H thng i b MF ca Vi t Nam gm 13 i (bng 6) u cng b vng ph sng 200 Nm, phn b khng tht hp l, vng bin pha Bc V nh Bc b c ph sng

bi nhiu i gn nhau (Mng Ci, Ca ng, Hn Gai, Hi Phng) v vng bin Nam Vnh Bc b cng ph sng bi nhiu i gn nhau (H Ch Minh, Vng tu, C Mau). Bng 6: H thng cc i b MF ca Vit Nam
TT Tn i MMSI 005741010 005741020 005741030 005741040 005741070 005742013 005742020 V tr 2131'.38N 10758'.19E 2101'.12N 10724'.01E 2057'.15N 10704'.22E 2050'.55N 10641'.19E 1830'.57N 10542'.21E 1253'.40N 10927'.12E 1632'.38N 10738'.24E TT Tn i MMSI V tr

1 Mng Ci 2 Ca ng 3 Hn Gai 4 H i Phng 5 B n Thu 6 Ph Yn 7 Hu

8 Nng 9 Nha Trang 10 Vng Tu 11 H Ch Minh 12 C Mau 13 Kin Giang

005742030 1603'.32N 10812'.32E 005742080 1216'.00N 10910'.00E 005743005 1020'.72N 10705'.67E 005743030 1023'.32N 10708'.57E 005743070 0912'.01N 10510'.48E 005743080 0922'.00N 10426'.00E

4. Kt lun K hoch pht trin cc Vng A1, A2 c cc nc c bin ch trng xy dng trong mt quy hoch tng th h thng GMDSS. Quy hoch Vng A1, A2 ca Nauy l mt mt quy hoch in hnh m bo ph sng tin cy kn vng ven bin ca Nauy. Trong khi h thng cc i b MF ca Vit Nam c phn b cha tht hp l, cn h thng cc i b VHF cn cn pht tri n hon thin hn, nu Vi t Nam c mc tiu ph kn Vng A1. TI LIU THAM KHO [1] IMO, Handbook on the Global Maritime Distress and Safety System, London 3rd Edition, 2001 [2] GMDSS.1/Circ.12, Master Plan of Shore-based facilities for Global Maritime Distress and Safety system (GMDSS), London, April 2010. [3] Trn Xun Vit, Phng php xc nh gii hn vng bin A2 trong h thng thng tin an ton v cu nn hng hi ton cu (GMDSS), K yu Hi ngh Thng tin v nh v v s pht tri n kinh t bin Vi t Nam, H Ni 15-16/12/2007, tr.96-100. Ngi phn bin: TS. Phm Vn Phc

NGHIN CU GII PHP T NG PHT TN HIU BO NN CHO TU THUYN NH NGOI SOLAS STUDY ON THE SOLUTION FOR AUTOMATIC TRANSMITTING DISTRESS SIGNALS FOR SMALL VESSEL WHICH ARE NOT COVERED BY SOLAS
TS. PHM VN THUN Phng KH - CN, Trng HHH Tm tt Cc tu thuyn nh ngoi SOLAS khng c cc thit b t ng pht tn hiu bo nn. Vic ny lm hn ch kh nng tm kim cu nn. Cc tu ny chim a s trong i tu Vit Nam. Trong nhng nm gn y xy ra nhiu v tai nn i vi cc tu thuyn ny m khng c thng tin bo v cc lc l ng tm kim cu nn do khng c thit b bo nn t ng. Trong bi bo ny, gii php v mt thi t b pht tn hiu bo nn t ng cho cc tu thuyn nh ngoi SOLAS s c gii thiu. Abstract The small vessels, which are not covered by SOLAS, are not equipped an automatic transmitting distress signals. This shows the limitation in search and rescue operations. These vessels take a majority amount of Vietnamese merchant fleet. In recent years, Tp ch Khoa hc Cng ngh Hng hi S 31 8/2012 15

there were a lot of marine accidents relating to these vessels but there were no distress signals from them due to lack of equipment. In this paper, a solution for automatic transmitting distress signals for small vessels, which are not covered by SOLAS, is introduced. 1. Gii thiu Tm kim cu nn l mt hot ng nhn o nhm m bo an ton sinh mng trn bin. i cng vi hot ng ny l hot ng ca cc trang thi t b m cc tu thuyn phi mang theo pht tn hiu bo nguy khi cn thi t. C nhi u trang thi t b m cc tu thuyn l n, nm trong phm vi iu ch nh ca SOLAS phi mang theo pht tn hiu bo nguy. Tuy nhin, i vi cc tu thuyn nh, khng thuc phm vi SOLAS, khng c bt k qui nh no v vi c phi mang mt thi t b t ng bo nn khi tu chm. Trong nhng nm qua, nhng v tai nn chm m ca nhng tu thuyn ny khng c bo nn v cc trung tm tm kim cu nn nn hu nh khng c s h tr k p thi t lc lng cu nn khi s c xy ra gy nhiu thit hi v ti sn v con ngi. Vi s lng ln trong i tu Vit Nam, nguy c tim n v tai nn hng hi i vi i tu ny cn rt ln. Vy lm sao c th khc phc l hng ny nhm nng cao kh nng c c s h tr k p thi t cc lc lng tm kim cu nn? Trong bi bo ny chng ti s a ra gii php cho vn nh vy. 2. Tnh hnh tai nn giao thng ng thy v trang b bo nn ca cc tu thuyn nh Tai nn giao thng ng thy l mt trong nhng nguyn nhn gy tn tht l n v ngi v ti sn lm cn tr s pht tri n ca kinh t bin. Mc d p dng rt nhiu bin php phng nga, tuy nhin, tai nn vn c xy ra. Nhn vo bng 1 ta c th thy thc trng tai nn hng hi trong thi gian qua theo cc con s thng k ca Cc Hng hi Vit Nam: Bng 1: Thng k tng hp tnh hnh giao thng hng hi t nm 2006 2011 S v So vi nm trc Nm S v 59 47 59 69 42 60 Tng (+) Gim (-) -9 -12 +12 +10 -27 +18 % -18 -20 +25 +17 -39 +43 S ngi cht v mt tch S So vi nm trc ngi Tng (+) cht v % Gim (-) mt tch 38 +23 +153 16 -22 -58 30 +14 +88 29 -1 -3 51 +22 +76 22 -29 -57 S ngi b thng So vi nm trc Tng (+) Gim (-) +15 +1 -11 +7 +4 -14 % +170 +7 -69 +140 +33 -88

S ngi b thng 15 16 5 12 16 02

2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011

Trn y l thng k ca Cc Hng hi Vit Nam, tp trung ch yu vo cc tu ln, cc v tai nn ni cm. Con s thc t c th ln hn nhiu. Theo thng k s b ca Cc Cnh st ng thy, ch trong nm 2011, cc tuyn ng thy ni a trn c nc xy ra 150 v tai nn giao thng (TNGT) ng thy, lin quan n 208 phng tin thy cc loi, lm cht 129 ngi, b thng 17 ngi, h hng 177 phng tin. Thi t hi v ti sn, hng ha ch trn phng tin c tnh khong 35,654 t ng. Nh vy, ta c th thy c tuy s lng ngi cht v mt tch khng nhiu so vi tai nn giao thng ng b nhng thit hi v mt ti sn lin quan n s lng cc v tai nn khng h nh. hn ch nhng tn tht v ti sn v con ngi th ngoi vi c khc phc, gi i quyt nhng nguyn nhn tai nn giao thng cn phi tnh n kh nng x l, ng cu khi tai nn xy ra. Trong bi vi t ny chng ti ch i vo nghin cu tng cng cho hot ng tm kim cu nn khi xy ra s c. c th c c s h tr t lc lng tm ki m cu nn, cn c thit b thng tin thng bo v cc trung tm tm kim cu nn. Cc thit b ny c c trang b trn tu hay khng cn ty thuc vo cc qui nh ca php lut hin hnh. i vi cc tu thuyn nh, vic qui nh cc trang thit b an ton trn bin cha c ch nhi u. Trong h thng cc vn bn php lut ca Vit Nam hin nay chng ta hi n c cc qui nh i vi cc tu chy trn cc tuyn ni a theo Quyt nh s 59/2005/Q-BGTVT V trang thi t b an ton hng hi v phng nga nhim mi trng bin lp t trn tu bi n Vi t Nam hot ng tuyn ni a hay Quy ch thng tin i vi tu c hot ng trn bin (Ban hnh km Tp ch Khoa hc Cng ngh Hng hi S 31 8/2012 16

theo Thng t s 15/2011/TT-BNNPTNT ngy 29-3-2011 ca B trng B Nng nghip v Pht tri n nng thn). Qua xem xt nhng qui nh k trn, chng ta thy ni ln cc vn sau: cc tu thuyn nh khng h c yu cu phi trang b mt thit b bo nn t ng nh EPIRB. Nh vy, khi tai nn chm m bt ng xy ra, cc tu thuyn ny hon ton khng c kh nng t ng bo nn. Thng tin bo nn ch c th nhn c nu thuyn vin ca tu c thi gian thng tin v b vi cc cc h thng thng tin sn c trn tu. V khi ri b tu th khng th pht bo thng tin v tr b nn c na gy kh khn cho hot ng tm cu (nu bit). l cha k n cc tnh hung h thng thng tin trn tu khng hot ng c do nhiu nguyn nhn khc na th kh nng nhn c ng cu l rt nh. Vic bt buc trang b mt thi t b EPIRB xung tu cng khng phi n gin do gi thnh sn phm ny cao, cc ch tu thuyn nh kh chp nhn khi so vi gi tr ca con tu. Hn th na, h thng EPIRB khng ph hp i vi cc tu thuyn nh hot ng ti vng nc nng ven b (n ch c kch hot t ng ni ln khi b chm di 4m nc). V th cn phi tm gi i php v thi t b bo nn t ng khc cho cc tu thuyn nh ngoi SOLAS v ng thi phi iu chnh cc qui nh php lut trong vic bt buc trang b mt thi t b c chc nng nh vy. 3. H thng tm kim cu nn ti Vit Nam Hin nay, h thng ti Vit Nam c xy dng trn nn tng h thng thng tin v bo nn ton cu GMDSS:

Hnh 1. Hot ng ca h thng GMDSS.

c c s h tr th tu b nn cn phi thng bo c thng tin v cho cc i tu, b t thng tin chuyn ti cc l c lng cu nn. Vic bo nn t ng trong h thng GMDSS c pht thng qua v tinh n cc i LUT/MCC qua thit b EPIRB hoc thit b SART gip hin th v tr b nn trn radar ca cc tu tm ki m cu nn. Thng tin ca SART ch thu nhn c khi thi t b nm trong tm hot ng ca radar trang b trn tu tm kim cu nn. H thng thng tin v d ch v hng hi ti Vit Nam hin nay bao gm: 01 i Thng tin v tinh mt t INMARSAT Hi Phng; 01 i Thng tin v tinh COSPAS-SARSAT LUT/MCC Hi Phng; 29 i Thng tin duyn hi, trong : 02 i Thng tin duyn hi loi I, 03 i TTDH loi II, 08 i TTDH loi III v 16 i TTDH loi IV nm dc theo b bin Vit Nam. K t ngy 1/8/2008, h thng VNLUT/ MCC c t chc COSPAS-SARSAT quc t cng b hot ng chnh thc m nhi m mt vng rng ln trn bi n ng v mt phn V nh Thi Lan v ti p nhn, x l, phn phi d liu bo ng v v tr cp cu. Cc i ny ch c kh nng thu nhn x l thng tin ti t

Tp ch Khoa hc Cng ngh Hng hi

S 31 8/2012

17

cc thit b qui nh trong h thng GMDSS i vi tu bi n. Cc tu ngoi SOLAS khng c trang b ny th khng c thng tin phi hp tm kim cu nn. c th nhn c s h tr t h thng tm kim cu nn ti Vit Nam, cc thit b bo nn phi hot ng tng thch vi h thng. Nhn chung, tn hiu bo nn ch cn c chuyn ti mt trong nhng i b ca h thng GMDSS th cng c th c coi l hiu qu phc v cng tc tm kim cu nn. 4. Nghin cu gii php t ng pht tn hiu bo nn cho tu thuyn nh ngoi SOLAS Qua cc phn tch k trn chng ta thy ni ln nhu cu v vic t ng pht tn hiu bo nn i vi cc tu thuyn nh ngoi SOLAS ti Vit Nam nhm nng cao nng lc tm kim cu nn cho i tu ny, c th c th khi qut nh sau: - Cn c thit b bo nn mt cch t ng trang b cho tu thuyn nh ging EPIRB c th tng cng kh nng tm kim phng tin b nn khi c s c xy ra. c bi t c th t ng pht tn hiu bo nn khi tu thuyn nh b chm m vng nc nng cng nh nc su. - Tn hiu bo nn phi c truyn thng tin v c trm b trong h thng tm kim cu nn Vit Nam. - Thit b ny phi r ti n hoc c kh nng tch hp chc nng cc thit b khc c th gim c gi thnh ca cc trang b m ch tu bt buc phi cung cp cho phng tin. Cn c theo nhu cu trn, ta c th c cc hng ch to thi t b nh sau: - Ch to mt thi t b s dng cc v tinh hng hi c sn: phng n ny vn phi thu knh lin l c ca nc ngoi nn chi ph cho thit b s cao. Phng n ny kh c th c cc ch tu nh chp nhn do iu kin kinh t. - Ch to thit b kt ni vi VHF, GPS ca tu v pht bo v tr tu: phng n ny khng phi thu knh lin l c, tm xa nh ph thuc vo VHF trn tu, khi tu chm di nc, cc thi t b kia b ngt lin l c th vic bo nn khng thc hin c. Thi t b khng c kh nng lm vic c lp. Phng n ny khng t c mc tiu duy tr bo nn sau khi ri b tu. - Ch to thi t b kt ni vi MF/HF, GPS ca tu v pht bo v tr tu: phng n ny khng phi thu knh lin lc, tn dng c cc thit b lin l c trn tu tuy nhin b nhi u nhi u, khi tu chm di nc, cc thit b kia b ngt lin lc th vic bo nn khng thc hi n c. Phng n ny cng khng t c mc tiu duy tr bo nn sau khi ri b tu. - S dng cc ti nguyn thng tin khc: ch to thit b c kh nng khai thc cc ngun ti nguyn thng tin khc phc v trong bo nn. h tr cng tc tm kim cu nn yu cu bt buc thi t b phi c thng bo v tr b nn, thi t b phi c kh nng thu nhn v tr tu t h thng GPS. Vi thng tin c c t GPS, ta c th cung cp thng tin nh v cho tu thuyn phc v hnh hi thng thng va phc v cng tc tm ki m cu nn. Qua c th thay th mt thit b GPS c l p trang b trn tu, gp phn gim chi ph u t trang b m vn c y thng tin phc v an ton hng hi v tm kim cu nn. So vi cc phng n trn, phng n ny c kh nng p ng y cc yu cu i vi thit b t ng pht bo thng tin b nn. Chng ta s l a chn phng n ny. Vic phi hp thng tin trong hot ng TKCN c th s dng ti nguyn thng tin t: - H thng thng tin Vin thng Quc gia - H thng thng tin Hng hi - Thng tin ca ngnh Thu sn - H thng Pht thanh, Truyn hnh Trung ng v cc a phng. i vi cc thit b ca h thng thng tin hng hi v thng tin ca ngnh thy sn chng ta cp kh nng khai thc s dng nh trn. Vi c s dng h thng pht thanh, truyn hnh cng khng kh thi v truyn pht thng tin bo nn, thit b pht sng s khng h nh v ph hp vi vic hot ng c lp vi ngun in ca tu. Nh vy, chng ta ch cn li kh nng s dng h thng thng tin vi n thng quc gia. Khi s dng h thng thng tin vin thng quc gia cn phi ch n kh nng ph sng ca h thng thng tin ny c ph hp vi vng hot ng ca cc tu thuyn nh hay khng. Cc tu thuyn nh ngoi SOLAS l cc tu thuyn hot ng ch yu trn cc tuyn ven b, hot ng ti vng nc nng. Tuyn hnh trnh ca cc tu thuyn ny nm hu ht trong lnh hi Vit Nam, mt phn khng nh cc tu thuyn ch yu hot ng ti vng ni thy. pht c thng tin bo nn th cc trm BTS (Base Transceiver Station: trm thu pht sng di ng,c dng trong truyn thng v cc thit b di ng trong cc mng vin thng bi cc nh cung cp dch v) ca cc nh mng phi m bo ph sng ton b phm vi hnh hi ca cc tu ny. C rt nhi u n v tham gia cung cp dch v cho mng thng tin vin thng quc gia. Qua Tp ch Khoa hc Cng ngh Hng hi S 31 8/2012 18

kho st, hi n nay ch c mng Viettel l c kh nng p ng. Mng Viettel ph sng ton b ng b bi n Vi t Nam cha k khu vc ni a, cc trm BTS thng thng c tm ph sng 30km. Ring cc trm BTS ven bin c Viettel ng dng cng ngh ring nng tm ph sng ln gp 2 n 3 l n tm ph sng thng thng. Nh vy, cc trm ny c kh nng ph sng ton b tuyn hnh trnh ca cc tu thuyn nh ngoi SOLAS, p ng yu cu v h tng mng li thng tin phc v truyn pht tn hiu bo nn. Ni tm li, chng ta c th ch to mt thit b bo nn t ng s dng sng di ng Viettel. c th p ng yu cu ca mt thi t b t ng bo nn, qua phn tch cc chc nng lm vic ca EPIRB cng nh phm vi hot ng, nhu cu ca cc tu thuyn nh ngoi SOLAS, chng ti thy thi t b cn c cc chc nng sau: - C kh nng pht hin trng thi nc trn vo tu v pht ra bo ng. Vi chc nng ny, khi tu b chm mt phn hoc ton phn, c nc trn vo v tr cm bin th s t ng kch hot thi t b pht tn hiu bo nguy v b; - Thng tin bo ng phi c gi n trm b thng qua sng in thoi Viettel; - C kh nng t thot ra khi tu b chm, ni ln mt nc v pht tn hi u bo nguy v b. Trng hp phn thit b khng chm hn di nc th n vn c th trn tu v pht bo thng tin; - Hot ng c l p v lin tc ngay c khi khng c cp ngun t tu; - m bo tnh kn nc v duy tr kh nng lm vic trong thi gian di nh thit b EPIRB thng thng. Vi kh nng iu ch nh thi gian pht bo l i, thi t b ny c th cp nht thng tin trong thi gian ngn hn EPIRB thng thng lc lng cu nn d dng tm ra, tip cn v cu vt ngi b nn; - C cc nm chc nng c th th hot ng ca h thng; - C kh nng hin th thng tin v tr, hng i nh thit b GPS thng thng. Vi chc nng ny n c kh nng thay th GPS, gi m chi ph u t trang b cho ch tu. Vi mt thit b vi cc chc nng nu trn, chng ta c th p ng c cc yu cu v mt thit b bo nn t ng phi trang b cho cc tu thuyn nh ngoi SOLAS c th h tr cc tu thuyn ny khi b tai nn chm m ng thi gim c cc chi ph u t trang b cho cc ch tu, khc phc c cc kh khn kinh t m cc i tu ang gp phi hin nay. 5. Kt lun Trn c s phn tch nh gi v cc qui nh php lut hi n hnh, thc trng trang thi t b trn cc tu thuyn nh cng nh hot ng tm kim cu nn, cc ngun ti nguyn thng tin phc v cng tc ny, ti xut ch to v trang b mt thit b t ng bo ng dng cho i tu ny. i vi tu thuyn nh, thi t b ny ngoi kh nng t ng thot ra v bo ng khi tu chm vng nc su cn phi c kh nng t ng pht bo ng khi tu chm vng nc nng, thit b vn cn trn tu, trn mt nc. iu ny hon ton ph hp vi khu vc hot ng ca cc tu thuyn nh. Vic s dng mng thng tin vin thng dn s c tm bao ph ph hp vi khu vc hot ng ca cc tu thuyn nh truyn i thng tin bo nn s gim c chi ph thu bao rt nhiu dn n gim gi thnh sn phm. La chn tch hp cc chc nng ca GPS trong h thng va m bo mc ch c th truyn pht thng tin v tr tu b nn, va c kh nng thay th vic trang b mt thi t b tng t trn tu. y l mt bin php tip cn hng ti cc ch tu, gip h gi m chi ph u t m vn c y cc phng tin phc v m bo an ton hng hi theo yu cu ca php lut. Trong tnh hnh kh khn v kinh t hi n nay, y c th ni l mt gi i php ng b, gi i quyt c nguyn nhn ct li ca thc trng yu km trong qun l v trang b cc trang thit b an ton hi n nay trn cc tu thuyn nh. TI LIU THAM KHO [1] IMO, SOLAS 1974 v sa i b sung nm 2008. [2] H.V, Phng tin thy khng ng kim: Nguy c tim n tai nn giao thng, ngun: http://www.vinamarine.gov.vn/Index.aspx?page=trafficdetail&id=51. [3] L Vinh Quang, Lun vn Thc s k thut Nghin cu cc gii php nng cao nng lc tm kim cu nn ti Trung tm phi hp Tm kim cu nn Hng hi khu vc I, giai on 2010 2015 v nh hng t i 2020, 2011. Ngi phn bin: TS. Nguyn Kim Phng Tp ch Khoa hc Cng ngh Hng hi S 31 8/2012 19