INTRODUCTION: STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS

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Deflected Shape of Structures Method of Consistent Deformations Maxwells Theorem of Reciprocal Displacement

Deflection Diagrams and the Elastic Curve fixed support

=0 =0

-M

P roller or rocker support

=0

inflection point

+M -M 2

P pined support

=0

-M

inflection point Fixed-connected joint P

fixed-connected joint

inflection point

Moment diagram

 Pined-connected joint P

pined-connected joint

Moment diagram

inflection point

Moment diagram

P1 A B C D

P2 M -M

+M x

inflection point

P1

P2 +M -M x

inflection point

Method of Consistent Deformations

Beam 1 DOF MA Ax = 0 A Ay C B P

RB

+
fBB x R B

C B + fBB RB = B = 0

B 1

Beam 2 DOF w
3 4 1 2 5

Compatibility Equations. 1 + f11R1 + f12R2 = 1 = 0 2 + f21R1 + f22R2 = 2 = 0 0 1 2 + f11 1 f12 + f22 1 10 R2 f21 R1 2 + f11 f12 R1 f12 f22 R 2 = 1 0 2

= 1

Beam 3 DOF P1
1 6

Compatibility Equations. w P2

1 + f11M1 + f12R2 + f13R3 = 1 = 0

5

2 + f21M1 + f22R2 + f23R3 = 2 = 0 3 + f31M1 + f32R2 + f33R3 = 3 = 0 0

P1

P2

2 + 1 f11 f21

1 1
3 f31 M1 f12 f22 + f32 R2 1 f33 R3 1 + 2 3

f11 f12 f13 M1 f21 f22 f23 R 2 + f31 f32 f33 R =

1 0
2 0 3

f13

f23

11

Compatibility Equation for n span. 1 + f11R1 + f12R2 + f13R3 = 1 2 + f21R1 + f22R2 + f23R3 = 2 n + fn1R1 + fn2R2 + fnnRn = n If 1 = 2== n = 0 ; 1 2 n or [] + [f][R] = 0 [R] = - [f]-1[] [fij] = Flexibility matrix dependent on
1 , EI 1 1 , EA GJ

Equilibrium Equations

Fixed-end force matrix [Q] = [K][D] + [Qf] Stiffness matrix Solve for displacement [D];

f11 f12 + f21 f22 f n1 f n2

f13 R1 f23 R 2 = fn n R n

0 0 0

[D] = [K]-1[Q] - [Qf]

1 f ij

kij =

12

Maxwells Theorem of reciprocal displacements

1=i A 1 f11 = fii f21 = fji
f ij = mi M j dx EI dx EI
dx EI dx EI

2=j EI B

Mi = mi
= mi m j

A f12 = fij

1 f22 = fjj

f ji = m j M i = m j mi

Mj = mj

f ij = f ji

13

Example 1 Determine the reaction at all supports and the displacement at C.

50 kN B 6m

A 6m

14

SOLUTION Principle of superposition MA A RA 6m C 6m 50 kN B RB

=
50 kN

B + fBB x RB Compatibility equation : ' B + f BB RB = 0 -----(1) 1 kN 15

 Use conjugate beam in obtaining B and fBB A 300 kNm 50 kN 6m 6m 6 + (2/3)6 = 10 m 9000/EI Conjugate beam 900/EI 300 /EI 12 kNm 1 kN 12 /EI 72/EI (2/3)12 = 8 m 900/EI B = MB = -9000/EI , fBB 1 kN 576/EI Conjugate beam 72/EI 16 Real beam 50 kN B B Real beam

fBB = MB = 576/EI,

 Substitute B and fBB in Eq. (1)

9000 576 +( ) RB = 0 EI EI RB = +15.63 kN,

+ :

(same direction as 1 kN)

50 kN 300 kNm 50 kN B

+
fBB x RB = 15.63 kN

12 kNm 1 kN

1 kN

50 kN 34.37 kNm A 34.37 kN C B 15.63 kN

17

Use conjugate beam in obtaining the displacement 50 kN 113 kNm A 34.4 kN M (kNm) 3.28 m -113 6m 93.6/EI Conjugate Beam -113/EI
281 223 776 ( 2) (6 ) = M 'C = EI EI EI C = M 'C = 776 , EI

6m

C C 93.6

6m B

Real Beam

15.6 kN

x (m) 12 m

M C

281/(EI)

223/(EI)

VC 2 m

4m

223/(EI)

18

Example 2 Determine the reaction at all supports and the displacement at C. Take E = 200 GPa and I = 5(106) mm4

3EI A 4m C

10 kN 2EI B 2m 2m

19

3EI A 4m C

10 kN 2EI B 2m 10 kN 2m

Compatibility equation: B + fBBRB = B = 0 20

= +

fBB x R B 1 kN

 Use conjugate beam in obtaining B 40 kNm A 4m 10 kN V (kN) 10 + C 3EI

10 kN 2EI B 2m 2m Real Beam

10 x (m)

M (kNm) 40

x (m)

177.7/EI Conjugate Beam 40/3EI = 13.33/EI 26.66/EI B = MB = 177.7/EI 21

 Use conjugate beam for fBB 3EI 8 kNm A 1 kN V (kN) -1 8 M (kNm) 2.67 EI 8 = 3EI + 4 x (m) 4/(2EI)=2EI 60.44/EI fBB = MB = 60.44/EI 12/EI Conjugate Beam 22 4m C 2m 2m x (m) -1 2EI B Real Beam 1 kN

4/(3EI)=1.33EI

3EI A 4m = C

10 kN 2EI B 2m 10 kN 2m

B + Compatibility. equation: B + fBBRB = B = 0

+ :

fBB x R B 1 kN

177.7 60.44 +( ) RB = 0 EI EI (same direction as 1 kN) RB = +2.941 kN,

23

 The quantitative shear and moment diagram and the qualitative deflected curve 10 kN 16.48 kNm 3EI 2EI B A C C 2.94 kN 4m 2m 2m 7.06 kN 7.06 V (kN) + -2.94 -2.94 x (m)

11.76 M (kNm) -16.48 24 2.33 m + 1.67 m x (m)

 Use the conjugate beam for find C 16.48 kNm A 7.059 kN 4m 3EI C

10 kN 2EI C 2m 11.76 2EI Conjugate beam 2m B Real beam 2.941 kN

2.335 m

11.76 3EI

16.48 3EI

1.665 m 3.263 EI MC=

3.263 6.413 18.85 (0.555) (3.222) = , EI EI EI

(1.665)/3=0.555 m 6.413 18.85 EI C = M 'C = = 18.85 mm, ( 200 5 ) 1.665+(2/3)(2.335) = 3.222 m 25

Example 3 Draw the quantitative Shear and moment diagram and the qualitative deflected curve for the beam shown below.EI is constant. Neglect the effects of axial load.

5 kN/m A 4m 4m B

26

SOLUTION Principle of superposition A

5 kN/m 4m 5 kN/m 4m

A
1 kNm

=
B

AA

BA

MA

AB
Compatibility equations:

1 kNm M B

BB
(1) ( 2)

A = 0 = ' A + f AA M A + f AB M B B = 0 = 'B + f BA M A + f BB M B

27

 Use formula provided in obtaining A, B, AA, BA, BB, AB 5 kN/m

4m

4m

3wL3 3(5)(8) 3 60 'A = = = EI 128 EI 128EI

1 kNm

7 wL3 7(5)(8) 3 46.67 'B = = = EI 384 EI 384 EI

1 kNm

AA
AA =

8m

BA

AB
8m

BB

M o L 1(8) 2.667 = = EI 3EI 3EI

BB =

M o L 1(8) 2.667 = = EI 3EI 3EI

BA =

M o L 1(8) 1.333 = = 6 EI 6 EI EI

AB =

M o L 1(8) 1.333 = = EI 6 EI 6 EI

Note: Maxwells theorem of reciprocal displacement, AB = BA

28

 Use conjugate beam for AA, BA, BB, AB 1 kNm Real Beam Real Beam (1/8) 1 kNm

AA
(1/8) 4/EI 1 /EI 8m

BA
(1/8)

AB
8m 4/EI

BB

(1/8)

1 /EI

Conjugate Beam 2.67/EI 1.33/EI 1.33/EI

2.667 EI

Conjugate Beam 2.67/EI

1.333 EI

AA = V ' A =

AB = V ' A =

BA = V 'B =

1.333 EI

BB = V ' B =

2.667 EI

29

5 kN/m A A 4m 5 kN/m 4m B B Compatibility equation

+

60 2.667 1.333 +( )M A + ( )M B = 0 EI EI EI 46.67 1.333 2.667 +( )M A + ( )M B = 0 EI EI EI

60 'A = EI 1 kNm

'B =

46.67 EI

Solve simultaneous equations,

MA

MA = -18.33 kNm, MB = -8.335 kNm,

+ +

AA

2.667 = EI

BA = V 'B =
1 kNm

1.333 EI

MB

AB =

1.333 EI

BB =

2.667 EI

30

MA = -18.33 kNm, MB = -8.335 kNm, 5 kN/m 18.33 kNm A RA 4m 4m B RB RB = 3.753 kN, Ra = 16.25 kN, 8.335 kNm

+ MA = 0: 18.33 20( 2) + RB (8) 8.355 = 0 3.753 + Fy = 0: R A + RB 20 = 0

31

 Quantitative shear and bending diagram and qualitative deflected curve 5 kN/m 18.33 kNm A 4m 4m B 8.36 kNm

16.25 kN 16.25

3.75 kN

V diagram

3.25 m

-3.75

M diagram -18.33

8.08

6.67 -8.36

Deflected Curve 32

Example 4 Determine the reactions at the supports for the beam shown and draw the quantitative shear and moment diagram and the qualitative deflected curve. EI is constant.

2 kN/m C A 4m B 4m

33

 Principle of superposition 2 kN/m C A 4m 2 kN/m C A 4m B

'B

4m

Compatibility equations:
'B + f 'BB RB + f 'CB RC = 0 (1) 'C + f 'BC RB + f 'CC RC = 0 (2)

4m

'C
f 'CB

f 'BB

C A 4m B
f 'BC

RB

1 kN 4m
f 'CC
RC

4m

4m

1 kN

34

 Solve equation 2 kN/m C A 4m 2 kN/m B 4m Compatibility equations:

64 21.33 53.33 + RB + RC = 0 (1) EI EI EI

B
'B = f 'BB = 64 EI

C
'C = 149.33 EI 53.33 f 'CB = EI C

149.33 53.33 170.67 + RB + RC = 0 (2) EI EI EI

RB = 3.71 kN ,
RB

21.33 EI

RC = 0.29 kN ,

1 kN
53.33 f ' BC = EI f 'CC = 170.67 EI

RC

1 kN

35

 Diagram
M A = 8(2) + 0.29(8) 3.71(4) = 3.48 kN m

2 kN/m C

4m

4m 0.29 kN

Ay = 8 + 0.29 3.71 = 4.58 kN 3.71 kN

V (kN) 4.58 2.29 m M (kNm) 1.76 x (m) -3.48 Deflected shape x (m) Point of inflection 36 -1.16 0.29 -3.42 x (m)

Example 5 Draw the quantitative Shear and moment diagram and the qualitative deflected curve for the beam shown below. (a) The support at B does not settle (b) The support at B settles 5 mm. Take E = 200 GPa, I = 60(106) mm4. 16 kN A 2m 2m B C

4m

37

SOLUTION Principle of superposition A 2m 2m 16 kN B C B = 5 mm 4m

+
fBB 1 kN Compatibility equation : + +
B = 0 = ' B + f BB RB

=
B

16 kN

RB

-----(1) -----(2)

: no settlement : with settlement 38

B = 0.005m = ' B + f BB RB

 Use conjugate beam method in obtaining B 16 kN Real A beam 12 kN 2m 2m 24 16

16 EI 32 EI 40 EI

B B 4m

Real C beam 4 kN B

M diagram
24 Conjugate EI beam
56 EI

24 EI

72 EI

MB
40 EI

4 3

2 3

2m

4m

2 4 3 32 4 40 M ' ' + ( ) (4) = 0 M = 0: + B B EI 3 EI 'B = M ' 'B = 117.33 , EI

VB 4 3

39

 Use conjugate beam method in obtaining fBB fBB B 4m 1 kN 4m

Real A beam 0.5 kN m diagram

C 0.5 kN
4 3 2 4 3

mB -2 vB + MB = 0:
4 EI 2 EI 4 EI 4 EI

Conjugate beam
4 EI

4 EI

4 EI

m' ' B f BB

4 4 4 ( )+ (4) = 0 EI 3 EI 10.67 = m' ' B = , EI

fBB

40

 Substitute B and fBB in Eq. (1)

117.33 10.67 + RB , EI EI

'B =
f BB

+; 0=

RB = 11.0 kN,

117.33 , EI 10.67 = , EI

16 kN

fBB 1 kN

xRB = 11.0 kN 0.5 kN

12 kN

4 kN

0.5 kN

16 kN A RA = 6.5 kN

=
B 11.0 kN

no settlement

RC = 1.5 kN 41

 Substitute B and fBB in Eq. (2)

+ ; 0.005m = 117.33 10.67 + RB EI EI

'B = f BB

117.33 , EI 10.67 = , EI

(0.005m) EI = 117.33 + 10.67 RB

(0.005)(200 60) = 117.33 + 10.67 RB

RB = 5.37 kN, 16 kN fBB 1 kN

xRB = 5.37 0.5 kN

12 kN

B 16 kN A RA = 9.31 kN

4 kN

0.5 kN

=
B 5.37 kN

with 5 mm settlement

RC = 1.32 kN

42

 Quantitative shear and bending diagram and qualitative deflected curve 16 kN A 6.5 kN 2m V diagram 6.5 B C A 9.31 kN 2m 9.31 V diagram -9.5 M diagram 13
+ -

16 kN B C B = 5 mm 11 kN 1.5 kN 4m 1.5 5.37 kN 2m 4m 1.32 kN

2m

-6.69 M diagram Deflected Curve 18.62

+

-1.32

5.24

-6 Deflected Curve

B = 5 mm

43

Example 6 Calculate supports reactions and draw the bending moment diagrams for (a) D2 = 0 and (b) D2 = 2 mm. 1 2 w 2 kN/m 3

4m

6m

44

Compatibility equation: 2 + f22R2 = 2 1 2 w 2 kN/m 3

Use formulations provided : '2 = wx ( x 3 2 Lx 2 + L3 ) 24 EI (2)(4) 3 = (4 2 10 4 2 + 103 ) 24 EI 248 = = 6.2mm, (200)(200)

4m =

6m 2 kN/m 2 + f22 R2 1

f 22 =

Pbx 2 (L b2 x2 ) 6 LEI 1 6 4 = (10 2 6 2 4 2 ) 6 10 EI 19.2 = = +0.48 mm, (200)(200)

45

For 2 = 0 Compatibility equation: -6.2 + 0.48R2 = 0 R2 = 12.92 kN 1 2 w 2 kN/m 3

For 2 = 2 mm Compatibility.equation: -6.2 + 0.48R2 = -2 R2 = 8.75 kN 1 2 w 2 kN/m 3

2.25 kN 4 m

12.92 kN 6m 7.17

4.83 kN

4.75 kN 4 m 4.75

8.75 kN 6 m 5.5

6.5 kN

V (kN)

2.25 1.125 m 1.27 -

+ -5.75

2.415 m -4.83 5.85 x (m)

V + + (kN) 2.375 m -3.25

3.25 m 10.56 x (m) -6.5

M + (kNm)

+ -7

5.64 x (m) M (kNm) + 3 + x (m) 46

APPENDIX Basic Beams: Single span 1 w

wL/2

L/3
5wL4 384 EI

L/3

wL/2

L wL/2 V

- wL/2 wL2/8 M 47

 Find 1 by Castiglianos

1 P w

wL P + 2 2

L/2 x1 M1 V1 L

L/2 x2

wL P + 2 2

w x1

M2 V2

w x2
wL P + 2 2

wL P + 2 2

+ = 0;
wx wL P M1 + 1 ( + ) x1 = 0 2 2 2 2 wx1 wL P M1 = +( + ) x1 = M 2 2 2 2
2

48

wx wL P M1 = 1 + ( + ) x1 = M 2 2 2 2
L/2

1 = max =

M dx ( 1 )M1 1 + P EI M 1 dx )M1 1 P EI

L/2

M 2 dx )M 2 2 P EI

=2 (
0

L/2

2 EI

L/2

0 x wx1 wL P ( 1 )( +( + ) x1 )dx1 2 2 2 2
2

5wL4 = 384 EI

49

Single span

1 P

P/2

P/2
PL3 L3 11 = = f11 P f11 = 48 EI 48 EI

L /2 P/2 V + L

L /2

- P/2 PL/4 M 50

Double span
max

wl 4 = 185 EI

1 w

max

wl 4 = 185 EI

0.375 wl l = L/2 L = 2l 0.375 wl +

1.25 wl l = L/2

0.375 wl

0.625 wl + -0.625 wl 0.070 wl2 -0.375 wl 0.070 wl2 + -0.125 wl2 51

+ -

Triple span 1 w 2

max = wl4 145 EI 0.4wl

0.4wl l = L/3

1.1wl l = L/3

1.1wl l = L/3

0.4wl + -

0.5wl + - 0.6wl 0.08 wl2

0.6wl + -0.5wl - 0.4wl 0.08 wl2 +

+ -

0.025 wl2 -0.1 wl2

-0.1 wl2

52