Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Identify data sources, plan, choose equipment or resources and perform a firsthand investigation to test the effect of Aim: To demonstrate the effect of increased temperature, change in pH and change in substrate concentrations on the activity of rennin. Equipment: Large test tube, thermometers, junket, milk, water baths, 0.1 mol/L HCl, 0.1 mol/L NaOH, volumetric pipette Method: Part 1 Temperature 1. 2. 3. 4. A volumetric pipette was used to add 5mL of milk to 4 large test tubes A thermometer and water baths were used to heat the test tubes to 10, 40 (x2) and 90 degrees 1mL of junket was added to each test tube except one of the 40 ones which acted as the control The milk was timed for how long they took to turn semi-solid and this was recorded (max 5 minutes) Part 2 pH 1. A volumetric pipette was used to add 10mL of milk to 3 large test tubes 2. A thermometer and water baths were used to heat the milk to 40oC 3. 2mL of 0.1 mol/L HCl was added to one test tube and 2mL of 0.1 mol NaOH was added to another, and 2mL of water added to the last. 4. 2mL of junket was added to each test tube and the time it took to turn semi-solid was measured and recorded Part 3 Substrate Concentration 1. 5mL of milk was diluted in a test tube to 10mL, and 10mL of milk was added to a separate test tube 2. They were heated to 40oC, with 2mL of junket being added and the time to turn semi-solid recorded. Results: Temperature (Degrees) 10 40 90 pH Acidic Neutral Basic Concentration Concentrated Diluted Control (no enzyme) 40 degrees 5+ Time to Set (m:s) 5+ 3:26 5+ Time to Set (m:s) 1:07 3:03 5+ Time to Set (m:s) 0:30 0:58
cell RBC
Transport oxygen Have no nuclei Only live for about 3 months 5 6 mil in a mL of blood
WBC
12 15 m
Defend against disease Largest blood cell Have nuclei unlike RBCs
Perform a firsthand investigation to demonstrate the effect of dissolved carbon dioxide on the pH of water Aim: To demonstrate the effect of dissolved carbon dioxide on the pH of water Method: i. A beaker was thoroughly rinsed using tap water and 50mL of tap water was added to the clean beaker. ii. 10 drops of universal indicator was added to the beaker and the colour and approximate pH was recorded using a universal indicator chart. iii. A pH probe and data logger was connected, being set to record the pH once every 10 seconds for 60 seconds and was set to graph mode. iv. Air was continually blown into the water by a straw for 60 seconds, and the colour change was noted and pH recorded using the universal indicator chart. Results: Initial Colour Final Colour Green Orange
Discussion: The carbon dioxide in this prac was supplied from the blowing of air from the lungs. The air in the lungs that was being exhaled had carbon dioxide due to it being a by-product of respiration. This is carried to the lungs, where it is removed from the blood stream and exhaled as gas. As more air was exhaled into the water, carbon dioxide was dissolving into the water. The carbon dioxide in the water then reacts with the water to form carbonic acid, a weak acid. This will increase the acidity of the water, lowering the pH, which is indicated in the results. Data logger and indicator ensured reliability - showed the same trend. Compared to other groups. Conclusion: Dissolved carbon dioxide will create carbonic acid which will lower the pH of water.
Use the microscope to observe and draw a longitudinal section of vascular tissue in a plant stem. Label xylem vessels, phloem tubes, sieve plates and companion cells Used a one sided razor blade to cut a transversal section of a celery stem and mount on a microscope slide. Observe the vascular bundles on your slide Carefully use to blade to make a longitudinal section of the celery stem, mount on a slide and view using a microscope
Aim: to identify the parts of a mammalian kidney and to identify the regions involved in the excretion of waste products Method: i. Work in pairs and lay the kidney on the dissecting tray ii. Examine the external structure of the kidney, notice its surrounding fat (adipose tissue) before removing it. Remove fat and leave vessels and hilum intact iii. Compare the size of the kidney that you have for dissection with the dimensions given for an average human kidney iv. Identify the vessels, distinguishing between the renal artery, vein and ureter. Locate the adrenal gland (in the fat) v. Detach the renal capsule vi. Draw a life size diagram to show the external structure of kidney vii. Cut the kidney in longitudinal section; make incision on side opposite to hilum. Note opening to ureter. Insert probe through hole and see where it exits viii. Identify regions of kidney, outer cortex, the medulla and the renal pelvis. Compare colour and appearance of medulla and cortex ix. Insert probe between renal pyramids, slip the lower blade of the scissors into the gap and slit through each pyramid to follow the path of calyces. Urine from the collecting tubules drains into these calyces, which carry the urine to the renal pelvis, ureters and bladders x. Draw diagram showing internal structure xi. Use toothpicks with coloured flags to identify regions
Perform a first-hand investigation to gather information about structures in plants that assist in the conservation of water Aim: To gather information about structures of plants that assist in the conservation of water Equipment: Microscope, various plant specimens, some prepared slides. Risk assessment: Insects may be on samples and some native samples have spines and hairs so gardening gloves were worn. Working with sharp tools, care must be taken. One cable was frayed on the microscope, care must be taken when working with electrical equipment. Method: i. The gardening gloves were worn and secateurs were used to carefully remove a variety of native plant sample specimens from their environment. ii. The hand lenses were used to make observations of each plant to determine any obvious structures they had to assist in conserving water iii. The stereomicroscope was set up with the lamp iv. The leaves of each plant were viewed under the microscope and observations were made v. Equipment was packed away and plan specimens were disposed of thoughtfully vi. Results were tabulated Results: Eucalypt Casuarina Banksia More stomata on lower surface Flowers have no petals Spines on leaf Sunken stomata Waxy/shiny cuticle on leaves Reduces transpiration by evaporation from stomata. Less flowers reduces metabolism and water requirements. Spines and sunken stomata trap air. Local humidity caused by trapped air reduces concentration gradient and water loss. Reflects solar radiation which allows the plant to be cooler without having to lose water by evaporative cooling.