Derrick Lai Period 1 Chapter #5: Colonial Society on the Eve of Revolution Big Picture Themes 1.

. The Americans were very diverse for that time period. New England was largely from English background, New York was Dutch, Pennsylvania was German, the Appalachian frontier was Scots-Irish, the southern coast African-American and English, and there were spots of French, Swiss, and Scots-Highlanders. 2. Although they came from different origins, the ethnicities were knowingly or what mingling and melting together into something called Americans. 3. Most people were farmers, an estimated 90%. The northern colonies held what little industry America had at the time: shipbuilding, iron works, rum running, trade, whaling, fishing. The south dealt with crops, slaves, and naval stores. 4. There were two main Protestant denominations: the Congregational Church up north, and the Anglican Church down south. Both were established meaning tax money went to the church. Poised for growth were the backwoods faiths of the Baptists and Methodists that grew by leaps thanks to the Great Awakening. IDENTIFICATIONS: Great Awakening In The 1730s, religion started to decline in society and wasnt as important as it used to be. As a result, the Great Awakening happened which was a sudden outbreak of religious fervor that swept through the colonies and united them.

George Whitfield George Whitfield is credited for starting the Great Awakening. He was a big supporter of Benjamin Franklin and encouraged people to go back to church. Jonathan Edwards Edwards would use scare tactics and would tell his listeners that they were unholy and deserved hell. Edwards proclaimed with burning righteousness the folly of believing in salvation through good works and affirmed the need for complete dependence on Gods grace.

New Lights

Derrick Lai Period 1 The "New Lights" were new religious movements formed during the Great Awakening and broke away from the congregational church in New England. They were led by clergymen that supported Edwards ideals. Old Lights The "Old Lights" were the established congregational churches. They were the people that were dependent on the original church ways Age of Reason/Enlightenment The Age of Reason was an intellectual movement that spread across Europe and America in the eighteenth century. People thought rationally instead of relying on the bible.

John Peter Zenger Zengers newspaper assailed the corrupt royal governor. Charged with seditious libel, Zenger was hauled into court, where he was defended by a former indentured servant, known now as a distinguished Philadelphia lawyer. GUIDED READING QUESTIONS: Conquest by the Cradle Know: Thirteen Original Colonies 1. What was the significance of the tremendous growth of population in Britain's North American colonies? Advantage in numbers had fallen to three to one, setting the stage for a momentous shift in the balance of power between the colonies and Britain. By 1775, 2.5 million people inhabited the thirteen colonies, half a million were black. White immigrants made up nearly 400,000 of the new number, and black forced immigrants accounted for almost as many.

A Mingling of Races Know: Pennsylvania Dutch, Scots-Irish, Paxton Boys, Regulator Movement 2. What was the significance of large numbers of immigrants from places other than England? Colonial America was a melting pot and had been from the outset. The population, although basically English in stock and language, was mottled with numerous foreign groups. Heavyaccented Germans made up about 6 percent of the total population also known as the Pennsylvania Dutch. The Scots-Irish made up of 7 percent of the population. The Paxton Boys in 1764, protested against the Quaker oligarchys lenient policy toward the Indians, and a few years later spearheaded the Regulator movement in North Carolina, a small but nasty insurrection against eastern domination of the colonys affairs.

Derrick Lai Period 1 The Structure of Colonial Society Know: Social Mobility 3. Assess the degree of social mobility in the colonies. In the American colonies social mobility was limited. For an indentured servant, he or she could become a rich land owner after paying of their passage to the New World. However this is not the case for African Americans, many colonists feared for an uprising of slaves and therefore limited their social mobility.

Makers of America: The Scots-Irish Know: The Session 4. How had the history of the Scots-Irish affected their characteristics? The Scots-Irish were not Irish at all, but turbulent Scots Lowlanders. Over many decades, though, they had been transplanted to Northern Ireland, where they had not prospered. The Irish Catholics already there, hating Scottish Presbyterianism, resented the intruders and still do. The economic life of the Scots-Irish was severely hampered, especially when the English government placed burdensome restrictions on their production of linens and woolens.

Workaday America Know: Triangular Trade, Naval Stores, Molasses Act 5. Describe some of the more important occupations in the colonies. The greatest job one could have in America was to be part of the Church as a cleric. Others occupations included physicians and lawyers. Physicians were poorly trained and not as highly valued as the clergy. Lawyers were also looked down upon as they were only seen as those who made unnecessary comments. The triangular trade system was helpful because it helped America discover new foods. Colonial naval stores: such as tar, pitch, rosin, and turpentinewere highly valued, for Britain was anxious to gain and retain a mastery of the seas. The molasses act was to prevent trade with the West Indies. If successful, this scheme would have struck a crippling blow to American international trade and to the colonists standard of living.

Horsepower and Sailpower Know: Taverns 6. What was it like to travel in early America?

Derrick Lai Period 1 Taverns sprang up along the main routes of travel, as well as in the cities. Their attractions customarily included such amusements as bowling alleys, pool tables, bars, and gambling equipment. Roads were often clouds of dust in the summer and quagmires of mud in the winter. Stagecoach travelers braved such additional dangers as tree strewn roads, rickety bridges, carriage overturns, and runaway horses.

Dominant Denominations Know: Established Church, Anglicans, Congregationalists, Presbyterians 7. How did the denominations in America affect relations with Great Britain? In Great Britain, they had an established church and only one church. However in the American colonies, there were many different religions and that made Britain very angry. Presbyterians and Congregationalists supported the Great Awakening and were often called the New Lights.

The Great Awakening Know: Jonathan Edwards, George Whitefield, Old Lights, New Lights, Baptists 8. How was the religion encompassed in the Great Awakening different from traditional religion? What was important about the difference? The Great Awakening sparked ideas that individuals are important and how they should do good deeds for God. However Jonathan Edwards explained that solely faith is good enough in order to be saved and enter the kingdom of God. The New Lights supported this theory and those who liked the old ways were called the Old Lights.

Schools and Colleges Know: Latin and Greek 9. What kind of education could a young person expect in colonial times? A traditional English idea regarded education as a blessing reserved for the aristocratic few, not for the unwashed many. Education should be for leadership, not citizenship, and primarily for males. Only slowly and painfully did the colonists break the chains of these ancient restrictions. Education, principally for boys, grew heavily almost from the outset in New England. This densely populated region had an impressive number of graduates from the English universities, especially Cambridge, the intellectual center of Englands Puritanism. Most of the emphasis was placed on religion and on the classical languages, Latin and Greek.

Derrick Lai Period 1 A Provincial Culture Know: John Trumbull, Charles Wilson Peale, Benjamin West, John Singleton Copley, Benjamin Franklin 10. Did Americans distinguish themselves in the arts during the colonial period? Explain. Trumbull was very artistic but his father discouraged artistry and said "Connecticut is not Athens". Trumbull was forced to go to London to pursue his artistic interests. This was also the case for West and Copley. They both had to go to England to pursue their interest because the colonies were mostly pioneer life.

Pioneer Presses Know: John Peter Zenger 11. Why was the jury verdict in the Zenger case important? Charged with seditious libel, Zenger was hauled into court. Zenger argued that he had printed the truth, but the bewigged royal chief justice instructed the jury not to consider the truth or falsity of Zengers statements; the mere fact of printing, irrespective of the truth, was enough to convict. He was later found not guilty because this was the truth. It also demonstrated one of the first protests colonists made about the government and soon other people will follow. Freedom of press was first emphasized through this ordeal. The Great Game of Politics Know: Royal Colonies, Proprietary Colonies, Self-governing Colonies, Colonial Assemblies, Power of the Purse, Town Meetings, Property Qualifications 12. How democratic was colonial America? By 1775 America was not yet a true democracy ( socially, economically, or politically). But it was far more democratic than England and the other European states. Colonial institutions were giving better liberty to the democratic ideals of tolerance, educational advantages, equality of economic opportunity, freedom of speech, freedom of the press, freedom of assembly, and representative government. These democratic seeds, planted in rich soil, were to bring forth a lush harvest in later years.

Chapter #6: Duel for North America Big Picture Themes 1. Two dominant cultures emerged in the 1700s in North America: (a) England controlled the Atlantic seaboard from Georgia to Maine, and (b) France controlled the area of Quebec and along the Great Lakes and down the Mississippi River. 2. New England consisted of towns made up by farmers. They cleared the land and

Derrick Lai Period 1 pushed the Indians out. New France was made up of fur trading outposts. They were scattered and lived with and often worked with the Indians in the forests and streams. 3. Like cats and dogs, England and France cannot live together that close. While separated, they were fine, but the two cultures began to rub against one another in the Ohio Valley. This started the French and Indian War. 4. The French and Indian War saw the English defeat France. France was totally kicked out of North America. But a Revolutionary Spirit had begun. IDENTIFICATIONS: Samuel de Champlain Samuel de Champlain was a fearless soldier and explorer whose energy and leadership fairly earned him the title Father of New France.

Pontiac He was an Ottowa chief and was responsible for Pontiacs rebellion (occurred after the French and Indian War). Albany Plan of Union During the French and Indian War, Franklin wrote this proposal for a unified colonial government, which would operate under the authority of the British government. Proclamation of 1763 A proclamation from the British government which prohibited British colonists from settling west of the Appalachian Mountains It also required any settlers already living west of the mountains to move back east. Pontiacs Rebellion Pontiacs warriors invaded Detroit in the spring of 1763 and overran all but three British posts west of the Appalachians, killing some two thousand soldiers and settlers.

Paxton Boys A mob of Pennsylvania frontiersmen led by the Paxtons who massacred a group of nonhostile Indians.

Derrick Lai Period 1 Five Nations of the Iroquois The Mohawk, Oneida, and the Cayuga were known as the Iroquois. Although in about 1720, the Tuscarora tribe was added as a sixth member. It was the most powerful and efficient North American Indian organization during the 1700s. Salutary Neglect Walpole believed that unrestricted trade would be more profitable for the colonies. Fertile soil with roots of independence. French and Indian War The French and Indian War began in America. Touched off by George Washington in the wild land of the Ohio River Valley in 1754, it continued on an undeclared basis for two years and then widened into the most far-flung conflict the world had yet seenthe Seven Years War. Not only fought in America but in Europe, in the West Indies, in the Philippines, in Africa, and on the ocean. The Seven Years War was also a seven-seas war. The Battle of Quebec 1759 British general James Wolfe led an attack on Quebec. The French, under Marquis de Montcalm, fought off the initial attack, but the British recovered and took Quebec in a surprise night attack in September, 1759. French and Indian War

Nuts and Bolts of the French and Indian War

Derrick Lai Period 1 The 2004 AP DBQ and page 119 of your text has a map of the conflict Facts: Known as the Seven Years War in Europe - France and the Indians vs. England for control of North America The Iroquois of New York were the only Indians to side with England 1753 Gov. Dinwiddle of Virginia sent George Washington to instruct the French to leave the Allegheny-Monongahela Rivers area. Washington carried out assignment and then left 1754 Instead of leaving the French built Fort Duquesne at the junction of the two rivers. Washington then returned and built Fort Necessity nearby. The two groups had their first conflict in Great Meadows and the war officially began. The French won and Ft. Necessity was surrendered on July 4 1754 Benjamin Franklin proposed the Albany Plan of Union it was the first major plan to unify the colonies with the goal of dealing with the common issues that existed defense problems and Native American affairs. The plan was passed by the delegation in Albany, but the colonies rejected it, as did King George II. 1755 General Braddock with about 2000 men 1400 British regulars and 600 Virginia Militia men launched a second attack on Ft. Duquesne with Lt. Col. George Washington as his second in command. The English were defeated again in the Battle of the Wilderness. Braddock was killed and Washington led the troops to Ft. Cumberland in Maryland 1756 The fight intensifies in Europe. Prussia teams with England and Austria with France 1757 The French take Ft. William Henry at Lake George, New York 1758 Lord Jeffery Amherst and James Wolfe become the new British commanders and along with Washington begin to make progress. They take Ft. Louisbourg for the English. 1758 The English capture Ft. Frontenac and Ft. Duquesne Duquesne is renamed Ft. Pitt today the city is Pittsburgh 1759 Gen. Wolfe defeats Gen. Montcalm on the Plains of Abraham to take the great fortress of Quebec. Both generals are killed. A major turning point England took control and it was only a matter of time before they win the war. 1760 General Amherst takes Montreal the capital of the French colonies. A few days later Detroit falls and all the other forts along the Great Lakes are deserted.

Derrick Lai Period 1 1762 Treaty of San Ildefonso between France and Spain transfers all the French land west of the Mississippi and New Orleans to the Spanish. Spain had come in on the side of France in the war and France decided to give land to Spain before the English could capture it 1763 Treaty of Paris - 1.) France gives up all of Canada to England 2.) France and Spain give all lands east of the Mississippi except New Orleans to the English 3.) The West Indies were unscrambled and divided (again) to look more like they did prior to the war 4.) France got two small islands off the coast of Newfoundland as bases for their fishing fleet and were guaranteed fishing rights off Newfoundland 5.) Spains title to New Orleans and lands west of the Mississippi river as arranged by the Treaty of San Ildefonso were recognized

The Death of General Wolfe

by Benjamin West. Oil on canvas, 1770. (Connect to Benjamin West and American Art)

GUIDED READING QUESTIONS: France Finds a Foothold in Canada

Derrick Lai Period 1 Know: Huguenots, Samuel de Champlain, New France 1. How was the colony of New France different from the British North American colonies? New France differed from English government-wise. French colonists did not elect any government officials nor did they have the right to trial. They were denied these English luxuries due to the autocratic regime. Huguenots were French refugees. Samuel de Champlain was an intrepid soldier and explorer whose energy and leadership fairly earned him the title Father of New France. New France is also known as Canada.

New France Fans Out Know: Beaver, Coureurs de Bois, Voyageurs, Robert de La Salle 2. What factors led to the French settlement of New France? The factors that lead to the settlement of New France were the abundance of beaver and demand for its pelt. Also French missionaries named Jesuits and also explorers such as Antoine Cadillac lead to the settlement of New France. European fashion-setters valued beaver-pelt hats for their warmth and opulent appearance. Coureurs de Bois were runner in the woods. Singing, paddle-swinging French voyageurs also recruited Indians into the fur business.

The Clash of Empires Know: Treaty of Utrecht, War of Jenkins's Ear, James Oglethorpe, Louisbourg 3. Describe the early wars between France and Britain. The early wars between France and Britain broke out between 1689-1713 which included King William's War and Queen Anne's War. The War of Jenkinss Ear broke out in 1739 between the British and the Spaniards. It was confined to the Caribbean Sea and to the much-buffeted buffer colony of Georgia, where philanthropist-soldier James Oglethorpe fought his Spanish foe to a standstill. Louisbourg was a French fortress on Cape Breton island. George Washington Inaugurates War with France Know: Fort Duquesne, George Washington, Fort Necessity, Acadians 4. How did George Washington spark the French and Indian War? George Washington sparked the French Indian war by firing forty miles from Fort

Derrick Lai Period 1 Duquesne and killing the French leader. Fort Duquesne was at the pivotal point where the Monongahela and Allegheny Rivers join to form the Ohiothe later site of Pittsburgh. Fort Necessity (breastwork) was constructed after George Washington killed the French Leader.

Global War and Colonial Disunity Know: Benjamin Franklin, Albany Plan of Union, "Join or Die" 5. What was meant by the statement, America was conquered in Germany? The statement "America was conquered in Germany" means that whichever country prevailed in Europe would gain rights to America since allegedly no troops where worthy sending to America. Benjamin Franklin published in his Pennsylvania Gazette the most famous cartoon of the colonial era. Showing the separate colonies as parts of a disjointed snake, it broadcast the slogan Join, or Die. During the French and Indian War, Franklin wrote the Albany Plan of Union proposal for a unified colonial government, which would operate under the authority of the British government. Braddock's Blundering and Its Aftermath Know: Edward Braddock 6. What setbacks did the British suffer in the early years of the French and Indian War? The setbacks the British suffered early in the French Indian war were the aged General Braddock, slow moving army due to heavy artillery, and a series of losses in Canada also by George Washington. Haughty and bullheaded General Braddock, a sixty-year-old officer experienced in European warfare, was sent to Virginia with a strong detachment of British regulars. After foraging scanty supplies from the reluctant colonists, he set out in 1755 with some two thousand men to capture Fort Duquesne. Pitt's Palms of Victory Know: William Pitt, James Wolfe, Battle of Quebec 7. What was the significance of the British victory in the French and Indian War? Britain became the number one naval-power in the world, and also acquired a majority of France's land due to their victory in the French Indian War. William Pitt was a tall and imposing figure, whose flashing eyes were set in a hawk like face, he was popularly known as the Great Commoner. James Wolfe was picked by Pitt for an expedition who had been an officer since the age of fourteen. Though slight and sickly, Wolfe combined a mixture of dash with painstaking attention to detail. The Battle of Quebec in 1759 ranks as one of the most significant engagements in British and American history. Restless Colonials 8. How did the French and Indian War affect the relationship between the colonies and with the mother country?

Derrick Lai Period 1 The colonies became discontent; colonists desired the rights of the English without their responsibilities. Colonists felt degraded by the mother country since they wouldnt regard any rank above captain in America. This set the stage for revolution and colonies coming together.

Wars Fateful Aftermath Know: Treaty of Paris, Pontiac, Daniel Boone, Proclamation of 1763 9. How did French defeat lead to westward expansion and tension with Native Americans and the British? French defeat led to westward expansion and Native American British conflicts due to the French being majorly eliminated from North America, leaving a lot of land left to the British. Since the British were looking to expand, the Native Americans were the only obstacle left in conquering North America; this would lead to conflict as they attempted to move westward. The Proclamation of 1763 forbade British colonists from settling west of the Appalachian Mountains, and required any settlers already living west of the mountains to move back east. Daniel Boone had moved into Tennessee and Kentucky; other courageous settlers made their preparations for the long, dangerous trek over the mountains. Sensing the newly precarious position of the Indian peoples, the Ottawa chief Pontiac in 1763 led several tribes, aided by a handful of French traders who remained in the region, in a violent campaign to drive the British out of the Ohio country. Chapter #7: The Road to Revolution 1. Following the French and Indian War, the British crown needed money and figured the Americans could help pay for the war. 2. Also, the economic policy of mercantilism dictated that England try to keep its hard money within the British Empire. So, laws were passed to restrict American trade. 3. The taxes and regulations that followed were not received well by the Americans, notably the Stamp Act. 4. Conditions deteriorated and radical patriots brought matters to a head in events such as the Tea Party and Boston Massacre. Even though most Americans would be considered moderates at the time, the radical patriots were the ones making things happen. 5. The culmination of the patriots activities came at Lexington and Concord, when the

Derrick Lai Period 1 American Revolution began. IDENTIFICATIONS Lord North Prime Minister of England from 1770 to 1782 who repealed the Townshend acts. George Grenville Prime Minister George Grenville first aroused the resentment of the colonists in 1763 by ordering the British navy to begin strictly enforcing the Navigation Laws. He also secured from Parliament the so-called Sugar Act of 1764: the first law ever passed by that body for raising tax revenue in the colonies for the monarchy. Letter from a Farmer in Pennsylvania The letters of John Dickson. Gaspee Incident The British customs ship Gaspe ran off the colonial coast. When the British went ashore for help, colonials boarded the ship and burned it. Charles Townshend Townshend, a man who could deliver brilliant speeches in Parliament even while drunk. Rashly promising to pluck feathers from the colonial goose with a minimum of squawking, he persuaded Parliament in 1767 to pass the Townshend Acts. Baron Von Steuben A German drill master, who spoke no English when he reached America. He soon taught his men that bayonets were not for broiling beefsteaks over open fires. Mercantilism Mercantilism was the economic policy of Europe in the 1500s through 1700s. The government exercised control over industry and trade with the idea that national strength and economic security comes from exporting more than is imported. "Virtual" representation Virtual representation means that a representative is not elected by the constituents, but they resemble representative in his political beliefs and goals. Sons of Liberty A Resistance group of radicals that opposed English rule in the colonies. Admiralty courts British courts originally established to judge cases involving smuggling or violations of the Navigation Acts which the British government sometimes used to try American

Derrick Lai Period 1 criminals in the colonies. Committees of Correspondence These started as groups of private citizens in Massachusetts, Rhode Island and New York who, in 1763, began circulating information about opposition to British trade measures. They will evolve into the war effort struggle in the near future. First Continental Congress The First Continental Congress was held for seven weeks, from September 5 to October 26, 1774. It was not a legislative but a consultative body (a convention rather than a congress). Loyalists (Tories) The Tories were colonists who disagreed with independence and did not support the Revolution. GUIDED READING QUESTIONS: The Deep Roots of Revolution 1. Why does the author say that the American Revolution began when the first settlers stepped ashore? There has been nothing but war and battles ever since people settled into the New World. Once the colonists left England they wanted to run the colonies their own way and be independent from England.

Mercantilism and Colonial Grievances Know: Mercantilism, Navigation Laws, Royal Veto 2. Explain the economic theory of mercantilism and the role of colonies. The English felt that it was more profitable for the country if they exported goods instead of importing. The Navigation Laws were implemented to enforce trade and mercantilism in the colonies.

3. How did Parliament enact the theory of mercantilism into policy? The English wanted to trade with only British Ships and crew to insure that England gained the most profit. The British crown also reserved the right to nullify any legislation passed by the colonial assemblies if such laws worked mischief with the mercantilist system known as

Derrick Lai Period 1 the Royal Veto.

The Merits and Menace of Mercantilism Know: Salutary Neglect, John Hancock, Bounties 4. In what ways did the mercantilist theory benefit the colonies? Merchants always had an abundance of products since they would always be trading. 5.What economic factors were involved in leading colonists to be displeased with the British government? A British Policy known as the Salutary Neglect, enforced British rule on to the colonies so they would be obedient. In theory the British mercantile system seemed thoroughly selfish and deliberately oppressive. But the truth is that until 1763, the various Navigation Laws imposed no intolerable burden, mainly because they were only loosely enforced. John Hancock made a fortune by smuggling in wholesale goods

The Stamp Tax Uproar Know: George Grenville, Sugar Act, Quartering Act, Stamp Act, Admiralty Courts, Virtual Representation 6. Why were the colonists so upset over relatively mild taxes and policies? The Sugar Act was program put in place by Greenville so that England could get money to pay for the war they just had. The Stamp act was put in place to get colonists to pay for stamps they purchased and also part of the intolerable acts. Virtual representation means that a representative is not elected by his constituents, but he resembles them in his political beliefs and goals.

Forced Repeal of the Stamp Act Know: Stamp Act Congress, Non- importation Agreements, Homespun, Sons of Liberty, Declaratory Act 7. In what ways did colonists resist the Stamp Act?

Twenty Seven delegates from nine colonies met from October 7-24, 1765, and drew up a list of declarations and petitions against the new taxes imposed on the colonies known as the Stamp Act Congress. Another way the colonists rebelled by putting together the Nonimportation Agreements. This stated that they will no longer accept goods from England and just make their own things.

Derrick Lai Period 1 The Townshend Tea Tax and the Boston "Massacre" Know: Townshend Acts, Indirect Tax, Boston Massacre, John Adams 8. How did the Townshend Acts lead to more difficulties? The Townshend Acts taxed quasi-luxury items imported into the colonies, including paper, lead, tea, and paint. The colonial reaction was outrage and they instituted another movement to stop importing British goods. The colonials hated the British soldiers in the colonies because the worked for very low wages and took jobs away from colonists. On March 4, 1770 the Boston Massacre occurred, a group of colonials started throwing rocks and snowballs at some British soldiers; the soldiers panicked and fired their muskets, killing a few colonials and lead to the Anti-British settlements. The Seditious Committees of Correspondence Know: George III, Lord North, Samuel Adams, Committees of Correspondence 9. How did Committees of Correspondence work? The Committees of Correspondence lead by Samuel Adams exchange ideas and information with other colonies. These intercolonial groups were supremely significant in stimulating and disseminating sentiment in favor of united action. They evolved directly into the first American congresses. Lord North was Prime Minister of England from 1770 to 1782 and repealed the Townshend acts.

Tea Brewing in Boston Know: British East India Company, Boston Tea Party 10. What was the cause of the Boston Tea Party, and what was its significance? British ships carrying tea sailed into Boston Harbor and refused to leave until the colonials took their tea. Boston was boycotting the tea in protest of the Tea Act and would not let the ships bring the tea ashore. Finally, on the night of December 16, 1773 the Boston Tea Party, disguised as Indians boarded the ships and threw the tea overboard. The powerful British East India Company, overburdened with 17 million pounds of unsold tea, was facing bankruptcy. If it collapsed, the London government would lose heavily in tax revenue.

Parliament Passes the "Intolerable Acts" Know: Boston Port Act, Massachusetts Government Act, Administration of Justice Act, Quartering Act of 1774, Quebec Act 11. What was so intolerable about the Coercive (Intolerable) Acts? It was intolerable acts were intolerable because it forced the colonists outrageous taxes on basic necessities. The Boston Port Act closed the tea-stained harbor until damages were paid

Derrick Lai Period 1 and order could be ensured. By other Intolerable Actsas they were called in America many of the chartered rights of colonial Massachusetts were swept away. The Quebec Act, passed by the British Parliament to institute a permanent administration in Canada replacing the temporary government created at the time of the Proclamation of 1763. It gave the French Canadians complete religious freedom and restored the French form of civil law. Bloodshed Know: First Continental Congress, Declaration of Rights, The Association, Tar and Feathers, Minute Men, Lexington and Concord 12. What was the goal of the First Continental Congress? The First Continental Congress was a convention of delegates from twelve colonies (Georgia was not yet there) that met on September 5, 1774, at Carpenters' Hall in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, early in the American Revolution. The congress had three objectives: to compose a statement of colonial rights, to identify British parliaments violation of those rights, and to provide a plan that would convince Britain to restore those rights. The battle that sparked the Revolution was a Lexington and Concord. Minute Men were ordinary citizens that prepared for battle when the British came. Imperial Strength and Weakness Know: Hessians, Tories 13. What were British strengths and weaknesses at the outset of the war? The strength of the British was that they had a bigger army than the Colonists. A weakness was that they had very little money left over from the French and Indian war. The Tories were colonists who disagreed with the move for independence and did not support the Revolution. The Hessians were 18th-century German mercenaries contracted for service under the Crown of the British Empire.

American Pluses and Minuses Know: George Washington, Ben Franklin, Marquis de Lafayette, Continentals 14. What were the American strengths and weaknesses at the outset of the war? The Americans strength was their motivation for independence from England. A weakness was that they had untrained soldiers preparing for war. George Washington was the General of the U.S Army. Benjamin Franklin was a master among diplomats. Open foreign aid, theoretically possible from the start, eventually came from France. Numerous European officers, many of them unemployed and impoverished, volunteered their swords for pay. In a class by himself was a wealthy young French nobleman, the Marquis de Lafayette. Fleeing from boredom, loving glory and ultimately liberty, at age nineteen the French gamecock

Derrick Lai Period 1 was made a major general in the colonial army. A Thin Line of Heroes Know: Valley Forge, Baron von Steuben, Continental Army 15. What role was played by African-Americans in the Revolution? Some African Americans saw the Revolution not only as a fight for justice, but also their own liberty and freedom from slavery and joined the Continental Army. Others responded to the Dunmore's Proclamation, and fought for their freedom as Black Loyalists. Baron von Steuben trained African Americans at Valley Forge. Chapter #8: American Secedes from the Empire Big Picture Themes 1. Nearly every advantage on paper went to Britain during the revolution. They had better troops, training, a much better navy, experienced generals, more money, better weapons and equipment. 2. The Americans had on their side heart and geography. America was very big and and ocean removed from England. 3. Perhaps due to necessity rather than plan, American employed a drawn-out strategy where the war drug on for six years. America won by constantly withdrawing to the nations interior and moving on to fight another day. 4. Meanwhile, as the war waged, the Declaration of Independence was written, signed, and approved. 5. The Treaty of Paris 1763 legitimized the new nation. IDENTIFICATIONS: Second Continental Congress The Second Continental Congress met in 1776. They drafted and signed the Declaration of Independence, which justified the Revolutionary War and declared that the colonies should be independent of Britain. An olive branch petition was also sent to King George but was declined. He stated whoever was with the revolution would be considered treason and be put to death. Hessians The Hessians were paid German/Prussian soldiers hired by the British crown to stop the revolts in the colonies. Thomas Paine/Common Sense Thomas Paine wrote the book called Common Sense and stated reasons why the colonies should be independent from the British. Common Sense was widely read across the

Derrick Lai Period 1 colonies and encouraged the colonists to be independent with his use of simple language. George Washington George Washington was the General of the continental army. He would later become the United States first president. He was not a gifted military leader, but he helped win Virginia support in the war. Marquis de Layfette Marquis de Layfette was a French major general who allied with the colonies during the Revolutionary War. He also took the declaration of independence as an example for the declaration of the rights of man in France. Baron Von Steuban Prussian drill master who helped the soldiers at Valley Forge get back into shape even though everyone was hungry and tired. John Burgoyne Burgoyne was a British General and was defeated by American General Horatio Gates on October 17, 1777. At the Battle of Saratoga, surrendering the entire British Army of the North. Benedict Arnold He had been a Colonel in the Connecticut militia at the outbreak of the Revolution and soon became a General in the Continental Army. He would later go bankrupt due to the war. Shortly after, he joined the Royal Army in an attempt to acquire wealth. Arnold was the most famous traitor in the Revolution/world today. Treaty of Paris, 1783 The Treaty of Paris ended the Revolutionary War, recognized the independence of the American colonies, and granted the colonies the territory from the southern border of Canada to the northern border of Florida, and from the Atlantic coast to the Mississippi River. Battle of Trenton Washington, who was now almost counted out, stealthily crossed the ice-clogged Delaware River. At Trenton, on December 26, 1776, he surprised and captured a thousand Hessians who were sleeping off the effects of their Christmas celebration. Battles of Lexington and Concord The Battle that started the American Revolution. No one knows for sure who fired the first shot but both sides started shooting afterwards. The British believed the colonists had weapons and wanted to take them at concord. Battle of Saratoga

Derrick Lai Period 1 As a result of winning the Battle of Saratoga, the French were persuaded to help the American Colonists. American General Horatio Gates on October 17, 1777, at the Battle of Saratoga, defeated the entire British Army of the North. Battle of Yorktown While marching from Virginia to New York, British commander Lord Cornwallis was ambushed in Yorktown on the Chesapeake Bay. His troops fortified the town and waited for reinforcements. The French navy, led by DeGrasse, blocked their escape. After a series of battles, Cornwallis surrendered to the Continental Army on October 19, 1781, which marked the end of the revolutionary war. Articles of Confederation The Articles of Confederation delegated most of the powers (the power to tax, to regulate trade, and to draft troops) to the individual states, but left the federal government power over war, foreign policy, and issuing money. GUIDED READING QUESTIONS: Congress Drafts George Washington Know: Second Continental Congress, George Washington 1. Why was George Washington chosen as general of the American army? George Washington was elected as the general of the Continental Army at the Second Continental Congress because he had prior experience in the French and Indian War. He was also the only person fit for this position and had military experience. A good icon to look up towards for the new country.

Bunker Hill and Hessian Hirelings Know: Ethan Allen, Benedict Arnold, Fort Ticonderoga, Bunker Hill, Redcoats, Olive Branch Petition, Hessians 2. George III "slammed the door on all hope of reconciliation." How and why? George III charged America with incessant treason, thus "closing the door on reconciliation." He stated that whoever was not with the British government, they would be put to death. To enforce his rule, King George hired Hessians to stop the revolts in the colonies. He did this by repealing the Olive Branch Petition. The British soldiers were knows as redcoats because of their red uniform which continental soldiers were able to spot from a distance.

The Abortive Conquest of Canada Know: Richard Montgomery 3. Did the fighting go well for Americans before July of 1776? Explain.

Derrick Lai Period 1 Yes, because after Washington forced the British out of Boston in spring 1776, neither the British nor the Loyalists controlled any significant areas. General Richard Montgomery, formerly of the British army, pushed up the Lake Champlain route and captured Montreal. He was joined at Quebec by the bedraggled army of General Benedict Arnold, whose men had been reduced to eating dogs and shoe leather during their grueling march through the Maine woods. Thomas Paine Preaches Common Sense 4. Why was Common Sense important? A pamphlet written by Thomas Paine, published on January 10, 1776. It called for American independence and a union of the American colonies, and as propaganda, it influenced colonists to pursue both in the Revolutionary War. Common Sense was very popular throughout the colonies and sparked many new ideas. Paine and the Idea of "Republicanism" Know: Republic, Natural Aristocracy 5. Why did Paine want a democratic republic? Paine believed that the current governmental system was faulty and suggested a Republic where each person had a say in the government. It was also a movement in which it could help the poor. Some favored a republic ruled by a natural aristocracy of talent. Republicanism for them meant an end to hereditary aristocracy, but not an end to all social hierarchy. Jefferson's "Explanation" of Independence Know: Richard Henry Lee, Thomas Jefferson, Declaration of Independence, Natural Rights 6. What does the Declaration of Independence say? It stated that the Colonies will separate from the British crown. Thomas Jefferson used many Enlightenment Ideas, much taken from John Locke. In the Declaration of Independence it states the natural rights to "life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness" upon which the American Revolution was based. Patriots and Loyalists Know: Patrick Henry 7. What kinds of people were Loyalists? The Loyalists were people that fought against the patriots (Whigs). The Loyalists were often called Tories after their dominant party in Britain. Makers of America: The Loyalists 8. What happened to Loyalists after the war?

Derrick Lai Period 1 Most of the Loyalists moved to Canada, England, and some to the British West Indies. Majority of the loyalists moved back onto British lands. The Loyalist Exodus 9. What happened to Loyalists during the war? During the war, Loyalists were killed and some of them moved to different places. Most Loyalists were forced out of their homes or even tarred and feathered. Burgoyne's Blundering Invasion Know: John Burgoyne, Benedict Arnold, Saratoga, Horatio Gates 10. Why did the Americans win the battle of Saratoga? Why was it significant? As a result of winning the Battle of Saratoga with the help of Benedict Arnold, the French were persuaded to help the American Colonists. American General Horatio Gates on October 17, 1777, at the Battle of Saratoga, defeated the entire British Army of the North.

Revolution in Diplomacy? 11. Why did the French help America win independence? The French wanted to help the colonists, because they wanted another chance the defeat Britain after their loss in the French and Indian War. France also believed that with the defeat of Britain, it would loosen the grip in Canada.

The Colonial War Becomes a Wider War Know: Armed Neutrality 12. Why was foreign aid so important to the American cause? Foreign aid was very important, due to the colonists being outnumbered and had very little resources. They needed gunpowder, which France was willing to provide as well as trained soldiers. In 1780 the imperious Catherine the Great of Russia took the lead in organizing the Armed Neutrality, which she later sneeringly called the Armed Nullity. It lined up almost all the remaining European neutrals in an attitude of passive hostility toward Britain

Blow and Counterblow

Derrick Lai Period 1 Know: Nathaniel Greene, Charles Cornwallis 13. Would an American Patriot, reading news of the war in 1780, have been happy about the way the war was going? Explain. An American patriot would not be happy because the British is still fighting in the colonies and many people were dying. People were stripped of their places to live and had to migrate elsewhere. General Nathanael Greene, a Quaker-reared tactician, distinguished himself by his strategy of delay. Standing and then retreating he exhausted his foe, General Charles Cornwallis, in vain pursuit. By losing battles but winning campaigns, the Fighting Quaker finally succeeded in clearing most of Georgia and South Carolina of British troops.

The Land Frontier and the Sea Frontier Know: Iroquois Confederacy, Fort Stanwix, George Rogers Clarke, John Paul Jones, Privateers 14. Was frontier fighting important in the outcome of the war? Frontier fighting was important because if the colonists could not hold the frontiers the British would push into the major cities. The Indian allies of George III, hoping to protect their land, were busy with torch and tomahawk; they were egged on by British agents branded as hair buyers because they allegedly paid bounties for American scalps. Fateful 1777 was known as the bloody year on the frontier. Although two nations of the Iroquois Confederacy, the Oneidas and the Tuscaroras, sided with the Americans, the Senecas, Mohawks, Cayugas, and Onondagas joined the British. John Paul Jones was American naval hero. Yorktown and the Final Curtain Know: Charles Cornwallis, Yorktown 15. If the war did not end at Yorktown, then why was it important? The battle of Yorktown was important because it ended all major battles in the colonies. The British were defeated and had very little men left. After a series of battles, Cornwallis surrendered to the Continental Army on October 19, 1781

Peace at Paris Know: Benjamin Franklin, John Adams, John Jay, Treaty of Paris 16. What did America gain and what did it concede in the Treaty of Paris? The Treaty of Paris ended the Revolutionary War, recognized the independence of the American colonies, and granted the colonies the territory from the southern border of

Derrick Lai Period 1 Canada to the northern border of Florida, and from the Atlantic coast to the Mississippi River. John Adams would be the second president of the United States after George Washington. John Jay wrote the Federalist Papers. A New Nation Legitimized Know: Whigs 17 Did Americans get favorable terms in the Treaty of Paris? Explain. The Colonists (Whigs) got favorable terms because they got territory from Canada and from the Atlantic coast to the Mississippi River.

Whose Revolution? 18. Which of the interpretations of the Revolution seems most true to you? Least true? Explain. The colonists had a burning desire for independence, which was understandable due to the fact of the colonies being independent for centuries. Least understandable in my case would be the inhumane actions performed on the Tories.