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Introduction
How can geckos climb walls and stick to the ceiling?
The surfaces of gecko toes are covered by millions of microscopic hairs. Each hair has a slight molecular attraction that helps it stick to the surface. This adhesive relationship is an example of the correlation between structure and function.
Figure 20.0_1
Figure 20.0_2
Figure 20.0_3
20.1 Structure fits function at all levels of organization in the animal body
Anatomy is the study of structure. Physiology is the study of function. Animals consist of a hierarchy of levels or organization.
Tissues are an integrated group of similar cells that perform a common function. Organs perform a specific task and consist of two or more tissues. Organ systems consist of multiple organs that together perform a vital body function.
2012 Pearson Education, Inc.
Figure 20.1
Organ system level Circulatory system Organism level Many organ systems functioning together
Figure 20.2
Shark
Seal Penguin
20.3 Tissues are groups of cells with a common structure and function
Tissues
are an integrated group of similar cells that perform a common function and combine to form organs.
20.4 Epithelial tissue covers the body and lines its organs and cavities
Epithelial tissues, or epithelia, are sheets of closely packed cells that
cover body surfaces and line internal organs and cavities.
20.4 Epithelial tissue covers the body and lines its organs and cavities
Epithelial tissues are named according to the
number of cell layers they have and shape of the cells on their apical surface.
Figure 20.4
Basal lamina
5. Bone
has a matrix of collagen fibers embedded in a hard mineral substance containing calcium, magnesium, and phosphate.
Figure 20.5
Bone
Loose connective tissue (under the skin) Fat droplets Cartilage (at the end of a bone) Adipose tissue
Figure 20.5_1
Cell nucleus Collagen fiber Elastic fibers Loose connective tissue (under the skin)
Figure 20.5_2
Figure 20.5_3
Fat droplets
Adipose tissue
Figure 20.5_4
Figure 20.5_5
Bone
Figure 20.5_6
Plasma Blood
Figure 20.6
Nuclei
Cardiac muscle
Figure 20.6_1
Nuclei
Skeletal muscle
Figure 20.6_2
Muscle fiber
Nucleus
Cardiac muscle
Figure 20.6_3
Smooth muscle
Neurons carry signals by conducting electrical impulses. Other cells in nervous tissue
insulate axons,
Figure 20.7
Dendrites
Cell body
Axon
The inner surface of the small intestine has many fingerlike projections that increase the surface area for absorption.
Figure 20.8
Small intestine
Connective tissue
20.9 CONNECTION: Bioengineers are learning to produce tissues and organs for transplants
Bioengineering is seeking ways to repair or replace damaged tissues and organs. New tissues and organs are being grown using a patients own cells.
These techniques
remove the risk of tissue rejection and
Figure 20.9
Figure 20.10_L
Circulatory system
Bronchus
Lung Blood vessels
Figure 20.10_R
Endocrine system Hypothalamus Pituitary gland Thymus Adrenal gland Pancreas Testis (male) Ovary (female) Thyroid gland Parathyroid gland
Lymphatic and immune systems Lymph nodes Appendix Bone marrow Lymphatic vessels Thymus Spleen
Reproductive system
Nervous system
Brain Sense organ (ear) Spinal cord Nerves Oviduct Ovary Uterus Vagina Seminal vesicles
Female
Male
Prostate gland
Vas deferens Penis Urethra
Testis
Figure 20.10_1
Circulatory system
Pharynx
Larynx Trachea
Heart
Bronchus Lung
Blood vessels
Figure 20.10_2
Nails
Figure 20.10_3
Skeletal system
Bone Cartilage
Figure 20.10_4
Figure 20.10_5
Urinary system
Digestive system
Kidney
Stomach
Ureter
Urinary bladder Urethra
Small intestine
Large intestine Anus
Figure 20.10_6
Endocrine system
Hypothalamus
Pituitary gland
Thymus Thyroid gland Parathyroid gland
Ovary (female)
Figure 20.10_7
Lymph nodes
Appendix Bone marrow
Thymus
Spleen
Lymphatic vessels
Figure 20.10_8
Nervous system
Figure 20.10_9
Reproductive system
Prostate gland
Vas deferens
Uterus
Penis Vagina
Testis Urethra
X-rays help create images of hard structures such as bones and teeth. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
takes advantage of the behavior of the hydrogen atoms in water molecules and provides three-dimensional images of very small structures.
2012 Pearson Education, Inc.
Figure 20.11A
Torn meniscus
Positron-emission tomography (PET) helps identify metabolic processes at specific body locations.
CT and PET images can be combined for an even more informative image.
2012 Pearson Education, Inc.
Figure 20.11B
2. The dermis
forms a deeper skin layer and is composed of dense connective tissue with many resilient elastic fibers and strong collagen fibers. The dermis contains hair follicles, oil and sweat glands, muscle cells, nerves, sensory receptors, and blood vessels.
Figure 20.12
Hair Epidermis Sweat pore Muscle Nerve Hypodermis (under the skin) Adipose tissue Blood vessels Oil gland Hair follicle Sweat gland
Dermis
The dermis
collects sensory information,
synthesizes vitamin D, and helps regulate body temperature.
Cells in small and flat animals can exchange materials directly with the environment.
Figure 20.13A
ANIMAL
Nutrients
Intestine
Urinary system
Figure 20.13B
Trachea
Figure 20.14_UN
Figure 20.14
External environment
Internal environment Small fluctuations
Homeostatic mechanisms
Large fluctuations
Negative-feedback mechanisms
keep internal variables steady and permit only small fluctuations around set points.
Figure 20.15_s1
Figure 20.15_s2
Temperature rises above set point Homeostasis: Body temperature approximately 37C Temperature falls below set point
Figure 20.15_s3
Figure 20.15_s4
Figure 20.15_5
Blood vessels in the skin dilate, increasing heat loss. Temperature decreases The thermostat shuts off the cooling mechanisms. Temperature rises above set point
Figure 20.15_6
3. Define a tissue, describe the four main types of animal tissue, and note their structures and their functions.
4. Explain how the structure of organs is based on the cooperative interactions of tissues.
2012 Pearson Education, Inc.
7. Describe and compare X-ray, CT, MRI, and PET imaging technologies.
8. Relate the structure of the skin to its functions.
Figure 20.UN01
Structure
Function
20.4 Epithelial tissue covers the body and lines its organs and cavities. Sheets of closely packed cells
20.5 Connective tissue binds and supports other tissues. Sparse cells in extracellular matrix
20.6 Muscle tissue functions in movement. Long cells (fibers) with contractile proteins
20.7 Nervous tissue forms a communication network. Neurons with branching extensions; supporting cells
Example
Columnar epithelium
Skeletal muscle
Neuron
Figure 20.UN01_1
Structure
Function
20.4 Epithelial tissue covers the body and lines its organs and cavities. Sheets of closely packed cells
20.5 Connective tissue binds and supports other tissues. Sparse cells in extracellular matrix
Example
Columnar epithelium
Figure 20.UN01_2
Structure Function
20.6 Muscle tissue functions in movement. Long cells (fibers) with contractile proteins
20.7 Nervous tissue forms a communication network. Neurons with branching extensions; supporting cells
Example
Skeletal muscle
Neuron
Figure 20.UN02
a.
b.
c. d. e.