1 + j) = ln 2 + j = ln2 + j 4 4 2 4 * V | j | = 1 ; argj = nn Ln = j + 2k 2 2 d. Tnh cht gii tch: Nhnh n tr w = lnz l mt hm gii tch trong mt phng phc, b i lt ct dc theo na trc x < 0. Theo cng thc tnh o hm ca hm ngc ta c: 1 1 1 (ln z) = w = w = (e ) e z e. Cc php tnh: Hm Lnz c cc tnh cht: Ln (z1.z 2 ) = Lnz1 + Lnz 2

* V | 1 + j | =

2 ; arg(1 + j) =

Ln

z1 Lnz1 Lnz 2 z2

(12)

Ln (z n ) = nLnz + 2 jk Ta chng minh, chng hn, cng thc u: Ln(z1.z 2 ) = ln z1.z 2 + jArg(z1.z 2 ) = ln z1 + ln z 2 + j Argz1 + Argz 2

= (ln z1 + jArgz1 ) + (ln z 2 + jArgz 2 ) = Lnz1 + Lnz 2

9. Hm lng gic: a. nh ngha: T cng thc Euler ta c: e jy + e jy 2 cos y = e jy + e jy cos y = 2 jy e e jy jy jy 2 sin y = e e sin y = 2j Cc hm lng gic bin s phc c nh ngha nh sau: e jz + e jz e jz e jz cos z = sin z = 2 2j

sin z e e cos z e + e = cot gz = = jz jz cos z j(e + e ) sin z e jz e jz V ejz v e-jz l nhng hm n tr nn cc hm lng gic bin phc cng l cc hm n tr. b. o hm ca cc hm lng gic: V ejz v e-jz l nhng hm gii tch trong ton C nn cc hm lng gic bin phc w = cosz v w = sinz cng l cc hm gii tch trong ton C. Ta c: 1 jz 1 1 (sin z) = (e ) (e jz ) = je jz + je jz = e jz + e jz = cos z 2j 2j 2 Tng t ta c: (cosz) = -sinz tgz =
jz jz

jz

jz

(13)

] [

39

Hm w = tgz gii tch ti mi im c cosz 0. Xt phng trnh cosz = 0. Ta c: cos z = 0 = e jz = e jz hay: e2jz = ej. Do : 2jz = j + 2jk Phng trnh ny c nghim l: z = + k 2 Nh vy tgz gii tch ti mi im z + k . Ta d dng tnh c: 2 1 ( tgz) = cos 2 z Tng t : 1 (cot gz) = 2 sin z c. Tnh cht: Hm lng gic bin s phc c cc tnh cht sau: cos(-z) = cosz sin(-z) = -sinz tg(-z) = -tgz cos(z + 2) = cosz sin(z + 2) = sin z trong(z + ) = tgz 1 1 Tht vy: cos( z ) = [e j( z ) + e j( z ) ] = [e jz + e jz ] = cos z 2 2 1 1 cos( z + 2) = [e j( z+2 ) + e j( z+ 2 ) ] = [e jz + e jz ] = cos z 2 2 2j -2j v e =e =1 Tng t ta chng minh c cc tnh cht cn li. d. Cc php tnh: Ta c cc cng thc quen bit: sin2z + cos2z = 1 sin(z1 + z2) = sinz1cosz2 + sinz2cosz1 cos2z = cos2z - sin2z (15) z + z2 z + z2 sin z1 + sin z 2 = 2 sin 1 cos 1 2 2 Ta chng minh, chng hn, cng thc u tin: sin2z + cos2z = cos2z - j2sin2z = (cosz + jsinz)(cosz - jsinz) = ejz.e-jz = 1 V d 1: Tnh cosj Theo nh ngha: e 1 + e1 1 1 cos j = = + e 1,543 2 2e Qua v d ny ta thy c nhng s phc c | cosz | > 1. iu ny khng th xy ra i vi s thc. V d 2: Gii phng trnh sinz = sinzo vi zo l s phc cho trc. Phng trnh trn c vit thnh: sinz - sin zo = 0, hay: z zo z + zo sin z1 sin z o = 2 sin cos =0 2 2
40

Cho sin

z zo 2 z + zo 2

= 0 ta c = 0 ta c

z zo 2 z + zo 2

= k . Vy nghim ca phng trnh z = zo + 2k = + k , vy nghim ca phng trnh z = - zo + 2

Cho cos

2k Tm li nghim ca phng trnh l: z = zo + 2k v z = - zo + 2k.

10. Hm hyperbol: a. nh ngha: Cc hm hyperbol bin phc c nh ngha theo cc cng thc sau: ez + ez ez ez shz chz chz = shz = thz = coth z = (16) chz shz 2 2 Nhng hm ny l thc trin ca hm hyperbol bin thc t trc thc ra mt phng phc. D dng thy rng hm chz l hm chn cn cc hm shz, thz, cothz l cc hm l. V ez tun hon vi chu k 2j nn cc hm shz v chz cng tun hon vi chu k 2j. Hm thz tun hon vi chu k j. Tht vy: shz e z e z e 2 z 1 thz = = = (17) chz e z + e z e 2 z + 1 D dng kim tra thy th(z + j) = thz b. Cc php tnh: Ta c cc cng thc ging nh trong gii tch thc: ez = chz + shz e-z = chz - shz ch2z - sh2z = 1 (18) sh(z1 + z2) = shz1chz2 + shz2chz1 ch2z = ch2z + sh2z .... c. Quan h vi cc hm lng gic: T nh ngha ta suy ra: sinjz = jshz cosjz = chz d. Tch phn thc v phn o ca hm lng gic v hm hyperbol: Ta c: sinz = sin(x + jy) = sinxcosjy + sinjycosx = sinxchy + jshycosx Tng t: cosz = cosxchy - jsinxshy shz = shxcosy + jsinychx (20) chz = chxcosy + jsinxshy e. o hm ca hm hyperbol: Cc hm w = shz v w = chz gii tch trong ton b mt phng v c o hm: (shz) = chz (chz) = shz Hm w = thz gii tch trong ton mt phng tr ti im z m e2z + 1 = 0 hay e2z = -1 = e2, tc l:
41

 z = j + k 2 1 Ta c: ( thz ) = 2 ch z V d 1: Tnh sin(1 - 2j) Ta c: sin(1 - 2j) = sin1.cos2j - sin2jcos1 = sin1.ch2 - jsh2.cos1 Theo (19) th cos2j = ch2, sin2j = sh2. Tra bng s ta c sin1 sin57o19 0,8415 cos1 0,5463 ch2 3,7622 sh2 3,6269. Kt qu l: sin(1 - 2j) = 0,84153,7622 - j0,54633,6269 = 3,1659 - 1,9595j V d 2: Cho php bin hnh w = sinz. Tm nh ca bng < x < 2 2 Trc ht ta tm nh ca ng thng x = C. Theo (20): u(x, y) = Re(sinz) = sinxchy v(x, y) = Im(sinz) = cosxshy nn phng trnh tham s ca ng thng x = C l: u ( x, y) = sin Cchy y l tham s - < y < (21) v ( x , y ) = cos Cshy Nu C = 0 th cc phng trnh (21) biu din trc o u. Nu C 0 th n biu din mt cung hyperbol. Tht vy, kh C trong (21) ta c: u2 v2 =1 (22) sin 2 C cos 2 C v cung hyperbol bn tri nu Ta c cung hyperbol bn phi nu 0 < C < 2 < C < 0 . Hyperbol (22) c tiu trc l trc thc, cc tiu im F1(w = -1) v F2(w 2 = 1), cc bn trc l | sinC | v | cosC |. Tim cn ca n l cp ng thng v = cotgCu. Cho C bin thin t n , ng thng x = C s qut bng < x < . nh 2 2 2 2 ca C trong mt phng w s qut nn min G l nh ca bng < x < . Ch l 2 2 theo (21) th nh ca ng thng x = c phng trnh tham s u = chy, v = 0 v 2 l tia F2u.Tng t ta c nh ca ng thng x = l tia F1u. Vy min G l 2 mt phng w b i hai tia F2u v F1u.
y v

42

11. Hm lng gic ngc:Hm ngc ca z = sinw c k hiu l w = Arcsinz. Ta c: e jw e jw e 2 jw 1 z = sin w = = 2j 2 je jw hay: e2jw - 2jzejw - 1 = 0 Ta xem y l phng trnh bc hai i vi ejw. Gii ra ta c: e jw = jz + 1 z 2

Vy hay:

jw = Ln jz + 1 z 2 1 w = Ln jz + 1 z 2 j

( (

) )

Nh vy: w = Arc sin z = jLn ( jz + 1 z 2 ) (23) Tnh a tr ca hm w = Arcsinz c suy ra t tnh lng tr ca cn thc v tnh a tr ca hm loga. Tng t ta nh ngha: w = Arccosz l hm ngc ca z = cosw w = Arctgz l hm ngc ca z = tgw w = Arccotgz l hm ngc ca z = cotgw Lp lun tng t trn ta c: w = Arc cos z = jLn (z + z 2 1) j 1 + jz (24) w = Arctgz = Ln 2 1 jz j z j w = Arc cot gz = Ln 2 z+ j V d 1: Tnh Arcsinj Theo (23) ta c: Arc sin j = jLn(1 2 ) Nu trc cn ly du + ta c: Arc sin j = jLn(1 + 2n ) = j ln( 2 1) + j(0 + 2k) = 2k j ln( 2 1) Nu trc cn ly du - ta c: Arc sin j = jLn(1 2 ) = j ln( 2 + 1) + j( + 2k) = 2(k + 1) j ln( 2 + 1)

43

Vit gp li ta c: Arc sin j = n j ln 2 (1) n n nguyn

V d: Tnh Arctg2j Theo (24) ta c: j 1 j 1 j 1 2 (2k + 1) ln 3 = Ln = ln + j( + 2k) = Arctg2 j = Ln +j 2 2 2 3 2 3 2 1+ 2

V d 2: Gii phng trnh 4cosz + 5 = 0 5 5 25 5 5 3 1 = jLn Ta c: cos z = , z = Arc cos = jLn 4 4 4 16 4 4 Nu trc cn ly du + ta c: 5 3 1 1 z = jLn + = jLn = jln + j( + 2k) = (2k + 1) + j ln 2 4 4 2 2 Nu trc cn ly du - ta c: 5 3 z = jLn = jLn( 2) = j[ln 2 + j( + 2k)] = (2k + 1) j ln 2 4 4 Tm li: z = (2k + 1) j ln 2 12. Hm hyperbol ngc: Ta gi w = Arshz l hm ngc ca z = shw w = Arshz l hm ngc ca z = shw w = Arshz l hm ngc ca z = shw Biu din cc hm ny qua logarit ta c: Arshz = Ln (z + z 2 + 1)
Archz = Ln (z + z 2 1) 1 1+ z Archz = Ln 2 1 z V d: Arshj = Lnj = j + 2k 2 13. Hm lu tha phc tng qut w = zn: Gi s a l mt s phc bt k, a = + j. Ta nh ngha: za = eaLnz (25) j t z = re ta c: Lnz = lnr + j( + 2k). Do : za = elnr-(+2k)ej[(+2k)+lnr] Trong k l mt s nguyn tu . T biu thc trn ta thy, nu 0 th hm za c v s tr.To v ca chng nm trn ng trn | w | = elnr-(+2k) , k = 0, 1, 2, 3,...
44

cn argumen ca chng l: ( + 2k) + lnr , , k = 0, 1, 2, 3,... Nu = 0, ngha l a l mt s thc th cc to v ca za nm trn vng trn | w | = elnr = r v argumen ca z l + 2k p C th chng minh c rng nu l mt s hu t, chng hn = , th ch c q q to v khc nhau ca z . Trong trng hp ny hm w = z l hu hn tr. Nu l mt s v t th hm w = z l v s tr. Ta cng c th tch c nhnh n tr ca hm w = za. im z = 0 l im r nhnh ca n. V d: Tm jj v 32+j Theo nh ngha ta c:

j =e =e =e 2+ j ( 2+ j) Ln 3 ( 2+ j)(ln 3+ 2 jk ) 3 =e =e = e ( 2 ln 32 k )+ j(ln 3+ 4 k ) = e ( 2 ln 32 k ) [cos(ln 3) + j sin(ln 3)]

j jLnj

j + 2 k j 2

+ 2 k 2

3. MT S V D V PHP BIN HNH BO GIC Mun lm mt bi ton v php bin hnh bo gic ta phi bit vn dng cc php bin hnh c bn. Nu l php ng dng, ta dng hm tuyn tnh. Mun bin mt cung trn thnh cung trn (hay ng thng) ta dng hm phn tuyn tnh. Mun bin mt gc thnh na mt phng ta dng hm lu tha. Mun bin mt bng song song vi trc thc ln na mt phng ta ngh ti hm m. Cng thc Schwartz - Christophell cho php bin a gic thnh na mt phng. Hm Giucovski bin min ngoi ng trn n v ln mt phng b i lt ct dc theo on [ -1, 1 ] V d 1: Tm php bin hnh n dip v bo gic bin min hnh qut 0 < arg z < 6

ln hnh trn n v | w | < 1 sao cho nh ca cc im z1 = e , z 2 = 0 ln lt l cc im w1 = 0 v w2 = j v y w B z O1 u /6 O x O A A B

j 12

45

D dng thy hm = z6 bin min qut 0 < arg z <

ln na mt phng trn 6 ( 0 < arg z < ). Mt khc ta li bit php bin hnh, bin na mt phng trn ln hnh trn n v | w | < 1 l: a w = e j a Vy php bin hnh min qut 0 < arg z < ln hnh trn n v c dng 6 6 z a . w = e j 6 z a Ta s xc nh v a sao cho cc iu kin ph c tha mn. T w(ej/12) = 0 hay

w =e

e a e a
j 2

j 2

= 0 suy ra a = e = j, a = j . Vy:

j 2

z6 j z6 + j Cui cng, php bin hnh phi tm l: z6 j w = j 6 z +j V d 2: Tm php bin hnh, bin na mt phng trn ca hnh trn n v G={| z | < 1. Imz > 0} ln mt phng trn y A1 B z B1 A A A1 O A1 x O 1 -1 w = e j
v A2

A2 O

A2
B2

O1

46

z 1 bin im z = 1 thnh im = 0, im z = -1 z +1 thnh im = . Nh vy on AA c bin thnh na trc thc m. Do tnh cht z 1 bo gic, cung trn ABA c bin thanh na trc o trn. Vy hm = bin z +1 min G thnh gc phn t th hai < arg < . Thc hin php quay mt gc 2 2 quanh gc to bng php bin i = -j ta c gc phn t th nht 0 < arg < . Sau ta t w = 2 ta s tng gc nh A ln gp i bin thnh 2 na mt phng trn Imw > 0. Tm li php bin hnh phi tm l: 2 z 1 2 2 w = ( j ) = = z + 1 V d 3: Tm php bin hnh bo gic bin min G z <1 j 1 z 2 > 2 tc min gii hn bi ng trn n v tm O v ng trn tm ti w = 0.5j, bn v knh 0.5, thnh min D l bng -1 < Rew < 1

Ta dng hm phn tuyn tnh =

B(j) I A

y z A

x CR

A1
O

B1 A2

-1 O1

1 u

B Nu ta dng mt hm phn tuyn tnh bin im z = j thnh im w = th hai j 1 ng trn | z | =1 v z = s bin thnh hai ng thng song song. Hm phn 2 2 1 tuyn tnh c th chn l = z j 1 1 j 1 1 Ta c (1) = = (1 + j), (1) = = ( 1 + j), (0) = j, ( j) = 1 j 2 1+ j 2 2 1 T ta suy ra nh ca ng trn | z | = 1 l ng thng Im = , nh ca ng 2

47

trn

j 1 = l ng thng Im = 1. Min G c bin thnh bng 2 2

1 < Im < 1 . By gi ta ch cn thc hin php ng dng tc l php bin hnh tuyn 2 tnh bin min D thnh mt phng w: 3j w = 4 j = 4 j + 3 4 1 3z + j Tm li w = 4 j l php bin hnh phi tm. +3= z j z j V d 4: Trong mt phng z cho cung trn AB: A l to v ca z = a, B l to v ca z = -a, trung im H ca cung trn AB l to v ca z = jh. Trong mt phng w cho ng trn i qua hai im w = a v tm ti w = jh. Hy tm mt php bin hnh bo gic bin min ngoi G ca cung AB(tc l mt phng z c mt lt ct dc theo cung AB) thnh min D l min bn ngoi hnh trn . Ch l vi cc gi thit cho , tip tuyn ti mt B vi cung AB to vi trc h Ox mt gc ( - ) vi = arctg . Cn trong mt phng w tip tuyn vi ng trn a ti w = a to vi trc Ou mt gc . 2 za Ta dng hm = bin cung AB thnh tia B1A1 trong mt phng . Qua z+a php bin hnh ny nh ca B l B1 trng vi gc to . nh ca A l A1 = . V d 1 d = > 0 vy arg = 0 nn tia A1B1 cng nghing vi trc thc mt gc dz z=a 2a dz z=a (-). Qua php bin hnh ny, min ngoi ca cung trn AB c bin thnh min G1 l min ngoi ca tia B1A1 (tc l mt phng c mt lt ct dc theo A1B1) v y

H(jh) A a z O
/2

w
/2-/2

B -a

N(-a)

O1 /2

C(a)

48

A1

N1 E1 O C1 N1
/2-/2

O B1

V pha mt phng w, ta cng thc hin mt php bin hnh phn tuyn tnh bin cung trn thnh ng thng. Php bin hnh c chn l: w a = w+a Qua php bin hnh ny, ng trn bin thnh ng thng C1E1N1 i qua gc. d 1 = > 0 nn nh ca C l C1 trng vi gc to . nh ca N l N1 = . V dw w =a 2a ng thng C1E1N1 cng to vi trc thc gc . Min ngoi ca ng trn 2 c bin thnh min D1 l na mt phng nm bn phi ng thng N1C1E1. Nh php bin hnh = 2 min D1 c bin thnh min G1. Qua php bnh phng ny ng thng C1N1 gp li thnh tia B1A1. Tm li, min G bn ngoi cung trn AB trong mt phng z c bin thnh min D l min ngoi ng trn nh php bin hnh: 2 za w a = z+a w+a T rt ra: 1 a2 z= w+ hay w = z + z 2 a 2 2 w V d 5: Tm php bin hnh bin min D = { -V < Imw < V } ca mt phng w ln min G l mt phng z b i hai lt ct Imz = jh v Rez < 0. Ta s tm php bin hnh bin bng 0 < Imw < V ln na mt phng Imw > 0 b i lt ct I = jh sao cho nh ca trc thc Imw = 0 l Imz = 0. Sau dng nguyn l i xng. v E w V O1 B Cu C E1 O B1 C1
49

A1 A1

C1

y C3 A3 A3 E3 O jh B3 C3 z x

C2

E2 O A2 B2 C2

w bin bng 0 < Imw < V thnh V bng 0 < Im< trong mt phng . Qua php bin hnh ny trc thc ca mt phng w c bin thnh trc thc ca mt phng ; ng thng Imw = V bin thnh ng thng Im = . z Tip theo ta dng php bin hnh = e bin bng 0 < Im < thnh na mt phng trn. nh ca trc thc Im = 0 l na trc thc dng trong mt phng . z bin na mt phng trn Im > 0 ln na mt phng trn Imw > 0, b i lt ct Imz = jh, ta dng hm : h z = ( + 1 + ln ) Qua php bin hnh ny na trc thc dng trong mt phng c bin thnh c trc thc trong mt phng z. z Tm li bin bng 0 < Imw < V ln na mt phng Imz > 0, b i lt ct Imz = jh, Rez < 0, ta dng php bin hnh: w w h h V z = (e + 1 + ln e ) = e + 1 + (17) V Dng nguyn l i xng ta thy php bin hnh (17) cng bin bng -V < Imw < V ln min G.

zTrc ht ta dng php bin hnh tuyn tnh =

50