dG b

SEG a Fb UCG
iOGYEG fdG d
```H
jb G Y

WG Y

dGh HdG IQGRh QN dG Gg hGH e Z

JHh FHCG EG
iOGYEG fdG dG dWh W
IQGRdG SS e zjR H eSCG{ G dG b f
e e SJh ,de e Ad ,gG jJh j a
.IG T a GQk J j idG ,jG dG
G HC zdG IdG{ dG g a Gh CG fh
IhdG a hh ,dHC FfH hJh ,H hJ dG
Ie GhO M ,e GJh ,H GhJ CG j dG dG
fC GJh ,gNeh gOCG eC GhJh ,AdG ADg
.dGh IdG jW
g ,eSCG b e ddG jCG J CG j SQO gCG dh
Gh dGh dG jW ,feCG h IG a dG CG
;LGdG AGOCG a fdGh
.Y MCG e LCG j `` J `` dG C

adG h dGh

hCG dG
eG e a
z I`````dG ``````b {
:J
S e ,KQM H jR ,jN H jN IdG TG
`YCG bh , ,LhR EG JgCG K ,eG Y
.J b fCG YCGh ,YSEG M EG N K ,kGjR `e dG
L H jR) e Lha ,jR fe aj CG dG OGQCGh
, ch ,(eSCG) SCG Gk dh fdG e jR CG bh ,(CG CGh
Yh a ,o o pgr n jo h n dG
o u n jo h ,jR H Y OOj
.U e eSCG f a YfG

````Y ``So ```a

p odH nY

o Sh ,pIn r dG iP Tn e s dG
n bQ ek j c
dG S n H Qo dG a o Tn j ,i
u dG Ye a l Fb n se e
Ao GdG
t a Tjo c ,ps pHn n rdG pIn jd pIQn h
n oG pGdG
n e gn L
n
(1)
Y
s Y m nfh m r Tp e `oFGnb pH rOn nL ne nAndEG oAn noGh
..p as dG p`dG u eo h ,OnCG
. dG IOLh gdG gh jb L : FGb (1)

kIOYn p bdG Ao bG nc PEG ,(1)p bdG d

l
n eo le pdG
q ah
p dP a pn n dG r nZhn dG Ap jKnCG Y k adrCe
..pG

dG Y H H a KQM H jR
e m Yn mfL
n Y lISn n pgh ` jr n N
o
o H o jN
r `fch
M
n NnCG HG EG
r pYn r bn ` SnCG H b GTr nCG orCT ,(2) Ap GdG
p Y o jn ek Z d ijn CG m GM HG
l M n N
n nCG r n an ,eN
,p ooG
n Mh n dG a n Sn
s J Z Y Yn M
n pdG
t a
o
s jn
,o FdG b gn Yh ..gQr O pFHQnCG H M ppn nK Y o hn jo NnCa
..
n jN pY pHn EGp p dH l M Oa
,pIdG
t jT o SnCG ofdh ,
n nranCG mfnCG GP ,(3) k aj ek Z nc
g
n H n eSoCG o H n a nCG isdG gh ,nKQM H o jR o SGh
.pdG
n dG n noJ nCG Qbh ,pQNG
n r M
o n NnCG Hr o jN
r T
..mGn Sn p H ppr H b dnP ch ,dG Y H Lhd k js gn
..nYo pSo a r n d Vp
n Yo GPh ,nKQM
o H o jr Rn g
r en
r p ndh
o YnCG o H a d j s M ,njGpdG g d
n n c isdG n go Qn n rdG EGp
..p SEG p jQJ a LnCGh mrCT
b e g EGh ..p bs dG pSo a gnAHnCG oJ mISoCG e
n rd fEG
..pIG eh ,fdG o N
r Ro e gGY e Y n jG hKDr jo
pdGNCG H a OLh Ap KnCG a Gk Sp nCG N
p oCG sfEp a p d Vr Yn
o n Sn eCG
bh ..gnC IQjR a n K oH in So teoCG fc PEG ,m r ne p H u H
. dG : AGdG (2)

. dG : bdG (1)
. dGh dG S e k jb :k aj (3)


r Sn nCG e n e n dG
r n Sn nCGh ,p r n dG H e l HY u G Y
r QZnCG
..nYo pH d kL r V
n Yn K ,mZp e
,rn dG H e mH
n Yp j a Gk SnCG nbn hn nHG nCG n KQM EG p of h
.p CG s TnCG sdnCJh ,pr oG n Hr nCG nM
n
,c Iah HG Y Ak Ho QdH
n r sdG
o UGjo gh ` o KQM
r j
H h ,jN pH n jN pH a Y Cgr nCH o r jn Gk jr R nCG jn
.dG Y
PEG ,gr nCG EG pIOdG a r jo o sfEG M ,n en
n r dG n SG d
,p jr HnCG `M `Y eG p `r M
o h pjYu dGh
u `H o `VY
s sfnCG
.Ap bUnCG p n neh ,p gnCG p foCGh
p EG N c l jr R c
Rm GW i
t nCG :
n GDdG Gg n Y rj f
e a kLQ JM a n j fEG ..dG Y H o Lu dG e Y
k L p Sq dG Y
o j fEG .p V ps Yh ,pp oN
o p ch .(1)FT pbs Q
: kcSh Gk a
. n GPEGp pdG
t Y a
n
.Yn hn hnCG n gn Y GPEG l ah
.sM
x M iP
s c j
l OY
.(2)k V hCG Gk M toj IjdG f
.pdG
t Y odanCGh odGrbnCG J
l enCG
.pndLt dG
o ec ..p VGdG t L
.s MnCG o ndN
n
r en h ,o Hn gn BGQ
r en
.pgdG pFGf Y ooj H ,nFdG Ot j Ol GnL
.FV dGh .c : V (2)

. dG dG : FT bQ (1)

```````adG Q`````````NG
dG pY
n H KDj L
n h nKQM
n H n jR
r n Hn
o FTh
n
l U
p hn pgr nCG Y M
..pJY
sCG Y k Wb Ho GL a ,ms u M a m j
n GP l jR
n o eG
..
n HbnCG JY eh jHnCG e dEG
t M
n nCG Gk
p n ne MnCG a rdG nan
e Yr Sh ,pdGh pIL re m H uG SG
,pr an Y m Y mr M
o a j dGh sCH o hNnCG sh ,aYn h aY
: e HCG g hfnCG d b
(1)
kFf orc EGh penr b EG tMnCG
p YG
n n Y pdG o nb ufEp a
dG EG Yr jn h ,mc mISoCG a jn sfnCG Y dGh
o j fEG
.o Sn nCGh fr M
o Y
Yo j e sc o sfnCG nneh ..dH Qm hH
o dSdG g o KQM sJ
Y fGh ,n MGQ
l c NCGhn g
n cQ a ,pfrC tdG EG
d p an ,dGpY p H Y nCS gnNO en Yh ..e EG QdG
..H sfEG
: d pjh en enCG jn LH ` s j dL
n gh ` l s n La
ogr nCG rorfnCG ...enb uS HG j ..Tg nHG j ...G pY nHG j
a L ....n Sp nCG nJh (2)frdG nto nJ ...fGLhn dG p n M
n
...pFGpa a n r dEGp
r p M
r nCGh ,n r nYn
r o ea .
n Y pHG
: o nd nnbhn l s noe n dEG dG
? n go
r en `
: pL
o s dG
n nb
. nAGpar G o jf ..nKpQM oH o jR `
.SCGh dG e fj e c : fdG (2)

. kGH : kFf (1)

: l
n nb
fnCG ne dGa fQNG EGh ,rod n o an cQnN
r G Ea ,oha YOG
.Gk MnCG fQNG en Y Qo n NnCG isdH
.
n r M
n nCGh p
n s dG Y nJOpR : L
o s dG b
H nnne ndh ..nnKQM nH n jR iOoj l `` n nenCG Qp ```dG Yh
: dnCS pjr j
? o rjR j Ap Dg op r nJnCG `
. u Y Gghn ,HnCG Gg .. f : jR
. go r n NG hnCG fr n N
r a .
n d U
o
n jr nCGQn hn
n r Yn
r en fnCan :
.udGh pnCG p upe fnCG .Gk MnCG nrnYn Qo NnCG idH fnCG ne : jR

n HnCG Yh pjG Yn n jOo dG Qo JnCG ..o jRn j (1)jh :nLdG

?
n pH p gr nCG Yh ,
n u Yn h
Y Qo n N
r nCG isdH nfnCG en k T p L
o s dG Gg e
o jr nCGQ b ..f : jR
.Gk HnCG Gk MnCG

GjR
k sj dG Y H
,et dH Y
r Va
n s M nINCG nIQdG j l jR Oc e
p EG mjpH nn Nh
rHG Gk rjR snCG Gho TG n M
n re j :bh ,(2)p G
.o oKQnCGh oKp jn

o n Hr G snCG EGp snCWGh ,nKQM

x X a j
o
n o Lh (3)sn nJ dnP Y
NnCGh g
n n bn h ,Gk
n Oq a ,pdGh pjYu dGh
u G
n e m X
p GQ
.u M
n EGp p r n L
l c
. dG QGH YSEG M : dG (2)

. H MQ : jh (1)
. dG GQeCG Y X : J (3)

H kahe
r n S a l jRn es CG
n n UnCGh ;pbGdG gn Hn o nfe (1)
oBGdG
n n nf en r Yp EG
o n dG Gg
r or jn ndh ..
o HG o jR fnCH Ss dG
: j r nH H odG
....(2)|psdG n Yp orn bnCG n go r p pFHn B r go Yo Or G}

````KQM H ```jR ````SEG

nfGLhhn n r bn n go nhr nCGh ,n jN p nLhRh l jR
n n NnCG

n n br nCGhn ,m jpU
n nahr nCGhn ,m nCG
n n U
r nCG pa pjn jn pLhr s dG ch ,o n Yp en hn
.p r padG
q n r n rbn EGp mrn fEG
n jNh Gk s
n eo rdnCa IdG
n bh
n r n dG l jR NO m j
n GnPh
d lHG oc ,pBGrdG pe mn c pGrnjhn Gn or njh pncr nj
.Ap n dGh
s p VQnCG
n dnCS ,n JU
n e n fG s ndh ,m nnd n p
r H gk ho r en l jR
n bhn
n p
r H nCGn bn h ,
n dG
u Q d pn u
n jo fEG :l nd na ` Gn j
r s Y
o HGQ fEG :oIGht dG
o ojn .n SEp G gn KCG Y l jR YG ,pBGordG
n e mjBG
HnCG H t Yh Hn HCGh o jN o nb
n N
n On oM nSEr G
n N
n On en
.nSEp G
n NOn en fK qfEG :J jGhdG r Hn h .dW
p U
, pH a l U
n lT gh ,neSEr G IYdG l jR n
iOnjo UnCGh ,lpFTn o Ho no Jh ,
o Yj kfEG pjG p ju dH eBGh
ht dG H oj dG n edG
s OG Y sjh (3)M
o phGn ojh dG
GS
oJYnfh ,Ak U fh
,kbGTEG rY Oo GOa ,b Y
v
o
o enCG
.kASGh
. 5 jBG GMCG IQS (2)

. JQG : S (1)
. kAeh kMU eRjh j : MhGjh dG iOj (3)

10

CG CH jR GhR

o GhdG Ggn ch ,
n nCG oCG n VM o L
n hR
s jd dG M Idh
. uc pq eSEr G eoCG Yn H ,pLhdG Y Gk N
H ueoCG sfEGp : ` cH t G o SGh ` nnCG uoCG Y j t dG c
nCG H r Y e SOdG a gh jYQ Y
r an n Tr nCG sfnC ,eu oCG

n n UC
r Gh .Oo Y s TG M o Yr J Xh ,gr h
o H o eBG eCoG nJe
.pSnCH p dG a H ,uc p FdG a rCT GP kLQ
EG SdG unMnCG e KG H nn j nCG pjdG g a t dG YGQn
.SSnCG Dao dG nj nCGh ,pb

``````e``````SCG `````````d````e
fch .GS H dG H H
n Cn G u Co H mjr Rn
o GhR s nJ
p Gh Y H p GhdG Gd hoCG oIdG
HnC G npenne j kW mM
nCG
Y pLhdG JGh ,a
o
o fnCGh Ao Gn dG oIdG o M
n e
nCG dG YOn hn ,H a Op dG GH t dG HoCGh .eSoCG J
.
u G S a Gk g n jn s M ,a pQ n jo
, o pgr ojh , n p dG
s nr udG un ojh mjR pH Y Oo Ot j t dG c
, iN
r oCG p dG Y
n oG hCG
n G o jh , p a Y o jh
a hoCG
o Yn n p fG g oYh ofMh u dG
o o bo fc Ggh
gh o dG
o M
s
o hQ o r n J
s idG
o sdG
s o dG gh , n eSn oCG p f
. ornj kW nGRe

11

dG
hCG

? (Y S) Y J GPe : 1 S
? (GM H M) e jN IdG W idG e : 2 S
YG Y dG b fEa Ff c EGh eb EG MCG : 3 S
? SG eh ? dG Fb e ( CG )
.QS a jR b ()
? Gk jR j dG SQ L idG bG e : 4 S
Z IQdG eCG (5 ) eYh ,dG IQdG eCG (3 ) eY V : 5S
:dG
( ) . dG Sd Gk Y c fC ,KQM H jR SCG
( )
. jR a dG Tj GM H M AL
( ) . jN IdG e Gk jR dG Y H iTG
.Y a Hh e H e SCG e e Gk jR dG H SCG
( )
: JCj e Y : 6 S
. CG CG e jR GhR ( CG )
.jR H Y dG Oo Oq J ()

12

fdG dG
IQdG jdG a
zI```````````````dG ``````````````H{
Od eSCG J
:J
QOCGh ,jdG BGdG e Ak GLCG a ,jO ICf eSCG Cf
jdG T GHCG Yh ,JOYh dG MJ Y j e
dG S d K ,(QH) a OdG a dG a ,dG
.uSp nd jdG e hOQ dG dh ,(MCG) a
WGY dGh jh , dG S e dG jh
.j H dG KCjh ,FGdG eSEG ddG H
j dh ,d Gk Fb (jR) j ,(JDe) jS ah
UdG d J CG eSCG jh ,JDe AGT HUC dG a
.AGd QCd

````jdG e`````SCG IC````f

pMnJ Y J
p jndG BGr o dG e mjBG pIpcn dG dG
t
u a
o r udG Yhn
p Jh dG
a d j jr HGnC iGnC Q sfGnC c .n M
r hn pJOn n Yp dEG Yo r nJh .p
. JCf a gKCG eSCH WMCG dG jdG d a u dGh IGdG
13

``````````````Jh QG```````````M
l
GQk GM n Sn ,Yo e ITdG Qb b eSCG ch ,mnr nd
n GnPh
e nn Yn hn ,pHU
r nCGh sdG e nco dG ppbr ne Yn p jHnCG H
b m r L
n HnCG o Ys j
n cdG
n e m LQ pFr pJ ndGM
n nCG n p jM
n
s dG CGh ,pjdG
n e pdH o n nJ l H gh ,mQH p H r Yp Go s J
.H
n U
r nCG
r e mFKK dG
n H dG n r
n rdG Gg nn Sn
p pr
s V
n rdG a pGTG
r hn ,pjr n Hn nCG en p hrdG dEG n eSCn G f
o
r bJ
Gk Oq Q pfGOq j lnMh lY tc mGnH p rjHnCG sndhn ..cdG
: d njn h ,kbQ
e o g
n J
n Sh
n ,j nW Op n dG
o jWh ,Gk U
n dRen
n fEG
.Oo dG nSh
Y q jo PEG q dG
s Y k H SG
n r jn nd p jHnCG n c snCG EG
p dG a GTG
GN
n CG K ,nYn sJ sM Yn bEG pGnHnCG nhnMh .
. SdG pGhn nZ e mIhr nZ p hs nCG a p h
o rd (1)n n goCG

QH IhZ a LhRh jR
l
,Ip et dG p n enCG e l jRn ..pcdG a Ol s eo Ql hO e
x d c
a
n jr nCG oCG es CG .cdG Qp hU
o dEG en S Ou jo Sh
.nHdG GL H
r oS fnCG c ...jgo rdG p nJh nHr pb
a o j pn jdH o en Sn oCG nHn h ,pcdG pM
n rfG
n Sn dEGp GHnCG
sJ b dG sCH pjdG dEG nCn s dG
t jn e An L s M
n p p dG An n rfnCG mr Tn
k n jg
n cr o dH pbJ n
n na ,dG e pdG pdG Y
.. Ajch mIs Y e den h ,job pr n pH
o gn r nJ ,kn MSn
. gOGSG : gCG (1)

14

mbGTEH o en Sn oCG gqJ ,p dG dG Gg An n en pGHnCG On Yn dhn

a Qn GOn en dEG j n dEG nL
n hn ,n dG
s dG n Lh oC r nJ
..np r o dG ijnCG Yn jdG nIQGn e jb
l
rYs J ch ,pcdG

jdG Y Mj AGYCG
nIq o dG t oJ nNnCan .n jdG gn Hn
l H d rCGn j d jo
k b CG EG

r e p Lu dG
n BG
r n n M
n s M
n l MGh l Y EG go en h .dG d
....peBG pjdG Yn nM
n Rn hn ,p FdG
r eo

M
o oCG a hdG Ad Hj dG
e Qn h
rJHs On H t dG p Sn
n n n an p Lu dG e o rJn n M
n eh ,jb
l
Al GQBG
r Rn n Hn gh ..ppbdG Gg pHd n
n q jo nCG j s Y pH
n UnCG
ohj ne Y nAdGh pjdH nAMG j r n dG : T
pIbd p h
o rdG nIQhV ij
o dGh ,
n cdG e ndN
o Oo
fCG t dG Yr nCGh ,o NnCG i
o rCGdG
n sJh ,odG J e
n cdG
.pjdG QN
n cdG
o QS

O````G ````Y `````J

ns U ,cdG pHQn o pd nh
o dG Qs b qdG nCG o eSoCG nYn nen rYp
Y ho o dH pjo nCG GHnCG
n hM
n h ,cr dG g a GTG
r Y
p rnf a o SdG fc PEG .pIs rdG gn a rjo d s dh ,jrCGQn
,pr dG a pGTG
r Y pp n
r J An GREGh ,gGn en H b u dG
. dG Ge dEG oj ocJh ,Yk Qr Oh kS onYr nCG
15

dEG Yj Gk enCG ch ,pp Y e IY jO dG a m ej nc

o sj v U ,MoCG p L dEG r jW a go h ndG inCGQn CG pgs dG
.
n jgrdG pU a o jn h ,nS
o jh ,Yn QO
dEG p hdH o sc isdG en h , dG Gg o j e GodAn J
fnCGh ,mjR H eSoCG o n SG
r nCG GoaY M
l d p nJ dh ,?Op dG
p Ap nrpJ e
hM jr n Hn nCG nCG GaYn c .pdG a pGTd f
n s nnJ
.pn rZn d HSG i
s nCG e n n rjn nCG hO ,peY Y o n r nK
n dGh n Yn dG
s a GhQq b EGh ,dG Y n dG
n n Tr nCG
p hdH nfhjn h ,Yn n bEG dhj o r pe Ol Y H On fGh ,n dGh
k jM On Yn hn ,r jrCGd
n Yp r jo nCG EG t dG
s p n jn a ,pen Op dG pQdG a
a
o j idG o dG JrCj nCG dEG
l TGh l d tch ,pjdG dEG
.....dG Sn a Od

jGS S a GQfG Rj jR
dG pMdG ,pdG
s pMen e o eSoCG
o n r jn h ,o jnCG J K
p hN Y Vj

nCG a MC
n N nc ..Op dG dEG L
n
o jo
dG pQdG Ap fnCG dEG n nKQp M H jRn HnCG e n p n jn nCG d t jn pIr n dG g
c jGSn uS a n nKQp M oH o rjRn nN
n r n an .dG Ap GYnCG s V V
n N
n
,kIgH GQfG
u dG jGdG
s a Rn MnCGh , e c Y Gk enCG
Qm H :pGhZ n Tn sfnCG c .p GbEGh pddGh pShdH d rT
..Nh pjdGh dGh MoCGh
,pd ordG pbGen h ,pShdG p npd
o n rjn n HG n eSnCG CG l jRn
n QOr CG

o pJjo c mHGsL mjH o nd p

r jn a ...pn
r s dG pgeh
n s dG
n nho j
n r ch ,r Yn hr jn
n r ch ,dG An GYnCG np dG
r
.. dG p S a reGOne k HYn k FS
16

o an r jn c HCnG e o r jn Pr EG ,(1)p sdG s TCG

o j o eSCoG ch
,njrdG GV
o
o njh ,n Wp dG Go nr nj nCG neDdG pdSQn hn dG tM
pfGLhhn pprnH o j c .
n GgnCG Gobjo h .n FGdG
s G pH
n jo h
: ojh dEG oj soK ..oHnCG j ne dEG pYneh
? Od p h
o rdH d
o n r jo n e
: d ojh nHG ouojh ,dG dGdG j gh
pdG
s GH n
r nJh ,q H j a o pgoJ idG o dG JrCj S
.dG

`````NCG GO```````dG
neSoCG HGh n n rjnCG soCG o n nLhr Rn nOu oj nCG n KQM H o jR Or s n nj d
s oCG ijn nCG dc Or
s n jn dh ..psdG gn a EG Y oCJ eq dGh
..pdG g a EG eGO gn n Yh YOu oJ
n n jr nCG
r o nJ d s dh ..mIc mGhn Z a dP
n b
o o
r jn o rJn Tn fEG
p f a k q N
oGOdG sfnCG d o cD j n
n kAGf qGE ..pQ dG Ggn H
Ku
n jo p dG
s M n p Sn L
n hr Rn snCG dH Yk pbr G gOn GR eh ..o NnCG
..pLdG Ap fnCG unJ Y r dG
s pGKh dGh Op SG Y

``````JD`````e j`````````S
p jo nCG Qn s bn nb t dG c
,p hdG pHQd p dG
s OhM dEG L
k
n S
p oCG Ea ,nKQM

n U
o H o jR :g l KK dG Ggn An Gn en oCG snCG
n nYr nCGh
. MGhQn H dG o a o L nUoCG Ep a ,dW HCG H a
. dG : dG (1)

17

edG dG e dhCoG iOL

s J
o a pKdG Op GH
s dG
o
,p dG Op hM
o dEG
n U
n hn M Qn p dGh n padG o j
s nXh ..Id
..SH oIhdG g ru So ,nJDoe oJ mIH Qp GH nr Yn h
L
CG ` BG H
n
r Rhj gh ` La dG Gg nCG EG
..Je dnCG nFe Y jjn hdG
r go h HQjo c .d dH HdG
t o dH rPEG
o bdG
..dG Y Va d ..m Joe rdnCG Fe ooeGb L
k ,mnBG o p
r H
.k e Gk f GhRo MCG dP n eh .ghY
u Op Y ooK gh Qm Hn a GHQM
n fEG

O````````SGh d```````H
e s H .mJ hCnG OOt J iCnG e
o jn pJs Tp Y
o bdG
.nIOdG nonj GhoALh ,d o
n rfnCG GYo H fEGp ..pcdG p VN
QGOn h ,dG An GQn h n Jh ,u s dG o jGQ eh n KQM H o jR n s Jh
a nTn nCG rj d Gk jR dh .Ap rn dG VQ
o nCG e r J
r d
l Y
l b
HnCG oH o L n jGdG snnJ gh ..kjnJ o n L
n
n u eo iCG ,p dG p en Q
ohUM nCG God e p hdG On L sdh ,p hdG nU nbr Gh ,pdW
a ..pQnr dG Y rJn n Hn S pHpH o j
r UoCGh ,fL
u c e
Y nnr J nCG N
n PEG ,dG jGH egG Qn b IQdG H j
H mHH p hdG Oo L nL
n Y go h , dH n
n a , p VQCG
mndhne o NBG fch .nJQe YGQPh o jGs dG no J
r CG HCa , ndT
e o j n mben a
n UnCGh ...pjr n
o n pH pQU dEG n s V
n nCG d
.ek e Gk enCG On SG
n L e ,nen hn
n o dG

n en h .ppH n aQ b n MGhn Qn
o H dG Y c o jGdG nJ nCG bhn
..r neRn e pIOn dH
s n p M
n M
n p hdG pU
o nSn hn
o Jjh
o Jjo
18

JDe L j dN
n dH
n dG
o ben
n UnCGh ,oKsdG Oo GdG n p
r o SG
r nCG Hn
,p dG e Yk e
n N
n b ch ,pddG
o H o dN N
s nJ ,pIQdG
pJr
p pH nSG K ,pnj a mSr nCG o pJ rn J
s M opJj n NnCGh
..n jdG dEG pH On jn h ,m nfH dG

n
n
n j nCG jdG

JDe AGT HUC j dG

c ,jdG dEG cdG oAfnCG nJ hnCG dG
o
nj nCG nb rdh
eY H d
k L
n c PEGp .pH
n UnCG dEG n nJDr eo An GT n nf b t dG
p b gn r o d IAn ZEG rJNnCG
: d bh gr Hn n fG mIn n
gNCG K ..Gk T
n ob M
n H
n nJnan KQM
n H o jR n jGdG n NCG{
n CG nK ..Gk T b M H Ja dW HCG H L
oH dG o Yn gn n N
.zs dG dEG k L
n Go paQo d ..Gk Tn
n pbo M n H nJa n MGhQ

`````JDe AG`````d QC``````dG

ndh ....p rnpcH rnrYn h jnM pH pHnCG OSG nCnnf o eSoCG J
Ap Gn To Y pdG Qp KBG e u dG pLhn Y
n d en Sn nCG Yn
n s N
n
p f pIQn Gn bn a nJh ...nJDeo
M ,hdG HQd o UdG
nd
n
n n oJ nCG n
. k L
o Qn nCrj
n n JDeo Ap Gn d
M
k L
r cn nJ nb n JDe oIhnZ Y
r Sr nCG dG o dG nfc GnPGE h
Gdhn .u s dG p nf a
n Yr nCG go nKnCG nnc a ,pjdG p gr nCG p Sf a kY
p jn M
p n H

n .hdG pHQd m L SrCGQ Y

n jn nCG Qn s bn
p f e pseSr
.p dG
E p G pdhs dG On hoM nuenD ojh ,keJ ,p hdG pngn Y
s pnM
19

dG
fdG

: JCj e Y : 1 S
. QH dEG dGh dG j jR ( CG )
.HdGh GOdG J jCG CG ()
Z IQdG eCG () eYh ,dG IQdG eCG () eY V : 2 S
:JCj a dG
( ) .gOYh gOY Id QH a dG fG ( CG )
( )
. QH a jg H QCdG Y jb UCG ()
( ) .cG OY K QH a dG OY c (`L)
.dGh WCd HdG W MCG FGhCG dG Y : 3 S
. eSCG HJ e aY e IQdG g U Y dO
? MCG IhZ e IOdG ShQdG e : 4 S
OY GPdh ? a dG L Ob eh ? JDe jS fc e : 5 S
? a IOdG dG
: U HLEG c eCG () eY V : 6 S
. JDe a Gk Fb dG Y ( CG ) ddG `H dN
. IOdG dEG dG hX aO ()
. JDe a dG S c (`L)
.JDe a dG Y dG a dG c ( O )
.U e Od eSCG J Y ,Ie jQJ Ice cG : 7 S
.e a KCG dG eSCG ICf Y J : 8 S
20

ddG dG
```````````e ``````````a
``dG ```j e````SCG
jdG U f e dG be
,p SEp G S
o rCH t njhn ,pIn d oedG odG JrCjhn ,ojnCG r nJh
.mGn rHo
r pe gn Qn hL
n en h s Hn dG In jdG a go nN
n n d kIb
o
r jo hn
,Ap dG
n U
r nCG n en d
l L t dG r Hn hn
s n dJ (1)o uj pH
dSn H ho r Yn o SG n e e Ob L
o H GPEG ,SEp G O``eh
p rj q ```YGn oG
pYt dG e
o n r j o o bhn ,``
n en ``` Yn (2)
k pYn kISrCen nd M ,Hn UnCG s Y t dG dnCS ndh ..p n n dGh
.Yn Gn N
o n nnb
r HU
n nCG
k eBG sne QGH J
,u dG Ap nnoM pe ghn ,odG g rfnc
o
n fnC ,m job e Rm jEp H H H b Y rQn ZnCG PEG ,ks roe
pdH n n M
r G fnCG ZQ k jr nJh kr bn k YGn N
o n b
r n Sn hr nCGh .pn n M
..(3) p dG

k jU
n r
k nf n a L
n hh
n , t dG gn n nSG (4) l n Hn l jL
YGN If Qa .jb n en b e n bs h dG n jr n
o rdG Igo d
j CG hH d gCdG dEG dG YOh e H Ak ah
.IY Y Nj :j (2)
.jc :H (4)

.SEG dJ Y j :j (1)
.dGh GdG dG :dG dG (3)

21

a jb dEG dG j M dEG LS dG dG Y
.dG Ad

e d OGSG
p M
p s jn CG u sdG e c
..pbdG Gngn a (1) k S
n GQk Gnb dG n
..e s en
o dG UnCGh pj
o dG nIgn e
l jr ob
r n
n nf d
SdG W (GdG e) e dEG dG Uh dh
,se nra Qb fCG t sdG nnYr nCGh Ic fGf Gj CG dG e
..Y pMs d pgt nCs dG dEG o dG Yn Oh
.(2)nJs Yo s Yn nCG b m r oe tc c sM oFb lYS EG g eh
a mjpen cCG a dEG u s dG e p hd s SGh ,Yn n en n s L
n h
. pHdG IjdG

e dEG jdG a
,Jneo BG nIn r Yn dG pM
r s d Ght n SG jsdG
n dG Oo Yn n nHn
,ne (3)r U
n ps eo , t dG gOn s M dG pYdG
s a Gocs nJ
p
.peSEG dhd jdG n n UdG
p r L
n h ,a ps nKdG
n Y An
n d
Y t dG ..An nn N
o h k
r Yo Ap G
n dG
s
n pce s gn l FGQ l r en

r s er G bh peSEG pdhdG
n GWCG p dG prn pH ij Ap r n dG nrHn
..p ht dGh p SodG n H eh ,hdGh p SodG n n e
r n p Tn M
.ps dG o Mr an e on r nJ kU
n odN
o
o n nJ p rN pe ndGh
d oAJ pIs p dG e (5) k ndgn m p r oe uc (4) p pL Y ojEG n n Yn sfnCch
..
n jdG
.e ae :e U (3) .MS :JY (2)
.AdG e IFGO :dg (5)

22

.OO`J Z e Wb : SM (1)
.SCGdG ee :L (4)

mjR H n eSoCG n Lna , u s dG f l JnprdG m rHn HnCG e

r nfM
n h
.AndG prndG Y ..nrN
n ocn nj
FndG
n H iu n jo gh ,p SEp G o n nYn a sn n nJ mpbr en e ndjn
.ps dGh pndG iphPn pe nd
x Tn Hh YnCG
m jrnH (1)ooenJ ndG inCGna ` u dG nrN
n gh ` o eSn oCG snJh
o ofrCTn oj a u dG Qp GH j rnCG d l c
l nd fEGp ..mYEGh
..Hs GO a d kjT UnCG bhn
oopnr J to nj ..sjnCG n H
r Jp ne a odG opcr n dG s SG
d n e n nHn GPEG M ,pFdG o pL
o an oJh ,Ap dG
s Yn
r nCG nYn
nCG GdhM
n
n pFnb Gk OGanCG EGp s sdG ..o hnjo hnCG pJnjo en a r jn
HnYnCG Y l dN gOs a ,pddG H pdN n pc
n jW GVp
o n r jn
..
n jSN
dG oN
o nj Pr EGp ..neSoC pudH nJhn Qr Pp odG o r n dG oornj K
Tn hn ..pHh o eSn oCG EGp n e N
o r jn ndh ,p r n n cQn n a uo pd dG
YnCG a Gk e N
o jn o SdG
o odG H
r H
s idG s dG o dG
.p jQsdG sjnCG e m r nj

dG f e eSCG de
u s dG rnf
r pe en SoCG ndp r e nYn
t o J sdG FbdG
n f
o nCG nfOr Qn nCG nd
l U
s N
n l dOn a e Op Gn jEp H n rn Sn
n ddh .o
r
n rdGh t n dG nfn Yr nC ,
..p dG pb e Gk c k fL
n
t n rjn c sfnCG nYn
n eSoC rnKn M dG FnbdG
n r nH `` Y dG VQ `` o n pFY rhn Qn
.o js EG pRp Gn Yr EGh d pu M
o p nr en Y
t o nJ dGh , u dG n en
. bJh dEG J : eJ (1)

23

,
r bn n Sn dG ps eho
r n dG pInCGdG orCTn (1) r o s gn CnG jo
k b sEGp :ndb
p dd Gkp r nJ ,go jn n nroJ nCG
r pe
o
n
n dGh
o Yt dG o ns n nJh
, dG pnnJnoe Y o o rnj rne :rrnH a GhQo hn
n Jh .p nSr Ep G
n eSoCG dEG Ghn r jn nCG Yn jo rCGQ s n n SG
r Gk NnCGh .
o jn h r jn sd
Ot o jn s s dG snCG pnppd dG Y pInCGdG pd n s n n jn rnCG mjR HG
.n``eSoC k W
, u dG dEGp ngn nj nCG dEG Gon nWhn n eSoCG dEGp rre l n nf nfG
p n jh
e jn bo pe sfnC ,ps eho
r dG pInCGdG a HdG p p r nJ n n Yn o n T
p e pIn gn
p
.. iNoCG mL
n o dG p npH u dG dEG
t o nJh ,mn L
, u dG dEGp
n gnP en nYn r Sh
n ,m jb dEG n enCG o eSCG
n V
.dG s M
n a n jo snCGh ,pbn QdG
n pInCGr dG Yn
n n
r jn nCG dEGp
n n nWhn
. onnrZQn unSo fnCG GQk e , u dG Os Qn nfG K
p ao s dh
dEGp L
u jo h dG e o o Lh t j dH n L
. z! dG Op hM
o
r pe x M
n a o n nr JnCG{ : d
o jh (2)n sdG

d Y bdG M
n
dG V
n n an GPd S
n s dG n un jo nCG On GQnCG sfEGh .GnH t dG pn rjn dh
SdG
nN
n
n hn n nan .?gp r nJ a n go oh
n n jn GPdh ?pbn p dG
s n Hn oYo
:a
,o ocn nJ
n pjsdG ngr nCG sfEGp {
o jpdG
s a
n n Sn GnPEGp Gfnc r o fnCG onr bn

n H n Wp na snCG nd dG o jr Gh ,s
n rdG pr Yn Geo bnCG
o dG
s r p p a
n n Sn GnPEGp h
.z gn n jn l e n nnnd
r bn n Sn ms
n eo
. fMCG : gCG (1)
. a Y djh Ibh IT a j : dG (2)

24

M c a ` J ` dG M
sM EGp .. SdG n Y pdGn n dG jBG e mjBG ohQCG nnnJ go
Yn n rnj n sdG Gngn sdh ,dOn hnCG mpgTn dEG oj n n neSn oC
mICGeG n j
p h dG pp pd u M
o
r fnc dhn s M pQdG
s pjn p rnb a rM
p u dG dEG
.pIn gn
n o dG pnH
t o nJh ,jb pGTnCG pe
p
e dG rn H k nU
o nKhnCG dG n rM
o snCG en SoC s
n n jn ``n go hn
snC ,dG Op hM
o
o
r e x M a dG H n jn nCG p n r jn fnCGhn ..sjEGp u M
.Qn pYr G
u c
n nr a Ap dG
s pdn nJ o jn s dG

25

dG
ddG

: JCj a dG HLEG eCG () eY V : 1 S

.(`g9 ` `g8 ` `g6) S jdG U c ( CG )
e LQ ` YGN e LQ) jb bH dG HCG idG ()
.(QfCG e LQ ` H
e Y MGdG dG OY (`L)
(dCG Y KG - BG IY - BG N)
? e H QGb dG JG GPd : 2 S
? jdG d jb f e e : 3 S
. e dEG j gh dG e U : 4 S
?AdG H Y dG N eSCG iCGQ M H HCG SMEG e : 5 S
. eSC dG M Y J KOM cPG : 6 S
. e KG Vh .bGeh ShQO ehdG ICGdG b a : 7 S
zYLG Y bdG M{ : 8 S
. IQdG g U Y dO

26

HGdG dG
o
n n S o dG
n fCG K }
|
n ppeD G nYn h ppdSQ Y
M
o be a eSCG
:J
Uh K a dG Y aGJ ,M
o j eDe a bh
MCG La dM dG qJh ,dH jEG j Lh
dG eG bh Y aGj dG Y dG fCG ,k eDe Y
.jEd Hb
idG g ,dG Ggh ,eDdG e K e e eSCG c
. f a dG gVCG bh ,IOd dG TQ
.HUCH j dGh ,Hd eG ,eSCG IOb EG

e Y ASG a J RGg
gn h ` nRp Gg o nnb nfnc .pIrd edG pn dG
s a n sen p r an n Hn
,e
n o
r J nCG n Yn s Y nb ` n se pr Tn a ppbGdG p dG M
n nCpH
o nr J
a ```SQ
o jo , d k UY , pIjdG pr Tp a mjen o cnCG n pgh
27

` r nrdGh phr nrpd p o T

n o L
o n pa ho u
n jo h jdG ``gpF T
a q M
n h ,s Mht dGh i
s OdG go n
r en h nf nrSo a (1) o Yn r jn h
L re pH osnnJ rnfc ne uco e Os nnnJ nCG pnndG g p nf
rT
n Yn sdG n gh (2) Om OD`S hnCG mH`n ne phH po
r J rnCGhn ..Pm oofh
.prCdG
s n n aQ ,fdG n Hn go r en
p nK pFnb n e mKOe idG pY H pde n FQ
in L
o
r nCG
,p
r o dG s V r M
u
n pd mod
n nJ pn H
r n rfG
n L
o hn m fh
mgn Pn e op r J e sc op rnJ m noM iOp Gh dEGp onHQr nCG opFdG nLn N
n h
oJh ,mYeh nnZh m HEGp e op r nJ e sc neenCG ono Jhn ,mah
s
N
r dG pg a gAn f
s pgOp L
o ho a j M ,pIn p
n dG pnM
p ,mS
,p Vr p dG Y kXnM
n n M a pn n r n dG p Vr N
n dEGp l aGO
n Jo rdG
p d Yk Gn pfGh ,pYn d
..pYE
s GQk rXEGp h
e p dG pr ndG Gnn pH sfnCG n e o n pddG opFnn dGh oRp Gg rs nX
p nSn p ndGh Ap dGh p Lu dG
d c ne Ot p nnr Jh ,dG Y r
n n MU
o Jh
r ,ne Y nfSo oo r nJh ,pFndG o Yr nCG a mHn en pe
.(3) njdG jdG g a pIn padG pn dG
r p j a ,H n dG n en Rr nCG eh ,oRGg o rJn Hs On t dG n p Yn
ns nJ e nYn r Sh
n ,Op dH iOp noj e nn nH fEGp h ,kIMGh k rnd
,m SpQa pnBG oIYn oJs Yh ,nsne rpH nna jsdG n dG
r n rdG Gng H kjM n Sr Ep G GoN
n On
n jsdG pe pnrdnCG r p dEGp s r
n fGh
.dG
. M hq j : Yj (1)
. Th e : OODS (2)
. UCG : jdG (3)

28

dM eh RGg dEG j dG
,pdG Qo f r nYn

o ajh , t dG o eo s n n jn n se pe dG
o
n s
n nJ
n nnfh
sn nJh ,o gr s dG go n N
r
n nCa (1)pgOp Yn hn pgOp n Yn dEGp ndG
a pIrdG p gn p rH p jnCG e nj a Gofj d qfEGp ..Qo
n n dG
mn pbr en
u `c a n
r s dG GhRo M
r CG Gg en h ,p dG
u a pIn ar dGh ,L
n u dG
An GYnCG pndn Hn h pY
n pH Go gn Qr nCGh ,mn r en
u c a gh
s Yn Gho M
n On h
..unf nAGYCGh pdG
n dG
n nrof d :Godb rnCG u M
n dEGp pdG p r
n rdG GnH o gr s dG
n gn Pn h
p of dEGp o p jo x ndEGp m SQr O e s Ho nc go h ..spb
snCH njEp G r p So
r Yn
c d sfnCGh ,pdG pr Yp pe nc sfEGp pQdG
u c a o hRM
r nCG isdG s dG
n r jn Geo p o nd ,p dG
u pIn ar hn hn p Lu dG pIrnH pQn n dG a p s dG Sr
o pe
An Hn Gg n en h ,
n dG enCG n KnK nco dG ncn an .mQr Hn
p S mjpn pH ncdG
oc a
o jo Qm r Hn pIhZ a
o jo eh ..mn M
n ncr nCG mcr ne uinCG a Gofj a ..oYo rJnCGh t dG V
n N
n psdG pQp dG
p sn eo Gfc n fEGp h ,GOk n Yn irn bnCGh ,GOk n Yn

n cpQr eo h ,p n dGh pjEH

n
nr en Qn en h}
o p r nJ o n jn snCGh ,go hs o Yn o M
n r jn dG sCG ek nJ
n Ap GYnCG Ap DpH
.(2) |n neQn nsdG sp ndhn nrneQn Pr EGp
p Soof dEGp n js phdG
s n n
n dG g Ot o jn ndEGp m SQr On
r pe s Ho rPn EGp
An GQh p Sd pjOn dG p pFdG Ap pN
r G a S
o Qr s dG
n sn nJh ,
n r o dG
rndrfG iOGdG ndG nH en Yh ,HTp hn m rnoM iOp Gh jne
p oah ,pfL
pe r p Y
o M
n r nJ ps pn dG n Tr nCH Go L
u c e
o u dG Y
nCG nhO ,Ap GQdG
n dEGp Gho n r n n jn rnCG sEGp Gop r jn a ,mr Uh
n mn M
n
u c
..hu o n rdG
n r Hn h H mpTG
r i
t nCG no
r jn
. (17 jBG) fCG IQS (2)

. dG GhOCGh GhdGh dG : gOY (1)

29

````Yh `````````K
?pInCLo dG p g p nKnCG Y ndG (1)nr n nJ M t dG
n a GPen
p Ghn kIN
oCr jn k HK bhn fEGp h ,Ap GQdG
n
n f kIM
o o enb s n nJ d
DhGn U
r nCG
r s gn mr H
n iOjo
n GQn hn ,o n Yp en hn rYn hn n rbn o n jEp G
: iOp GdG
n
n pfGL
n
oH o s noe nfnCG ..pdG o```SQn fnCG ..s dEGp Gt ogn ..S
o sdG tjnCG nrjnCG dEGp
.p so dG Y Hr G fnCG ..
r p cn t ps dG nfnCG ..pdG pYn
a o r Yn Gsr
n n jn sGnC GhQo s bn k eDe n n Yn n MCG iGnC n an o ndr M
n t dG
n s nnJh
p n dG ppbdG Gngn
:npeD o dG Ap Dgn p rnH pe odG
t rbn s e dh
r sM ,p
.jr Rn
o H o en SGoC h dW HGnC
o Hr t Yh u ps dG t Y S
o s dGh o n Yo hn rHn Ho GnC
p n dG pbdG
Gs
n an p
r Ggn a eDr dG Ap nDo g
n
n n er G nb ndG sEGp
npdPn neh ..go ns nnjh H oj odG c ..sdG pjnZ r
n bnCG
p jo .. s dG
,Qn Hn Or nCG Gsr dhn
n p r o dG snCG r o
n M
r
n pHK GtX
nnc qfEGp h ..dG
t u
n H o nfobu n jo hn r pe Ho p n r n Sn pcp r o rdG snCGh
kpbr ne Gobn h Gdh ..nn n rdGh nr
n dG nj m ne Sp pnHpH ofjEGp
.pHnCGh p oo dG
o jQnJ pH On Tn nCGh ,pHn pc a o dG n sN
n k pFGQn

```cG O`````M
Ao Gn pf j
k nCG
n n nrfGh ,iOp GdG
n Ap L
n Qr nCG a u ps dG Ao Gn pf
n n nrfG nCG n r Hn h
Ap nd ndEGp ndG OY ,pp d pIOn r n dG ndEGp ndG Yo r j p Sn dG u Yn
np r o rdG nHr nCG ,mpYn m n pb a pnjdG n
n n rdGh ,pghu o Yn hn pdG hu o Yn
p
r
n bnCG n n en pn pdn o dG pFndGh nRp GpH Godn fnCG s M ,k M
n Ak Hn n ndN
.oAG
r dG
s rJn p Tn mjpgn
. d LQ : J (1)

30

r ooJn rcn r or n
n Yr nCG Pr EG m r n Mo n jn hn } : `` J `` pdG
o nr b o p jo Gg dEGp h
soK @njppHr te orsdhn soK rnoMQn n pH V
o Qr nCG oornYn rbn Vn hn k rTn roYn p roJ rnan

n s Yn hn gn hr n nJ r sd GOk o Lo n n fCGn hn
n ppeDr o rdG nYn hn ppdSo Qn nYn o n n p Sn o sdG n n fCGn
.(1)|njppanrdG oAGn nL npdPn hn Gho n cn njp sdG

```M a e```SCG dH
pYn dG
s p n rMnCG e mYS a mrjRn rH n eSn oCG opbr ne ngo pr nj ne sEGp
,pYo
r e nIY
r n SOdG
s a o eSoCG nc : t s dG H s en dG
nCG Qo Gn br nCG Ao Jh
o o
r jn mIhr nZ hs nCG g
r fch
n : u s dG nen a
p b kf
,pdG
r pgn en n en nCG o eSn oCG
o jn hn ,
n eDr o rpd k Sn
n er G nonJ
n a ,p n
n dG p nTr nCG neCGh
npe o jOdG o nrHCG pa n nHOr nCG idG pbr dG
..
n p r o rdG

IO````````dG `````````TJ
pe n an Qn h ,neSn oCG n
r nf ps dG p rnf a kYn Gk nKnCG
n n nJ
l pbr en
p GhQr nCH hr n aG
a r M
n jsdG ` r dEGp
n Hs dG pbCG Sf a pnfen
rnCH l jL
n n en SoCG nCG p
r U Hh u s nd pcs nCnJ nbh ,p
n rdG pYn Sn
ppgGnehn pbW sco op r nj sfnC ,pIn pcndG udG
u g a Gk pFb nj

n pHK
s njn rnCG pLp
n dG psdG a o p n jh
r , dG
t p Fn dG
.
o p jn h
o o
r jn ,p SrCn dG i
s p b ,(2)pn
n dG
r nYn o n n Sn o dG
n n rfnCG jsdG n Yn n M
n nCG
n eDo dG pe o en Sn oCG nc
. (26 ,25 jBG) HdG IQS (1)
. dG : dG (2)

31

GPEGp peDo rdG ob nYn dG s

n n jn nc
n n n an
n r o dG Qp HOr EGp n nd
..lnKQc H
r bn M GPEGp pJos pH r tp jo r cn hn ,(1) l n
r pe pH
r dnf

Gk `````eCG `````j ``````dG

FdH
n p s e pIhn r ndG p gn
r pe no p r o rdG On Yhn t s dG OY
sM pQr U
n a on nnMh ,Gk renCG Qn s bn psdG sndh ..(2) nSnCGh
p j
iMEGp a r
n d Gk pFnb n en Sn oCG
o r nJ g o er nCG Gng c ..o Yp r en
n
.pen Op dG Ghn ndG
Y nj nCG Q
n rfnCGh jLdG Qc Vjn g nd h
Qo nKBG p
n
n H LoJ e
w ch ,pr o dG p n n r eo a
w T SnCGQ
p
dG pe gn h ? sdG e VN
psdG pQn n rdG npe GL
n
p N
o o d eSoCG
u Sp p rpe a
x Tn pjn np pH pHn
n dG
s Qo c n r jn nC G
p
? m
n M
n rdnCG n nd o
r j dG pQn n dG nN
r nCG e mcen
k pn r eo c s ndh , u n s dG (3) gr pH
r QGO p Wp GdG g
t c
p H
knLQ ndr nM snCH lpnr oe sfnCG c ..pJn ra pGp
n H kperDoeh ,pjrCGQn psp
,pjrCGQn Y GV
n h ofrCT d
o n r jn
r nd q Yh n Yh m rH HnCG rpe go nN
..pJrp pd Gho sn n jn dh
..
n eDodG popd kf
n peG ooSn nIn r
n dG g sEp a
n dnP en h
Arpeh EGp o un ojh ,in n dG p Yn op rnj s sdG nCG o r j sfEGp

n pe Gk n Sn o nd sEp an jk rCGQn inC JQr G en GPEGp h ..Ap dG

s
n pe
l Gn Tr EGp p p gr P
..rs dG Ap nnfh p rdG AnU
r rn dG
n
r pe GOk n en hnCG ,M

. H : gH (3)

. ITh AH : e (1)
.Gkb dG a hdG e NDj e : SCG (2)

32

dG
HGdG

. Mo IhZh ,e a H jdG dG jQdG cDj : 1 S

.J d Yh .TG
. dG d geCG RGg L : 2 S
.IQdG g U Y dO
.jUdG dG IOd SQO
l ,oM j dG be : 3 S
.dP Vh
: k Se GJ H ,JBG GQdG cCG : 4 S
......... dG a AdGh gdG ( CG )
.........dGh jEG ()
?e kH J CG J gh ? oM j eSCG dH Lh e : 5 S
. BGdG S Y be eDdG d : 6 S
. fBGdG jBG cG K ,bdG TG
: JCj e Y : 7 S
.Hd eG eSCG IOb ( CG )
.j dh JG QGd dG ANEG ()
.J e c Kh RGg bS (`L)
. b Y dG f d dG H b ( O )
Z IQ`dG eCG (5 ) eYh ,`dG IQ`dG eCG (3 ) eY V : 8 S
.dG
p M
( ) .HTh
o iOGh je AGQh dG bh ( CG )
( ) .IMGh Ie ghNCa FGYCG Y dG g ()
33

( )......... dEG Gg : dG gGOa dG J (`L)

JT g bCG FMh RGH G fCG ( O )
( )
.AGdG
e eSCG a j IhZ hCG ,M IhZ fc (`g)
.dG
( )
.jQdG FbdG M JBG GMCG JQ :9 S
.jdG U (`L) . oM IhZ () .e a ( CG )
: SdG H dG HLEG J :10S
.(Id SOdG ` HdG ` edG) dG a oM IhZ fc
.(S 14 ` S 15 ` S 16) oM IhZ a eSCG S c

34

eG dG
INCG jCG
```dG I``M ````a
:J

p r o rpd n sen
r en hn Kh nRp Gg r n nnb nYn GhfGh
n
o r an s
a go An pd o ht dG n p N
n h , m r n M
o pIhr nZ a pFn n dG e (1)n o n jn Tn
p GOn ndEGp Ght nJQr an , o nJ

n pe ak r N
n n H o
s
n n jn gOp n pH p N
.. L
n NOn hn ..
n p r o rdG
k GanCG dG p jOp a pn n rdG
n ep l pc

hdG hZ a j dG

u n n rdG n rZQn ppan rdGhn p

s dG
u
n e m paGhn mr p pH o s n n jn t ps dG nnc
fch , ps peSr Ep G pIn Yr s dG p nr f pSn a Qnf nd gn pHjo nnc sdG
p nf
. r
r pe Gk pcn k pfL
n
t n
r nJhn , pgr Pp nYn
t p oJ p ht dG phnZ oIn rpa
rH dG prYn h pd nW HnCG rH nr nLh n nKQp nM p H prjRn nnr e
n r nj rnd sfEGp
pjs p n r n pH
n SG ppddG
n Hr pdN
n snCG r jn r ndhn .. n nJDr eo pIhn r nZ pa n M
n Ghn Qn

n pJ pa l L o pFn N
n ppH
n p r Jn nCG
n r bn r rdpH On o jn rnCG s Hr
n rdG
p n pH

r n n
n rfna , ht dG pHn Qn
n o pd r
n gn Pn o sfnCG
k jr nCG
n r jn r ndhn .pIhn r nrdG
p GOn Ght an hn , pFnpd e r Ho obo
dG n n n dG ppH pr jo r nd o s p ndhn , gOp npH
n N
.gn s n j c
. HJ eh : jT eh (1)

35

p nn eo Qm p
o nn L
n , nM
o H u ps dG p gr Pp nYn o Wp G
n rdG p gn
r
s ndnCG
. p ht dG phr npd Op Gn r pSG
r ndEGp
n p or G Yo r jn
prndEGp ogn r nS ip sdG pnG Yn k MGU t dG or oj mIq e p hs nCh
gn er nCG n p
r jo rnCG pn pHdG
s pJGhn n nZ pa o dG
s pYn OYr G fnCG Pr EGn , no p oG
. pFGn Yr nCG ndEGp gDho n rfnCG
n nr J n q M
Qp pc
r pe o jjo sfEGp .. Gk jpL
n Hk oSr oCG n
n sJG Ihn r ndG pp gn a s p dh
p oG
p ht dH Gdproj sM pIhr ndG p gn a GoLo
n fnCGh njpL
r nj rnCG Qp r
no p oG
n n br nCG kpah..
n n nJDr eo a
n p d n M e nYn unoJ k gn
gOn Gr pSG Go nYnCGhn , p So s dG An Gn pf
n
u c pe
n u neo (1) mUh mn M
. ht dG r nM ndEGp p ho
o d

G Y eSCG j dG
,nMSp t p ojhn , oYn nne o u j o rpe wco o p or Gh , pdsdG ondG nAnLhn
. pt
n s dH p So s dG p er nC GQk nprfG
n U
n p or G s Tn nCG mjr Rn H o en Sn oCG c
n r o dG sEGp .. pIhn r ndG pp n pH kWprZG
mn p gn p GrfEGp a
n p n r n pdhn .. n nJDr eo a o HnCG Gon bn
n jp sdG
n pe Qn nCrpd o r nJGh r bn
p Sn
.. p ht dH mn M
n go Pr EGp hn , pgr Pp Yn l dr n r eo QrCsdG oIn rpahn , p n p dG pGhOn nCG o u
n jo n N
n nCG
.. pnHn no n
r jn nCG t s dG pr ndEGp nn Hn
n dncn
o
oIdG r nYn ` n nW
n `go hn .. u s dG pr Hn EGp o en Sn oCG
n n Sr nCG
: d nbhn , pfpH onrLnCGhn , pnL nYn k pfM k nrbo ` odGh
s
p en ndEGp r Sp {
Ggn
n o r sdhn r n an ,
n r nG o r Wp hr nCan ,
n pHnCG p n r en p V
n r dG
k U
n r Zp nCan ,
n r
n rdG
s pSr nCGhn , Y u M
n h , n Hr oCG p gr nCG nYn M
. L c e : Uh M c e (1)

36

,An sOp nCG n en r N

o h , r p pa ntdG p p bnCan dG
n n n nX rEp an , Qn n N
r nCG pnr J
. z nnenenCG npFndGh noo rdG p u bn h
p Ghn mn p npH p
.. mIn M
n r jn rnCG r p n j
r r nan n en Sn oCG nn pd oInCL
n noG (1)nn Yn
Gk pFnb
n u Yo r bn hn o dHn na , o nd s per oCG r
n bnCG nnc p ht dG phr nZ a
n Gn pTG
r EGp
p n G Qn n pc t
Gngn oOp n oj n Tn tinCG .. Q
n rfnCGh njp L
o n Sn m r n pd
Ggn pen u n eo a o p jn Pr EGp , o n pL
n u
n o Sn pn nn dG
r pe m p cr EGp i
t nCGh ?
n n dG
s
..p r
n rdG

`````````````dG `````````F```dG

r pe pr nYn o nV
r nCG (2)eo Gk cT u ps dG H
r pe o eSn oCG
n n rfG
r or jn s n go hn p r nG n penCG o nn L
n Pr EGp , m jrnJ e pY (3) n SnCG eh mK
pe CdG Gnd onSn pH (4)Srj prnH a n
n nLhn , pp r Yo rpe njpp dG
..
n p or G Sof pa rbhn
m Gn p
o H pIndG
s Ap GOnCG n r Hn t s dG
s M
n nCGhn , dG dG o a n n nWhn
r
n pH pIdG
u
n e
r ojn VG
s dhn , ppJQGn M
n pL
n Qn On a m pJQr Ghn
. TG
n pa eo jo

eSC AGdG j dG
jH

AGdG nd n nYh ppfsdG pIs rpd n eSCG s dG Yn r n SG

r
: o nd nb s oK , r n n jpdG
s
. z dpH n n cn en
r pJnan , dG p Sn a , dG SH
r o ZG {

(5)

. G M : dG (2)

. M : Y (1)
. q Yn nCG : SCG (3)
. GkcDe X j : Sj (4)
. jGdG hO G Y : AGdG (5)

37

p nJ o n r Yn hn u s dG
, nr p dG p jn pH ps
n e An GndG o eSn oCG
n h
n n nJ
pr o
n G p Hr nIn jr n Ho EGp naQn s oK .. Qp hd
t pH
o p r nJ p L
r hn
o pen en h
pn jG Yn o o jn len n go hn .. pr nH n p r n o pd Nh ..p nSr nCG
.. n enCG pnKnnK G
n pH
rpe nnchn , pa Ghr n opd pr nrdG Y (1)ho an Gn nnj o p G
r nCGn nH
p snG
o H o n Yo hn
o ju dG
u Hn Ho nCG : pIhn
n dG p pd (2)Hn G r Hn

n jLn G Qo n chn Usbhn HnCG

o Hr o r Sn hn p Gs
n rdG
o Hr In r n Yo Ho nCGhn
.. Qp f
n nCGhn
, p So s dpH s oG
r s n TG
r , pr npH no s
n n jn o p rG n r Hn h
pr Hn a j
o r nJ in
r jo rnCG o An n pf nPn rCn Sn
r a , n nfo r en pr Hn a nnchn
p Yn nN
pd nW HnCG rH u Y Yn oCcs nnj , oSn rCGQn kU
n ond sPp nCG s ndh . n n pFYn
. Ap YEp G pnM
n u Tn nCG a n go hn , Ss n dG Yn Yn hn

n r Hn snCG ` BGh Vn G e p nG pp g nY n go h ` (3)r ndEGp n nfh

nAsLnCG tj m rnL Yn Gk Fnb neSn oCG pJ pe (4)ho uen noe np or G
p n oG
. Qp rfCGh
n jpL

je gh SdG EG dG hN
mn pa EGp o odu
n jo hn et n s dG Ggn nopan oG
s p n r jn rnCG t ps dG `p N
n h
nr p oe mn pb nrSn prnYn Goor nj nCG pp gr nCG rpe n nna , noG poU
o rnH
.. mn p
r eo Qm Hn BG p r Sn
r e
, r
n n r Wp a n p br oCGh o r dG
s
o n p dG
r n M
r oCG en nYn r Sn hn
pJQGn nM o LQO rs N
n h , oo n nL On n nrHG h , pn p dG oAne prYn sU
o bh
. jq YG : HG (2)

. YL hj : haGj (1)
. H : dEG (3)
. hFK : hee (4)

38

p
p r n rdG ndEGp
n .. oo r M
n : b
n n N
n hn , Sn rCGQn
n Yn s oK (1)oo r M
: kpFnb
n p p or G a nN
n h
r n nd pJQn eEG a orb rp nd ipr n na , n neSoCG nr nH Ghp rfnCG .. S
o sdG tjnCG
p d
Ho nCG nc EGp h , pIQen E
l p
n nd o sfEGp h , pp r bn
r pe HnCG pIQ````en EGp a r o rbo
. nd k
n nd
pIn N
p BGh rft dG
s pr nYn Qn Tn nCG s K
n r Hn o s N dG snCG ndEGp pn rN
o p a o dG
, Ap odpH m rnH oHnCG (2)n rLnCG ngo h , dG n rYp e Qn nN
r a n rYp e nrnHhn
p BG Qp Gs dG EGp
. pIn N
o gn r n Sn s ps dG snCG
n n Yn hn
p oG n n r en jn :
..
n jpL
n nb Pr EGp , Qp fnCH U
n hr nCG pn N
o pjn pf ahn
pn r gn Yn Qn r
n fnCGh , ho jjn S
n s dG sEp an , Gr N
n Qp r
n fnCrH GU
o r n SG
r
(3)
. rp oe rYn GhRo hnnJh rp roe rpe Gonbna , o jnJ
Hn EGp On Yn s K .. pr dG
s p r jn a n oG g t dG dnCG
.nn pFYn
p Vn n rdG An n rfnCG S
o s dG
n bn nJhn , u s dpH V
o n nG s n TG pM
n nCG jn ah
Gocnan , pr nrdG a p or G npe on ne rneh o eSn oCG pH nSn snM
o n L
n nn a o en Sn oCG pnYn
n N
n On h , u ps dG pr Hn EGp Gh
n M
n h ,n nr n oG
.. o sn jn
ndEGp pjr jn o an r jn
n n L
n s oK , t ps dG o ns bn s M
n o en Sn oCG (4)nCWrC nW n go hn
.. ond Ap Yn t dG n neYn , n neSn oCG Yn o
n njhn Ap n dG
s
o un jo en r o n r Hn
n r ndhn , no p or G n en On Yn h , pr nG EGp o en Sn oCG OYn
. pnH oPp Do S pIs o t dG
n r Tn snCG a

. AdH T : LCG (2)

. fG : CWCW (4)

. j : M (1)
. GYG : GhRh (3)

39

``````````G I```````U
, pdG
n pe mu W mdM
n a t ps dGh , n rKEG jn
o r Tn
r nZn Hn h
snC rWGhn .. IQGn nrdG pLQO p npJQr G pe hn , p Gn dG
t npe nj
s ps dG snCGhn ,
r n rfG nb p Vn n G pe nIp nG nM
n r G snCG EGp no p G
r
.. Ap dG n nMr ne nN
n On
k jn Op H p
s dG
u GQn en nCG n L
n hn s ndhn , o en Sn oCG pr ndEGp n M
n dG
t n r Yp hn
t s dG d nan .. ht dG phr nd p r rdpH pt
n s dG a o nfPn Cn SG
r pp L
r hn Yn
.dG pcn Hn Yn o rZG :
p BG Ggn nc
NBG p gn
r nfch , en Sn oCG
n r Hn h u dG H Am d n N
. `` ndGh
s oIdG
s rnYn `` So s dG p a pe o eSn oCG n o r nj mc
.. p dG Op hM EGp pt
n s dG An r Hn
o p r jo pr nG EGp o eSn oCG
n n nrfG
p s pd (1)nngr oCG nhoN
. p M
o rCj no oG nCGHh
.pr nYn k npr eo ppLhr n pH o eSoCG n La mYSn o p
r H s o nJ rnCG
n r bn dhn

o sbOn
r n M
n nnJh .. nn M
n r bn Gk N
n k r Tn snCG n
r nd
s M
n nCG
Q
o M
o
n n Sn pr d
s pH (2)Sp
r jn rnCG r p n
r jn r nd s p ndhn ..p p r bn
..Lhr Rn
s
n J b mYS o e ncJ fEGp .. u ps dG Vn en a n san h
pe p nd rdG p gn a go PEGh ? rPn EGp nn M GPe .. nG n M
n e
, u sdH s nTG
r V
n n G sEGp .. pdnr pH oLhr Rn rJQn On H .. (3)Ln sdG
!!mN
n a o oJn Mh
rpe os n nnJ rOn nan o eSn oCG n p Sn l nc .. !! m nN
n pa u psdG oInM
.. p VQr nCG Yn oo r n an o Gon b Q
o nJ On c
r Hn .. r
o nf
. pr nYn
r s en
n r cn ipQr jn m nnd ppL
n hr Rn EGp n nnf
. j : Sj (2)

. gOGSG : gCG (1)

. kaN bdG : LdG (3)

40

p jo .. p rp rdG On Qp Tn
a Hn GHr nCG (1)n U
n hr nCG n sco ft dG snCcn
t
s nXhn
..pL
r hn
rnCG On GQnCG GnPEGp hn .. Tn Yn op dG ohnJ nsj rnCG nhM
n GPEGp
p nf EG Qo s
. p nc k YPn r
n n nJh , n r Yn a
o eo t dG o s
n n nJ j
u dG nInM
n snCG p G a o eSoCG
n nYnCG mjpM
n mn paN
n mGn n nf ahn
..m nN
n a

n Ypr eo GhOo ``Yn hn , nr n oG Gocn nJhn , CdG Gd n```p o rdG

n p an
..pn jpnG EGp
, pp H nfPn BG nb
o dG
s
r nfnc n n pFYn pHn EGp GoU
n hn en n Yp hn
p nf pbr dG
tsdG obnj ornM EGp j nW a pIs otdG
o Tn nfc r
n ahn
.. u Yp n YnCG a
N
n On h , pHn pH Y An GudG n cn na , u dG pIapn H o eSn oCG n Sn
lAT pYdG
s g a onsn nJ idG nr G sEGp .. p GOdG
n nI rnf rnYn roj
p jn
.
o UdG o Y o
v M
n p rdCG o n n L
n nCG d ..
r bn s nJ o n pcn sCG d .. n n p rWoCG r n r Yn snCG d
a i
r jn mr M
o nI rnb
o Op n jo dP
t c nc .. mreo (2)mJnCG a
. sc nfpc oCr njhn , ppbho Yo
p
o r jn o dG
o dG Gg nc .. u dG prbn
r e GAk r L
o nc n en Sn oCG sEGp
.. r bn
n H jr Rn pHnCG
u
o pH p
o r jn nc c ..neSoCG
u
o pH
r pe nKQp M
r en h go ba , p So s dG p nr Z a
n jn nCG sEGp o en Sn oCG HCGh
k SCG c mG nn pH pfu jo h , pg sdG (3)pfn rL
o Y An G ps jn u s dG
. (4)
l n pdGh
. GQk f j a : JCG (2)
.CGh M : dGh SCG (4)

. ZCG : UhCG (1)

. jdG L : fL (3)

41

dG
eG

.dG gY dG jCG NGhCG a eSEG dhdG H : 1S

. IQdG g U Y dO
? eSEG dhdG OhM ```eCJ ````a ````dG ```a ```e : 2S
?SQ dG G eh
: JCj e Y : 3S
. eSCG d ICLG Y ( G )
. eSCG IOb e G H eJ ()
. hdG M a dG J (`L)
: IMGh H JCj e cCG : 4S
H ....EG djh edG Gg ....j CG .... n p N
n {
. z eSCG .... GhfCG .... jCG : Fb dG a ....
: JCj Y LCa Ve a gh G dG N : 5S
? G Se e ( G )
? G Y QGO dG QaCG e ()
? AdH H HCG LCG GP (`L)
:JCj a SdG H , () eY VH dG HLEG NG : 6S
: G EG eSCG LhR LN ( G )
LhR d ` eSCG LhR Od ` G a d )
.(dG Ve IH
: jG EG G e e G LQ ()
` eSCG IOb Y fC ` G hjj fC )
. ( Ve a dG GhOd
42

SOdG dG
`````````Y ```````eG
:J
K a , d Gk Y kf eG dG Iah fc
.S
E p G QeCG e Am T a GWj CG GaQh , fEG Y eDG
:jJG Y H HCG b
, sdG SQ fhOD j Gfc k Y f``` e d s dGh{
. zY Jd
IOb a QfCG iCGH H HCG EG G H Y ALh
: d bh H G NCa ,d eSCG
CG feCJh dG SQ SG .. G HG j eCG K {
. z YfCG

SdG Iah H eSEG dhdG M

Y (1)pan oGh
n peDr o p d Gk Y kf
n eG dG oIahn
r nfc
Go nYr nCG paGh pa G oWu n jo rnCG Gr Hn nCGh r p pjpH (2)GJ neDG , Ap GdG
On dG
n n L , (3) pIOs u dG p pH Gho L
n h , SEp G p Yn gOGJQG
p n r jn rnCG
.. n
n n jn cGh
o pbG
n Thr nCGh , G p n p pd (4)hs
. G : GJ (2)
. hj :hj (4)

. j e N j idG g : aG (1)
. SEG H dG : IOdG (3)

43

m n L
n pe
n jLn Gh Qp r
n fnCG
n r H Qn K e GAk Sh
o kIM
n pbnr G On GR s h
p nr nM
.. H HnCG pn njnoe nb pan nG
.kcngn h GQk en On
o s nn jn
l pbr en
n nrfG sEGp h ..nG
o s nn jn hn , n r nG
p oCGrnj m nH HnCG sEGp
nnenCG fEGp .. on r Yn lcM H opnrnj ne p nN
r nCH onan nN
(1)
jpeu n G p en nCGh .. cGh Op dG p Ht J n enCGh , ju nJoG pn r pa
.. p rnG nIOb n eSn oCG pdnr J Y
.. nnH Qo p r jo ndr M
n Am Tn
t ch , pbG Gg a
o s
n n jn
n c

eSCG H EG H HCG YEG

p gr nCG Y Ap dG e no r nj M n eSoCG p rnL SQEGp ouLDj gn
(3) p
In L
n gs nCjn s Mh ?pIOs u dG
n Gt gn GnPEGp cGh Op n dG HQ (2)
. nor G

o Ss dG n en nCG d .. p Ss dG n er GnC
n pdjo GnC
r pe rYn on gr GnC
n G GE p
nj nCG Yn s U
n nCGh .. pnr G p TGpa Yn gh , n eSn GoC p rnL (4) Pp nfE p H
..pQfCGh
n jLG e m c Om n Yn p VGYG nZQ p r nG n Fb o eSn GoC
nC G Gng a Qn N rPGE p
..p ht dG p d np nj rGnC onj n `eSGoC
o rnL ..pe
e hoCG pYdG
s a gh
n , m H HnCG p gr H Qn GOn m Wp N
n
o hs nCG Gg
.. n eSoCG or Hn s pn pd : Ss dG a
n nYCG Qp ndG nYh .. pp M
o pjn GH

dhCG HdG ijCG Y H HCG eG

.. G H ndM
r o po Sn n eSn oCG p r L
n
n SQEGp snCG o nr jn m rH Ho nCG c
, jpbsdG pf e Gk c sgnCG on Y u sdG p renCG o p rnJ c Gng neh
..
n jeu n n oG et n nJh
. j : gCj (2)
. SQEGh hN : PfEG (4)

. jFdG : jeG (1)

. b : ILe (3)

44

n s
n nJ , en Sn oCG p r L
n
n Sn Qr EGp Qn s bn m Hn HnCG snCG o G n Yn en Yh
: d Godnbh m H HnCG EG Gogn Pn h , p Sr Ep G a ndhs nCG HdG npe l n nf
a , Y n
n n nfG r b
o n n rdGh ,
n or G o r L
o n en Sn oCG
n r L
n sEGn
.. np oG n Yn nL nrY u J rnCG p nrnj
p Gj n go h
.. l n p N n go h d meG
n hnCG H HnCG o L
o u j r nCG ? n eSn oCG r L
n
n t
o L
u Dn jo h , or G Qc pn rZn pd r jn nCG
? o n Mh p er nCG Gng n s de
r jn h , u s dG enCG

n Sn
r or jn a ,
n or G Qp pc e i
n rCGs dG Gg m H HnCG n Sn
pH nn M
n k Wp nb k HLEGn
n L
n nCG n sfEGn h , pOu Qn a pIQn hGn n Gh pIQn ho
n G
: b . o sco
n pbnr G

o nrfnC po n
r nJ
n dG
u snCG
o r n nX nd ppn Hp m H HnCG r
o nf ip sdGh
in o dG a ipr nZ
n r jn r nd nr dh , sdG
o SQn pH n en nCG c , (1)eSn oCG nr H
. oJnfnC
a o oor n Sn isdG p jdG ndEGp mIQTEGp pH Hn HnCG HLEG fc
(2)
n j dh , dnJ o u ojh , p So s dG nN
o oS
s nnSn sfEGp .. paN
.p j sdG Gg a p r dG
s p Y

eSCG IOb e QfCG be

Go gn Pn Qn r
n fnCG sEp a , k Wp bh k jpU
n
r nfc m rH HnCG n HL
n EGp snCG n rZQn hn
pFnb p pr nJ a sdG p SQ pN
n EGp n n rZQn
n o r j nCG o ho Tn
n fh ,n n Yo EGp
.. n eSn oCG
r pe v S n cnCG p r
n d
n n Yo EGp Qo rfnCG nCn GPn pd .. lIc m n r pSG o en nYn o np Jr nJ go h
m jpHn p r nJ a kq pfGn L
t nCGnCG ? pbnr G Gngn a pGsdH
r h r cQjo o sfnCG GM
. eSCG L d : eSCG H fC (1)
. j d : j d (2)

45

kjp`Tn n n Yo Gon
r n an , pn rnG GnpH GhOo p n r jn snCG GhOGQCG r o sfnCG r nCG ? en Sn oC
? pa r nd
ne rp dh . Qp rfnCG pgn Pr nCH ran W nrpJ hnCG oIn
r rdG p gn oJ sHQ
? n Yo
o ben

r pe m er nCG a l Hn l KnCG o nd ooSn p Vnr G Gg a pQp hr On n jp

r nJ sEGp
p Ap r nH a QoeoCG p nN
. m rH p HnCG paN
r nCG
r n pH hnCG .. n eSoCG pdnCr en a
l jpU
n i
l rCGQn o nd
r ojn n n Yo nCG o pbGdG
n
pa go ooSn m r n Gk pFnb n en Sn oCG p r nJ Y k M
n Gn U
n Vp
r n r jn
n V
n hr nCG
. Op oG n MnCG
m jH p nJ
n M
r
n go h go
r Qn GOn dG pGQhoG
n G nW d oj h
.. l G hnCG i
l rCGQ n eSoC
, Qp rfnCG i
n rCGQ Y V
n n Yn h , H HnCG EGp
n gP sfnCG o n an e
t c
pn L
r ph p HEGp a k penCG Gk p Sn c .. (1)n u j hnCG o jCr GQn n ju Dnjo rnCG hO
o
n pnf
r nfc GnPe dh .. sdG p SQ pnN EGp Qp rfnCG p f
.. pJQnSp
, pnrpH n N
n nCGh , QrfnCG nirCGQ n n Yo rpe np Sn nM H HnCG Qn K r n nd
p Z n go h o nd
.. p snG
n r np nK :
l Vn
n nbh
n Hr G j r epYn hn
n et oCG (2)
!! o Yn rfnCG nCG feo rCnJh sdG
o SQ
o (3)r n SG
r
` kp rnJ nr dhn ` nan Gnn d Qp rfnCG p nnf n n rLph o ujnDoj nc n n Yo nnCG nr d
prCpn H m rHn HnCG e nM
n nJ ,
u bnCG Yn hnCG ,jrCGQ p
s U Yn

t c
r nfch . n uc ps Hn n dG pIn jpnG a
r Hn ,pjG a ppbnr G pIQn oN
o
p nL p hN
ndEGp Yo r nJ m rH HnCH p noG ph tdG
o rpe dG
t
. Y Vj : j (1)
. Ja : K (2)
. d GkFb L : SG (3)

46


n n
r jn rnCG
o h
n jo
r en hn ,p Sr Ep H (1)Hs n jn
r en
n go snCG Pr EGp ,neSoCG
.. SdG pInaH k nJr oe onnjn pf
r nJ Y m VGn pYr G i
s CG pr jo n n Yo sEGp :
n nf nCG
o fEp G n n r jn
p Vh
r pHn Qp frCG p n pb e oJQn nS
r nfnc sfEGp h , p r
n rpd Gk pFnb n en Sn oCG
p mn rn d x M
.. Qm rfG EG
n s
n n nJ rnCG
o TJ

``H ```HCG ````S```S

GOv Qn nc .. H HnCG Os Qn p or G EGp nnfh , pr nG EGp o n Yo LQn
p
xN
n pHnpH ch .. n eSoCG pr Hn M
r Tpf hnCG m n L
n
s c n nb k SM
.. p So s dG n r Hn r Yn o p nS dG m rHn HnCG pS
n n d m jpYn

n en ..
o So s dG H en nCG e
s c o u S sfnCG rHn HnCG
n nYr nCG nnd
. (2) pIQn hGn oGh pIQn h
n
n o rd
s
n en h , Ou s dGh p N
r nCpd
n dP a
p jo n pp rYp e , n eSoCG pr Hn p EGp Y Qo Gn U
o
r EGp nc n go
r peh

n pe jpG p
r jn r L
n EGp L
n M
n h .. GeGDeh m pa e pn jprdH
. pnfnn G

. d j : Hj (1)
. GG : IQhGGh IQhG (2)

47

dG
SOdG

. dG Iah Y , eSEG dhd SdG dG H QU : 1S

. dM e VH JCj OCG HLEG NG : 2S
( g eSEG dhdG AGYCG )
. aG e eSCG IOb Y GVYG jdG ( G )
. h````````````````````dG ()
. hL````````````G (`L)
Iah H eSEG dhdG e HdG IjG NGO OdG be e : 3S
? dG
: JCj e Y : 4S
. zG EG Y QfCG SQCG{ ( G )
M a H HCG j CG G H iCGQ{ ()
. zjJG
: JCj a dG e cCG : 5S
cCGh ..... g e G ah ..... j U eSCG ( G )
. H .....
H , eSCG IOb a H UN iCGQ .......... `d `````j ()
. Gh ..... H ........ c
. Yk e dh ..... c fCG ..... J e K (`L)
.dG Gg OGM dM QGO dG QaCG : 6S

48

HdG dG
A````dG `H e```SCG
:J
,QfCGh jLG Qc j ,hdG f eSCG L
o eSCG j M ,d k FGQ k f``fEG kbe jQdG jh
a ,eb Y QGH H HCG jh ,OGL IU k
:jh eSCG
.z
s dfC hCG
s cd ,dG SQ N j{
.VGdG b a ,H HCG GL JCa
.zYS dG S a q eb ZCG CG q Y eh{

```e```SCG ```L I```e

p ne rPn EGp
..H HCG np N
n on n rfnCGh , t psdG H n nenCG s Yn (1)
mn
n bn eo
r pe o ndr M
n n KoCG e n rZQ ,p pd Gk Fb
t Sn o en SoCG
p h
.naN
p n r G Ap GQBG n ZQ ,p ht dG phr npd
..(2)u noGh
n V
o s
n n n Sn
o r nG
pYn a m L
n
n hs nCG
o Ou n jo
n GQn h ..pt
n s dG n Yp r en H HnCG On s M
n h
.pdG pS a kjRnZ oo
r j
. e : (1)
. VCGh e fG g K e : G (2)

49

````FGQ f`````fEG ``````e

o n N
n H Ho CnG ..s pfrn fEp G ppbGnn G
n hn Qr CG p GOn dG
n o YS
r Tn
snC ..On Gn nL lpcGQn ``gh n eSn oCG Qp GH prnen bn nYn Te np G
r

n
r nfc r n an ,o Hs GO n en
r onJ m H Hn nCG
o Hr p n Ms dG o r Yn gn Oo ojn nN
p d nu n oj rnCG On GQn nCG H HnCG snC qfEGp h ..mr Yn
snCG Y nne hn Qr nCG pspfrn fE
,(1) p pFdG
s pbs Qp a n sfEGh ,p
n n
r n dGh pHs CG a
r n r nd ppFndG n nYn
.p n udG p n nLh ,pnen oG p r oMh
p ,Qbhn
p N
Qp Gp
n H
l T n go h ,H HnCG inCGQ
n p M o en Sn oCG
n
n hn
:nd a ,pOp Gn L
n
.z
n j{
s ndrfnC hr nCG
s n cn r nd ..pdG p So Qn n n N
.pGh pn dG
n pe o nd (2) mIhn Qr Pp n bnCG t pfrn fEp G bG or jn go
: n eSn oC kpFb VG
o nn J oc mr npH m rH HnCG Ot jn Pr EGp
p pSn a s en n bn u ZoCG rnCG s Y en h ..
o cn Qr nCG n pdGhh ..
o p r nJ dGh{
.zkYn Sn pdG
r bn dG So Qn n n p N
n snCG in jn h ,in N
r oCG kIs e
o nG n eSn oCG
o sn n jn hn
(4)
Yroj nCG sEGp or njn op dh ..pjpr nJ a nndnHh ,pprJ a (3)ndnZ
nY Ten dG So Qn o n p N
n n r Hn ,o On GL
n kpcGQn
s njn h ,mH HnCG pn rZd
..en bn
rnCG
n jr nCGQn rEGp :o nd
o ojh n eSoCG EGp
o p jn m rHn HCG GnPEGp
n pdn c n go Pr EGp h
..
r n ar a n n o pH pn p oJ
dG pJ ms f n Yn i
t nCG ?rH Ho nCG pH
n Os nCnJ ip sdG Gngn mOnCG i
t nCG
o n N sfEGp ?dGrn bnCGh pdranCG a sn jn isdG Gng pbn m oN
o i
t nCG ?H s
n n jn
p jo rnCG uM
a
n S
n
r peh ,peGhn nCG
n pe An T e Qn p
r jo rnCG ppHn h ,
n p or G
. YCG : AdG IhQP (2)
. j : Yj (4)

. G dG : FdG bQ (1)
.cCG : Z (3)

50

fnCG n eSn oCG n r jo rnCG Or p jo s dh ..An Tn

r en r n r jn h ,An T
r e p r nG
..onjrCGQn n NrCnj rnCG nhO n n Yo nrnSGh
r ,ppboM re vnM nn nrfG

o o
r jn m H Ho nCG
n nbhn s oK .p r sdH n n an Gon G n en ```Sn oCG Ot Qn ````ch
: kpFnb
n rnrdG

````d H ````HCG `````Uh

,Gof`o nJ ..`u Yn gn onMa r n pH r oUhCG Gob ..S
o s dG jt CnG{
,Gk `U
n k``Wp Go`o r nJ h ,(2)Go`un oJh ,GhQo p```rnJ nh ,(1)Gt`o nJnh
,obp `r `nJ h ,k`r `nf (3)Gho ``p r nJ h ,kInCGn ``eG nh ,Gk ``nc `k `r Tn h
.mncrCn qEGp Gk Hn h kIn n Hn h kITn G
o Hn r nJ h ,kIn eo kIn
n Tn Go nnJ nh
eh r go `Yo n an ,(4)peG`s dG a o
n fnCG GoZs an r bn GbnCpH nht o nJ
n r Sh
n
oGdn nCG n pa mfBH r onfoJrCj m nr b nYn neo roJ r Sh
n ,o nd r o o
n fnCG GoZs an
ek GnbnCG nnr rnJh ,pY dG n SG
r GhcrPa r Hn `k `r Tn r pe ncnCG GnPEp an ,p sdG
,pFdG
n e . ndr M
n Gco n nJh ,r p ShAQo nSn hr nCG G
o
n an r bn
r sdH dG o co n br nCG ,pdG SH
s r go Na
r (6)Go pan fG .(5)kN pr dH
H iOn f dG n eSr Ep G
n Op n nG
o s
n n nJ n n oG pp g sEGp .(7)zpYo ndGh
.gn SnCGh pff
n Ep G pfG
n Yr nCG gjn G nW a
o p nJh ,
o SdG
rnCG o r o jn a k es Y p r nG EGp n n roG pp g n L
s h r bn m H HnCG nnc GnPEGp hn
nCG
kjM
o Tjo gh ,ne```SoC b ..p rdG ppFd UN
k
n L
u jo
.H
n s
n n jn
. G AYCG b gh G SEG M : G (2)
.IOdG H eU L : eGdG (4)

. M hH GhNCJ : GJ (1)
.GJ : GhJ (3)
.b gbG : kN (5)
.hdG EG IH GhS : GafG (6)
.chH YdG fh aH dG M : YdGh dH dG cbCG (7)

51

,HBG pFG K ,nYn o

n b Op pH rCGHr G , dG f H en nCG e r ````n UG
r
n pd
s `````n
n r nJ h ,pdG p ````SQ
o er nCG pe Am Tn a sn ````o
u J h
.(1)pr Yn Y
n sN
n

QC``````````Kh A```````````d

o p
r jn hn (2)an n dG
o
o jn h n prdG o rjn n en Sn oCG
o r L
n
n nfG Ggn n H
o cn r nG pQn GO r M (3)nAdG nnH M ,mnjEGp h m rU
n a ndG
s sn ne
mdW HnCG Hr o L o neRh n nKQp M
n
o H o jRn o o pdGhn a n p r o SG
r dG
,pHdG pcn G in cPp pgr Pp EGp
r b gn h ..nMGhQ
o H dG o Yh
.eCG gnMQn rQGOn nCc
,o n p N
n hn
o So s dG d gOn s M dG in o dG o eSoCG L
n gn Qp dG Yh
oG Qo Tp nch ,l pcn Ol Y o r pe n Sp oCG c ,o ndG gr nCG
r e
n po an
.rpenCG Qe nj :ner nj
p Gh ek jn H nne n eSn oCG in o dG g
Gk M
o gr nCG n nr n SG
r rnCG Hn
jv r L
o Ghp rjn h ,
n p LGQ G n bn K ,
n n Sr nCGh pFn n dG o n
r jn
..Gk MGhn

n jp LG
n e m r L
n a
n n
n na pIhn r n rdG p p H H HnCG Yn h
..n q noG G

n
o r jn Qp fCGh

n pbh ,ek j
n p Hn Qr nCG pIhdG g a
o r nG nbn rn SG
r dG oIq oG fch
..ek r jn r Sn
EGp Qp dG Y
n qJGh ,zn
n r S{
o pHnCG p Sn an Y n jG o eSoCG
n NOh
p G
.pHn EGp
n n r
n fG K ,prcQ sU
n oM ,p
r
.Y OJh dG H eCG a J : Y e N Jh (1)
. SGdG AGdG : adG (2)
. hdH eSCG a dG idG G : AdG (3)

52

``````c`````G ``````````KCG
Op H ah ,uco pHdG pIjG a kpFg jv hOn oIhdG g
r nKn M
r nCG
ro sfnCG p or H T
n t dG hjoj Gofc e tc n n nYr G a ..
k rjnCG p hdG
,(1)gpQGOn p r Yo a n ht dG GLn jo nCG GYn SG sfnCGh ,o roJ lIos b
.k jnJh Gk Sr nCGhn knb go Sp r jo h

```dG ````eGY ````gCG

a np
r pd n dG
r pnnL dG IG dG
u n pg zoYdG{ fc
..pIhndG pg
kd ,nen SCG nr Hn eo EGp h , p So s dG p er nC m H pHnCG o Yn nW : hnCG
.peCG p g nX a oogn Lh rjrCGn pd nc rEGh ,nVp r oG oOn GQnCG e dnpH
`enC GQk GpSG
r c EGp h ,H HnCG p enC n eSoCG o YW : kfK
pL
n n pH n jn rnCGh ,p ht dG Op nH a (2)sZn jn snCG n go h , p Ss dG
p jo h SdG gOn s M dG iodG
iob m rH HnCG dEG
..iN
r oCG
,pIhr ndG gn a
r sdG e g gn rMhn o Y sdG rfc r``gn rp dh
? a peGn n dG s gnCG ` L
n Qr CG Y `
r nfnc EGp h
kr Sn n s dG n L ,pY sdG pfL EGp in N
r oCG
n peGn Yn
n go snCG o pbGrn dG
,nJrDoe Ap Gn n d
o Qp rCsdH NnCG Y Qo Gn U
r Ep G : g oeGdG g ..GQk o rne
Op hG
o erCJh ,p hdG o dhO H o s J
r fc dG pjs r n dG pr n dG o dGREGp h
pLn eo a Gho un jo M dG Ap Gn YnCG
o gn Qr EGp h ,p dG
s pMf e ps HdG
.pjpG
. gQGO Y a : gQGO Y a (1)
. j CG : Zj CG (2)

53

Ihn
n dG ``g fO````d GQpYG g
s c n po Yr nCG `of n r V
n hn nr d
p Y `
..p SEp G jQnJ a Ghn n nrdG p nN
r nCG pe ` gpnU
p GOn p SEp G pdhn pd p er nCG e n jnG
,ps Hn dG pIjG N
r n s M
n sfEGp
H Tj
c idG pbr dG
o
n a k npgQn k fne nor G rYr nCGh
Gho n an jdG cG dch ,p n jn rdG e nhOo hG O dG
.
n oG ijr nCG Y r o nf nSo
Al GS ,pIhdG g e Ss dG On GQnCG idG n G sj n go hn
pjs p Yh en Sn oCH
p s jn a
o sn jn a hnCG ,s pHnG pFn H
..pjdG
eh oSdG
o dEGp n neQn e nar h rnAL ` nrjnCGQn c ` pFnsdG EGp
..pr Hn
r pe o n N o an r n SG
g Y
n gGG EGp
r nn
n c ..neSoCG a (1)n n pedG n js dG
kLQ n rjn nCG nhO n
n n rfGh n pnZhn n Sn nCGh
n Vn
n fh
n nJnb o sfnCG PEGp ,oIhr ndG
..pJOn n p pH
o peDjo r
o r Hn ch ,o n en GL
o n N
n
r s pe Gk MGh
osfEGp h : n eSoCG Y nnb en rYp prndG p n pH o ornj t dG nc rPEGp
p rJEGp Y ns U
n en Yp uH Gk sjnDoe rnH HnCG nc rPn EGp h ..IQeEp H lp n
..ooj e
n pdP r Hn
r dh ,eSn oCG pr Hn
Rr p
n n N
r nCG n en Sn oCG snCG nr d njo nCG
o p r jo c GPe
r jo h ,pps p eo a (2)
!?n
r s dG Gng
p V
p Sn nVp
,pcGT
n nCG p Qr n d k n
r N
k Qr nCG nho
o Gh nopaG c
..pH Sr Ep G jQJ Ap eOr EGp h
. a IG : edG (1)
.npog : NCG (2)

54

p nVG Y r p JQn r bo p n Yn hn ,pn dG

s pn pb a noun o Sn Gfc
..pQeo oCG p FH
,
n G
r r nW EGp Pnd Gk n r en pIhr ndG g e non
r n Sn Gfc
..pjpnG p ju dG Gng pn p nM a (1)pJQrGh
pj Y
n r o rpd n
r s dG
n u jo h ,o Qf s pjo rnCG sEGp HnCG dG
s ndhn
p en Sn oCG
..G
n dP a ndhOn nN
r nCG q V

FdG d J
rnJ Y IHY k en EGp dh H s p of nCG j iNCG l Mf gh
.nen SoCG s d
e nQp hh ,k fh k M ps HdG Sn oCG pn Yr nCG pe nnc en Sn oCG snCG nr d
opfGn nL pjQpd nnd pHdG p FdG pIOn S Ap HnC pJoCG e dGh Ip hdG
p s dG Y kna ,Ap nn dGh p dG e in NoCG
..Ap Gp dGh p
Gk na c sfEGp inCG , oSdG on nYCG isdG mjRn nHG c sdh
a
r n Yr n n jn h ,pIhdG pM
r nCG a r ndjo ..rft dG n en
r pe GOk s
n eo
aY mIhK ZnCG
n p n r jn nCG
n SG
r pdPn n en h , (2)p p s dG Ap anCG
p js nCG npJ a bh ir pc Ro oc H Qu bo d mIhn r nK ..ojdG
pdSQh pd FH n SG
r fEGp ..kb kV
n k r T Ro o odG g
r s o nd
os S sM ,p Wp GYh u dG p Yne e Gk c kfL np nnj rnCG
pWp Gn dGh YG e oIhdG gh z
p HG
p dG
u G
s G{
. dG : JQG (1)
. dG X : dG AaCG (2)

55

a hnCG ,pes dG dP a (1)oIWp HnCG Ro p

r jo Al T odpr jn pjs dG
..m eR iCG
n nHr nCG H M
k na ,p r dG s TnCG pIhn r sdG H (2) kpn reo o eSoCG c
sfnC ,pL
r ojn h ,ndG
n M Qr n Hn E Gp (3)ft dG p Vn Yn a o un jo
od onMh ,p`ndG Y ````j
rnCG upnf rpe nqJ
n
.(4)oOn hn nCG nr oj

. G AY : IWHCG (1)
.GkQhe : ke (2)
.dEG ..dhh eh e e fdH j e c : fdG VY (3)
. H jh U j :OhCG j (4)

56

dG
HdG

: JCj e Y : 1 S
. eSCG H H HCG PfEG ( CG )
.jH Y j CG a eSCG e G GSG ()
.cj eSCGh H HCG (`L)
.z..Gh ,GhQJh ,GJh , GfJ{ : 2 S
? SG eh ? IQdG Fb e ( CG )
? G a IOLG OG gCG e ()
? UdG J Yh ? eSCG G UhCG : 3 S
? Gk MGh ek j EG AdG a eSCG j GP : 4 S
: JCj a dG e cCG : 5 S
a ........ cJ ........ VQCG ........ Uh M ( CG )
.JDe ........ `d QCKh eO
........... H fCa .......... Y eSCG T ()
h ........h ....... h ......... e Gk c G b (`L)
.Gk e .........
?eSCG L OY eY ,Gh G hN a dG e :6 S
.QJ Yh JCj OCG dG NG :7 S
.(hdG e dG G N ` hdG Y G fG) ( CG )
.(eSCG QfH H HCG Y ` G EG dG N QW) ()
: JCj a dG e CeG : 8 S
........ () ........ ( CG ) dG eGY gCG e
57

: JCj a () OdG e Sj e ( CG ) OdG e U : 9 S

( CG )
()
Y eSCG dO
.hdG g
.R Fb fCG
Y eSCG b
.AdG EG Uh
dG SNCG
.G Z dCG
QCdG eSCG cJ
.dG Mf e dhdG OhM eCJ
? eSCG g d a ,G Z be e :10 S
IQdG eCG () eYh ,dG IQdG ```eCG () eY V :11 S
: JCj a dG Z
.MGh j a hdG g Y eSCG b ( CG )
( )
( )
.eSC ge iCG AdG ce RJ ()
( ) .eSEG dhd b Qe AdG H hdG J (`L)
( )
. JDe AGd GQk CK AdG ce fc ( O )
. HG eSCG T Y a J SQG d ke cG :12S

58


r gn . hq dG Y QrfG n r Hn pJn M
n s p Hn mjRn
o H o eSoCG
n er nCG
n r cn

r p dhn ? p r
n p d Gk pFb pr nJ
r pe jpeu n oG Y GOv Qn On G pn jn rnCG Qn s bn
? On G
o p n r jn GP
(1)
p N
n , pIOn p dpH l j````L
n sfnCG n Y m `````dOn
n hn Qr nCG n s bn o sfEGp
jpju Dneo n npK p ht dG Y pQp p rfG Hn
n n cr G bh , pIQn eEp H
p Qeo h
. Ap GdG
s Y Vp

jJG M a eSCG GTG

p
,pMGs dG EGp (3)n p
r jo rnCG n
o f
r Hn nCG r n a Op G
u M
o Y (2)p ao fCh
Ap nrn dG p VQr nCG
r pe ppJOn r Yn
n U
n
n gPh .. r ndEGp k LM ooj e t Tn nCG gh
.ju nJoG pr pd p ho
o rdH o d nPn rCj rnCG
n nWh , m Hn HnCG pH EGp
,p n dG pIr n dG J a i
x p nr Yn mr L
o
u co EGp mL
n pH m rH HnCG nc
nCG
t dG
s o FdG
n n SG
r s nK eh .. Qp nr dG Y n eSoC oPn rCj o nn L
n
(4)
p r bn a p Sr Ep Gh , IOs u dG gnCG Y Ap n
n dG a pGpTG
n n Tn
n n jn
. HdG IjG a pn dG

r onJ EGp na . ps penSr Ep G pMo o dG a

o Qp j dP H o eSoCG
s nXh
.. sdG p Sn a `k jpRnZ
n o `
r jn h , M
n nSp On u jo M Od (5)pfS
. N : a (2)
. ONEG : b (4)

. j : N (1)
. cj : j (3)
. J : fS J (5)

59

eSCG ej Yh H HCG
ndh .. Rm Gn Yr EGp h prnJ
s co m rH pHCnG
r ep o eSCoG nd n go
r ep h

n M Y sEG s M .. Rp Gn Yr Ep G r
n nfh , p rs dG r
n f n n Yo e
n pdn c
p r nJ On GQnCG
p nf
n eSn oCG
r pe p fnCG n
n ````n L , p ``````G pr Hn
p f
BG n KK pdG Y pHr G n
n L
n r Hn ,gn Qr Op pBG n n r N
n
..ra m gQr O
p g Y Qo oj n n Y
n H dG n r Y jr nCGQn GPEG o n gr s dG nfNrCnJ hn
p roe gt jh p```r p dG
jnCGQn GPEG jC
k G o HGn ndG fN
o rCJ h , (1)ppH k n
p rnJ u Sp rYn mSnCGh SnCG a odnCr njh , ppHnCG EG ogn r nj dG n Y
.. pr nY n eSn oCG
p a kfrCTn
.. n en Sn oCG e Op n G
s bnCG
n r dh ,
n p or G pp N
n
o HG sfEGp
!! p G pr Hn
r pe p N
r nCG a `
u bnCG Y ` n en ihjn GPn p a
:
n GDdG
t Gngn ndEG L
s hn hn , pHnCG Yn dG o r Yn (2)S
n
n nJ
p f
?pG pr Hn e pn
r pe n n cr nCG mjr Rn
n H n eSoCG
n nf
o n
r nJ GnPpd `
.. pn rZn d ku eo Ot s dG nj nCG n bs nn Jh , nIQn p dG p gn
n b
J
onn dh o n Yo d nb .. nbs nn J e p rY Yn nAL Os s dG snCG sEG
o
p (3)nH
nc onHnCGh .. nrpe u psdG n rYp nanCG c n neSoCG sEG { : u Gh
. z npHnCG e u psdG n Y nr
n aCG

n r sdG o
t j dG n Y
n L s ..
l n L
n hCG l n
n bn eo pa Ro
o nJ Ow Qn
. ppHCG p enCG
r pe Am
r SG
r a
o n r jn h , k
n N
n
Yn h , u s dG Y a n an GOn lIOe pbGen n eSoC
r nfc ch
. X : H (1)
. CG : S (2)
. IdG : G (3)

60

, Ghn Qr nCG
o s
n n jn pdr M
n e
o nr Gh , (1)pH
l p
r eo o nnGh , dG p jO
. u ps dG Ap nnN
o n en ppbGG g
o re d nc r n an

Y Y adG hj eSCG
,nrYo pr Yn a
r s Tn dG pr p dG n j o o pbe p G Gg a nfo
o
r jn h
nAGpYr Gh , nepbr G nodphnoj pnG p`````rnpH hFsdG nMnCG orM
.. pJM
n Yn
nrYo pr Hn EG
n en r jn
n gnPh , (2)o Yn Qr O n sn nJh , nr Sn o eSoCG On s L
Y q Yn hn , np nG n
n
n p or G p r Hn
r pe Qn n Hn rnf a t jn o ndnCGh
.. oYn naGn oj nCG nrY
onr nj osfEGp . pnTr Ep H o jrsdG a nn reG In nf n neSCG EGp orYo n nf

n aGoG nIM
n V
o u n Sn o r Yn
n nau dG nnCG o n r jn h , p pbr n rdG nIQn N
o
l M
oYo c g eh , p
n nCG
n n r jo nCG Yn jM
k
r pd H ,p n
n rd
pL
p s TCG jM
H , pn H
r hn a o M
n nSp l p r eo n ar jn snCG Y p UG
k
.. odG
s rj n e m p r oe
pr ndEGp L
k pM
r G oj e t Tn nCG go h , n eSn oCG p nW p rapH (3)Qn On H Gnpdhn
An L
n
r e
u c Yn r
n as dG Gng Qo u njo o```Yo
s Xh .. p
r p G p g a
.. o r Y nau p d Yu nn eo
M , iN
r oCG n r nH k YSh
n , m j n r H kej t nnJ rnfc n nrp dG snCG sEGp
n go h , p r pH Genbh , p````p nG EGp p t`````dG
n pe nho pFsdG
n sn nJ
.nBGordG oCGn r jn
. H j G : H (1)
. YQO d : YQO J (2)
. SCG : QOH (3)

61

IOdG Y jh OG j eSCG
On c , nho pFsdG nJQr G dG Ap n r dG
s ppnH o eSoCG n p Yn en n Yp h
IOn n rdG Yn (1)r jn h On G
n j rCnG Qn s a , r Y j or oG
.. IdGh
s
ndngo s nXh .. dG
s p VQr nCpH nojh ,
k rjnCG njpn rdG np nr nj rnCG Qn s bn c
snCG
o gn rn dG ppn L
n a
s On h , o N
n
o r dG
s o r cn QOr nCG s M
s M
n nCGh .. (2)
..m r jn
s c o e jn
n nr G
p BG ro pd in N
Y mInf n N
r oCG kIs en pjn pd On o jn nCG EG (3)nf
r bn n an
p a ndhoCG onesjCG T psdG p VQr nCG
. Op G

jG a eSCG jcP
p f a rnn nrfG pnjnG EGp nU
keY n n Yn n pfn nK ojrcPp pn
n hn erYp
: u s dG n e g
n er CG
.. Ap dG
s p M
r hn EG e o p j u ps dG
n EG
n L
n pnG Gngn a
p nN
..
r nCG n Qp nen o r pe o sn n jn ppf
n pH Qn S p jp sdG Gg a
. npFdG op ojh nenndG oeOo on r psdG n p Tn pn r odG g a
. pId
r e
s GOk GpSG
r , oCVn jn ps dG inCGQ r pdG p g

G a eSCG jcP
. n en Sn oCG p f a gnM
r nCGh nL
r nCG e
l jn cPp
. nu
n eo Y Oo QGJ M gQU
o
n hQ
n nCG e H
. dG : gdG (2)

. j : j (1)
. f TG : f bJ (3)

62

EGp o eSn oCG j M .. jn n cr u dG p d IMdG o MsdG

o p n J s K
p
p G npe inDhQo rjXnf nnenCG osn nnJh .. pG
..lSH
o r nH .. ndG Vn
..
l MTn
o Hn h
Y t dG o es nCG
n M (1)p
r en nIhn Qr Pp n Tn p VQr nCG pp g a o sfEGp
.. p r rdG
jp nW a pIs o t dG
n r Tn sCH oCn s dG o An L
n M ppfM
o nIhQ
n Pp j
k nCG n p Th
n
.. pG EGp
n r en h , o en nCG H
n nW r en , go n r jn nCG o en SoCG o n j
r pGn e
r
. o r o dG pH s n er G
. pGnn G p nHr nCH en pHr G
o n Yr nCG n a
r L
n n n er G pGr en

```````e``````SCG i`````````e
p VQnCG a o NnCG (2)o Gren nojn rnCG Qo u njo n en SoCG n L
n pGn n
r en

o L
n nCG o aGh M , n o r jn rnCG dG AT e H n n n an .r nG
..pdSo Qn hn dG uopH nnf n ndW ip dG orn dG nnSn n nh ..oornG
o L
r bs n n jn r nd ip sdG oudG
n bs nn Jh
r dG
n
n Th ..dG p cr Pp
r Yn k n
r nd
. Mh sbQ a Jobo prYn t psdG nn nW ndW ip sdG
: n en Sn oCG pnG V
o Qr nCG
r n p Tn nch
pr npd RGYGh mn pK a rnrdG os n nnj .. n nndG .. n pFndG .. sdG
s
o rJn T , Ia oj e
o cnCGh , Hk n Tn oojn e o r
n fnCG go h , ht dG
sEGp m jM meU m j a p pF
n n dG gn Q
n MCG
r iQn Gjn
q n eo
k r Tn
ft dG Y k FGO
t jo ,
n jpdnG An Sn a ku
n eo
s nX pnd oH Qn of snCG
. p GbEp Gh pYdG
s fe p hQnCH
. b : IhQP (1)
. NCG be : Ge (2)

63

: JCj e Y : 1S
. VQeh , jjDe K (eSCG) c ( G )
.jJG V G a j CG a G (eSCG) PCSG ()
. ( eSCG ) VY ( Y ) aQ (`L)
: JCj a () OdG e Sj ( CG ) OdG U : 2S
()

( CG )
.jR Sa

Y L

.BG N eSCG AY

H EG eSCG gP

.cQ G a U CG H

.eSCG Sa

Y UM

.H l MCG
n n jo CG Y

? dG EG eSCG hN a dG e :3S
: JCj e Y : 4S
. jG EG eSCG IOY ( G )
. IOdG Y Yh OG eSCG YG ()
. ASG a Y H dG Y fG (`L)
: JCj OCG HLEG NG : 5S
: dH eSCG U
. IOdG HCG d a ( G )
. JDe AGd QCK a ()
. d QCdGh HCG OSG icP a (`L)
64

```````e```Y ```````SCG
FGH WYh , dG S a OG IQGH e L a eSCG dh : 1S
. SdG a BGdG H eh , dG H a MdG
. ( ) Oeh , ( e ) e g ( G )
.dG HJ Y KCG eSCG a C```f idG `````d c ()
. dP Vh
: JCj a SdG H dG HLEG NG (`L)
. ( CG CG ` jN ` jR ) eSCG CG
. ( KQM ` ` jR ) eSCG L
? dH eSCG U e ( O )
. IG eSCG dH Y gQKBG dG LJh eSCG d : 2S
. dP TG
dO . dG Yh HdG a jdG MCG FGhCG G W : 3S
. d SGQO N e IQdG U Y
. IKDeh HGL SdG T fc : 4S
. eSCH SdG U N e dP TG
: JCj e Y : 5S
. jHCG Y Gk jR QNG ( G )
. KQM H jd J YSEG M a dG YCG ()
. L H jR e Gk jR dG hR
q (`L)
. jdG a G OQh . Od eSCG N : 6S
? j Yh ? GPh ? dP c e
65

. IOdG dG a G a jv L j CG j c : 7S
? a gh ? JOb eSCG J dG cG e ( G )
? IOdG dG h M eSCG S fc c ()
? dP e QfCG be e (`L)
? hdG eSCG IOb Y jM
dG c GP : 8S
k
? eh ? dG Lj c e eSEG dhd eSCG M g : 9S
. `````` ```eR a IMGh VQCG a MGh hH eSCGh jR dG : 10S
. dP TG
: JCj e c Y I jQJ Ice cG : 11S
. G CG CG ( G )
. KQM H jR ()
. dW HCG H L (`L)
M a eSCG fJh , eSC dG M g`e `eCH `Vh : 12S
. dG

66

dG

````V```````G

: ee

z IdG b { eG e a : hCG dG

13

z IdG H { IQG jG a : f``````dG dG

21

z dG j eSCG { e a : ``````ddG dG

27

M b e a e SCG : `````HGdG dG

35

dG IM a INCG jCG : ``eG dG

43

Y eG : SO`dG dG

49

A dG H e SCG : ````HdG dG

59

: ```````````````````N

65

: `````eY ````SCG

2012/2707 : GjEG bQ

Td X dGh dG M L