Jessica Chu Period 6 Chapter #5: Colonial Society on the Eve of Revolution Big Picture Themes 1.

. The Americans were very diverse for that time period. New England was largely from English background, New York was Dutch, Pennsylvania was German, the Appalachian frontier was Scots-Irish, the southern coast African-American and English, and there were spots of French, Swiss, and Scots-Highlanders. 2. Although they came from different origins, the ethnicities were knowingly or what mingling and melting together into something called Americans. 3. Most people were farmers, an estimated 90%. The northern colonies held what little industry America had at the time: shipbuilding, iron works, rum running, trade, whaling, fishing. The south dealt with crops, slaves, and naval stores. 4. There were two main Protestant denominations: the Congregational Church up north, and the Anglican Church down south. Both were established meaning tax money went to the church. Poised for growth were the backwoods faiths of the Baptists and Methodists that grew by leaps thanks to the Great Awakening. IDENTIFICATIONS: Great Awakening A rousing religious revival that exploded in the 1730s and 1740s and swept through the colonies. First ignited in Northampton, Massachusetts. George Whitfield English parson who used a different style of evangelical preaching on America and ignited a conflagration of religious ardor that revolutionized the spiritual life of the colonies. Spread his message of human helplessness and divine omnipotence. Jonathan Edwards Tall, delicate, and intellectual pastor who first ignited the Great Awakening. He firmly proclaimed the folly of believing in salvation through good works and affirmed the need for complete dependence on Gods grace.

New Lights Ministers who defended the Awakening for its role in revitalizing American religion. New light centers of higher learning such as Princeton, Brown, Rutgers, and Dartmouth were founded

Jessica Chu Period 6 Old Lights Old clergymen who were deeply skeptical of the emotionalism and theatrical antics of the revivalists. Lost their overall authority Age of Reason/Enlightenment A cultural movement of intellectuals which initiated in Europe and later spread to the American colonies. To deviate from the irrational, especially in religion. Focus more on education John Peter Zenger A newspaper printer involved in a celebrated legal case in 1734-1735, which reflected the tumultuous give-and-take politics in the middle colonies. His newspaper criticized the corrupt royal governor and eventually began the journey for freedom of press. Pointed the way to open public discussion GUIDED READING QUESTIONS: Conquest by the Cradle Know: Thirteen Original Colonies 1. What was the significance of the tremendous growth of population in Britain's North American colonies? The 2.5 million people who inhabited the thirteen colonies consisted of youthful whites and about half a million blacks. The population boom set the stage for a shift in the balance of power between the colonies and Britain for the future. Before, the ratio had been twenty Englishmen for every one American colonist, but by 1775 the ratio changed to three to one.

A Mingling of Races Know: Pennsylvania Dutch, Scots-Irish, Paxton Boys, Regulator Movement 2. What was the significance of large numbers of immigrants from places other than England? The large number of Pennsylvania Dutch influenced the environment and architecture of Pennsylvania with their German street signs and splendid stone barns which gave evidence of industry and prosperity. Because of the Dutchs dominance, the Scots-Irish were forced to push out onto the frontier where they defiantly occupied unoccupied lands and fought with both Indians and white owners. They also led the march of the Paxton Boys in Philadelphia in 1764, protesting the Quakers kindness towards the Indians. Many future presidents were

Jessica Chu Period 6 also of Scots-Irish lineage. These various immigrant groups mixed and intermarried and laid the foundation for a new multicultural American national identity.

The Structure of Colonial Society Know: Social Mobility 3. Assess the degree of social mobility in the colonies. Unlike contemporary Europe, America had no titled nobility dominated society and most white Americans were small farmers. The social ladder in the colonies was very open because colonists came to America for opportunities that they did not have in England. However, wealth was concentrated more within the largest slave owners which widened the gap between the prosperous gentry and the poor. Yet, the lower classes continued to swell due to the nonstop stream of indentured servants, though many of them ultimately became prosperous. The black slaves on the other hand received no equality from whites and didnt even dream of climbing the ladder of success and opportunity.

Makers of America: The Scots-Irish Know: The Session 4. How had the history of the Scots-Irish affected their characteristics? The Scots-Irish had a history of migrating from one country to the next due to the spread of commercial farming that forced many of them from the land and subjected others to outrageous rent increases from landowning lairds, or lords. The Presbyterian Scots were also persecuted by British authorities and had to pay taxes to support the hated Anglican Church. As a result, they moved to Pennsylvania in order to seek religious toleration and commonwealth, but they were restless and could not stay put for long. Their rickety farms and towns were flimsy and not sturdy like those of their German neighbors. Though their Scots-Irish communities were often isolated and impermanent, the Presbyterian religion was what maintained the bond between the fiercely independent townspeople. They put religion before all else and the religious court, called the session, passed judgment on crimes and moral questions. Overall, their bitter struggles with the Anglican Church made them stubborn enemies of the king of England which would be well reflected in the Patriots of the American Revolution.

Workaday America Know: Triangular Trade, Naval Stores, Molasses Act 5. Describe some of the more important occupations in the colonies. Agriculture was the leading industry in the colonies and involved about 90% of the people. Tobacco was the staple crop in Maryland and Virginia while the middle colonies produced more grain. The fishing industry was rewarding as well and stimulated shipbuilding which in turn stimulated coastwise and overseas commerce. The triangular trade was also infamously profitable where the constant rotation of rum to slaves to molasses often made

Jessica Chu Period 6 handsome profits. Manufacturing was another important occupation in which many items were manufactured in quantity, timber being one of the most common. Another highly valued occupation was the colonial naval store because of Britains desire to gain and retain a mastery of the seas.

Horsepower and Sailpower Know: Taverns 6. What was it like to travel in early America? Traveling was incredibly difficult in the early Americas because the few roads that connected the major cities were extremely deficient and often clouded with dust in the summer and mud in the winter. Stagecoach travelers braved more dangers such as treestrewn roads, unstable bridges, overturned carriages, and runaway horses. People also relied on the natural waterways to travel, which were slow and undependable but cheap and pleasant. Taverns emerged along the main roads of travel and they often attracted travelers with a variety of amusements such as bowling alleys, pool tables, bars, and gambling equipment. This was a place where all social classes could socialize and was also another spark of democracy.

Dominant Denominations Know: Established Church, Anglicans, Congregationalists, Presbyterians 7. How did the denominations in America affect relations with Great Britain? Although the Anglican Church became the official faith in many colonies, many others strongly opposed it. Its establishment in America was meant to serve as a major prop of kingly authority, so by opposing the church the colonists were opposing the king. The religious toleration in America led to the creation of the Presbyterian and Congregational churches which, though not made official, created a wide rift between the American colonists and Great Britain.

The Great Awakening Know: Jonathan Edwards, George Whitefield, Old Lights, New Lights, Baptists 8. How was the religion encompassed in the Great Awakening different from traditional religion? What was important about the difference? The religion in the Great Awakening focused more on emotions rather than just purely education and erudition. This was important because it set off many schisms between churches and increased their competitiveness. It also encouraged a fresh wave of missionary work among the Indians and black slaves who attended the open mass revivals. Many centers of higher learning were built such as Princeton, Brown, Rutgers, and Dartmouth. The Awakening was most significant because it was the first spontaneous mass movement of Americans. It broke down sectional boundaries and added to the growing sense that

Jessica Chu Period 6 Americans were a single people despite their various ethnicities and were united by shared experiences.

Schools and Colleges Know: Latin and Greek 9. What kind of education could a young person expect in colonial times? Primary and secondary schools varied widely in the quality of instruction and in the length of time that their doors remained open each year since children were mostly occupied with farm work. Fairly adequate elementary schools hammered knowledge into the heads of reluctant students in the middle and southern colonies and wealthy families often relied on private tutors. Most of the education placed emphasis on religion and on the classical languages such as Greek and Latin. The focus was on doctrine and ideas rather than on experiment and reason since independent thinking was discouraged. College education was initially geared toward preparing men for the ministry.

A Provincial Culture Know: John Trumbull, Charles Wilson Peale, Benjamin West, John Singleton Copley, Benjamin Franklin 10. Did Americans distinguish themselves in the arts during the colonial period? Explain. During the colonial period, Americans were still in sync with European tastes. The simplicity of pioneering life had not yet created many patrons to support colonial artists. John Trumbull, Benjamin West, and John Copley, all aspiring painters, were even discouraged from being artists as children and had to pursue their dreams in England. Even the architecture in America was largely imported from the Old World and modified to meet the different climate and religious conditions of the New World. However, Benjamin Franklin had an immense influence in shaping the American character. His literature emphasized virtues such as thrift, industry, morality, and common sense while giving witty advice to the young and old.

Pioneer Presses Know: John Peter Zenger 11. Why was the jury verdict in the Zenger case important? The jury verdict was important because it was a great achievement for freedom of the press and for the health of democracy. It sparked the first kinds of open public discussion required by the diverse society of America. Though it was not immediately accepted by other judges and juries, over time it helped establish the doctrine that true statements about public officials could not be prosecuted as libel. Therefore, newspapers were allowed to freely print

Jessica Chu Period 6 responsible criticisms of powerful officials. However, full freedom of the press was still unknown and wouldnt be apparent until after the Revolutionary era.

The Great Game of Politics Know: Royal Colonies, Proprietary Colonies, Self-governing Colonies, Colonial Assemblies, Power of the Purse, Town Meetings, Property Qualifications 12. How democratic was colonial America? Every colony had a two-house legislative body that consisted of the upper house, which was chosen by voters in the self-governing colonies, and the lower house, which was elected by the people. Though there were elections, only those who owned enough property qualified as voters, and in several colonies, the back-country elements were seriously underrepresented. Yet, self-taxation through representation became a precious privilege that Americans came to cherish above most others. If the governor was corrupted, the assemblies would withhold the governors salary until he yielded to their wishes, and this was known as the power of the purse.

Chapter #6: Duel for North America Big Picture Themes 1. Two dominant cultures emerged in the 1700s in North America: (a) England controlled the Atlantic seaboard from Georgia to Maine, and (b) France controlled the area of Quebec and along the Great Lakes and down the Mississippi River. 2. New England consisted of towns made up by farmers. They cleared the land and pushed the Indians out. New France was made up of fur trading outposts. They were scattered and lived with and often worked with the Indians in the forests and streams. 3. Like cats and dogs, England and France cannot live together that close. While separated, they were fine, but the two cultures began to rub against one another in the Ohio Valley. This started the French and Indian War. 4. The French and Indian War saw the English defeat France. France was totally kicked out of North America. But a Revolutionary Spirit had begun.

Jessica Chu Period 6 IDENTIFICATIONS: Samuel de Champlain intrepid soldier and explorer whose energy and leadership fairly earned him the title Father of New France. Entered into friendly relations with Huron Indians and fought the Iroquois tribes William Pitt tall and imposing figure who was popularly known as the Great Commoner. Drew much of his strength from the common people and was a splendid orator who passionately believed in his cause, in his country, and in himself. He became a foremost leader in the London government and won the French and Indian War Pontiac Ottawa chief who instigated Pontiacs Rebellion to try to drive out British from Ohio Country Albany Plan of Union plan to unite Americans and to keep Iroquois tribe loyal to the British. This way they could have a strong defense against France, but colonists disliked it because it did not seem to give enough independence while British officials believed it gave too much Proclamation of 1763 issued by the London government. Flatly prohibited settlement in the area beyond the Appalachians, pending further adjustments. Used to work out Indian problem fairly and to prevent another bloody eruption. Pontiacs Rebellion led by Ottawa chief Pontiac in 1763 who, in a violent campaign, attempted to drive out the British from the Ohio Country. Besieged Detroit in spring and killed two thousand soldiers and settlers.

Paxton Boys

Jessica Chu Period 6 Pennsylvania frontiersmen upon Indian settlement during Pontiac uprising. Slaughtered Indians while drunk Five Nations of the Iroquois union of Native Americans. Their homeland was in upper New York. Had rough relations with Britain Salutary Neglect where the home country would neglect its colonies, leading to seeds of independence for the future French and Indian War began badly for the colonists but ended in a strong British victory. French and Indians against British The Battle of Quebec 1759 won by James Wolfe. One of most significant engagements in British and American history because France lost its colonial powers and Great Britain emerged as dominant power in North America

GUIDED READING QUESTIONS: France Finds a Foothold in Canada Know: Huguenots, Samuel de Champlain, New France 1. How was the colony of New France different from the British North American colonies? The colony of New France was different from those of the British because France was late to colonize in the New World due to religious wars between Roman Catholics and Protestant Huguenots. However, the religious wars eventually came to an end and King Louis XIV took interest in colonizing. Samuel de Champlain was a prominent leader in Quebec and actually had friendly relations with the Huron Indians, unlike the British colonists who constantly had struggles with the Powhatans. New France was also different from New England in that the king had direct control over the colonists and there were no representative assemblies or trial by juries. Unlike the English, the French colonist farmers

Jessica Chu Period 6 had little economic motive to move and the Huguenots were not allowed to reside in New France.

New France Fans Out Know: Beaver, Coureurs de Bois, Voyageurs, Robert de La Salle 2. What factors led to the French settlement of New France? The beaver was New Frances valuable resource because many Europeans valued beaverpelt hats for their warmth and luxurious appearance. The French hunted all over the woods and waterways of North America to capture the beavers in order to adorn the heads of Europeans back home. The voyageurs even recruited Indians into the fur business, but the Indians suffered from the white mens diseases and went against many of their religious beliefs to hunt beavers. The Jesuits tried to save the Indians religiously but were scorned and went through many tortures, yet they still played important roles as explorers and geographers. Robert de La Salle and many French officials constantly persisted in their efforts to block Spain from entering the region of the Gulf of Mexico and created several forts in Mississippi and Louisiana.

The Clash of Empires Know: Treaty of Utrecht, War of Jenkins's Ear, James Oglethorpe, Louisbourg 3. Describe the early wars between France and Britain. King Williams War and Queen Annes pitted the British colonists against the French with both allying with whatever Indian tribes they could. Spain had allied with France as well, but were both beaten terribly by the British as revealed in the Treaty of Utrecht when Britain received French colonies and limited trading rights in Spanish America which resulted in increased tension between Spain and Britain. This led to the War of Jenkinss Ear which spread to the buffer colony Georgia where James Oglethorpe fought his Spanish enemies. Once again, France allied with Spain, but lost the French fortress of Louisbourg to the British. However, when the peace treaty of 1748 returned Louisbourg to the French, the New Englanders were furious while France was still unappeased and powerful.

George Washington Inaugurates War with France Know: Fort Duquesne, George Washington, Fort Necessity, Acadians 4. How did George Washington spark the French and Indian War? Rivalry for land in the Ohio Valley brought tensions to a snapping point and in 1749, British colonial speculators, including Washington, secured legal rights to some acres in the region while at the same time the French were putting up a chain of forts commanding the Ohio River, one of which was Fort Duquesne. George Washington was sent as a

Jessica Chu Period 6 lieutenant colonel in order to secure the Virginians claims and fired the first shots of the new war, resulting in the death of the French leader. The French returned and surrounded Washington at Fort Necessity. Though he was forced to surrender, he was able to march his men away with the full honors of war. Meanwhile, the British authorizes in Nova Scotia feared a rebellion among the French Acadians and uprooted them in 1755, leading to unhappy French deportees and even more friction between the British and the French.

Global War and Colonial Disunity Know: Benjamin Franklin, Albany Plan of Union, "Join or Die" 5. What was meant by the statement, America was conquered in Germany? Because there were wars occurring in Europe with Germany against the French, Austrian, and Russian armies, the French were so preoccupied that they were unable to send an adequate force into the New World. The lack of unity in Americans led to the British government summoning an intercolonial congress in Albany known as the Albany Plan of Union. It was meant to keep the Iroquois tribes loyal to the British in the spreading war and to achieve greater colonial unity and to strengthen the defense against France. Benjamin Franklin published his famous cartoon advertising the slogan Join or Die to try to get more people to join the union. However, colonists thought that it did not give enough independence while British officials thought that it gave too much.

Braddock's Blundering and Its Aftermath Know: Edward Braddock 6. What setbacks did the British suffer in the early years of the French and Indian War? Edward Braddock led heavy artillery and had to laboriously hack a path through the dense forest which led them to move painfully slow in order to capture Fort Duquesne. A few miles from the fort, Braddock encountered a small French and Indian army, but faced mortal defeat. This led the Indians to take a wider warpath and they wreaked havoc in British colonies while George Washington desperately tried to defend them. The British then launched a full-scale invasion of Canada in 1756 and the undeclared war in America had finally become a world conflict.

Pitt's Palms of Victory Know: William Pitt, James Wolfe, Battle of Quebec 7. What was the significance of the British victory in the French and Indian War? William Pitt became a new leader in the British forces and was wise and decisive in his decisions. He concentrated on the vitals of Canada and picked young and energetic leaders rather than incompetent and cautious old generals. He dispatched a powerful expedition against Louisbourg in 1758 and the fortress finally fell and Britain rejoiced greatly because it was their first significant victory of the entire war. James Wolfe was picked for the next

Jessica Chu Period 6 attack and quickly and riskily sent a detachment to Quebec, winning the British another victory. The Battle of Quebec was one of the most significant engagements in British and American history because when it fell, the French flag was up for the last time in Canada and the French power was thrown completely off North America. As a result, Great Britain emerged as a dominant power in North America, while still maintaining the status as the leading naval power of the world.

Restless Colonials 8. How did the French and Indian War affect the relationship between the colonies and with the mother country? Britains colonists emerged with increased confidence in their military strength, but at the same time faced increasing friction with their arrogant British officers. The officers refused to recognize any American militia above the rank of captain and looked upon them with contempt, which was a humiliation to George Washington. However, the energetic and hard-working Americans believed they were better than the British and felt that they deserved credit for risking their lives to secure Britains New World Empire. Yet some colonists even demanded the rights and privileges of Englishmen without the duties and responsibilities of Englishmen, further creating a rift between the mother country and the colonies. Wars Fateful Aftermath Know: Treaty of Paris, Pontiac, Daniel Boone, Proclamation of 1763 9. How did French defeat lead to westward expansion and tension with Native Americans and the British? The French defeat led to a larger range of exploration for the British and a new spirit of independence. At the same time, the Treaty of Paris dealt a harsh blow to the Iroquois, Creeks, and other tribes. The removal of the French and some Spanish took away from the Indians their weapon of allowing the Europeans to fight off each other, so in the future they would have to negotiate exclusively with the British. The Ottawa chief Pontiac led several tribes to drive the British out of the Ohio Country, which backfired on them when the British retaliated cruelly. However, the London government issued the Proclamation of 1763, flatly prohibiting settlement in the area beyond the Appalachians.

Jessica Chu Period 6 Chapter #7: The Road to Revolution 1. Following the French and Indian War, the British crown needed money and figured the Americans could help pay for the war. 2. Also, the economic policy of mercantilism dictated that England try to keep its hard money within the British Empire. So, laws were passed to restrict American trade. 3. The taxes and regulations that followed were not received well by the Americans, notably the Stamp Act. 4. Conditions deteriorated and radical patriots brought matters to a head in events such as the Tea Party and Boston Massacre. Even though most Americans would be considered moderates at the time, the radical patriots were the ones making things happen. 5. The culmination of the patriots activities came at Lexington and Concord, when the American Revolution began. IDENTIFICATIONS Lord North Corpulent prime minister of King George III who persuaded Parliament to repeal the Townshend revenue duties, but the tax on tea was kept which angered the colonists George Grenville Prime Minister of Britain who aroused resentment of American colonists by passing various acts Letter from a Farmer in Pennsylvania Series of essays written by Pennsylvania lawyer John Dickinson which were used to unite colonists against the Townshend Acts Gaspee Incident Event that led up to the American Revolution in which a British customs official had been enforcing unpopular trade regulations ran into shallow water on June 9, 1772 Charles Townshend A man who could deliver brilliant speeches in Parliament, even while drunk. Persuaded Parliament in 1767 to pass the Townshend Acts which took advantage of the dubious distinction between internal and external taxes

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Baron Von Steuben German organizational genius who whipped American soldiers into shape. Though he initially spoke no English, he soon taught the soldiers how to hold their own against British troops Mercantilism Belief that wealth was power and that a countrys economic wealth could be measured by gold or silver in its treasury. To amass this gold or silver, a country needed to export more than it imported. Relied heavily on colonies "Virtual" representation Claim that every member of Parliament represented all British subjects, even those Americans who had never voted for a member of Parliament. Was scoffed at by colonists who instead denied the authority of Parliament Sons of Liberty Groups of ardent spirits who took the law into their own hands by crying liberty, property, and no stamps while enforcing the nonimportation agreements against violators and ransacking the houses of unpopular officials Admiralty courts Courts issuing jurisdiction over all maritime contracts and offences Committees of Correspondence Chief function was to spread the spirit of resistance by exchanging letters and thus keep alive opposition to British policy. Used to exchange ideas and information with other colonies and were supremely significant in stimulating and disseminating sentiment in favor of united action. Evolved directly into the first American congress First Continental Congress To meet in Philadelphia to consider ways of redressing colonial grievances. Twelve of thirteen colonies sent representatives. Not legislative but a consultative body Loyalists (Tories) Stayed loyal to the British government and during the Boston Tea Party, complained that the destruction of private property violated the law and threatened anarchy and the breakdown of civil decorum

Jessica Chu Period 6 GUIDED READING QUESTIONS: The Deep Roots of Revolution 1. Why does the author say that the American Revolution began when the first settlers stepped ashore? The New World supported ideas of society, citizen, and government while people in the Old World still favored traditional beliefs and never dared to question their social status. The New World allowed Europeans to encounter a world that was theirs to make afresh. Republicanism became a common idea in which all citizens willingly subordinated their private selfish interests to the common good. This by its very nature opposed the hierarchical and authoritarian institutions. Another idea came from the radical Whigs who warned citizens to be on guard against corruption and to protect their rights.

Mercantilism and Colonial Grievances Know: Mercantilism, Navigation Laws, Royal Veto 2. Explain the economic theory of mercantilism and the role of colonies. Mercantilism was the belief that wealth was power and a countrys economic wealth could be measured by the amount of gold or silver in its treasury. To receive this gold, a country needed to export more than it imported. Countries with colonies had a distinct advantage because colonies could supply raw materials to the mother country and provide a guaranteed market for exports at the same time.

3. How did Parliament enact the theory of mercantilism into policy? Parliament passed laws to regulate the mercantilist system, one of them being the Navigation Laws of 1650 which was aimed at rival Dutch shippers trying to make their way into the American carrying trade. After this, all commerce flowing to and from the colonies could be transported only in British vessels. European goods sent to American had to first land in Britain where tariff duties could be collected, which inflicted a currency shortage on the colonies. The British crown also reserved the right to nullify any legislation passed by colonial assemblies if such laws worked mischief with the mercantilist system. Though this royal veto was not used as often as it could have, many colonists fiercely resented its existence.

The Merits and Menace of Mercantilism Know: Salutary Neglect, John Hancock, Bounties 4. In what ways did the mercantilist theory benefit the colonies? The mercantilist theory seemed deliberately oppressive and selfish, yet the truth was that the various Navigation Laws imposed no intolerable burden because they were loosely

Jessica Chu Period 6 enforced. Enterprising colonial merchants learned early to disregard or evade troublesome restrictions. John Hancock was one of the first to make a fortune through wholesale smuggling. The mercantilist system benefited the colonies in that London paid liberal bounties to colonial producers of ship parts. Virginia tobacco planters also enjoyed a monopoly in the British market and benefited from the protection of the worlds strongest navy and greatest army of redcoats. 5. What economic factors were involved in leading colonists to be displeased with the British government?

The mercantile system burdened the colonies with annoying liabilities by stifling economic initiative and imposing a rankling dependency on British agents and creditors. Many Americans felt used by the system and thought that it was simply debasing. They also felt as if they were kept in a state of perpetual economic adolescence and werent allowed to grow.

The Stamp Tax Uproar Know: George Grenville, Sugar Act, Quartering Act, Stamp Act, Admiralty Courts, Virtual Representation 6. Why were the colonists so upset over relatively mild taxes and policies? The colonists first acted with resentment towards their mother country when Prime Minister George Grenville ordered the navy to begin to strictly enforce the Navigation Laws. He also secured from Parliament the Sugar Act which was the first law ever passed for raising tax revenue in the crown. Though the duties were lowered after much protest, more resentment was felt after the Quartering Act ordered certain colonies to provide food and quarters for British troops. The same year, Grenville passed the Stamp Act which was meant to raise revenues for the new military force by taxing all papers and stamp items. The colonists despised these acts because they seemed to jeopardize their basic rights as Englishmen. They also scoffed at the notion of virtual representation and denied the authority of Parliament altogether.

Forced Repeal of the Stamp Act Know: Stamp Act Congress, Non- importation Agreements, Homespun, Sons of Liberty, Declaratory Act 7. In what ways did colonists resist the Stamp Act?

Colonial outcries against the Stamp Act took many forms, one of which was the Stamp Act Congress of 1765 which brought together in New York City twenty-seven distinguished delegates from nine colonies. A more effective resistance was the nonimportation agreements against British goods. It surprisingly united Americans for the first time in common action. This allowed many Americans to participate in colonial protests; for example, groups of women who previously stood on the sidelines were now assembling in public to make homespun cloth as a replacement for shunned British textiles. A more

Jessica Chu Period 6 radical resistance were from the Sons of Liberty and Daughters of Liberty who cried liberty, property, and no stamps while ransacking the houses of unpopular officials and confiscating their money.

The Townshend Tea Tax and the Boston "Massacre" Know: Townshend Acts, Indirect Tax, Boston Massacre, John Adams 8. How did the Townshend Acts lead to more difficulties? The Townshend Acts passed by Champagne Charley Townshend was a light import duty on glass, white lead, paper, paint, and tea. He took advantage of the dubious distinction between internal and external taxes and made this an indirect tax. However, the colonists still saw it as a tax, no matter the form, without representation. The new Townshend revenues were meant to pay for the salaries of the royal governors and judges in America, but the colonists saw this as another attempt from the British government to enchain them. As a result, British officials were sent to Boston in 1768, and on March 5, 1770, a crowd of sixty some townspeople began taunting the redcoats to whom eleven citizens ended up wounded or killed. Must resentment was given towards the British after the Boston Massacre even though future president John Adams was defense attorney of the soldiers.

The Seditious Committees of Correspondence Know: George III, Lord North, Samuel Adams, Committees of Correspondence 9. How did Committees of Correspondence work? Though King George III was busily attempting to assert the power of the British monarchy over the colonists, he proved to be a bad ruler who surrounded himself with yes men such as his prime minister, Lord North. The discontent in America continued to grow after the redoubled efforts of the British officials to enforce the Navigation Acts, and was spread even more by the efforts of Samuel Adams, cousin of John Adams, who organized the local committees of correspondence in Massachusetts. After the first one was formed, many others formed in the colony and their chief function was to spread the spirit of resistance through letters and thus keeping alive opposition to British policy. Intercolonial committees were the next step and within a short amount of time, every colony had established a central committee through which it could exchange ideas and information with other colonies.

Tea Brewing in Boston Know: British East India Company, Boston Tea Party 10. What was the cause of the Boston Tea Party, and what was its significance? The Boston Tea Party was initially caused by the ability of the British East India Company to have complete monopoly of the American tea business. It would now be able to sell tea more cheaply than ever before even with the tax, but Americans saw it was a shabby attempt to trick Americans into the principle of the abhorred tax. The British decided to stand strong by their law and one British official in Massachusetts, Governor Thomas

Jessica Chu Period 6 Hutchinson, was determined to not budge. He infuriated the radicals when he ordered the tea ships to not clear Boston harbor until they had unloaded their cargoes. As a result, on December 16, 1773, about a hundred Bostonians disguised as Indians boarded the docked ships and dumped hundreds of chests of tea into the Atlantic. Tea was the perfect symbol to rally around as almost every colonist, no matter how rich or poor drank tea. Reactions differed as most sympathetic colonists applauded the act while conservatives complained that the destruction of private property violated the law and threated anarchy and the breakdown of civil decorum.

Parliament Passes the "Intolerable Acts" Know: Boston Port Act, Massachusetts Government Act, Administration of Justice Act, Quartering Act of 1774, Quebec Act 11. What was so intolerable about the Coercive (Intolerable) Acts? The most drastic of all the Intolerable Acts was the Boston Port Act which closed the teastained harbor until all the damages were paid and order could be ensured. Many of the chartered rights of colonial Massachusetts were taken away and restrictions were placed on town meetings. The Quebec Act was also considered intolerable although its intentions were not because it sustained unrepresentative assemblies and denials of jury trials. It alarmed land speculators who were distressed to see the huge trans-Allegheny area taken away from them and also aroused anti-Catholics. The Americans saw this as a reaction towards the British Tea Party.

Bloodshed Know: First Continental Congress, Declaration of Rights, The Association, Tar and Feathers, Minute Men, Lexington and Concord 12. What was the goal of the First Continental Congress? The goal of the First Continental Congress was to meet in Philadelphia to consider ways of redressing colonial grievances. Intercolonial frictions were partially melted away by social activity after working hours. After prolonged argument the Congress drew up the Declaration of Rights as well as solemn appeals to other British American colonies, to the king and to the British people. The most significant action was the creation of The Association. Unlike previous nonimportation agreements, it called for a complete boycott of British goods which included nonimportation, nonexportation, and nonconsumption. However, they were not yet calling for independence. Parliament rejected the Congresss petitions and violators of the Association in America were tarred and feathered. In April 1775, the British commander in Boston sent a detachment of troops to Lexington and Concord where they were forced to fight and seize the leaders of the rebellion.

Imperial Strength and Weakness Know: Hessians, Tories 13. What were British strengths and weaknesses at the outset of the war?

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Some British strengths were that it had a larger population of about 7.5 million as compared to Americas 2.5 million and had a larger monetary wealth and naval power. It also had a professional army of about fifty thousand men, and still had the treasury to hire foreign soldiers, and some thirty thousand Germans known as Hessians. Yet at the same time, Britain was weak and faced many enemies such as Ireland and France. The London government was also very confused and inept. In addition, many earnest and God-fearing Britons had no desire to kill their American cousins, which encouraged Americans greatly because they believed the Whigs would come into power against Lord Norths Tories. Also, British soldiers had to suffer many difficulties within its own army and with Americas geography.

American Pluses and Minuses Know: George Washington, Ben Franklin, Marquis de Lafayette, Continentals 14. What were the American strengths and weaknesses at the outset of the war? The Americans were lucky to have strong leadership in George Washington and Benjamin Franklin, a master among diplomats. They also received foreign aid from France in addition to the numerous European officers who volunteered themselves in the war, one being French nobleman Marquis de Lafayette. However, the rebels were terribly organized for war and had lacked unity from the start. Petty jealousy issues arose between colonies and economic difficulties were nearly overwhelming. The Continental Congress, unwilling to raise taxes, was forced to print Continental paper money in great amounts which resulted in serious inflation, especially for families of the soldiers at the fighting front.

A Thin Line of Heroes Know: Valley Forge, Baron von Steuben, Continental Army 15. What role was played by African-Americans in the Revolution?

The Americans faced many shortages with lack of proper supplies, especially at Valley Forge where soldiers barely had enough to eat or wear. American militiamen were numerous, but at the same time also highly unreliable because of their lack of training as compared with the professional British troops. However, the arrival of the German Baron von Steuben allowed many American soldiers to hold their own against British troops. African Americans also fought and died for the American cause, though they were initially barred from militia service. They served as cooks, guides, spies, drivers, and road builders. Many also served on the British side. In November 1775, the royal governor of Virginia issued a proclamation promising freedom for any enslaved black in Virginia who joined the British army.

Jessica Chu Period 6 Chapter #8: American Secedes from the Empire Big Picture Themes 1. Nearly every advantage on paper went to Britain during the revolution. They had better troops, training, a much better navy, experienced generals, more money, better weapons and equipment. 2. The Americans had on their side heart and geography. America was very big and and ocean removed from England. 3. Perhaps due to necessity rather than plan, American employed a drawn-out strategy where the war drug on for six years. America won by constantly withdrawing to the nations interior and moving on to fight another day. 4. Meanwhile, as the war waged, the Declaration of Independence was written, signed, and approved. 5. The Treaty of Paris 1763 legitimized the new nation. IDENTIFICATIONS: Second Continental Congress met in Philadelphia on May 10,1775 with all thirteen colonies represented. Adopted measures to raise money and create an army and navy. Decided that George Washington would lead the army. Hessians German soldiers mainly from the German principality of Hesse. Proved to be good soldiers in a mechanical sense but many were more interested in booty than in duty and some finally deserted to remain in America. Thomas Paine/Common Sense one of most influential pamphlets ever written. Best seller that sold a total of 120,000 copies. Flatly branded the shillyshallying of colonists as contrary to common sense. Supported the separation of Britain from America. George Washington wealthy Virginian plantation owner who was not known for his military skills but for his moral force. Was chosen to lead the American army. Marquis de Lafayette French General who blocked troops led by Cornwallis at Yorktown while armies of Washington prepared to battle the British Baron Von Steuban Prussian drillmaster who shaped up the American army John Burgoyne

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British General who led fateful invasion that resulted in the British loss at Saratoga. Benedict Arnold Originally an American General who was vital in winning important battles, but eventually turned traitorous due to ambition, greed, and suffering from a feeling that his services were not fully appreciated. Treaty of Paris, 1783 British formally recognized the independence of the United States and granted generous boundaries. Battle of Trenton December 26, 1776 Washington surprised and captured a thousand Hessians who were sleeping off the effects of their Christmas celebration after crossing the ice-clogged Delaware River. Battles of Lexington and Concord The shot fired at Lexington rapidly widened into a global conflagration in which Spain entered the fray against Britain along with Holland. Battle of Saratoga While Burgoyne was trying to make his way through New York, a host of American militiamen led by American general Horatio Gates attacked him. The British were forced to surrender at Saratoga on October 17, 1777. Revived faltering colonial cause and made foreign aid from France more possible. Battle of Yorktown Decisive attack on British general Cornwallis by George Washington and Admiral de Grasse. Articles of Confederation An agreement among the thirteen founding states that established the United States as a confederation of sovereign states and served as the first constitution.

GUIDED READING QUESTIONS: Congress Drafts George Washington Know: Second Continental Congress, George Washington

Jessica Chu Period 6 1. Why was George Washington chosen as general of the American army?

George Washington was elected to lead the Colonial soldiers during the Second Continental Congress because though he lost more battles than won, he was gifted with outstanding powers of leadership and an immense strength of character. He emitted patience, courage, self-discipline, and a sense of justice. Rather than being a great military mind, he was more of a great moral force and a symbol and rallying point. People naturally trusted him and as an aristocrat from Virginia, he could not be accused as a fortune-seeker.

Bunker Hill and Hessian Hirelings Know: Ethan Allen, Benedict Arnold, Fort Ticonderoga, Bunker Hill, Redcoats, Olive Branch Petition, Hessians 2. George III "slammed the door on all hope of reconciliation." How and why? In May 1775 a small American force led by Ethan Allen and Benedict Arnold captured the British garrisons at Fort Ticonderoga, a priceless store of gunpowder and artillery for the siege of Boston was then secured. In June 1775, the colonists later seized Bunker Hill when the quickly shot down a thousand redcoats. However, the Continental Congress adopted the Olive Branch Petition trying to reconcile with King George III. Yet, the enraged king wanted to completely crush the rebellion and sent Hessians to wipe them out.

The Abortive Conquest of Canada Know: Richard Montgomery 3. Did the fighting go well for Americans before July of 1776? Explain. Fighting was not well for Americans before July 1776 because they daringly attempted to invade Canada to both add a fourteenth colony and deprive Britain of a valuable base for striking at the colonies in revolt. However, this large-scale attack contradicted the claim of the colonists that they were merely fighting defensively for a redress of grievances. The revolt was led by Irish General Richard Montgomery, who was formerly from the British army, captured Montreal and was joined at Quebec by the bedraggled army of Benedict Arnold, but was later killed.

Thomas Paine Preaches Common Sense 4. Why was Common Sense important? Common Sense was important because it was one of the most influential pamphlets ever written and was a best seller within a few months, reaching a total of 120,000 copies. The author, Thomas Paine, flatly branded the indecisiveness of the colonists as a contrast to common sense. Nowhere in the physical universe did the smaller land control the larger one, so why should the small island of Britain control the gigantic continent of America?

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Paine and the Idea of "Republicanism" Know: Republic, Natural Aristocracy 5. Why did Paine want a democratic republic? Paine wanted a republic where power flowed from the people themselves and not from a corrupt and despotic monarch. Many New Englanders were well prepared for this republic due to their kind of republicanism in town meetings and annual elections. The absence of a hereditary aristocracy and the relative equality of condition mixed well with the republican repudiation of a fixed hierarchy of power. He wanted the individuals in a republic to sacrifice their personal self-interest for the public good, which mattered more than the private rights of individuals. However, there were some colonists who favored a republic ruled by a natural aristocracy of talent, which continued to support a kind of social hierarchy.

Jefferson's "Explanation" of Independence Know: Richard Henry Lee, Thomas Jefferson, Declaration of Independence, Natural Rights 6. What does the Declaration of Independence say? After Richard Henry Lee of Virginia was moved that the American colonies had the right to be free and independent states, the next step was to appoint a committee to prepare a more formal statement of separation. This task was given to Thomas Jefferson who was recognized as a brilliant writer and wrote the Declaration of Independence after some debate. He gave his appeal universality by invoking the natural rights of humankind and not just British rights. He argued persuasively that because the king had given up these rights, the colonists were justified in cutting their connection. Jefferson then set forth a long list of the presumably tyrannous misdeeds of George III.

Patriots and Loyalists Know: Patrick Henry 7. What kinds of people were Loyalists? The Loyalists were derisively called Tories after the dominant political factions in Britain while the Patriots were called Whigs after the opposing factions in Britain. The opposing forces contended not only against each other, but also for allegiance and support of the civilian population. Loyalists numbered about 16% of the American people, but families often split over the issue of independence. They were incredibly loyal to the Royal Crown because it was regarded as a major virtue. Most educated and wealthy people, of culture and caution, remained loyal and believed that any change would be for the worse. They were mainly from the older generation, unlike young revolutionaries such as Patrick Henry who brazenly gave his Give me liberty or give me death speech. Tories were most numerous where the Anglican Church was the strongest and where

Jessica Chu Period 6 beneficiaries of the crown lay. They were least numerous in New England where selfgovernment was especially strong.

Makers of America: The Loyalists 8. What happened to Loyalists after the war? Many thousands of black slaves who joined the Loyalist side managed to find a way to freedom, but others suffered betrayal. British General Lord Cornwallis abandoned over four thousand former slaves in Virginia, and many black Loyalists who boarded ships expecting freedom, instead found themselves sold back into slavery in the West Indies. White Loyalists suffered punishments beyond mere disgrace such as exile, arrest, confiscation of property, and loss of legal rights. About eighty thousand Loyalists fled abroad to Britain and Canada, but even then still were not accepted. However, most Loyalists remained in America where they faced the burdens of reestablishing themselves in a society that viewed them as traitors.

The Loyalist Exodus 9. What happened to Loyalists during the war? Before the Declaration of Independence in 1776, persecution of Loyalists was relatively mild. Yet they were subjected to some brutality such as tarring and feathering and riding astride fence rails. After the Declaration of Independence, harsher methods took place such as imprisonment and hanging. The lands of some Tories were even confiscated and sold as a way to help finance the war. However at the same time, some fifty thousand Loyalist volunteers helped bear arms for the British and served as spies, incited Indians, and kept Patriot soldiers at home to protect their families.

Burgoyne's Blundering Invasion Know: John Burgoyne, Benedict Arnold, Saratoga, Horatio Gates 10. Why did the Americans win the battle of Saratoga? Why was it significant? The British originally planned to sever New England from the rest of the states and paralyze the American cause under the lead of General John Burgoyne. They chased Benedict Arnolds army all the way to Lake Champlain but due to the descending winter, retired to Canada. He later returned to his fateful invasion but was slowed down immensely by a heavy baggage train and a large number of women. Though General Howe initially planned on assisting his colleague after capturing Philadelphia, he decided to stay while Burgoyne had to flounder through the woods of New York. While Burgoyne was bogging down northern Albany, a host of American militiamen attacked him. Unable to advance or retreat, he was forced to surrender his entire command at Saratoga to American general Horatio Gates. This was significant because it immensely revived the faltering colonial cause and made the urgently needed foreign aid from France possible.

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Revolution in Diplomacy? 11. Why did the French help America win independence? France, who was thirsting for revenge against Britain, was eager to inflame the quarrel that broke out in America. It noticed that if Britain was stripped of its North American colonies, France might once again regain its former position and prestige that was lost during the Seven Years War. Franklin also played skillfully on French fears of AngloAmerican reconciliation, so France finally offered a treaty of alliance which was an official recognition of Americas independence.

The Colonial War Becomes a Wider War Know: Armed Neutrality 12. Why was foreign aid so important to the American cause? Without foreign aid, Americans might have never won their independence. The weak neutrals of Europe had suffered from Britains dominance over the seas, now also began to demand more respect for their rights. In 1780, Catherine the Great of Russia took the lead in organizing the Armed Neutrality which lined up almost all the remaining European neutrals in an attitude of passive hostility toward Britain. France assisted by providing the rebels with guns, money, equipment, about half of Americas regular armed forces, and nearly all of the new nations naval strength.

Blow and Counterblow Know: Nathaniel Greene, Charles Cornwallis 13. Would an American Patriot, reading news of the war in 1780, have been happy about the way the war was going? Explain. An American Patriot reading the news of war in 1780 would not have been happy about the way the war was going because despite the increase in troops due to the new French alliance, American morale was later staggered after General Benedict Arnold turned traitor. The British meanwhile had devised a plan to roll up the colonies beginning with the South and overran Georgia and South Carolina. Patriots bitterly fought their Loyalist neighbors in the Carolinas, but the tide later turned in 1780 when General Nathanael Green used his strategy of delay to exhaust his foe, General Charles Cornwallis. As a result, most of Georgia and South Carolina were cleared of British troops.

The Land Frontier and the Sea Frontier Know: Iroquois Confederacy, Fort Stanwix, George Rogers Clarke, John Paul Jones, Privateers 14. Was frontier fighting important in the outcome of the war?

Jessica Chu Period 6 Frontier fighting was very important in the outcome of the war in which the Iroquois Confederacy was divided up between the British and the Americans during the war. The first treaty between the United States and an Indian nation was signed at Fort Stanwix where under its terms the Indians ceded most of their land. In the wild Illinois country, the British were especially vulnerable to attack which led the bold frontiersman George Rogers Clarke to come up with the idea of seizing the forts by surprise, leading the British to cede the region north of the Ohio River to the United States.

Yorktown and the Final Curtain Know: Charles Cornwallis, Yorktown 15. If the war did not end at Yorktown, then why was it important? Even though the war did not end at Yorktown, it was important because it was the defeat of the hated yet prominent British General Charles Cornwallis. It was also a battle where the Americans relied significantly on the French who provided essentially all the sea power and about half of the regular troops in the besieging army. A victory was also much needed compared to the amount of losses the American army faced and Washington was thus able to keep the cause alive, the army in the field, and the states together during these critical months.

Peace at Paris Know: Benjamin Franklin, John Adams, John Jay, Treaty of Paris 16. What did America gain and what did it concede in the Treaty of Paris? Despite George IIIs eagerness to continue the war, many Britons were tired of fighting and were increasingly ready to come to terms. A Whig ministry, rather favorable to the Americans, replaced the Tory regime of Lord North. American peace negotiators Benjamin Franklin, John Adams, and John Jay gathered at Paris to negotiate a treaty. In the Treaty of Paris of 1783, the British formally recognized the independence of the United States and granted generous boundaries. The Americans had to promise that loyalists would not be further persecuted and that the Congress was to recommend to the state legislatures that confiscated Loyalist property be restored.

A New Nation Legitimized Know: Whigs 17 Did Americans get favorable terms in the Treaty of Paris? Explain. Americans were the only ones to prosper from the war in that they finally won their independence and began their national career with a splendid territorial birthright and a priceless heritage of freedom. Also, the Whig ministry in Britain, though only in power for a few months, was friendlier to the Americans than were the Tories and were used to salve recent wounds, to reopen old trade channels, and to prevent future wars over the coveted trans-Appalachian region.

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Whose Revolution? 18. Which of the interpretations of the Revolution seems most true to you? Least true? Explain. I think that the progressive idea is most true because it seems more likely that underlying class distinctions caused Loyalists and Patriots to fight because those who benefitted most from Britain tended to be wealthier and felt inclined to assist Britain and those who felt they had no rights tended to assist the Patriot cause. The idea that the colonists were incited by their reading of seventeenth century English political theorists seems the least true to me because though those writings talked about tightening the imperial reins on the colonies, they did not directly affect the colonists. For example, while the Northern colonies were being occupied by redcoats, the Southern colonies, who were not being occupied, did not care as much and still advocated peaceful relations with Britain.