UNIT : 6 Unsymmetrical Fault Analysis - I

1. Different types of unsymmetrical faults

• Single line – to – ground (L – G ) fault
• Line – to – line (L – L ) fault
• Double line – to – ground (L – L – G ) fault

2. Analysis of single line – to – ground (L – G ) fault (unloaded generator)

L – G Fault
Important Equations :
Va1 = Ea – Ia1Z1 Va = 0
Va2 = - Ia2 Z2 Ib = 0
Va0 = - Ia0Z0 Ic = 0
From above equations
Ia1 = Ia2 = Ia0 = Ea /(Z1 + Z2 + Z0)
If = Ia = 3Ia1 = 3Ea / (Z1 + Z2 + Z0)
All three sequence networks are connected in series

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Example: A 25 MVA 13.2 kV, alternator with solidly grounded neutral has sub transient reactance
of 0.25 pu. The negative and zero sequence reactances are 0.35 and 0.1 pu respectively. A single
line to ground fault occurs at the terminals of an unloaded alternator. Determine the fault current
and line to line voltage.
[4685A, 7.717 kV, 15.087 kV, 7.717 kV]
Example : A generator with grounded neutral has sequence impedances of Z 1, Z2 and Z0 and
generator emf Ea. If a single line to ground fault occurs on the terminal ‘a’, find the expressions
for Vb and Vc
[Vb =Ea(α2-α)Z2 + (α2-1)Z0 / (Z1 + Z2 + Z0)
Vc = Ea [(α-∝2) Z2 + (α-1)Z0 / (Z1 + Z2 + Z0)]
UNIT: 7 Unsymmetrical Fault Analysis - II
1. Line – to – line fault (L - L)

Conditions:
(i) Vb = Vc
(ii) Ia = 0
(iii) Ib + Ic = 0
Conclusion:
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(i) Ia1 = -Ia2 (ii) Ia0 = 0 (iii) Va1 = Va2 & Va0 = 0
i.e positive and negative sequence networks are in parallel

2. Sequence networks:

From Fig.
Ia1 = Ea / (Z1+ Z2)
If = Ib = Ib1 + Ib2 + Ib0
= α2Ia1 + α Ia2 + Ia0
= Ia1 [α2 - α]
= Ia1 [-0.5 – j 0.866 + 0.5 – 0.866 ]
= -j√3 Ia1
= -j√3Ea / (Z1+ Z2)

3. Double line – to – ground (L – L – G ) fault

Conditions:
(i) Ia = 0
(ii) Vb = 0
(iii) Vc = 0

Conclusion:
(i) Va1 = Va2 = Va0

4. sequence networks:
i.e. all sequence networks are in parallel

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 Ia = Ea / [Z1 + Z2Z0 / (Z2+Z0)]
− 3Z 2 E a
If =
Z1 Z 2 + Z 2 Z 0 + Z1 Z1

5. Analysis of symmetrical fault using symmetrical components

Condition:
(i) Va = Vb = Vc
(ii) Ia + Ib + Ic = 0

Since Ia = Ib = Ic
Ib = α2Ia
Ic = αIa
Ia1 = Ia
Ia2 = 0
Ia0 = 0
Va1 = Va2 = Va0 = 0

Therefore sequence network

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 Ea
∴Ia1 =
Z1

UNIT : 8 Unsymmetrical Fault Analysis - III

(1) Comparison of single line – to – ground (L-G) fault and 3-phase (L-L-L) fault
Comments:
(i) Single line – to ground fault at the terminals of a generator with solidly
grounded neutral is more severe than a 3-phase fault at the same location
(ii) Fault at the generator terminals with neutral grounded through Xn
If Xn is very small, single L-G fault current may be more than that for a 3-
phase fault and vice versa, as a term 3Xn appears in the denominator of a
expression for a fault current
1
If Xn = (X1 – X0) : Line currents for the two cases are equal
3
1
If Xn < (X1 – X0) : single L-G fault current is more severe
3
1
If Xn > (X1 – X0) : 3-phase fault is more severe
3
Example: 1: A 50 MVA, 11kV 3-phase alternator was subjected to different types of faults. The
fault currents are
(1) 3- phase fault = 1870A
(2) Line – to- line fault = 2590A
(3) Single line – to – ground fault = 4130A
Alternator neutral is solidly grounded. Find the values of three sequence reactances of the
alternators [X1 = 4.247 Ohm, X2 = 0.851 Ohm, X0 = 0.366 Ohm]

Example : 2: A 15 MVA, 13.2 kV, 3-phase generator has a solidly grounded neutral. Its sequence
reactances are X1 = 40%, X2 = 30%, X0 = 5%
(i) Determine the value of reactance to be connected in the neutral circuit so that the
fault current for a single line – to – ground fault does not exceed the rated current.
(ii) Find the value of resistance to be connected in the neutral circuit for the same
purpose.
[Xn = 8.712 Ohm, Rn = 11.247 Ohm]

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