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PITHING
make the animal free from pain destroy the Nervous System pithing/dissecting needle foramen magnum - cup-like depression - located between the skull and the atlas (first cervical vertebra) single pithing brain is destroyed double pithing brain and spinal cord are destroyed
Stimulus - any change in the environment - Tissues maybe stimulated by: a. mechanical stimulus (tie and pinch the sciatic nerve) b. thermal stimulus ( hot and cold water) c. chemical stimulus (NaCl ) d. electrical stimulus (stimulator) - preferred 1. intensity and duration can be controlled 2. it maybe applied and removed easily 3. changes that the electrical stimulus produces is reversible and do not damage the tissues
Response single
b. Pinching
single
3. Chemical (NaCl)
4. Electrical a. Direct
series
single
ANSWER TO QUESTIONS
1. Among the different forms of stimuli applied, electrical stimulus gave the better result 1. intensity and duration can be controlled 2. it maybe applied and removed easily 3. change that the electrical stimulus produces is reversible and do not damage the tissues 2. Chemical stimulus is not frequently use in the laboratory because it damages the tissue.
Threshold stimulus - stimulus whose strength is just enough to elicit a response Subminimal stimulus - weaker than threshold stimulus - does not cause any response Maximal Stimulus - type of stimulus that causes the greatest response Supramaximal stimulus - strength is greater than maximal stimulus but response is similar to that of maximal stimulus
Spinal frog- single pithing Normal frog ( only the semicircular canal is destroyed)
Condition
1. Position of : a. head b. eyes c. limbs 2. Pinching the toes 3. Pinching the skin
Spinal Frog
Drooping Half closed Extended No response No response
Normal Frog
Erect Wide open Contracted
No response
No response Tilted to one side (not balanced Normal position
Frog moved
frog moved Eyes closed Normal position
Condition
Observation
Type of Reflex
Frog flexed the leg all are complex coordinated withdraws the leg reflexes (orderly sequence of muscular contractions
After injection of strychnine (dorsal lymph sac) a. concentrated HNO3 b. immersion in hot water
Answer to Questions
1. The type of reflex produced upon the first application of acid is complex coordinated. 2. The strychnine solution causes convulsive movements or spasmodic contraction because strychnine binds with glycine which is a neurotransmitter for relaxation and contraction equilibrium therefore the muscle remains contracted. 3. Withdrawal reflexes are classified under complex coordinated reflex.
Condition
1. Intact heart 2. heart in Ringers solution (room temperature) 3. heart in warm Ringers solution 4. Heart in cold Ringers solution
Results heartbeats/minute
60-100 beats/min Slightly lower than intact heart
the higher the temp. the higher the cardiac rate the lower the temp. the lower the cardiac rate
Sympathetic
Parasympathetic
Force
Rate Rhythm
increases
increases increases
decreases
decreases decreases
Answer to Questions
1. Increase calcium levels increase heart rate Increase potassium levels lower heart rate 2. Sympathetic stimulation increases cardiac activities Parasympathetic stimulation decreases cardiac activities
Isometric Contraction Muscle retains original length More tension Lesser Greater Force
Answer to Questions:
1. Isotonic contractions ex. Walking, writing, running Isometric contractions ex. Simply standing, pushing against a wall 2. Isotonic contraction - muscle shortens, mechanical work Isometric contraction - muscle tightening but no shortening of muscle
Single pithing Muscle preparation (same as muscle nerve preparation) Parts of muscle preparation? Parts removed? What muscle is used? to produce simple muscle contraction, electrical stimulus is applied to the muscle. Muscle is allowed to relax before application of second stimulus
Myogram - record of muscle contraction Muscle twitch/Simple Muscle Contraction - brief contraction of a muscle fiber in a motor unit in response to a single action potential in a motor neuron
Exercise 9 Summation
1. Summation - adding together of individual muscle twitches to make a strong coordinated movements - brought about by sending at least 2 successive stimuli - second stimulus comes before the end of contraction or at the beginning of relaxation period.
A - first baseline B - first peak/second baseline C - second peak AB first contraction BC second contraction CD relaxation
2. Second contraction is higher than the first contraction because of the ff. reasons: a. greater tension is produced on the muscle upon sending more than one stimulus. b. second contraction is higher than the first because it starts at a higher baseline c. greater amount of Ca on the second contraction