The Origin of Jewish Family Names: Morphology and History

Nelly Weiss

PETER LANG

The Origin of Jewish Family Names

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Nelly Weiss

The Origin of Jewish Family Names

Morphology and History

PETER LANG
Bern Berlin Bruxelles Frankfurt am Main New York Oxford Wien

Die Deutsche Bibliothek CIP-Einheitsaufnahme Weiss, Nelly: The origin of Jewish family names : morphology and history /Nelly Weiss. Bern ; Berlin ; Bruxelles ; Frankfurt am Main ; New York ; Wien : Lang, 2002 ISBN 3-906768-19-8

Cover design: Thomas Jaberg, Peter Lang AG Typesetting: Renate Rolfs, Dreis-Brck, Germany

ISBN 3-906768-19-8 US-ISBN 0-8204-5644-6

English Edition Revised and translated by the Author

Peter Lang AG, European Academic Publishers, Bern 2002 Jupiterstr. 15, Postfach, 3000 Bern 15, Switzerland info@peterlang.com, www.peterlang.com, www.peterlang.net All rights reserved. All parts of this publication are protected by copyright. Any utilisation outside the strict limits of the copyright law, without the permission of the publisher, is forbidden and liable to prosecution. This applies in particular to reproductions, translations, microfilming, and storage and processing in electronic retrieval systems. Printed in Germany

In greatful memory of my honourable cousin Dr. Notker Fglister, OSB, Professor of Old Testament in the University of Salzburg, Austria, and his constant support of my work for good relations between Christians and Jews.

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Contents

Introduction

The early history of Jews . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 The origin of Jewish Family Names . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15 The following countries are listed according to the first Jewish settlement ever occurred:

Chapter 1 Chapter 2

Chapter 3 Chapter 4

Chapter Chapter Chapter Chapter Chapter

5 6 7 8 9

Chapter 10 Morphology

ITALY from the 1st Century A.D. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19 GERMANY (and Rhine) from the 1st and the 4th Centuries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29 List of place names . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36 List of occupational names . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41 Other origins of German names . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46 SPAIN from the 1st and the 7th Centuries . . . . . . . . . . . 51 AUSTRIA-HUNGARY from the 1st and the 10th Centuries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55 List by Hugo Gold of 600 names Vienna . . . . . . . . . 61 List of over 300 names Eisenstadt . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66 FRANCE from the 7th Century . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73 POLAND from the 10th and the 11th Centuries . . . . . . 77 RUSSIA from the 10th and the 11th Centuries . . . . . . . 83 PORTUGAL from the 13th Century . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89 The U.K. and the U.S.A. from the 15th and the 18th Century . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91 ISRAEL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103 General List of over 1100 names Germany . . . . . . . 115 List of over 430 names by L. Glesinger Austrian Empire . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 209 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 213

Bibliography

Communities and archives from Baden and Wrttemberg . . . . . . . . . . 215

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Foreword

The great Jewish thinker and philosopher Emmanuel Levinas (Kaunas, 1906Paris, 1995) is the author of a superb volume published in French under the significant title Noms propres (Fata Morgana, Montpellier, 1976; also Le Livre de poche, biblio-essais). This book is a collection of essays devoted to thirteen outstanding authors (from Agnon to Jean Wahl) which he has personally known and admired. Beyond their diversity, what seems to unite them under the glance of the philosopher is the fact that each of them illustrates a nom propre, i. e., by a play on words, a name which is both personal and neat. In other words, these names point to the identity and quality of the characters concerned. In a way, Levinas thus underscores the intrinsic importance that can be attached to names in the Jewish tradition; ever since the origins of Creation names carry a particular significance. This, of course, applies in the first instance to forenames or given names. Jewish surnames as such appear much later in history as is clearly shown here by the author N.W. in her most enlightening and thoroughly documented first chapters on The Origin of Jewish Family Names. In fact they are closely linked to the early stages of emancipation. The impressive and painstaking research undertaken by the author all over the Jewish world provides the reader not only with a careful study of semantics but, even more of so, of the history as well as of the geography of the Jewish people. Indeed, this book is also bound to be a precious tool for all those, young and old, Jewish or not, who at present are legitimately interested in knowing more about their identity and genealogy. It will help them to go back to their roots. By searching the past, Nelly Weiss makes it possible for many individuals and families to discover their place in their own lives and in that of 9

their ancestors. The awareness of the origin of family names can also create a feeling of solidarity between generations. Jean Halprin Chairman of the Centre of Jewish Studies at the University of Geneva. Professor emeritus at the Universities of Zrich and Fribourg. Chairman of the Colloques des intellectuels juifs de la langue franaise.

10

Quelques rflexions sur lducation la paix

par Jean Halprin

En rflchissant la paix, je pense dabord au shalom. Jemploie ce terme en hbreu, car je ne crois pas quil soit vraiment traduisible de faon fidle et prcise dans une des langues europeennes. Au-del du sens habituel de paix que donnent les dictionnaires, shalom nest ni simplement labsence de guerre, ni un concept statique. Il signifie plnitude, harmonie, panouissement, intgrit, bien-tre, sant morale et physique, justice, acceuil. Ma tradition menseigne aussi quil ny a pas de shalom sans effort. Ce nest pas seulement un idal, cest un objectif concret qui ne peut tre atteint que par une volont et un effort incessants. Il sentend sous le signe de la dure et de la responsabilit, individuelle et collective, de chaqune et de chacun de nous, de tous les Etats et de la communaut internationale. Cest dire aussi quil ne faut pas parler de la paix la lgre et quil ne suffit pas non plus de parler de paix: il faut vouloir et agir chaque instant pour la construire.
Le dernier mot du Talmud, cest le mot paix. Le premier mot de la rencontre est aussi paix, shalom. La bndiction la plus haute est celle qui appelle le shalom sur Isral et sur le monde. La paix, cest la socialit. Cest soccuper de lautre. Cest ne pas fermer les volets, ne pas fermer la porte. Emmanuel Lvinas.

La langue hbraque, o le mot shalom drive de la racine shalem, nous enseigne aussi que pour atteindre la paix, il y a un prix payer, cest--dire des sacrifices faire. Pas de shalom authentique sans progrs conomique et justice sociale pour tous, sans respect vigilant des droits et des devoirs de lhomme. Bien videmment, le shalom pris au srieux exclut catgoriquement tout ce qui resemble au fanatisme, au rassisme, la xnophobie, lintolrance et au refus de lautre.

11

Le chemin de paix et de laccueil dsintress et gnreux de lautre est voie difficile, exaltante et exigeante, qui interdit tout confort, surtout intellectuel ou politique, de mme que tout discours creux, forcment lnifiant et mensonger. Do limportance de lducation la paix qui doit commencer ds lge le plus tendre. Il faut enseigner le respect de lautre et, pour cela, faire disparatre les strotypes, les ides toutes faites et les prjugs de toute nature. Lducation la paix consiste apprendre comment se mettre la place de lautre et comment faire bien vivre ensemble des groupes porteurs de mmoires collectives diffrentes. A partir dun pass souvent douloureux, il faut prendre conscience aux groupes en prsence des perspectives dun avenir commun pour faire reculer les peurs rciproques et liminer le sentiment dirrmdiabilit. Lducation la paix ne peut ni ne doit se limiter aux situations ou aux rgions en conflit, mme si elle y est requise de la faon la plus urgente. Il sagit dun devoir permanent, continu, de longue haleine qui exige un effort infini, guid par la volont, la sagesse et limagination. On ne sinstalle pas dans la paix. Comme la justice, il faut toujours et partout la poursuivre. (J.A.)

12

The early History of Jews

Since very ancient times, Jews had to resist foreign oppression. They more or less succeeded until the Romans took over their territory and thus the right of self-determination of the Jews came to an end. In pre-Christian times, because of the shrinking of the great empires (Assyrian, Persian, Alexandrian, Ptolomeian, etc.) the Jews spread out first northwards, in the Dagestan (Caucasus) they mixed with the local population and several groups of Jews were found settled beside Greek settlements along the coast of the Black Sea. The Roman Consul Pompey Magnus conquered Jerusalem in the year 63 B. C. After a desperate resistance in the so-called Jewish war, Titus destroyed the city and the Temple of Jerusalem in the year 70 A.D. and the Jews spread out again in Asia and in the Roman Empire.

A sample of Jewish families were taken to Rome, like the noble youth referred to on page 14, where a Jewish diaspora has settled there ever since the 1st century B. C.

Some groups fled to other Mediterranean countries, and to Mesopotamia, because the Talmud, the sacred book of the Hebrews, was compiled there, at the time of their enslavement in Babylon. From there the Jews emigrated eastwards to Afghanistan and Persia where they developed a rich culture in the towns of Isfahan and Hamadan, and northwards across the Oxus River in Bukhara. More eastwards again, groups of Jews can be tracked back as far as India and China (5th century), and under the Sung dynasty (9611127) more Jews emigrated there; their religious centre was Honan. In the Caucasus in fact a number of Tatars embraced the Hebraic faith and formed the governing class of the Chasars Empire (7001000), between the rivers Volga and Don, and later were overwhelmed by the Byzantines and Russian forces. Jewish emigrants from the Volga area, from the north and west, are the eastern ancestors of Russian and Polish Jews. 13

In present Europe, between the 2nd and the 3rd centuries, the Jews migrated to nearly all regions of the (extended) Roman Empire, they are found in Cologne in the 4th century, In Provence and in several ex-Gallia towns. With the advent of the Muslim conquests, the Jews were settled in most towns and villages of North Africa and Andalous (South and Center of Spain) up to the Reconquista. Further developments are described in detail in our country sections and chapters. Against this background, and for the reasons exposed, at an early time three major Jewish diaspora groups developed, sensibly different in ethnic descent and religious traditions: The Sephardim (singular Sephard in Hebrew: Spain). They originally lived in Spain and Portugal. The Aschkenasim (singular Aschkenas in Hebrew: Germany). They are Germans, the Jews of Germany, mostly settled in Poland and Russia. Their language is Yiddish, a language based on German dialects including many original Hebraic elements, see ref. Salcia Landmann: Jiddisch Das Abenteuer einer Sprache, 1962. The Misrachim (singular Misrach, in Hebrew East written also Mizrach). These are eastern Jews, who lived with Semites and Persians. They spoke Jewish-Persian or Jewish-Arabic.

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The origin of Jewish Family Names

A Jew had only one name in the biblical era, which was joined to the name of his father, as Mose ben Maimon (Maimonides) (11351204). This name was an expression of belonging to the father. Frequently Jews had Greek names instead of the Hebrew names during the period going from the 4th century BC until the end of the Roman Empire. Jews living in the eastern part of the Roman Empire spoke mostly Greek, while Latin was the language in the western part of the Empire. Jews living in Palestine, Syria, as well in Mesopotamia, had Aramaic names. The first Jewish family names appeared in the 10th and 11th centuries as surnames for Jews of North Africa, Spain, France and Italy. At the beginning, surnames were not relevant. They were only used for outstanding individuals, not for families. Such family names were set up for educated people, scholars, poets and other notable citizens. Only in special cases they became true family names. In fact the existence of a family name gives a family group its credits, therefore outstanding families tried to demonstrate their prominence, because of a long-established family name. However, Jews in Central and Eastern Europe survived until the 13th century with no significant family names, except again for outstanding individuals. At the turn of the 19th century (Joseph II) Jews had to have family names in the following countries: Austria, Prussia, Russia and France. In Russia this development was slow and took effect from 1804 to 1845 (with the integrated part of Poland). At the end of the 19th century all Jews had their surnames. It is impossible to know where the first family names (whether Jewish or not) came from. They did not develop at the same time, because of the differences in rules and traditions within each territory: The Chinese had the inheritable institution of family names since 400 B.C. Hindus had developed it in earlier times.

15

The Romans in the Western areas had the most developed nomenclature. A person there had three names: the first name, the clan name and the family name. This name system was used during the whole republican era and later in the Roman Empire. At the end of the Roman era the names started to change, and after 476 A.D. the system was completely lost. Every person who received Roman citizenship got a name from the town Council, which granted him such citizenship. Greeks, Syrians and Africans received for a time the ruling Emperors names. Thus individual names lost their meaning. The fall of the Roman Empire brought down the end of several institutions: the traditional Roman name system was lost forever. Ireland was the first European country to adopt the inheritable family name system in the early 10th century family names were found there thus consolidated by the 11th century. The knowledge of reading and writing as well as general education developed with the rise of Christianity, and major families very soon learned reading and writing. Irish people held on to their original names until a decree of Queen Elizabeth Ist of England obliged them to adopt English family names. England, until the conquest by the Normans (1066), had no inheritable family names. Just one hundred years later some family names were found. By the end of the 14th century family names were generally inheritable. In Spain the development of family names started by the end of the 12th century, inheritable only by the end of the 13th century on. In contrast to the above countries, Sweden prescribed inheritable family names by the end of the 19th century. The law of May 1828 in Denmark prescribed that children must get family names as soon as they are born. In 1960 inheritance of family names was established by law. In Turkey family names became obligatory only in 1935. In Italy, Jews were the first people to get family names. Jewish family names were usual in the 10th and 11th centuries. The reason for this was the 16

expansion of cities; it was not possible to know each other in large cities as it was in villages. In addition to that, the expanding trade relations necessitated an exact naming system. This explains the Surnames which came from Southern Europe, especially from Venice, the epicentre of South European trade relationship in the Middle Ages. Spanish and Portuguese Jews had the old typical names in the Arabic style, as ibn Esra instead of ben Esra. All the above family names are also valid for Jewish family names. In addition, in some countries Jews had one name while Christians had two inheritable names. The 1781/82 Tolerance Edict of Emperor Joseph the IInd by which all Jews settled in both the Austrian and German Empires had to assume an official family name came into force progressively throughout the Empires, namely: 1782 1787 1797 1805 1807 1808 1809 180445 1812 1813 1816 1821 1822 1823 1833 1828 1828 1833 1834 1845 Austria Galicia and Bukowina (Austria) West Galicia (Austria) Bohemia (Austria) Frankfort (Germany) Mannheim (Germany) Baden, Hesse and Lippe (Germany) Russia (Zar Nikolas I) Mecklenburg (Prussia) Bavaria (Germany) Kur-Hesse (Germany) Poland (part of Poland) Anhalt-Dessau (Germany) Saxon Duchies-Weimar (Germany) Posen (East-Prussia) Wrttemberg (Germany) Denmark (Denmark) Hesse (Germany) Saxony (Germany) Prussia (Prussia) 17

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18

1. Italy

The first Jewish settlement in Italy (around 140 B. C.) is considered the oldest in the Western world. In some regions the presence of Jews has been continuous from the 1st century, at the time of the Roman Emperors and of Titus (70 A. D.).

Today the Italian Diaspora is one of the smaller in Europe, with 30,000 people gathered in about 20 communities. This spreading out of the Jewish population is the outcome of the strong concentration and urbanisation during the 1800s, and today we have roughly two-thirds of the entire population living in the two main Italian cities, Rome and Milan. Around 1850 there were still 60 communities living in the north and in the centre of Italy. The Ambassadors of Judah Maccabee set foot on Italian soil in 140 B. C., and met with a whole Jewish community living in Rome. We have traced the first banishment of Roman Jews under Emperor Tiberius (19 A. D.).

And still more interesting, we have found in Rome (70 A. D.) the first names of families coming as free individuals following Titus after the destruction of Jerusalem from the Holy Land: the princely families (Min ha) = Namin = Anawin = Tappuchim = Adumin (see list at page 25).The first anti-Semite riot took place in the 1st century. But only a few years later a new Roman community was flourishing.

Other communities were discovered in the ancient inscriptions throughout the Roman surroundings in Ariccia, Castel Porziano and Ostia, arriving from Palestine through the harbour of Napoli, the exclusive door of the trade exchange with the Middle East. The legend that the population of Italian communities grew mainly with Jewish prisoners and possibly slaves in chains arriving here in Rome after the destruction of Jerusalem (70 A. D.), is historically wrong. Only when the Edict of 313 A. D. made Christianity the official religion of the Roman Empire, began a period of persecutions, with the loss of Jewish civil rights.

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In the Middle Ages Italian Jewish history can be divided into the three following phases: Until 1300 the life of the Italian community went on smoothly, moreover even proselytism and conversions took place here and there. In the south of Italy the Jews were living together with Christians, Orthodox and Muslims. In 1400 the persecutions against Jews in Germany and in France caused the migration of several waves of refugees into the peninsula. While French immigration was quickly assimilated, the German one brought about the Aschkenazi rituals. Both would join into the new local dialect. At that time the first family surnames were taken by the new refugees. In 1492 a huge change will occur with the general expulsion from Spain and this tragedy will upset the destiny of the Italian Jews too. At the same time Sicily and Sardinia will expel their entire Jewish populations (about 40,000 people) and from 1492 to 1514 the Kingdom of Naples will follow the same path (about 100,000 people will leave with a high rate of Spaniards and Portuguese). For more than fifteen centuries the Jewish presence in south Italy had been continuous and prosperous. After 1492 /1514 and today the south will turn into a desert for Jewish life and history. All these huge waves of refugees, Italians and Sephardim, will turn to the Ottoman Empire from 1500 to 1550. During the time of the Renaissance for a short period of time the Italian Jews played an important part. Famous Jewish printers in Venice, Mantova, Soncino di Cremona, Riva di Trento and Livorno were publishing the books of the Bible and of the Talmud for all the communities around Europe. But the first signs of unfortunate change will soon arrive for the Jews in the north and middle Italy too. In 1516 Venice will enclose part of its Jews in the first Ghetto Nuovo or Giudecca. Rome will follow in 1555, with the whole community in the Ghetto or Serraglio, through a special Bull of Pope Paul V.

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As far as the study of Jewish names and surnames in Italy is concerned, we have to consider three different aspects: 1. A consistent group originated its family name from its own original name plus prefix or suffix, as Adamson, Ben-Josef, Cormos, Giovannini, etc. They used sometimes a simple nickname as Altmann, de Rossi and Vecchiotti, which are hints of physical characters; In the little towns we can find names coming from jobs or specializations, as Santo, Cantore, Astrologo, Fornari or Pasta. The trade name generally did not determine precisely the specific job of a person or of a family. Sometimes the name is chosen for other practical reasons. In the main cities, in the border regions, and in the areas where immigrants were living, the origin of surnames came from topographical or ethnic reasons. In this aspect the Italian Jews gave us a perfect example of a good assimilation.

2.

3.

But the Italian Middle Ages saw above all the flourishing of Jewish culture, in all respects, from the Haggada collection, to the Midrash about the psalms, and the poetry of the Synagogue with Solomon ben Yehuda of Rome. A strong intellectual life developed among the Jews living in south Italy and in Sicily, because under the Normans they obtained full civil rights. The most important outcome was the philosophical work of the physician and astrologer Sabbatai Donnolo (950) and the chronicle in rhyme of Achimaaz ben Paltiel (1054). Places such as Bari or Otranto in Puglia were distinguished all around Europe. This intellectual leading starts in the South with the philologist Salomo ibn Parchon of Salerno (1160), with the Talmudist Isaac ben Malchizedeq of Siponto (1170), and with the philosopher Jacob Anatoli in Napoli (1224) educator of King Federic II of Hohenstaufen. In Narbonne and in Rome Nathan ben Jechiel Anaw studied (1110), author of the most important Talmudic dictionary.

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Pope Alexander III (1180) put his health in the care of a Jewish physician, the archiatros, opening a large tradition of Jewish doctors to the Pontifical Court. Some cultural prejudice took place during the Council of Lateran IV under Pope Innocent III (11981216), with some canonical limitations to Jewish works. The three centuries from 1250 to 1350 could be considered the Golden Time of Jewish literature in Italy. Rome became the intellectual centre of this cultural flourishing. Here we can meet well-known writers and poets, as the satirist Immanuel ben Salomo (1300) friend of Dante, and Calonimos ben Calonimos (1300). In the opinion of Michel Roblin the names derived from places (from the toponym) indicate exactly where the Jews were settled in Italy. At the beginning of 1600 they became full family names. Only some people carrying such names are Jews, a second group of name users could belong to christened ex-Jews or some converted by force.

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Jewish Italian surnames of toponym derivation

(listed by present day Regions and Cities, from north to south)

Piemonte: Lombardia:

Besso, Cassin, Fubini, Marchetti, Massarani, Staffa, Usiglio, Usigli, Valobra, Ottolenghi. Castiglioni, Faldini, Melli, Mello, Milano, Mortara, Pavia, Revere, Soncino, Vigevano, Voghera.

Veneto and Venezia: Bassano, Castelfranco, Castelfranchi, Cevidalli, Conegliani, Conegliano, Conigliano, Garda, Mieli, Monselles, Monselice, Padova, Padovan, Padovani, Parenzo, Pirani, Pirano, Rovighi, Rovigo, Sanguinetti, Sanguinetto, Veneziani, Verona. Emilia-Romagna: Carpi, Colorni, Colorno, Castelbolognesi, Castelnuovo, Bassani, Formiggini, Formigine, Guastalla, Minerbi, Minerbio, Modena, Modona, Ravenna, Reggio, Rimini, Scandiani, Scandiano. Modigliani, Montalcini, Pisa, Pontremoli, Prato, Rignano, Sorano, Volterra. Alatri, Alatrini, Di Nepi, Neppi, Di Cori, Piperno, Pontecorvo, Rieti, Rietti, Di Segni, Disegni, Sonnino, Terracini/a, De Tivoli, Viterbo, Viterbi, Anticoli, Di Porto, Di Veroli, Perugia, Piazza, Sermoneta. Ancona, DAncona, Ascoli, Belforte, Cagli, Camerini, Camerino, Cingoli, Fano, Fanno, Da Fano, Fermi, Fermo, Iesi, Mondolfo, Mondolfi, Morpurgo, Osimo, Della Pergola, La Pergola, Pesaro, Senigaglia, Senigallia, Tolentino, Urbini. Foligno, Norsa, Norcia, Orvieto, Terni. DellAquila, LAquila, Di Capua, Di Nola, Fasano, Ortona, Rossano, Rosani, Tagliacozzo, Taranto.

Toscana: Lazio and Rome:

Marche:

Umbria: Campania and Napoli:

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Main Italian Family Names of other origins

Most frequent today: Levi, Coen, Cal, Sacerdote/i, Zarfati, Finzi, Moscati, Tedeschi/o, Segre, Spizzichino, Fo, Pavoncello, Funaro, Astrologo, De Benedetti, Polacco, Colombo, Treves. Others: Luzzatto, Lattes, Bemporad, Zevi, Cassutto, Nathan, Toaff, Della Seta, della Volta, De Castro, Della Torre, etc.

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Italian Jewish Families and outstanding persons from ancient to modern history

Roman Empire:

(transcription of Surnames from Hebrew through Latin to Italian) Princely families (70 A. D.): min ha Narim = Family Degli Adolescenti min ha Anawin = F. Mansi or Piattelli min ha Tappuchim = F. De Pomis (then Alatini) min ha Adumin = F. De Rossi

Others: min ha Keneset min ha Tzevuim min ha Zekenim

= F. De Synagoga or Scola = F. Dei Tintori = F. De Vecchi or Del Vecchio

Middle Ages:
ANATOLI Jacob: (1200) Born in Marseilles, philosopher in Naples and official translator from Arabic at the court of Federic II of Hohenstaufen in 1224. Family ACHIMAAZ ben PALTIEL of Oria: (70 A.D.) Paltiel (Oria in Puglia) politician around 952; Achimaaz writer of a family chronicle in 1054; Paltiel II business director in Capua. (Pg. 23A) DONNOLO Sabbatai: (South Italy 913985) physician and astrologer. Immanuel ben SALOMON (Romano): (Rome 12701328) satirical poet, friend of Dante, living in Rome, Umbria and Venezia; Jehuda ben MOSEor GIUDA ROMANO: (Rome 12921350) man of letters, poet of synagogue, preacher of psalms, and a relative of the Roman poet Immanuel ben Salomon;

25

Family (K) CALONIMOS/ CALO: (70 A.D. from Oria South) emigrated to Lucca in 800; Calonimos ben C. (Provence 1286Rome 1328) translator from Arabic in Rome. COLON or KOLON Jos: (Savoy 1420Pavia 1480) director or headmaster of the Yeshiva in Pavia and Talmudist; MALCHIZEDEQ Isaac: (Siponto by Foggia 11101170) Talmudist in the south of Italy; Family MNZ: (Padova 14001500) the father Jehuda and the son Abraham were both spiritual guides of the Rabbi Academy in Padova; Nathan ben JECHIEL ANAW: (Rome 10351110) author of a huge Talmudic dictionary; Salomo ben PARCHON: (Salerno 1160) philologist and linguist;

Modern times:
Family ABRAVANEL: (1492) Founder Isaac , born in Spain, settles the family in Naples, he is a politician and a philosopher; has 3 sons: Jehuda, Samuel, Jacob. Family ASCARELLI: Debora (Rome 1550) poet and translator;Tullio lawyer in the last century; Family DE ROSSI: (70 A.D.) Azaria (Mantova 1514 Ferrara 1578) philologist and physician; Salomone court musician (1600); Gianbernardo (Parma 17421831) bibliophile, allowed to salvage some precious religious codes in the City Library. Family ARTOM: Isaac politician in 1860; Alexander scientist (Asti 1927). BENAMOZEGH Elia: great Rabbi in Livorno (18701890); CASTIGLIONI Vittorio: great Rabbi in Rome (1900); CASTELLAZZO Mos: painter and engraver in Venezia and Ferrara (1500); 26

Family DEL MEDIGO: (Originally from Candia/Creta) Elia writer and philosopher (Padova 14601492); Josef Salomon physician, astrologer and philosopher (Padova 15911655); Family DE POMIS: (Jerusalem 70 A. D.) With the three brothers, Vitale Alatino (15321587) physician to the Pope and University professor in Ferrara, Todi and Spoleto; Mos Amram (15291605) physician in Perugia and Spoleto; Abraham Baruch Rabbi and writer in Spoleto and Ferrara (1600); David (their nephew) physician and author of the dictionary Zemah David in Venezia (15701580).

EHRENREICH Mos Levi: Rabbi in Rome (1900). Family FINZI: (from Trieste, Mantova and Ferrara) Salomon Talmudist in 1700; Marco Mayor of the city of Bozzolo in 1800; Ciro patriot with Garibaldi in 1848; Ghedalia ben JACCHIA: (Imola 15151587) chronicler; Family KATZENELLENBOGEN; Meir (Padova 1565) and his son Samuel Jehuda (Padova 1600) for about a century were directors of the famous theological school/Yeshiva of Padova; LAMPRONTI Isaac: (Ferrara 16791756) physician, Rabbi and author of a Talmudic encyclopaedia of 13 volumes; Family LUZZATTO of San Daniele in Friuli: Samuel David (Trieste 1800 Padova 1865) the most important Italian philologist of Hebrew and founder of the modern Jewish sciences in the Padova Yeshiva or Academy; Mos Chaim (Padova 1707Palestine 1750) writer, moralist, and cabbala adept, joined with fanaticism about the coming Messiah; the two brothers Efraim and Isaac of San Daniele (17801820) poets of minor works; Simone or Simcha (15821661) historian about Venice and economist; Gino historian on the economy of the 20th century; MARGULIES Samuel Zev: (from Galicia 1800) Rabbi died in 1922, director of the Rabbinical Academy of Firenze, founder of the Jewish Revue in Firenze 1904/1915; MODENA Leon: (Venezia 15711648) Rabbi and brilliant speaker, but victim of his strong passion for gambling; 27

Family OTTOLENGHI of ASTI: (German origin and ennobled as count in 1800); Josef (Cremona 15501570) Rabbi in the Talmudic school of Cremona; Giuseppe general and Minister of Defence died in 1904; Leonetto patron of the arts in the city of Asti in 1900; Adolfo Rabbi in Venice in 1900; REGGIO Isaac Samuel: (Gorizia 17841855) educator, philosopher, and writer; Family SONCINO: the most important printers in Italy, involved in half the printing production before the 1500; (German origin and in Soncino by Cremona from 1450 to 1520); Israel Nathan physician, banker, and first printer in Soncino 1480 1490; his two sons Mos and Jeshua Salomon (Napoli 1490) printers; Ghershom ben Mos (1450 Salonicco 1534) the Prince of Jewish printer, working in Brescia, Fano, Pesaro and Rimini, he emigrated to the Ottoman Empire with his job until his death in 1534; Mos ben Ghershom the last printer of the family in Salonika and later in Constantinople; WOLLEMBORG Leone: Minister of the Treasury in Italy in 1901.

28

2. Germany

Earliest settlements of Jews in Germany

The history of Jews in Germany may go back to pre-Roman times, we suppose, even if we know very little about the first settlements. It is said that Jews might have moved before the Christian Era in Worms and elsewhere in Germany, some traced their first appearance as far back as biblical times or in the aftermath of the fall of Jerusalem 70 A. D. at the hands of the future Emperor Titus.

In fact the existence of Jewish communities in Germany is proven only since the 4th century A. D. In Cologne and along the Rhine, Jews had settled before Christianity became the official religion under the Roman Emperor Constantinus 312 A. D., in the city the community had its synagogue and rabbis.

In Bavaria we do not find Jews before the 1st century, whereas in the 9th century they spread out to Magdeburg, Regensburg, Mersburg and Treves and along the Rhine to Mayence, Worms and Speyer. In the 10th century they also settled in Austria and in Bohemia Moravia. Till modern times a Jew was singled out only by his patronymic: his first name plus BEN (SON of) followed by the fathers name, Isaak Ben Jacob. It became a habit to give to a male descent the grandfathers or if deceased the fathers name. In the 4th. century during the time that the Talmud was being compiled the name of living members or forebears were also used. All through the 13th century Jewish names were changed from the oldHebrews form into the Latin or the Greek-related meaning: from Schimon into Simon or from Jehuda into Juda. However, German names were used as well, such as: Breuning, Dietrich, Ekbert, Fordolf, Heinrich, Livermann and Ssskind.

29

We can find the Greek name of Kalonimos used today in the adapted form of Kalman. Ladies first names used were: Adelheid, Agnes, Bela, Bruna or Heilswinda, or old Jewish first names such as Jachut, Mingut or Minna. As far as Bibliography is concerned, the best history of Jewish names related to Baden (south of Germany and along the Rhine) was compiled by Erwin Manuel Dreifuss in 1927. But the first sources go back to the Nrenberger Memory Book commented in 1298. In 1326 we have traced the first use of VON as related to the place of origin with Johannes von Breisach, later on we find Samuel von Mengen in 1375 and Jecklin von Ulm in 1377. Original names as Cohen and Levi are still used all over Germany. In Baden-Durlach again, we have traced the first surnames related to geographical groups such as: Frank, Schwab, Ulmer, etc. In the 18th century we find in the area of Baden-Baden surnames as Koppel, Hertz, von Kippenheim or Friesenheim, and later on names as Fauber-Faber in Grtzingen, or as Bacharach, Bernheim, Ducas, Ellenbogen, Guggenheim, Knigsbacher, Pfeiffer, Ruf, Ullmann and Wormser, which have become familiar in Germany.

30

Main German Communities

BERLIN
Berlin was for a long time the centre of German Jewry. From this point of view the City is mentioned for the first time in 1295. The first persecutions against Jews took place in 1349, in 1446 and in 1571: at the time when they happen to be expelled for 100 years, because in 1671 the Elector of Brandeburg and future King Frederick Ist of Prussia admitted into Brandeburg and Berlin 50 wealthy Jewish families expelled from Vienna. This date (1671) is considered to mark the foundation of the new Berlin community. But under the rule of the same King a systematic exploitation of the Jews began by means of various taxes. Under the second Hohenzoller, King Frederick William the Ist limited the number of Jews and their trade to be tolerated in the city limited in the years 17131740. In the 18th century Berliner Jews were primarily engaged as commercial bankers and traders in precious metals and stones, whereas those who became suppliers of the Prussian army are the most important dynasties of court Jews or Hofjuden. Under Frederick IInd the Great in 1756 a General Privilege was conceded granting Jews residence rights. In 1714 the first Synagogue of the Berlin community was built. Under the influence of Moses Mendelssohn, and as a concomitant of economic prosperity, several reforms were introduced in the community, especially in the sphere of education. Berlin has been the centre of the national German Jewish Organisation since 1869. The most common family names are here: Berlin, Berliner, Berkowitz, Sackheim, Zackheim, Scheinberg, Schnberg, Schnberger Scheinmann, 31

Schenmann, Scheinberger, Rosenberg (Prussia), Roman (Prussia), Strelitz (Oberlausitz), Frstenberger (from six different places) and Dessoir (Anhalt).

FRANKFORT on MAIN
The Jews of Cologne were apparently the first ones to live in Frankfort, and Mr. Gottschalk from Frankfort sold his house around the year 1180 in Cologne to a citizen of the town. At the beginning of the 14th century many Jews who settled in Frankfort had immigrated from south Germany and from cities such as Nuremberg, Ulm, Augsburg, Nrdlingen and Mayence. The close relationship with a city as Mayence is shown by a testimony as Eliezer ben Nathan in 1160, as the fact that Jews from Mayence freed their imprisoned co-religionist in Frankfurt and paid ransom for them. The first persecutions started here in 1241 and 1349. From 1412 to 1414, fleeing went on because of a great tax load paid by Jewish citizens to the Imperial free city. They were engaged primarily as gold traders, as jewellers and as horsemerchants. Emperor Frederick the IIIrd helped to establish in 1462 the foundation of the first Ghetto, the Judengasse, destroyed by fire in 1711, and abandoned in 1811. By 1866 banker Leopold Sonnemann founded the world-famous Newspaper Frankfurter Zeitung. Outstanding Frankforter Jewish families still lived there at the turn of the century and the most powerful according to their trade are: Bonn, Goldschmidt, Haas, Ochs, Oppenheimer, Rindskopf, Rothschild, Schiff, Schnapper, Speyer and Stern. Oddly enough many among the most successful families bore names related to the shields description such as: Zum schwarzen Adler, Zum goldenen Adler, Birnbaum, Buxbaum, Buchsbaum, Zur Taube (Jonah). Samson, Wertheimer, Oppenheimer (Court Agent Samuel O.) belonged to the circle of the citys decision-makers. According to the Names Edict of 1807, every Jewish family was to adopt a family name. 32

In the year 1920, Franz Rosenzweig founded a Jewish school where Martin Buber used to teach for very many years. After Berlin, that of Frankfort is the second largest community in Germany. The German Diaspora has quadrupled after 1990 due to the immigration of Russian Jews, reaching 100,000.

MAYENCE
Mayence is one of the oldest Jewish communities in Germany. At the beginning of the 10th century, we find a small community here, but at the end of the century appeared a highly organised one. Cemetery stones are traced back to the 11th century. During the Middle Ages there were many persecutions. In the 12th century , Mayence, Worms and Speyer were united. They were in fact leading Jewish communities in Germany. Under the Third Reich the main Synagogue was destroyed and the Jewish community was deported to Poland. Some family names from Mayence are: Adler, Grnebaum, Stern, Kanne and Schwarzschild (see the German Names List).

TREVES
In the year 15 A. D. the town was called by Augustinus: Augusta Trevirorum because of its geographical territory at the Trevere (meaning: at the conjunction of the three main roads).

By the 6th century, Treves became one of the three Dioceses of Metz, Toul and Verdun. From 1784 to 1814 Treves became the French Metropolis of the Saarland. As a French territory, Treves became part of Prussia in 1815. 33

The Jewish family names from Treves have already been in use since 1400; the most common are: Trevis, Dreifuss, Trefus, Trivash and Tribas. Karl Marx was born in Treves in 1818, and his home is today a museum.

SPEYER
Speyer is today the main-city of the Rheinland-Pfalz district and we have evidence of city life since the year 614 A. D..

The foundation stone of the Christian basilica was placed in the year 1030. The Jewish settlement here was known since the 11th century. And freedom for Jewish self-administration and trade was confirmed and went on under Emperor Henry IV in 1090. A flourishing time started at the time of the Palatinate in the 12th century, and Speyer, together with Worms and Mayence (the initials of the three cities in Hebrew forming the abbreviation SHUM) , became a leading Jewish community in Germany. The many persecutions that took place there in the year 1096, and in the years 1281, 1349, 1405, 1490 and 1435 forced the Speyers Jewry to migrate eastwards, to Poland, Bohemia, Hungry and Russia. At the beginning of the 20th century the Jewry enjoyed a short, peaceful and flourishing period, ending with the gloomy Nazi period: in 1939, the whole Jewish population of the city dropped to 77 souls. The Speyer Jews adapted their city name to the languages of the new country of asylum, and Speyer split into Shapiro, Saphir, Spira, Spire, Spier, Spiro, Spero, Spear, Chapiro, Sprai and many other forms.

HEILBRONN
This well-known town along the Nekar stream was mentioned first in the year 747 A. D., the early name of the city was Heilprunn.

34

In the year 1225 the city fortifications are attested by documentation. The first historical trace of Jewish existence dates back to 1298: in the Judengasse, today Lohtot street. During the Black Death in 1348 the first serious persecutions occurred against Jews and the Synagogue was burnt down; and rebuilt in the year 1357. Emperor Carl IV ordered in 1361 that all Jews should be accepted and protected inside the city-walls. And a special site was granted to house the Jewish cemetery. In 1437 the situation worsened, the expulsions of 1469 and 1476 were meant to be forever. In the 16th century the only Jews to be admitted were physicians. In 1737 many Jews became Christian in order to be allowed to reside in the city. By 1831 a Jewish community with a Synagogue started up again, at the turn of the century it numbered 1000 souls. For most of them their names went from Heilbronn to Halprin, Heilpern, Halper, Helpern, Halprin, Felperin, Alpron, Alperen and Galpern (Russian form: H into G).

35

GERMANY List of geographical Names or place Names

Alper Alpert Alpron Alpern Anspach Auerbach Bacharach Bach(e)rach Bacher Bachrich Bamberg Bamberger Bechtheim Bensheim Bensinger Bentwich Berkal Berliner Bing Bloch

From the town of Heilbronn in Wrttemberg. See Halprin, too.

From Ansbach in Bavaria. From Auerbach in Hesse-Darmstadt. From Bacharach on the Rhine in Palatinate.

From the town of Bamberg in Bavaria. From Bechtheim in Hesse. From Bensheim in Hesse. From Benzingen in Baden-Wurttemberg. From Bentwich in Hesse. From Perkallen in Prussia. From the German capital Berlin. From Bingen on Rhine in Palatinate. From Vlach in Slavic meaning the stranger. When the Blocher Jews immigrated from Central-Europe to Poland they got that name. But when they went back to Germany the name was Germanised to Bloch. Cf. Bloch.

Ploch Vla(o)ch

36

Wallach/Welsch Von Breisach Brel/Brhl Bhl Dessauer Dessoir Dickenstein Dickstein Emden Epstein

The Welsche means the stranger. First name joined with of and with place names, since 1326 in Breisach in Baden. From Bhl in Mannheim and Baden, old and new name Baden 1809 In Baden 1809 too. From Dessau in Anhalt. ....... From Duckstein, called Dickstein, where there is a stonemine. From Emden in East Friesland. From Eppstein in Hesse, (exists also in the area of Emmendingen Ebstein district of Upper Rhine 1809), but also Ebstein expelled from Spain in 1492, and old family name in Epstein in Bohemia. From Erlanger in Bavaria. From Ettlingen in Baden. From Feinberg in Silesia. From Feuchtwangen in Franconia, today Bavaria. From Floss, named Judenburg too, in north Bavaria, place of the old-cloth traders. From Forchheim near Bamberg in Bavaria. From Friedland in Silesia. From Fulda in Hesse. From Gamoran in Westphalia and Magdeburg.

Erlanger Ettlinger Feinberg Feuchtwanger Floss Forchheim Friedland Fuld Gamoran

37

Ginsburg

From the town of Gnsburg in Bavaria. The name was borne since the 1500 from exiled Jews. By 1804 Jews had chosen that name in different forms, often they did not belong to the same family Ginsburg. The name got popular in Russia, because of the banker and philanthropist of St. Petersburg named Gunzburg. From the Biblical river. The name Jordan appears in the 15th century in Middle Europe. From Jastrow in Pomerania, today Poland. From Kissinger in Bavaria. From the city of Knigsberg, former West Prussia, today Russia. From Kuppenheim, d. Middle Rhine, Baden. From Lindau on Constance lake in Bavaria, and in Holstein. Since 1545 certified in Prague, where these Jews went into exile. From Landenberg in West Prussia, today Poland. From Lbschutz, Upper Silesia, today Poland. From lipa in Slavic = lime-tree. There are many such place names. The city of Leipzig was originally Lipsk, a centre for Jewish tradesmen. A Lipsky was a person travelling to Leipzig in Saxony or to Lipsk. From Lorsch in Hesse. From the city of Mannheim in Baden. From Mengen in Wrttemberg. Like Samuel of Mengen in 1375. From the city of Metz in Lorraine, France.

Gordon Jastrow Kissinger Knigsberg Kuppenheim Kippenheim Lindau London Landenberg Lifshitz Lipsky

Lorsch Mannheim Mengen Metz

38

Mintz Mayence Minc Menz Munz Mirmann Mermann Olhansky Oberlnder Offen Oppenheim Ohringer Pasch Pikelny Popper

From the city of Mayence in Palatinate.

From Mergentheim in Baden-Wrttemberg. From Olsham in Lithuania and Poland. From Oberland in South Germany, and the Hungarian people coming from the Carpathians also bore that name. Offen or Ofen is the German name of Buda-(pest), the western part of the Hungarian capital. From Oppenheim in Palatinate. From Ohringen in Wrttemberg. From Pasch near Freistadt in Prussia. From Pikeln, Province of Kowno, today Lithuania. Is the town of Frankfort that was shortened in FF, and as in Hebrew the F and the P other way round can be used, it became vocalised to Popper. From Pappenheim in Middle Franconia, Bavaria. From the Land of Palatinate (Pfalz). Someone coming from Portugal, born in Prussia. From the town of Pforzheim in Baden. From Prenzlau near Stettin, today Poland. From Regensberg-burg, in Bavaria. From Rathenow on Havel near Potsdam in Brandeburg. From Romany in Prussia. From Rosenberg in East Prussia, today Poland.

Pappenheim Pfalzer Portugal Pforzheim Prenzlau Regensberg Rattenau Roman(n) Rosemberg

39

Sa(o)linger Sanditen Scheineberg Schenmann Schenberg(er) Sche(i)nfeld Schertzer Schnberger Steinberg Stendal Sulzberg(er) Trilling(er) Tringler Ulmann/Ulman Warburg Weil(l) Weile(r) Weinberg Weisel Wertheim(er) Wetzlar Windner Wittenberg Zeckendorf Zunz

From the name Solomon, or from Solingen in Westphalia. From Sanditen in East Prussia. From the town of Schneberg near Danzig in West Prussia, or from Scheinmann the mother name Sheyna.

From Siercza in Galicia, Poland. From Schneberg, Lausitz area in Mecklenburg. There are many Steinbergs in Germany, and a town in Hungary too and an other near Brody in Galicia. From Stendal a town on the Uchte river, in Magdeburg. From Sulzberg in Allgau, in South Baden. From Wassertruedingen, in Franconia-Alb, Bavaria. From the city of Ulm between Baden and Bavaria. From Warburg in Westphalia. From Weil near Basel on the Rhine, since 1300 in south Baden. Ist from Wyntbark a small place of Danzig, former West Prussia, and IInd from Weinberg by Nikolsburg in south Moravia. From Wesel on Rhine, in North Rhine-Westphalia. From Wertheim on Main, border between Baden and Hesse. From the town of Wetzlar on Lahn in Hesse. From two places Winden in Palatinate. From Wittenberg on Elbe in Saxony-Anhalt. Place close to Bamberg in Bavaria. From Zons on Rhine in North Rhine-Westphalia.

40

List of trade and occupational names

Abzug Ackermann Adelstein Alembik Anzieher Antmann Aspis Balsam Baum Beckmann Breyler Brillant Broitman Bronfmann Cassirer Citron Daskal Dauber Drechsler Drucker Durchschlag Einstein Feiner Feinstein Feller Fenster Faerber Fetterer Fein/Fine Finkelstein Fischbein Flaxman Flax(ks) Flexner Flachsmann A print(er), or a drawing. A plough man or peasant. A jewel dealer or precious stone trader. From the alembic. Is a shoe horn for a shoemaker. A magistrate or judge. A Hostel, from the Yiddish uspiz. Balsam used by chemists. As tree, or exciseman. As baker. As brewer. As jeweller or gem trader. A man who bakes bread. A distiller of (brandy). A treasurer. A lemon seller. From Daskelowitz, Romanian term for assistant precentor. A dove or pigeon seller. A turner. Is a printer. Is a type-writer copy or a paper-carbon copy. A mason builder. Is a wine grower, who presses the grapes. Is a jeweller, a gem trader. A skinner or a furrier. A window dealer. A dyer. A dealer or merchant of feathers. A fine person. A jeweller or precious stone trader. Available for many different occupations. A flax merchant.

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Fleischhacker Fleischhauer Fleischmann Fleischer Fudym Futorian Futtermann Garfunkel Geiger Gi(e)sser Glas(er) Glasmann Goldscheider Goldschmidt Goldstein Graber Greenspan Grnspan Haber Haspel Hefter Heuer Hirzhmann Hoffmann Holzmann Holz(er) Holtzer Hubermann Kadar Kartagener Kaufmann Kemmelmann Kimmelmann Kirmeyer Kirzner Kleider Klaidermann

Butcher. Butcher and merchant. Thread of a tailor (Yiddish). Frock-lining trader. In Yiddish it means furrier. A carbuncle or almandite stone. Is a violinist. A zinc-smelter. A glazier, or glass worker or a tumbler maker. A gold or silver refiner. A goldsmith. Is a gold-stone. Someone who makes a grave, tomb or sepulchre. Green pigment of Spain to dye or produce medicine, the green of Spain = in German das Grn von Spanien. Is oats in the south of Germany, or peasant. Is hasp. It means gold covered, or goldsmith. As a butcher. A millet dealer. A man with a farm. A wood cutter or forest ranger. A dealer with oats. A copper. Beans from Carthage. As a shopkeeper, or from Jakob, Yakovmann and Kofmann. A comb-seller. A cumin-seller or (caraway). A church officer as Curchmeyer. Is a Yiddish term meaning furrier. Is a tailor.

Korf Korn

Kren(m)sky Krochmal Krochnik

Is a basket maker. Means corn, grain or cereal.

From the town of Krems in Austria or a bleaching ground. Is a starch-flour, in Yiddish a dealer of starch.

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La(u)ffer Leiffer Lapidus Lawntmann Laventmann Lederer Ledermann Lehmann Lekach Lekaachmann Lerner Levandula Lichtermann (Lichtzieher) Lotstein Mahler Marans Mashbir Mashbitz Mautner Meckler Mehler Mehlmann Melber Meltz(er) Melzner/Meltsner Messinger Miller Milstein Mlotok Molotok Morenu Muchnik Nagar/Nuger Neiger Napartek Nerenberg

In Yiddish means runner or messenger. From Latin: stone. In Yiddish means trader of linen. A worker of leather. A banker, or loan-office for leasing or lending. In Yiddish, a trader of cake or honey. A student, in Yiddish and in German too. A Lavender trader. In the 18th century special taxes existed in Russia and Austria for Sabbat lights or candles, and the collector of it was called the man of light soldering. Means: miller. Or Marantz or Pomerantz, as merchant of oranges. Marmelstein Someone working in marble, or stone-breaker. Joseph is called hamashbir in the Bible, a name of a corn mer chant. As a brocade weaver, or a goldsmith. A toll-tax collector, in Bavaria Maut = Zoll. In Yiddish means: maker. As a charcoal-kiln or pile and flour too. A merchant of flour. As the previous, an old form of flour trader. In Polish Mielcarz means: a malt owner or a brewer. A malt trader. A brass trader. In Yiddish = Miller. As a millstone. In Russian: hammer. Is a teacher, in Hebrew is the title of Rabbi. Russian term for Trader of flour. Carpenter from the Hebrew = naggar. In Polish it means: thimble. By the Austrian Jews, articles as bottom or needle = Nerenberg.

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Packer Pauker Pergament Perlmutter Plotkin Plotka(e) Polier Polster Presser Pressmann Rauchwerker Ringle(el) Goldring Rostholder Roos Salpeter Saperstein Schaffner Scharfstein Schindler Schinkel Schleifer Schloss(mann) Schmuckler Schnittmann Schreter Schulsinger Seiler Strickmann Seltzer Senelnick Sherer/ Sher Scher Schermann Schulruf Siegel S(z)iegler Ziegel(mann) Siegelmann Silbermann Silvermann Silberstein

As a porter. As a musician. For a writer. Sons of a mother called Perle. Plotka means = whitefish, a trader of Plotka. A master of constructing house. Someone who makes cushions, pillows or bolsters. Man who irons dresses. Is a furrier. A Goldsmith. A horse dealer. A trader of fertilizer. A jeweller, trader in sapphires. An administrator of a property. Is a knife sharpener. Man who uses shingles for roof cover. A barman or publican. A diamond cutter. A man who bolts a lock in a door. An ornaments merchant or producer. A dealer of cutting wares or dried things. A tailor. A cantor at the School-Synagogue. A string-maker. Dealer with the salt monopoly. A dyer with natural colours. A barber in Yiddish. A dealer in woollen dresses. Yiddish for Schul = Synagogue, and Ruf dialect form for Shulruf Rebbe = rabbi or notary. As seal or notary.

Goldsmith in silver or trade in silver. Is a jeweller.

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Spett Spiegler Spilky Steiner Stellmacher Steuer Sticker Stoller Tambor Taxin/Taksen Teig/T.mann Teller Tendler/Tandler Tischler/Tisshler Trudnik Tuchmann Tulmann

Dealer of ragged clothes, or rubbish. A mirror polisher or maker. From the Yiddish Schpilke = pin or needle. A jeweller (in Yiddish = schtein). A coach-builder. Man who is a tax collector. Man who embroiders. From the Russian term Stolyar= carpenter. Is a drummer from the Yiddish term Tambur. A tax collector. A baker a dough-maker. Is a plate, sign of a barber shop. As a nuisance. A cabinet maker or a carpenter. A chimney-sweep, from Russian and Yiddish trud = work. Is Yiddish for frock dealer. As tulle, lace or cloth maker.

Wagner A carrier or a track/coach builder. Walker Is a producer of woollen cloths. Wapner A quick seller. Waxmann/Waxstein Dealer with wax. Wachsmann Wachsstein Wecker Merchant with breakfast rolls, baker too. Wein/Weiner Is a wine dealer. Or a wine producer. Weinglas In Yiddish Weinlese = crop. Weinlaub A garland as decoration. Weinstein Name for a wine merchant. Wollmann Is a wool dealer. Zegmann Is a carpenter, saw-like man.

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List Other Names House and store signboards Names Personal characteristics Names
Other Names
Adelstein Eckstein Precious stone, name of a merchant, or from a lady Adele. From the Psalms: The stone being abandoned from the builders has become the corner-stone. Traditionally united with the faith of Israel and the expectation of a better time. Is an expensive name, or it originates from the girls name. Edel = precious, but also a dealers name. As honest, or sincere, for phonetic reasons the name Ehrlich was used as Ehrmann too, because it sounded like Aaron.

Edelstein Edelsberg Ehrlich Ehrenfreund Ehrenpreis Ehrenhaft Ehrenfrucht Ehrenstein Ehrenberg Ehrenhaus Ehrenfeld Ehrenfest Ehrenfried Ehrenkranz Ehrenreich Ehrenteil/-thal Enker Ephros/ Ephrat

All these names refer to Aaron or his ancestor or the Ehrenstamm /-zweig biblical Aaron, brother of Moise. As anchor symbol of safety and hope, a sign of luck for the houses. Place near Bethlehem where Rachel is buried. It is also the name of Kalebs wife. In present-day Israel the name Ephrat is popular for girls. Farfunkelstein = a Carbuncle or almandite, should bring luck. But from the girls name Finkel too, a Jewish name since the Middle Ages.

Finkelstein

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Gordon Gordin Gordan Lempert Lemport Lampert Morgenstern Oder

Gordon = Jordan river in Israel, or from the district of Grodno in Russia and Poland. Gorod means town in German and in Russian. Is from Leopard; be strong as a leopard and do the will of God Lemport in sky. In Talmud Pirkei Avoth 5: 23. The first star in the morning. This should have been the naming at the name registration. Is the month of Adar in Hebrew, a very happy month in early Adar/Ader spring, because it is the month of the birth of Moise. The Purim too belongs to this month. Is a kitchen seasoning (spice) but medicine too. In early times, it was a flower for brides. To honour Napoleon Bonaparte, is the German translation of the French Emperor. In Yiddish = as steel, stands for inner strength too and faith for the Jews. From Slavic = taradaj, meaning an old gossiping woman. From the Psalm 92: The truth should flourish like the palm (date-Zederbaum-palm), he should grow like a Zeder of Lebanon. From the sign Aquarius, high road to fortune, or the name of a water carrier too. From Widder, the name was accepted from a person born under the sign Aries, meaning luck.

Rosmarin Schoenteil Shtull Taradash Teitelbaum

Wassermann Wieder

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House or store sign and signboards:

(In 1700 most people were still illiterate, they could not read names, but they could recognize signboards which identified houses and stores, and sometimes these signs replaced the names of the owners. Within the ghettos (example: Frankfort), people were better known by the signs which they displayed on their homes and stores, so that they acquired surnames from those signs/signboards.)
Adler As Eagle, in Frankfort on Main there were two houses with the sign eagle, N 27 was the black eagle, and N86 the golden eagle. As Apple, since 1776 name of the Judengasse in Frankfort on Main retained name in the area Bretten, in Baden, in Palatinate, in the Middle Rhine, and since 1827 in Munz and Pfinzkreis. Amsler = black bird, in N 21 of the Judengasse in Frankfort on Main. Eastern Jews derived the name from Namslau in Silesia. They were called Namslau or Amsler, and later Amsel. The common derivation is from house N 167 in the Judengasse of Frankfort; appeared as the sign of a pear tree. There existed Ber too in Poland in the province of Posen a town called Birnbaum, and ca. 10 % of Jewish family names of Baden came from there. Jews with the name Ber often accepted the surname Birnbaum. Some family Blum come from the sign of flower in the Judengasse of Frankfort. Most of them originated from Bluma-garten/-kin a maiden name. Sometime it is a version of the Spanish Paloma = -heim/-kranz = dove. At least 12 places in Germany use the name Blumberg. Sometimes it was more important for Jews to have a longer stern/stock name and a suffix as THAL or BERG was added with BLUM. Blumenthal

Apfel

Amsel

Birnbaum Berenbaum

Blum(en) -berg/-feld

-krohn/reich

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Buchsbaum

As box-tree is a house sign in the Judengasse of Frankfort on Main since 1776, and in 1806 Buxbaum, even before the Names Edict was in use in the district of Upper Rhine in Baden. There are a few names with Daube, but most of them are variants of Taube = dove or pigeon. In Frankfort there was a house Teibel sign with Taube. By the Middle Ages the first name for a woman was called Taube and in Yiddish Teibel. In House N62 of the Judengasse in Frankfort on Main the sign Walk was the falcon or hawk. From the Falk many families derive their names. There exist following different forms.

Daube Taube

Falk/Valk Wallik(ch) Falkheim Falkberg Falkfeld Falkstern Falkthal Fuchs

House N78 in the Judengasse of Frankfort on Main had the sign Fuchs = fox. There is also another origin: men with red hair.In Poland the Rabbis used in the 18th century a special uniform bordered around the robe with fox. The word fox in Polish is lis, and the Jewish families Liss or Lis lead their name that way. There was in the Judengasse of Frankfort on Main a sign(board) with a red cock and another with the golden cock. Cock was also a first name instead of the Hebrew first name: Hanoch, Elhana, Manoah. In the Czech language Kafka means crow, and was used for somebody living near the house sign of crow , Krhe. In Poland a coffee dealer was called Kawka. There is a version of Kafka as diminutive for Yaakov-Jacob. Yaakov can become Koppel, to Kopke and again Kafka. Originates from the old Ukrainian word for eagle, or from Polish Korczak = goblet (Weinglas). The inn owner adopted that name sometimes. From House N 99 of the Judengasse in Frankfort on Main. It is another version of shochet (Schachter) = ritual butcher.

Hahn

Kafka

Korczak

Schachtel

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Personal characteristics or peculiarities

Album Auslaender Bettelheim Bleich Bogatch Chodosh Dick Dunkelmann Ehmann Fekete Fine Goldbart Grobtuch Kraus Krummbein Landmann Langsam Linker Pugatsch Rothmann Sperling Springer Spritzer Tanzer Zaitz From Latin = white. As stranger or foreigner. As beggar, Hungarian name for the Yiddish Bethlen Jude. Apale person. From Russian = rich (German reicher). From Hebrew = new. In German = fat. A man dressed in dark, in Russia as priest or mystiker. A husband. Translation in Hungarian of black. A fine man. A man with a gold beard. Somebody who wore a thick cloth during the Namegiving. A curly haired person. A bow legged person. As a country man. Slowly. A left-handed man. A fat man or a baker. A man with red hair. Is the sparrow. A person who is moving or dancing. A person with a wet pronunciation. A dancer. From the Russian for rabbit or a witty man.

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3. Spain

After the conquest of Judaea under the Emperor Titus Flavius in the years 7981 A. D., some prisoners of war were brought to Spain and increased by a number of Jews from North Africa, they formed the basis of the Iberian Jews.

They were welcome pioneers for economic life and were granted freedom till Christianity. Many of them refused to accept Christianity in 612 A. D. and a great persecution began against them. Jews were often expelled within the Middle Ages Iberian world.

The Islamic Arab conquered a great part of the south and middle of the Iberian Peninsula, beginning in 771 and until 1492, but at that time the Jews were welcome as middle men, knowing the country well between the Arab and European civilisations. The Spanish and Portuguese Jews belonged to another religious group different from the communities from Germany, Eastern Europe and part of Italy. The latter were called Aschkenazi or Aschkenasim. In the Iberian Peninsula the Jews were called Sephardim, where the word Sefarad appeared first in the 10th century, and the most common supposition is that its origin came from an adaptation of the Greek and Latin term of Hesperides. After the reconquista of all Spain by the Catholic Kings in 1492, the whole Jewish population suffered the most tremendous and total persecutions in the history of the Middle Ages. Jews had to choose between being baptized or to leaving Spain definitively. And 200,000 Jews emigrated from here to all the Mediterranean shores. During the 16th century a long succession of deaths and mournings followed this new Odyssey of the Chosen People. At the same time the Catholic absolutism ended and freed Spain of the Arab presence with the fall of Granada. The fanaticism of the Iberian Kings destroyed totally the middle class of traders and businessmen, and opened 51

the door to the war engagement between religions in all Europe for more than two centuries. Those two events were the reasons for the continuous weakness of the Spanish Kingdom on the European chess-board. Today for Sephardim Israel, USA and Canada are the preferred places to live. Sephardim are known as being very cultured. Many VIP men are Sephardim, as Baruch SPINOZA, the philosopher 16321677, and the English Prime Minister Benjamin Disraeli 18041881. One of the first Jewish Ghettos was founded in Rome, in the 16th century when 400 Sephardim Jewish names could be found in Italy. Through the place-name Aschkenazim cognizance the following names are known from Middle Europe: Cologna, Luzzato und (Lausitz) Luzzatti, Moravia, Morpurgo (Marburg), Praga, Treves, Trevis or Trier. The Italian, but also French and German, family names are found on all the shores of the Mediterranean especially in Greek and Turkey, aside from the Spanish and Arabic surnames. With the Spanish Jews we can number 60 Italian names (name-places) found in the Near East, as Bari, Forl, Messina, Napoli, Perugia, Rome, Salerno, Sicilia, etc. The emigrated Spanish Jews migrated after 1492 in masses to the Ottoman regions. They also emigrated to the coasts of the Mediterranean and Atlantic Ocean, and one-third of them landed in Italy. At one time we can find Spanish Sephardim in Morocco, Salonika and Turkey, where they were welcomed by the Muslims and found national jobs. Other persecuted Jews from Spain went during the 16th century to Holland, Yugoslavia, the area of Hamburg and England. In Alsace Separdim communities were founded, and most recently in 1800 and 1900 many Jews emigrated here from Eastern Europe.

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The following Sephardim family names were most widely known: Abravanel, Acosta, Aguilar, Albo, Alcalay, Alvalensi, Barzilai (Barcelona), Calahorra, Calafora, Kalifora, Calahorre (Kalwari), Cardozo, Castro, Carmona, Cordovero (Cordoba), Cuenca, de Rossi (Azaria), Espinoza, Ghirondi (Gerona), Medina, Miranda, Montalbano, Najara (from Najera), Paloma, Pardo, Prado, Soriano (from Soria), Saragossi, Toledano (Toledo), Taragono (Tarragona). In the following three centers of the Ottoman Empire, Istambbul, Saloniki and Smyrna the Sephardim names derived from: Biblical and Talmudic Names. Translation in Spanish of Hebraic names. Translation from Arabic and Turkish. Names coming from jobs. Names in Hebraic. Names of civil servants. Names of speciality or peculiarity. Names of the father. Spanish or Portugueses names. Names of place or toponym. Some other specific names from Spain: Abbas, Josef ibn Abitur, Abulafia, de Castro Cavalleria, Josef Kimchi (in Narbonne), Halevi, Nachmanides, de Portella, Ravaya, ben Saruk, Schaprut. These family names were famous astronomers, mathematicians, physicians, philosophers and translators. The Sephardim in Bosnia-Herzegowina, List by Prof. L. Glesinger.
Abravanel Alfandari Almuli Baruh Danon Elijau Hason Kalderon Konfino Mandolfode Ozmo Adanja Alkalay Altarac Baruhovic Davico Fahri Isakovic Kamhi Krispi Mantova Papo Albahari Almosnino Anaf Benvenisti Davidovic Finci Kabiljo Katalan Kunorti Mojsilovic Pardo Albala Almozlino Atijas Celebonovic Edus Gaon Kahamovic Koen Levi Montilja Perera

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Peric Romano Semo Trinki

Pesah Ruben Sonino Tolentino.

Pinto Ruso Sumbul(ovic)

Poljokan Salom Tajfacak

Other family names in the former Yugoslavia:

Abinun Andelo Ben Susan Demajo Izrael Kadmon Levi Katan Maestro Mexovah Obadija Samojelovic Splier Abramovich Aser(ovic) Beraha Eskenazi Jozef Kajon Konforti(e) Masijah Morpurgo Ozerovic Samokovlija Suri Amar Azrijel Cassuto Gabaj Jesurun Kamhi Luzzatti Medina Musafiaa Pijade Samuilovic Tuvi. Amodaj Bencion Deleon Hajon Kadmon Kampos Maclijah Melemed Nahmijas Rodriguez Saraf

From the city of Split (today Croatia): Gabaj, Lima, Lopez, Morpurgo, Rodriguez and Ruso. From the city of Rijeka (Croatia): Angoleli. From the city of Dubrovnik (Croatia): Coduto, Ergas, Gracian, KohenLunel, Oef, Samuel and Trinke.

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4. Austria Hungary

A large majority of Jewish names emerged long before 1918. When we speak of Austria, we do not mean the present Austrian state but we include the whole Habsburg Empire embracing Austria itself together with associated provinces such as Bohemia and Moravia; the kingdom of Hungary was embodied in 1867. Only Poland has been treated separately (see chapter six).

The Court Jews

In earlier times, the so-called Court Jews (In Germany Hof juden and in Austria Hof befreite) were of particular importance within the framework of the state hierarchy. They had access to the imperial court. In the Middle Ages, especially in Central Europe, they were engaged by the rulers to handle finance and state keeping, especially military affairs. Some Court Jews have used their influence at the Court in favour of the Jewish community, or even to defend or protect individuals. They were the first who sought emancipation. In the 18th century however, the majority of the Court Jews in Vienna lived in misery. Generally speaking, at that time, these tradesmen had to cope with a strong foreign competition limiting their trade chances. Beginning from 10th and 11th centuries, the Jewish community of Vienna was quite important until its expulsion in 1492. After some years of tolerance around 1624, they were closed into a ghetto and expulsions started again until 1670. Only in the 19th century, a strong migration from Eastern Europe was noticed. Consequently, one could speak of social tensions caused by competition with the local petite bourgeoisie at the turn of the century. The Jewish share in all cultural, commercial and industrial aspects of life has been considerable. Before 1938 there were approximately 170.000 Jews living in Vienna whereas in 1980 only 9.000 resided there. 55

The efforts of Charles VI around 1750 and of her daughter Maria Theresa around 1760 to impose western standards on Central Europe provoked vivid (positive as well as negative) developments. For a life span of 45 years a Jewish town flourished in a Viennas end called Unteren Werd (afterwards Leopoldstadt). According to the imperial decree of 28 February 1670, Jews from Vienna and Lower Austria were expelled. Viennese Jews had to leave before 25 July 1670 and for those living on the city outskirts the term was Easter Day 1671. These events caused the Jewish community in Vienna to vanish out for a long time to come. Such a decision might have materialised after the clear position of the time of Church dogmatists, represented by the Bishop of Wiener Neustadt, Leopold Kollonitsch arguing humanistic and economic self-protection, and coupled with the autochtons common sense reactions, nourished mainly by envy of the Jews accomplishments. The fact that a great number of Viennese Jews chose to emigrate to Berlin had a dramatic impact on the economic prosperity of Brandenburg, whereas the Viennese economy suffered considerably from the expulsion of Jews from Vienna and Austria, including the Habsburgs Court itself, particularly in the money-lending business. A definite judgement issued by the Court Chamber in 1673 confirmed this decision. However, open-minded Christian scholars such as JohannChristoph Wagenseil (16331705) from Nuremberg, did their best to alleviate prejudice towards the Jews.

Letters of Protection
Even at early times efforts had been undertaken to protect the Jews. Prince Paul Esterhzy in Eisenstadt promulgated the first letter of protection in favour of the Jews in 1690. Jews had to pay daily protection fees as a kind of personal contribution for the right to live there. The emperor Charles VI, ruler of the Roman German Empire (1711 1740) had a positive attitude towards the Jews. He preserved Jewish protection rights. Some privileged families, like the Oppenheimers and the Wertheimers were allowed to reside in town, for they had to pay for that right on a yearly basis, which in fact meant residence.

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Without a residence right Jews were compelled to pay daily fees. In Moravia, letters of protection were issued even before the Tolerance Edict of 1782. Fees were considered to be a lucrative business for every State. Empress Maria-Theresa issued a new law regarding Jews in 1765 provoking a worsening of their living conditions and deepening social misery. In the year 1778, she even limited the number of servants in Jewish households.

Reform Efforts
Maria-Theresa who ruled the country for forty years (17401780) was an energetic monarch. Because of the first partition of Poland (1772) and the annexation of Galicia by Austria, the majority of Jews at that time lived in the Habsburg Empire. Nevertheless, it was her son Joseph II who took the initiative of liberalizing the Jews conditions. Joseph II, born in Vienna on 13 March 1741 (died on 20 February 1790) was proclaimed ruler of the Roman-German Empire in 1764 succeeding his father. His mother made him co-Regent in the Habsburg Crown Provinces allowing him to start reforms only in military matters. In foreign policy, Joseph II was involved in many conflicts with his mother. It was he who took the initiative of driving away the Middle Ages from his country. Against the will of his mother, he carried out the partition of Poland in 1772 (gaining Galicia) and succeeded in persuading the Turks to cede Bukowina in 1775. He sought an understanding with Prussia, although his plan to acquire Bavaria resulted in his defeat in the war against Prussia in 1778/79. After his mothers death in 1780, Joseph II succeeded her as the only ruler of the Habsburg crown provinces. As a result of the Peace Treaty of Teschen in 1779 and of his being a historical adversary of Prussia, he resolved to approach Empress Catherine II of Russia. His goal was a centrally administered state, German being its official language. Supported by the army and civil servants, he opposed a special status of crown provinces. In 1781 the peasants feudal property rights were abolished and a real estate tax introduced, extended to the aristocracy. Joseph II promoted 57

industry and trade by levying high customs duties. New schools, hospitals, and Institutes for the Blind were created, censorship alleviated and torture abolished. The Emperor applied tough Church-policies (Josephinism) and his reforms were so strongly opposed by the aristocracy and clergy that he had to revoke them on several occasions. The Emperors hand-written letter of 13 May 1781, followed by the decree of the Court chancellery of 16 May 1781, reached the official courts throughout Austria. In Lower Austria it was called the Joseph II Tolerance Edict and has been known by that name ever since. The Edict came into force on 2 January 1782 and states:
Any person, regardless of his religious belief, providing he has his merits, may get employment in agriculture or craftsmanship and I am prepared to grant him a citizenship.

Joseph II was convinced that Jews could be beneficial to the State and they were thus given an opportunity to pursue various professions. Jews were free to enter universities, become artists, craftsmen or soldiers. Education, so far prohibited to Jews was made available to all. The teaching of the German language became compulsory in Jewish schools. The issue of official documents and trade transactions were opened up to the Jewish community. Henceforth, Hebrew and Yiddish were prohibited for official use: The so-called Jewish language and writing are abolished. On 17 May 1785 this rule was extended to Galicia and Bohemia within the same year. The trade activity of Jews often brought them in contact with authorities, who could not verify their book-keeping when it was written in Hebrew. Joseph II wanted to overcome all these difficulties. Similar thoughts were also found in the works of the Christian historian Christian Conrad von Dohm (Berlin 17511820).

The first Law for European Family Names

As a result of the Tolerance Edict, and in order to allow tax-control and registration, Joseph II during the session of 5 July 1787 of the State Council issued the following deed Every Jewish landlord has to make his own, continual and permanent family name, in the German language, hereditary down his male lineage.

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On 23 July 1787, the Emperor stated that: to avoid too much disorder, Jews should choose specific family names and German first names. Those who already had a family name were compelled to change only if their name was Hebraic or related to a non-Austrian place name. After that the Emperors Edict was established, and the entire names assignment started throughout the Empire. In fact, Jews could rarely choose their own names: the authorities did it for them. Civil servants enjoyed giving them unlikely and disgusting names, most of which were of clearly anti-semitic meaning, such as: Kanalgeruch = sewers stink. Jews were forced moreover to bear Christian names, like Ostertag = Easter, just to offend them. There was nothing they could do against these inhuman, but legal decisions. Apart from these straight-forward family names, different types of Jewish names came forth: The earliest ones were geographical names only if they were related to the Empire, for example Wiener, in the Empire there were many rivers, mountains, plants, the names became: Baum = tree, Mandelbaum = almond tree, Rosenzweig = branch of roses. Family names with stones are: Steinberg, Steinmann, Steinhardt, Steinhauser, Steinheim. On the name origin, a replacement for Hebraic family name is Mosche ben Mehanem that became Dessauer or Dessoir, but also Dessau or von Dessau. When the Jews were forced to accept family names in the 18th century, the Name Commission took the easiest way of giving names from the outward appearance of the single person, like: Klein for small and Gross for big, Lang for tall and Kurz for short. Colour names, another way of stemming personal characteristics, were Braun = brown, Grn = green, Blau = blue, Gelb = yellow, Weiss = white. Some different types of names were trade and occupational names: Koch as cook, Schmied as smith, Forster as forester, Zimmermann as carpenter, Lehrer as teacher, Weber as weaver, Schneider as taylor, 59

Zuckermann as confectionary man, Fleischmann as butcher, and Salzer as saltman. As many Jews were known by their spiritual, intellectual or moral characteristics, the Commission took from time to time those characteristics and changed them into family proper names. Place names in German-speaking Austria: Wiener from Vienna Eisenstadter from Eisenstadt in Burgenland Morpurgo or Marburger, from Marburg in Styria Steiner from Stein near Diersburg area Mahlberg, Baden 1809 Stein or Katzenstein Steinmann from the district of Under Rhine, Baden 1809 Place names in Hungary: Graner from Gran, today Esztergom in the county of Komarom on the Danube Gyori from the town of Gyor, in the county of Gyor-Sopron Kaposi from the town of Kaposvar, county of Somogy Kohn from the Carpathian mountains Place names in Bohemia (1809): Brandeis or Brandes from the Town of Brandeis on the Elbe river Prager, place name in Baden, in Altdorf area Mahlberg Dukes or Duk from Duk or Duchowny meaning = priest in Russian Asch from Asch, today Ascher in Baden 1809. Name of Hebraic origin Wessely from Wesely, today Veseli at the Luznic river, South of Bohemia VIENNA The most trustworthy List of Jews living in the Austrian capital is definitely Hugo Golds work compiled in 1938. Jewish people was expelled twice from the city, in 1421 and in 1670. By the 18th century only a few Jewish families were tolerated in Vienna and in the province of Lower Austria. By 1846 in those areas 3739 Jews were counted, and only after 1850 the Austrian Jewrys rate of growth bounded upwards owing to the waking 60

of emancipation movements. Thus, at the disintegration of the Austrian Monarchy in 1920, the Jewish population had increased to about 200,000 reaching 9 % of the overall Viennas population making it the second largest community in Europe after Warsaw.

In 1938 with the occurrence of the Austrian Anschluss perpetrated by Hitler, this large community that in less than a century headed to the top of European culture, economy and science was destroyed by German and Austrian Nazis. List of Vienna of over than 500 Jewish Family Names:
Aberfeld Albeck Amir Apfelberg Ascher Baar Bamberger Barth Baumgardt Bellak Ben.Dor Bergner Bickels Bishop Bondi Brainin Brenner Brosch Buchband Carlebach Cohen Dafni Derech Dische Dostrowski Drill Ehrenpreis Achtentuch Almagor Angel Apotowitzer Austerlitz Babad Bar-Dayan Bato Beauchamp Beller Ben Nathan Ascher Berlstein Bienenfeld Blau Boyko Brandmann Brod Brott (Weiss-) Bulz Carner Chorin Dauber Deutsch Dissentschik Dostrov.-Kopernic Ehrenreich Adler Alter Anisfeld Arnold Backer Bar-Hillel Bauer Beck Ben.Amittay Bentsur Better Birnbaum Bloch Bhmer Braun Bronner Brown Charles Cogan Davidovic Diesendruck Dorian Drach Ehrlich Akzin Altmann Apfel Arnon Balaban Baron-Salo Baumgarten Becker Ben David Bergler Bibring Birnholz Blum Brach Braver Bronstein Bruckner Charnry Copeland Davidsohn Dinolt Doron Dreher Einhorn

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Eisenscher Eitinger Eliav (Lubotzky) Engad Eitinger Fahn Fein Feldmann Feuersten Fleischmann Floch Freivogel Frankenthal Freilich Fried Fuchs Gabe Gelb Gerstmann Geva Gleich Goldmann Goldstein Gottlieb Grosner Gruder Guvrin Haas Hal(-ward) Harnik Heller Herzenberg Hirschberg Hoff Honig Idelson Jahoda Jokl(Jung) Kahany

Eisenstein Elan Ekstein Engel Eylon Fast Feinmesser Ferster Figdor Fleischner Fodor Frank Frankfurt Freud Friedmann Furth Gabrieli Gelber Geschuri Meir Gladwin Glesinger Goldner Golthamer Gtzlinger Gross Grunwald Guy Habermann Hamburger Hauser Helman Hesky Hitschmann Hoffmann Horowitz

Eisinger Elias Ellenberg Epstein Feigenbaum Feitelson Fessler Fischer Flesch Franzblau Frankl Frankfurter Frenkel Frisch Fryer-Sommer Gamzu Gelles Gettes Glanz Glckselig Goldschmidt Goranin Grau Grossberger Gutmann Hacohen Hanani Hayek Herbst Hift Hochstadt Hohenstein

Eisner Eliasberg Ellenbogen Eren Feiler Feldsberg Feuer Fischler Fliegel Frederick Frankel Frei Frey Froeschels Geiger Gerstenfeld Gettinger Glass Giniewski Goldschmiedt Gottesmann Graubart Grossinger Guttmann Hahn Harel Hecker Hermann Hirsch Hofert-Horani Holzapfel

Jammer Justitz Kahler

Janowitz Kaldeck

Jerusalem Kalderon

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Kamhi Kanner Karliner Katz Kaunitz Khuner Klaber Klinghofer Koch Kon Kornthal Kraus(s) Kreisel Kupferschmied Krer Lachnaer Lamberger Lande Lehmann Leinsdorf Levi Liebman Litvin Lob(-stein) Lusthaus Machlup Mandel Maybaum Menczer Merker Mintzer Morgenstern Nacht Naschitz Neufeld Oberlander Oppenheimer Pachner Papanek Perek

Kaminka Kantor Karp Katzenellenbogen Kay Kimmel Klein Klinghoffer Koestler Kornblt Kosak Krasso Krell Kurtz Lackenbacher Lambert Landstone Lehr Lenz Lewin Lighton Livneh LowZeev(-beer) Mahler Mantel Medak Menschel Messer Mokady Morini Nadav Neaman Neumann hler Ormian Padan Papo Perlstein

Kaminski Kapralik Karpat Kauders Kelman Kirschner Klemoerer Knecht Kolb Kor(e)n Kramer Krasner Kriss Kurzman Laden Lamm Lauer Leichter Lesser Lichtenstein Lindenbaum Liwni Lowy Mahrer Marcus Mehlmann Menzer Mildwurf Moldauer Moser Naor Nebenzahl Neuron Offer Padon Peczenik Perschak

Kanev Karbach Kasvan Kaufmann Kellner Kissman Klinger Kobler Kollek Kornfeld Kranz Krasny Kubin Knstlinger Lahat Landau Lauterbach Leiner Levarie Lieberman Lion Liwschitz Lwenthal Malamat Margulies Meisels Meretz Milo Moreno Mller Nardi Nettl Nussenbaum Ohrbach Paggy Peller Pfeffermann

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Pick Pollak Preminger Radan Redlich Reiner Ressler Rogawsli Rosenthal Rothblum(-stein) Saarony Saphir Scharf Scherf Schimmerling Schlichter Schraga Schuller Schweig Sgalitzer Silberschlag Smetana Sonnenfeld Spiegler Spitzer Stein Sternberg Steifler Tal Teplitz Teller Torzinger Troedl Ucko Unterberg Vermers Wachatein Wagschal

Piers Popper Price Raif Reich Reiniger Rezek Rosen(-berg) Rosner Rudel Sachs Sascha Schattner Schick Shimron Schnepp Schrecker Schwarz Schwenk Shalit Singer Sohar Sperling Spira Starer Steiner Stier Strickler Talphir Taussig Teltscher Touviahu Tur-Sinai Ullmann Vogel Wachtel Wald

Pines Pordes

Pokorny Porges

Rappaport Rath Reifler Reik Reiss Reizes Rimalt Roemer Rosenmann(-stock) Ross Rostal Runes Salzer Schaffer Schaechter Schiller Schirn Schon Schreiber Schwarzkopf Seiden Sicher Singerman Sokal Spickler Spitz Stearns Stenby Stockhammer Sussmann Tartakower Teich Toch Trachtenberg Ungar(er) Sandberg Schapira Shelton Schimel Schlesinger Schonfeld Schreier Schwefel Sela Silberner Sklar Sokel Spiegel Spitze Steckerl Stengel Strauss Susz Tauber Teitier Tolches Trau Ungerfeld

Wachtell Waldinger

Waechter Walter

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Wang Weinfeld Weishut Weissbrot Wenkert Wiener Wittlin Wohlmann Wyler Yaari Zauderer Zohn

Weidenfeld Weinstock Weisl Weitz Werner Wilder Wittmann Wolkenberg Yachil Ziffer Zucker

Weiner Weis Weiss Weitzenworf Werthammer Willner Wiznitzer Wotiz Yaron Zimmels Zweig

Weinstein Weiser Weisz Wells White Winter Wodak Wulkan

Ziegermann Zwierzynski

BURGENLAND One of the oldest regions (Land) under the Hungarian administration from 1647 to 1920, and fief of the powerful family of the Princes and magnates was Esterhazy. The Burgenland was divided after the referendum of 1920 between Austria the hills and Hungary flat lands with the city of Sopron. This area had an ancient and large Community of Jews numbering 6000 in 1850 grouped in seven country towns Die Sieben Gemeinden. By the 16th century these seven communities were the last place of refuge for the Jews fleeing Hungary after the Turks occupation from 1526 on. The seven towns or Gemeinden are: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. KISMARTON or EISENSTADT (Chief town) NAGYMARTON or MATTERSDORF NEMETKERESZTUR or DEUTSCHES KREUZ LAKORNPAK or LACHENBACH KABOLD or KOBERSDORF BOLDOGASZONYFA or FRAUENKIRCHEN KOPCSENY or KITTSEE

In the year 1984 the author N. Weiss consulted the Archives of Eisenstadt, mainly the study of Josef Klampfer The Eisenstadt Ghetto published in Eisenstadt in 1965 and was able to put together the following list of the 300 most common family names of Jews settled there from 1850 65

to 1938, date of the incorporation of Austria into the German Reich by Hitler. The most common family name there was WOLF (2%), family of wellknown wine traders and founders of the Jewish Museum (Landesmuseum) of Eisenstadt. List of Eisenstadt:
Aberbach Austerlitz Bach Barber Basch Bechinsky Benedikt Berinske Bettelheim Binder Blumenfeld Bondi Braun Breyer Buchinger Brgner Chasan Daniel Dragschitz Ebenspanger Egert Einhorn Elek Fabian Feigelstock Feldbauer Fischer Frank(l) Fuchs Adler Bader Barg Basler Beck Berger Berkovic Biach Blau Blumschein Bondy Braunsdorfer Brinstein Buchwald Buxbaum Cohen Danzig Dunkl Eckstein Egyedi Eisenschitz Ellmann Farkas Feilbogen Feldmann Flaschner Friedlnder Frst Arens(stein) Ballich Barich Bauer Beermann Bergermann Bernhard(t) Bienenfeld Blech Bock Boskowitz Breier Bruckner Brll Csepregi Deutsch Eder Ehrlich Eisenstadt(er) Engel Fehr Feiner Fellner Fleischmann Friedmann Dietrichstein Edler Eidlitz Eisler Ernst Feiertag Felber Figdor Fleischner Frischmann Asch Barb Baru Bayer Bencze Bernyi Berstl Biller Bloch Bodog Bhm Breuer Brunner Bunzlau

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Gabel Ger Glauber Goldschmied Greiner Hack Hammer Heksch Hess Hoffer Jano(v)witz Kadburger Karlburger Katz Kienzl Klein Kohn Kopstein Kovcs Kretsch Lampel Leeb Lb(l) Luria Machlup Maut(h)ner Modley Nagler Nussbaum sterreicher Perl Plaschkes Reichnitzer Reini(n)ger Rosenbaum

Gabriel Gerstl Gold Goldstein Grimm Hacker Hecht Hell(er) Hirsch(el) Hoffmann Joachim Kalisch Karman Kaufmann Kittelmann Klopstock Kolbach Kornfein Knig Kugler Lang Leitner Lw(i) Lustig Mai(er) May(e)r Monath Neufeld

Geiger Glan(t)z Goldberger Gomperz Gross Hahn Heimler Herman(n) Hirschenhauser Horvath Just Kalmann Karpel Kerpel Klaber Kohlbach Kollmann Koth Kramer Kutna Lauer Lev(w)i Lwinger Mand(e)l Mei(e)r Moses Neumann

Gellis Glas(n)er Goldfinger Graus Grossmann Halberstdter Heiss Herz(e)l Hirschl(er) Hbsch

Kardos Karsenty Kersenbaum Klapp Kohlmann Kopp(el) Kotsits Kraus Lazarus Liebermann Lwy Markus Mi(t)zger Mller Nettl

Pet Politzer Reich Reinprecht Rosenberg

Pichler Pollak Reichsfeld Reisner Rosenberger

Pinter Preiss Reiner Riegler Rosenfeld

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Salzer Schleif(f)er Schopper Schwar(t)z Spiegel Steinhar(d)t Suschny(j) Tachauer Trebitsch Ullmann Vg Walter Weiss Wilheim Zehngut

Schey Schlesinger Schotten Simon Spitzer Steinhof Szemere Taus(s)ig Turner Ungar Varga Wrndorfer Wellisch Windholz Zerkoff

Schiff(er) Schnrmacher Schn Sinai Stadler Stern Stroh Tieger

Schiller Scholtes Schnberger Singer Steiner Schneider Tobias

Vogel Wechsler Wentzel Wittmann Zimmermann Weiner Werndorfer Wolf

GALICIA Here we will consider Galicia as a province of the Austrian Empire, in the period from 1772 to 1920 (for the rest of Poland see Chapter VI). Galicia, 80,000 km2 in the headland of the Carpathians, is divided into two areas: West and East. West Galicia is situated between the Polish plateau in the North and the Carpathians in the South and presents a typical Mittel Europa landscape. East Galicia belongs to the district of the river Dniester, which flows through its fertile plateau. Before the incoming massive migration of Jews, Galicia was inhabited mainly by Germans, with a significant presence of Slaves ever since the 6th century. The Carpathian heights, west of the San river, were annexed by Poland in the year 1000. 68

East, on the other side of the same San river, the region comprised the Part-Principality of Halitsch (origin of the modern name of Galicia) which expanded in the 12th century under the great Governor of Kiev and the Wladimir (Lodomeria), parted after the fall of the Mongols in 1241. The Roman Pope used to crown the sovereign of Halitsch or Galicia. Since 1386 Halitsch has been annexed to the Crown of Poland. At the time of the first partition of Poland, in 1772, East Galicia was integrated into Austria. Later, with the third partition, in 1795, Austria annexed the Western part as well. After the Napoleonic turmoil, through the new order re-established by the Vienna Congress in 1815, Austria got back the whole land of Galicia as Crownland, only the townland of Cracow remained an independent Republic, from 1815 through 1846. At the end of the Ist World War Galicia became part of the new Polish state. After the Soviet-German border agreement of 1941, East Galicia was annexed by Ukraine. But as early as 1941/1944 the whole land of Galicia was submitted to the General Governor of Poland, under German control. In these times, the Germans were settled back into Germany, and the Jews were deported and decimated by the Nazis. List of some Galician Names Geographical names or toponyms (common in Bohemia too).
Apter Apte Auspitz Berger Berg-mann Blowitz Yiddish form of the town of Opatow, North of Galicia. from Auspitz. Jews transformed the Hebraic Baruk in Berger. from the town of Blowitz, in West Bohemia.

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Brandeis Brande(s) Brandys Brandiss Brod Brode(t) Brodsky Brod Dembitz Dolinsky Eger(s) Eiger Eibenschtz Hor(o)witz Gurvich Urevich Laskov Laskowitz Oberlnder Potok Spitz Strizower Trattner Wank

from the German town Brandeis, existing also in Bohemia since 1440 between German jews.

from the Polish Jewish centre and town of Brody, today in Ukraine, with Austrian and Russian influences. Another town in Moravia, called in Russian and Polish Ford. from Debica, or (Dembitza). from Dolinsky, in Galicia and Lithuania. from Eger, a town and a river in West Bohemia, today Czekia. from Eibenschtz, South Moravia (Czekia). from the town of Horovice in Middle Bohemia, common since Gorwitz in the 15th century. from Laskowicze, in Galicia and White Russia. Those who come from East Germany. from Potok Zloty, in Galicia. from the Austrian town Spitz near Krems on the Danube. from Strizov, (Galicia). from Tratna, (Galicia). from Waukowa, (Galicia).

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BUKOVINA A region (10,000 km2) situated between the East Carpathians and the upper river of Dniester, in 1775 it passed from the Ottoman Empires hegemony to Austria. An old Rumanian district, in the Middle Ages, land of the Moldavian princes, by the end of 14th century Bukovina received its actual name, meaning in German Buchenland, i. e., Beech-country or Beechland, confirmed in 1774.

This centuries-old acknowledged cultural vocation is partly due to the natural trend of its people in assimilating the Austro-German culture, and blossomed in 1850 with the founding of the University of Czernowitz. Since 1775 it has been a strategic region under Austrian rule, making the junction between Austrian Galicia and Transylvania, then under Hungarian administration. The inhabitants from Rumanian, Ruthenian, German, German Jews, Hungarian and Polish origin since then have intermarried considerably. By 1786 it was united with Galicia, whereas in 1849 it became an independent Austrian Crownland. The number of Jews increased in Bukovina after 1848, and by 1900 they numbered approximately 90,000. In 1940 the northern part of the province was incorporated into the USSR (today part of Ukraine), and the southern part was incorporated into Rumania, resulting in the situation of the Jews declining: German and Rumanian soldiers proceeded to massacre the Jewish population, and from 1941 on the Jews were deported to the death camps. In the Bukovina Jewish Names were of Austrian-Hungarian origin, sometimes a translation from German into Hungarian, or deriving from a Hungarian place name, or changed by assonance: Wolf as Farkas, Schwarz as Fekete, Bader as Frd, Neuhaus as Ujhazi. Kaposi (from Kaposvar), Krmendi (Krmend), Kanizsai (Nagy Kanizsa). Bamberger as Vambri, Kohn as Karpati/Kardos, Deutsch as Domnyi. 71

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5. France

In the Roman Gaul, we hear of Jewish settlements for the first time around the 4th century A. D., in Arles, Avignon, Bordeaux and Narbonne, where all the ethnic groups were living peacefully together. This situation came to an end with the advent of Christianity in the Roman Empire, reaching the entire Gaul territory.

After the 5th century, the Barbarian invasion spread out all over the Roman Empire. Under the new hegemony the Jewish situation developed very favourably. Under the Carolingians 9th10th century Jews settled along the trade routes of the South of France, and along the banks and the valleys of the Rhone, Seine and Loire rivers. In connection with the phenomenon of the Crusades, King (Saint) LouisIX (12261270) was the first sovereign to persecute Jews. In 1242, a Talmud was symbolically burnt in Paris. In 1306 the whole Jewry was expelled from France and soon recalled as early as 1315, to be definitely expelled from the country in 1394, except for the groups living in Provence, Avignon and Dauphiny. As a result, Jewish family names did not take root in France. In the 14th century, Jews migrated to Alsace which was not in the French territory at the time, and a large community established there. In connection with the Reconquista and the expansion of the SpanishHabsburg Empire, many Jews fled from Spain, and from the heart of Europe, to France. Against this background, a first trend towards hereditary family names appeared as far back as 1539, whereas up to then Jews as well as Christians were satisfied with personal names taken from the Old Testament, the Talmud or Rabbinical literature. The use of surnames happened to be more common within the Jewish communities than elsewhere, especially those which had a place name origin. 73

We have examples of 18th century family names from Paris and Languedoc which have their origins in southern France: Mousse de Dreues, Salomon de Compigne, Isaac de Sesanne, Salomon de Lunello, Jachob de Aralate and David de Narbona. With the beginning of the French Revolution (1789), the 50,000 Jews living in two different areas of France expected freedom at last. The 40,000 German (Yiddish) speaking Aschkenasim were living in Alsace. The 10,000 Judeo-Spanish-speaking Sephardim (half of them of Portuguese origin) moved to the South-West, settling down mainly in Bordeaux. With the Act of 27 September 1791, citizenship and the right to reside in France was given to all people already settled at that time on French territory, including the Jews. For them this was the second emancipation in Europe, the first having taken place under Emperor Joseph II of Austria in 1787, when the Jews were given the same rights as the Christians. The first Austrian Act on surnames came into force in Alsace and Lorraine, as well as in Charleville and Besanon. As a result, family names based on places from Languedoc in the SouthWest of France flourished: Lunel (Jarchi), Melunel, Carcassonne, Bedarsi (Beziers), Harai (Har-mountain), Montpellier, Narboni (Narbonne), Caspi and Valabrgue. In the Dauphiny South-East of France the name Ravel or Revel, is found as well as Domne, Isre, Charleville, Besanon, Latts, Cremieux and Saint Paul Trois-Chteaux. And, there were of course in the Comtat-Venaissin (Popes possessions) and in its main city of Avignon, in Provence, some privileged Jewish families who had been authorised by the Pope to find refuge between the Rhone and the Durance, in the nowadays Department of Bouches du Rhone. They had integrated into the local culture and traditions. The best known names were: Arles, Bedaride, Cavaillon, Digne, Monteux, Roquemartin and Tarascon. Exceptionally, some of these names were also to be found with Christians. 74

A few ghettos were established in Provence in the 16th century in the area of the four communities of Venaissin: in Avignon, Carpentras, Cavaillon and lIsle-sur-Sorges. By 1536, there was an influx of Marranos (christened Sephard Jews) from Portugal to Southern France, who settled mainly in Bordeaux, Bayonne and Toulouse. They had received letters of self-conduct from Emperor Henry II (15471559). Some of the main family names at that time were: Alvarez, Da Costa, Furtado, Lopez and Mendes. The most significant Jewish community, relevant if compared to the presence of non-Jews, was that of Avignon where the first attempt to establish a limited area for them, in France, goes back as far as Roman times, around 90 A. D. Furthermore, we can point out that considering that the Archbishop of Avignon had resided there until 1348, later, Pope Clemens VI (13781394) bought in Avignon the Palace-Residence which became the Popess residence for very many years and by 1797, after the Revolution, and during the peace of Tolentino, the Pope relinquished to Napoleon his possessions, with the result that resident Jews were no longer under his protection, and thus became French citizens under the Napoleonic Codes.

In the Library of the Museum of Carpentras, the site of the oldest synagogue in France (the second oldest one in Europe), we find family names under the heading Les noms de famille. The following names are the most frequent there:
Abran Azariel de Basle Carcassonne Cohen Ispir-Spire Lion Maquet Monteux Montelix Abram Bafe Beaucaire Cavaillon-Cav. Cremieux Espir-Spiza Lyon Meton Montel Moss Alphandry Bazala Beziers Cerf Cremuy Largue Lisbonne Millaud Montelis Mosi Astruc Baze Calman Clau Digne Lattes Lunel Milhaud Montely de Montfort

Judeo-French family names in Middle and Eastern Europe were: Dreifuss (from Treves or Treviros), Trier (from Augusta Trevirorum) and Frank (meaning immigrant from France, often known as Franzos). The Walschen Jews (Welsch meaning the stranger coming from the west) came directly from France and lived in the Vosges or in the Black Forest. 75

From the region of Piemonte in Italy, we have Bedarida and from Savoie come the names of Lattes, Latis, Cavaglione and Montel. Mantova in Italy is the origin of the names Monton, Montoux or Mantoux. In Provence we find rare names such as Cavaillon, Bdarride, Delpugel, Laroque and Monteuy. Other names in Provence include Casph (from Caspi), Origan from Orange or in Hebrew Azoub with dAzoubi or de Zouvi. The people from Provence liked to change their names. Cremieux turned into Carmi; de Lunel into Yarki or Yark (from the Hebrew meaning); and Carcassonne became Corcos, Karkos, Karcosse, Karcousse, Karkouz or Karkoz. The Carcassonne had gone to Spain where they remained until 1492. And the Arabic name Abdallah ben Ibrahim always remained as it was originally. According to Mr. Roblin, the inhabitants of Bziers were called Bezis or Bessis; those from Caylar were known as Castellaris in Latin, and Kaslar in Hebrew, Kaslari in the Middle Ages. In Narbonne we have the name Narboni. The Jewish presence here had connections with Bagdad and Babylon and dates back to the year 473 A. D.

In Perpignan we find the names Espir and Catalan. Non-Jewish French names which go back to medieval times include: de Langlois, de Lallemand, de Lombard, de Gallois, de Brabant and dAragon. In the 10th century the following important names are noted: Jacob Tam, Kahn, Lvy, Hadarschan and Raschi, Salomon ben Isaak (in Troyes since 1040). When translating names into Hebrew, the suffix i is used to form the adjective. This is also often done by translation from Latin or Romance. Such names give an exotic impression:. Bedersi, Caslari, Carcassonni, Narboni, Caspi, Ezobi, Yaari. The article Ha is used as a prefix as for example Harari (of Montpellier). In the 19th and 20th centuries, French names include Bergson, (Leon) Blum, Bernhardt, Bokanowski, Bonanowski, Cerfberr, ben Chelbo, Darmestetter, Derenbourg, ben David, Fould, Gondchaux, ben Gerson, Halevi, Kaspi, Klotz, Lazare, Loeb, Machir, Juda ben Meir, Munk, Narboni, Rachel, ben Samuel and Schwab. 76

6. Poland

The earliest historically confirmed news about the region, which today is the State of Poland, dates back to the 10th century. At that time, and maybe already two centuries earlier, Jews came to Poland from Ukraine, from the Khazarian Empire between the Black Sea and the Caspian Sea and from the Byzantium Empire. The emigration from Germany, especially from Franconia and the Rhine area, and from Bohemia which took place from the 11th century influenced the language and the peoples names. The Jews brought along, to Poland, the German language of that time, as well as the community organisation typical of the German ones. The Yiddish language, still existing, was a combination of German dialect and Hebrew words. The Jews were engaged in this area in trade and in money business, the trigger of the setting up of a local economy. The oldest Jewish communities in Poland in the 13th and 14th centuries were: Plozk, Kalisch, Krakau, Lemberg, Posnan and Sandomierz. Posnan was an important place where Jewish names have their origin: Flatau (Flatow in Polish), Kempner (Kempo in Polish, in some cases also from Kempen in the Rhine area), Witkower or Witkowski (Witkow), Pinner (Pniewy), Graetz (Grodinsk), Schoken (Shoki), Posner or Posener (Posnanski), Lissauer or Lissa (Leszno), Gollantsch (Gollancz), Sammter and Birnbaum. The names Konitz (Chosnice in Polish) and Tuchel or Tuchola (Tucholsky) came from West Prussia. For the many back and forth Jewish migrations occurring in Poland, the Jewish names did not last long enough to take roots, except for the names derived from places, and as a result there are no typical Polish names from that time. With the Reconquista in Spain, starting from 1492, a minority of Sephardim with a different approach to religion and Hebraic traditions migrate to Poland, where up to then the Jews were numbered only among 77

the Aschkenasim. Sephardim family names are for example: Esperanza, Belmonte, Cordova and Abravanel. Despite of continuous harassment of groups and individuals, what can be called the Jewish Polish culture developed considerably from the 16th to the 18th centuries. A religious-mystic movement based on the cabbala and chassidism (from Chassid = religious) developed beside a rich public literature. The messianic movement of the pseudo-Messiah Sabbatai Zevi in Turkish Smyrna, called the Sabbatian sect was founded in 1626 and was followed by many eastern Jews, especially in Poland as far as the 18th century, up to the French revolution. At that time, the social order in Poland was very reactionary: great landowners reigned over millions of serfs. The Jews lived in between. The restricted middle class hated the Jews. The Cossack and peasant revolt of 1648, led by Bogdan Chmielnicki, resulted in a succession of massacres of Jewish communities in Ukraine and Eastern Poland. In 1658, having been caught between warring Russians and Poles, 700 Jewish communities were destroyed. Because of the political partition of Poland in 17721795, many of the Polish Jews, although living in the same area and because of previous partitions, were by that time under the protection of other nations. Those who lived under the power of Prussia or Austria, remained in these main countries and partially moved to the border areas of the Empire: to Moldavia, Hungary and Bulgaria. Only in Russia they could not scatter around as elsewhere because the Tsar permitted them to remain strictly in the Jewish Pale of settlement, between Poland White Russia Ukraine, and this from 1772 to about 1900. The splitting of Poland enabled Catherine II of Russia to incorporate the largest part of the Eastern Slavic orthodox population in Podolia, Volhynia, White Ruthenia as well as the Dukedom of Courland, where some Jewish communities had settled.

78

At the end of the 18th century Jews were again persecuted in Poland and had to escape partly back to Germany or Austria. As a result of those many partitions, for the Polish Jews, we can speak of motionless emigration when, for example, Galicia went to Austria and Posnan to Prussia. The frequently German sounding names of Polish Jews is because of the changing allocation of Polish provinces to Prussia and Austria. There were often imposed German names to Jews (cfr. the Prussian naming Act dated 11 March 1812 and Chapter 4 on Austria). The Aschkenasim were most willing to accept these changing names. This explains the frequently preferred German names in the Aschkenasism in Germany, Alsace, Poland, Austria and Russia. On the contrary, the Sephardim were more linked to their original names. The following names originating from the Polish part were taken over in Russia: Russ/Russo/Rousseau (Russia), Ukrainczik (Ukraine), Litwak (Lithuania), Pollask/ Pollatschek/ Pohl, Menuhim (Menachem), Heifetz, Tobalsky (Tobolsk), Dubno(w) = oak, Sloninsky (Slon = elephant). Prof. L. Glesinger mentions the following local names: Alkus, Dan ziger, Dobrin, Dubowsky, Janower, Kalisch, Kolisch, Lasker, Lubliner, Mazur, Pianko, Pinsker, Pinsky, Ribalow, Ridker, Schmukler, Szmurklerz, Tarnogrod, Wallack, Wallach, Wloch, Warschauer, Warszawski, Wilner, Zamosc and Zeleznikov.

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Geographic names (place names)

Begar, sun of rabbi, when it is a Sephard name, then it originates from the word sea-behar in Arabic. Bernick from the town Berniki. Blashki from Blaszki. Bloch originates from Vlach or Veloch (the foreigner), was Germanised to Bloch. Bromberg today Bydgoszcz. Brostoff from Brzostowica. Burstein from Bursztyn. Calisch or Kalisck or Kalisz, from Chomsky/Chomsk near Pinsk. Cornfeld or Kornfeld. Dissen or Dzisna, from Dubow (Eichenwald). Gravier from Grajewo. Kaluzna from Kaluszyn, Kolodny from Kolodno, Kossowsky from Kossow. Kovarsly from .Kowarsk, Kutner f. Kutno, Kutoff f. Kuty, Kwileski from Kwilez. Lagover f. Lagov, Lenoff f. Leniew, Lowitz from Lowicz, and Lysagora (Berggipfel). Malevo from Malevsky, Manishen from Maniusin, Mankovsky from Mankowsze. Mazur from Mazowsze, Melnick from Mielnik, Mellitz from Mielec. Metchik from Mieczyk, Mosak from Mozak. Naymark from Naymark. Ostrow in Poland and later in Russia, Ozarovsky from Ozarov. Pelovsky from Pilawa, Pianko from Pianki, Pilch from Pilica, Pinchofsky from Pinchovsky Piser from Peisern, Pollok means native of Poland. Radzik from Radziki, Ratner from Ratno, Ridker from Rutka. Rothenberg from the town of, Rovner from Rowin. Samter from Szamortuly, Sarna from Sarna, Savitzky from Sawicze. Schwartzberg is in Poland, Silberberg in Silesia and Poland, Sladovsky is a town. Sloninsky from Slonin (Slon also elephant), Steiner from Kamien. Tartakover from Tartak, Tichtin from Tykocin. Turbin from Turbin, Turowitz from Turowicze. Warte from Wartele. Zaretsky from Zaretky.

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Trade and occupational names in Poland

Bedwinek Bukzpan Bulka Cherniak Dekovnik Dratwa Emale Forman Galinsky Garber/Gerber Gutmacher Imber Kotlar Kovarsky Kra(e)tchmer Kushner Ligorner Lopata/Lopatnik Meltz (er) Naparstek Patinkin Prochownik Reifmann Robalow Rubenchick Schrift

as itinerant or agent. Buxbaum, as wood worker or carver. The baker who makes small rolls. The black fish. A person who makes thatched roofs. Wire string for shoes and boots. From Emalja, a dealer of enamel ware. Furmann too, a carter. A dealer of the best quality of wheat. Is a tanner in Yiddish, Garbonsky too. Is a hatter. A ginger dealer. From Kotlary, the copper kitchen ware. A smith or a metal worker. An inn owner in Poland = kretchme. Krachmann too. A furrier. From Lugarniarz, a bleacher of cotton. A shovel worker. Lopatov too. Form Mielcarc, and Malz is the owner and the name of a brewer. Is a thimble. From Patinka, ladies slipper or shoemaker. Powder maker or pharmacist. FromReifen, as Raif or wine cellar man. A fish dealer. A cabinet maker or carpenter. A type-setter.

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Shandalov Sklar Skora Tabachnik Talesnich Targownik Taxin/Taksen Toporek Tygel Vigoda/Wigodar Winokur Zeleznikov Zupnick

Shandal is the son of the shingler. A glass maker. Someone working with leather. A salesman of snuff. From talisnich, a manufacturer of prayer-book. Is a dealer. Is a tax-collector. Is a hatchet (for workers). Is a melting pot. From Wigoda= tavern or inn-keeper. Wigodney too. A distiller of brandy. An iron dealer. A government official responsible for salt-works.

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7. Russia

In very early times Jews migrated to Russia, probably from Byzantium and Crimea. There is evidence of this migration 8th century to the district of Kiev, well-known to have been a centre of trade from the early days. Although the Russian Orthodox Church was opposed to the Jews, the king gave them financial support as trade people. Tsar Ivan the Terrible (15331584) hated them and caused those who refused to convert to Christianity to be drowned in the Duna river. In the second half of the 16th century, there were hardly any Jews living in Moscow and Russia. They did not return until the 17th century. Most of the Tsars placed restrictions on the Jews. Peter the Great (1682 1725), although acknowledged for his tolerance, would not give Jews the right to settle in Russia. But some baptised Jews, however, found favour with him. Jews were generally prohibited from entering the establishment, however, despite mixed fortunes, they were more or less tolerated. Their situation improved under Catherine II (17621796), yet they were still subject to pogrom = from Russian devastation, caused by Cossaks and other plunderers. At the end of the 18th century more than a million Jews came to Russia in the wake of the partition of Poland (by Russia, Austria and Prussia). Russia thus had the largest Jewish population in the East. New laws restricted retail businesses, but some Jews were allowed to deal as real estate landowners, farmers and distillers. Under Catherine II, a barrier was created between the Jewish people and Russian citizens. Jews were not allowed to travel, and they were restricted to live in the Jewish Pale of settlement an area between PolandWhite RussiaUkraine. However, the situation gradually improved by the end of her reign. Tsar Alexander I (18011825) introduced a liberal attitude when he came to power. He founded universities and sought reforms in government, proposing a modern constitution and rules of conduct. By 1804, a Jewish Statute was enacted. This divided the Jewish people into three categories: farm workers or peasants, manufacturers or producers, and retailers. As a result of this, Jews were given for the first time in Russian history a new 83

status, that of Jewish peasants. They were promised much land in the South East of Russia. Living and developing in the Russian Empire remained a difficult, everyday task for Jews. The above-mentioned partition of Poland (17729395) brought a large Jewish minoritys settlements and their peoples movements under the Tsars strictest control. Joseph II of Austria endeavoured to make favourable reforms but was blocked both by the local church and the politicians. The gradual change in their emancipation status exacted a high price on the whole Jewry as a majority of them wanted to retain their orthodox and Chassidic traditions. Their children were compelled to attend local schools and to learn Russian although they had little in common with the Russian people. With their evolving emancipation in the period 18041845 came the acceptance of family names. According to Prof. L. Glesinger, the first ones were often derived from place names: Sklower (from Sklov), Kowner (Kowno, today Kaunas in Lithuania), Berdicewsky (Berdicev in Ukraine), Zitomirsky (Zitomir), Nemirowsky (Nemirov), Smolenskin (Smolensk) and Peterburgsky (St. Petersburg). Tsar Nicolas I (18251855) pursued a strong Russification of his politics. After his death, important reforms were granted to Jews. At that time some Jewish poets were well-known, such as Lejb Levanda (in Schwere Zeit of 1872), and Gregor Bogrov (in The memories of a Jew of 1880). The most common family names at that time were: Russ, Russo, Rousseau, Ukrainczik (from Ukraine), Pollak, Pollatschek, Pohl (Poland), Litwak (Lithuania), Menuhin (from Hebrew = Menachem), Heifez (place name from Haifa), Tobalsky (Tobolsk), Dubno or Dubnow (oak), Sloninsky (Slonin or elephant in Polish). The October Revolution of 1917 did not bring about any change on Jewish family names. The Soviet Union tried early to stop the emigration of Jews from the former Russia, but they did not succeed.

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Russian Family Place Names

Balta (1791) Batnik Bortnik Geller (Halle) Kobrin (a town) Krichevsky Malev Minowitz Ochakoff Pruzansky Shereshefsky Sokolow Verbin Bellow Bobroff Dissen Ginsburg Konotopsky Lapine Manewitz Mirsky Ostrov Rakusin Sarotzin Soloveitsch Yampol Belovsky Bolotin (Blotno) Dubow Grodno Kossowsky Linetsky Mazur Mirvis Pinsk(y) Rockoff Shlensky (Szlazak) Tscherikover Zaslavsky Bitensky (Biten) Borowsky (wood) Dvorez Kitay (Gorod) Kozin Luban Minkovsky Moskovitz Plisken Satanov Slutzky Tschudnow

Russian Names of Personal Characteristics

Bogati Borodaly Pervin Primak Pritikin Sirota Soroka as rich. as beard man. as first born. as son in law. as neighbour. as poor man. as chatterer.

Russian Trade and Occupational Names

Duchovny Gittelmacher Gubermann Kabakoff Kolatch Kotelchick Krensky Kushner Lichtermann M(o)lotok Muchnik as a clergyman. as a tailor of jacket or smock. as an oat dealer. as an inn keeper. is a white bread for Jewish feasts. as a boiler maker. as a bleacher, or from Krems in Austria. as a furrier. as man of the Sabbath lights in Austria and Russia. as a producer of hammers. as a producer of flour.

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Papernick (Papirnyi) Pasternack Plotkin (or Plotke-a) Plotnick Portnoy Potashnik Reiter Sapoznik Schupack Senelnick Shaffran Sholk Solodar Spector Spivak Sukenik Talmach Winnick Zitnik

as a master of paper. as chive. as silver scaled fish. as a wood worker. as a tailor. as a producer of potassium. as a horseman. as a shoemaker. as a fish dealer. as dyer of natural colours. is a vegetable. as a silk or silk dealer. as a goldsmith. as an inspector or school supervisor. as a singer. as a dealer of cloths. as a Tolmach, interpreter. as a distiller. as a corn dealer.

White Russian Geographical Names

Bragin Melezin Sivitz Karelitz Nevler Slepin Laskov Pevsner (Posen) Stolper Malech Shatzky Turoff

Ukrainian Geographical Names

Badanes Chabner Kisselevitch Malin Somonsky Bar Chubin Kleban Mankovsky Stawitsky Barr Chubinsky Krulewitz Pekarsky Chabin Dreebin Lubar Rosow

Lithuanian Names
Altschul (er) from the old Synagogue in Prague, common in Poland and Russia.

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Amdur Andrussier Anixt (er) Batwinnik Dolinsky Dubin Dvoretz Kolodkin Koslowski Lome Litwack Manowsky Melnik Meslansky Meslin or Maslin Mytow(v)sky Neviaser Poneviaser Pikelny Rogov Rogovo Rogow Rogoff Rogovsky Rogover Salant(er) Salander Sallender Snitke Skudin Skier Smilasky Smorgansky Svirsky Trok Zager

from Amdursky, place name by Indura Grodno in Lithuania. from Andruszowce. from Aniktzty. diminutive for someone who comes from Lithuania. from Dolina, in Lithuania and Galicia. from Dubina, region of an oak wood. from Grodno, region of a forest. from Kolodky. from Kolowo. from Lome. someone who comes from Lithuania. from Mankowce, in Poland, Lithuania and Russia. from Mielnik, part in Poland and Lithuania. from Meslany. from Meslany. from Myto. short form of Poneviaser from Ponevias. from Ponevias. from Pikeln, Province Kovno, Lithuania. from the place name Rogovo.

from the place name Salanty, by Kovno. from Sznitki. from Skudy. from Skiery. from Smilanka. from Smorgan. from Svir, near Kovno. from Troki. from Zagory.

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8. Portugal

Jews had already settled here, when in 1143 the Portuguese independent State was formed from a province of Castille under the rule of the Burgundian Dukedom. The Jewish communities could not compete in numbers and significance with the Spanish Jews. Their economic and social proportions were however nearly the same. In the Middle Ages Jews in Portugal were more strictly organised under State supervision. A Great Rabbi, called rabbi mor, was on the highest administration board and representative of Jewry in relation to the government. He bore the seal of arms of Portugal and released instructions in the name of the King. He had to control all the countrys communities. Till the beginning of the 13th century, Portuguese law guaranteed the Jewish people the same legal equality as the Spanish town code. But in the following centuries the Clergy battled with the Portugal cities, against the fact that Jews were favoured by the Crown. Under the rule of Alfonso IV (13251357) the Church influence developed. They managed to forbid Jews from lending money, to exact heavy taxes on their fortunes, to prevent the richest of them from emigrating; and finally ordered Jews to bear a distinct mark of recognition (a star, etc.). In the years 13851433 the new King Joao I took the Jews under His protection, avoiding the explosion of intolerance in his country as it actually had just happened in neighbouring Spain, and thus favoured the immigration of the fleeing Jews from there. Those who had been forcibly been baptised later called Marranos as soon as they got to Portugal were allowed to regain their religion. Ever since that time the Jewish culture in Portugal has gained significance for the entire Jewish culture. The well-known family Abravanel in Lisbon, who had as other Jewish trades-men in town good lively business connections with Italy and the Flanders, co-operated with the Portuguese public administration in managing the State revenue. In spite of the lively expressed aversion of His people and despite the agitation of the Clergy, King Joao II (14811496) opened also opened his 89

boarders to the fugitive Marranos, the Jews expelled from Spain in 1492. They attained residence there for eight months. Later, because of such aversion, the King offered the emigrants a complete boat at their disposal to sail to more hospitable countries. King Joao II practised an unsteady policy towards the Jewry. He issued the 4th December 1496 Decree ordering all Jews to leave the country before October 1497, but on the other hand despite dissuasive advice from His counsellors he obliged those who did not want to leave to baptise their children, many accepted this abuse of power and believed in a better future.

The Marranos
Those Jews who were baptised by force were called Marranos in Spain and Portugal, but they remained faithful to their religious tradition. Both Spanish and Portuguese Catholic Churches were very busy effecting as many conversions from the 15th century on, with all the related difficulties of integrating such a consistent group. Many Marranos emigrated overseas, or to other countries, such as the Ottoman Empire, where the return to Judaism was not considered a setback. Even today some Jewish groups in Spain observe specific rites, proving their origin of Marranos.

Some specific Portuguese family Names:

Abravanel Alcalay Cardozo Espinoza Medina Paloma Trera Acosta Alvalensi Castro Figuera Montalbo Pardo Vaz

(Jewish names in Spain and Portugal are often the same.)

Aguilar Albo Azarja ben Mose Rossi Cordovero Croce Gerondi Henriques Najara Nunes Sanches Toledano

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9. United Kingdom and U.S.A.

United Kingdom
If we think about the Jews of England, Shakespeares The Merchant of Venice and The Jew of Malta come straight to our minds, but why should a Jew be such a cruel character? At the time of Shakespeare in the 17th century there were practically no Jews in the whole of England. They had been expelled from England in 1290 and got official permission to return only in the year 1650. In the meantime there were only small communities in hiding, and meeting Jews was virtually impossible. As a consequence of the centuries-old battling with the Mediterranean neighbours including the Crusades such a distorted picture of Jews, Turks and Arabs took root in Europe. The influence of the Marranos coming from the Iberian peninsula in the English community was very strong and went on expanding. When firstly Antonio Fernandez Carvajal arrived in 1635 in London, he returned officially to his Hebraic faith. He was by all means a Court Jew, having business connections with India, West Indies, Brasil, Middle East and the main European trade centres. Furthermore the Portuguese Ambassador in London, Antonio de Suza, was using the Catholic chapel annexed to the embassy as a meeting place for the Marranos of the capital. By 1656 the new London Synagogue was opened in Creechurch Lane in the City of London. It is still today the oldest historical marvel of English Judaism. During the 18th century the most important Jewish families accepted being baptized, in exchange for their acceptance in English high society. These top families were the DIsraeli, Basevi, Ricardo, Bernal, Lopes and Ximenes. At the same time Benjamin Mendes da Costa (17041764) founded a committee, the Board of Deputies for the defence of Jewish rights.

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Other families as the Rothschild, the Montefiore and the Goldsmith stuck to Jewish traditions, but fought resolutely for the emancipation of the entire English Jewry. As a result of the new times with a decision by his member of Parliament, finally Sir Nathan Mayer de Rothschild received as Lord Rothschild a place in Parliament. The Marranos community had another Synagogue in Creechurch Lane, where they celebrated the divine Service with the first Rabbi Moses Athias, a cousin of Carvajal. The Bevis Marks Synagogue was built in the year 1701, still today the oldest Jewish centre of the Sephardim community with the best influence for Judaism. The Aschkenazim did not benefit from an agreement, they built however several synagogues in the year 1722. The Asckenazim Rabbis were of German culture and education. When Rabbi Twele Schiff died in 1792, Solomon Herschell succeeded him in the years 17621842, followed by Nathan Marcus Adler of Hannover (18031890). Adler promoted a religious conservatism of English Judaism. At that time the most outstanding Jews in England were: Dr. Joseph Hertz Chief Rabbi of the British Empire in 1913, Raphael Mendola and Benjamin Artom from Italy. We do not find antisemitic reactions in England, furthermore Sir Moses Montefiore who played a great role within the community and Sir Solomon were, even before Lord Rothschild, an outstanding voice in promoting the civil rights of English Jews. The most important family names in the U.K. were: Trade and Industry: Sassoons, Viscount Bearsted and Sir Alfred Mond; Legal Sciences: Marquis Reading, Sir G. Jessel, Sir Israel Gollancz and Sir Sidney Lee; Printing and press: J. M. Levy (Founder of the Daily Telegraph), Lucien Wolf and Sir Sidney Low; Finance and political sciences: Rothschilds, Montagus, Worms, Steirs and Speyers.

Since the First World War, the social development of Jewish communities is recognised by Welfare and Anglicisation. The influence of Michel Friedlaender and A. Buechler as the rectors of the Jewish college was a great improvement.

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The development of Jewish family names in the U.K. is due to the rule of King George I (17141727), the German speaking Emperor (from Hannover). The other two famous Jewish names in the U.K. were: the musician and astronomer Sir William Herschel, who discovered the planet Uranium in 1781, and Benjamin Disraeli one of the outstanding Prime Ministers of Queen Victoria. Most common Jewish Names in United Kingdom are:
Adler Bernal Gollancz Lewis Meldola Montefiore Rothschild Speyer Zangwill Artom Bearsted Herschell Levy Mendes da Costa Raymond Sasson Steir Athias DIsraeli Jessel Lopes Meyer de Roth. Reading Schiff Worms Basevi Goldsmith Lee Low Mond Ricardo Simon Ximenes

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United States of America

Many people of the most varied origins got protection from distress in the new continent of America. It also gave shelter to an impressive number of persecuted and poor Jews. They were guaranteed a position under the American constitution, although their emancipation process had been rather slow. In the year 1664 the Jewish people did not have in the U.S. the same religious liberty as the Christians had. The Jews position changed slowly with the American revolution of 1776 and the parting of the new United States from English rule. The new spirit was now Puritanism. This meant a strong connection to the Old Testament. Free American colonies had become in the new era an American Israel of Gods: State and Religion should be united under one Theocracy; however, the independent and modern interpretation of the U.S. constitution was total separation between State and Religion. Consequently all religions were considered at the same level, and favouritism to the local Church or prejudices against Jews were forbidden. It improved strongly the Jews social position, it helped develop integration by self-esteem. Many French Jews immigrated to America during the Napoleonic times. But the culminating point was the immigration from all over Europe in the years 19001914, where a huge wave of 1.4 million Jews reached the American coast. In the main U.S. cities there were over 100,000 Jewish citizens: 225,000 in Chicago, 100,000 in Cleveland and 200,000 in Philadelphia. But Jews preferred to stay in New York where in 1924 they numbered 1.7 million, and generally on the East Coast. Later in the West big cities were created and new opportunities were offered to Jewish migration. Economic emancipation and progress for these immigrants developed slower than expected. The German Jews started there as peddlers or retailers, and then as owners of Jewish shopping centres: Strauss, Altman, Gimbel, Stern and Bloomingdale. 94

In the banking business the important groups were: the Kuhn, Loeb, Saligman and Speyer. They were leaders in the metal and mining industry. With the arrival of Russian and Polish Jews from 1880 on their influence in the fur and clothing branch improved considerably. Very soon they took the leadership in the Press. After the census of 1989, the American Diaspora or Jewish population reached 5,900,000: 2.5% of the U.S. population, with a peak of 10% in the State of New York.

Translation, Alteration and Transformation of Jewish American Names:

There is no new Jewish name in America because on their arrival in America, most immigrants had already a family name but many naming or nomenclature of different kinds. Most of the Jewish U.S. population today was born in America: they are 100 percent Americans. The Jewish families had translated their names into English, it is therefore hard to recognise some time their name of origin. They got deformed by transcription of various European languages: Russian, Polish, German, Rumanian, Hebrew or Galician. The alteration and transformation of so many Jewish names are impressive. Benzion Kaganoff, the author of a Name book, was surprised that only few Jews were informed about History at large and especially the origin of their own family name. Some examples:
Baker Butcher Brewer Weaver Painter Leather Thimble Needle Shears Was originally Becker. Was Fleischer. Was Breuer. Was Weber. Was Farber. Was Leder. Was Fingerhut. Was Nadel. Was Schere.

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Total (or Partial) Translation:

Braun Freund Bischofswerder Hausschild Wertheimer Steinberg Into Brown Into Friend Into Bishop Into House Into Worth Into Stone.

Shortened Name Forms: By Acopoce (the cutting of the last syllable or letters)
Argowitz Bodenheimer Kamienski Goldfinger Into Argo Into Boden Into Cummins Into Gold.

By Aphaeresis (the cutting of the first syllable or letters)

Dingfelder Eisenkraemer Juliusburger Nathansen Nathanson Into Felder Into Kramer Into Burger Into Hansen Into Son.

By Syncope (the cutting of the middle syllable or letters)

Anfanger Harburger Herzberg Into Anger Into Harber Into Herber.

American Typical Forms:

Pniower Plaut Aufricht Epstein Podzaboradsky Weichselbaum Buttermilch Into Power Into Plant Into Austin Into Eden Into Potter Into Wallace Into Burlay

Nicknames or Christian names as Surnames:

Lutz Rosenthal Gerhard Cohn Ingeborg Katz Into Lutz Into Gerard Into Inge Borg.

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Different Forms:
Schwarzkopf Fritz Josephsthal Cohn Lemberg Into White Into Joseph Thal Into Hahn Into Bing.

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10. Israel

It is remarkable, probably unique in modern history, as in only twenty years from the foundation of Israel, on the 14 May 1948 to the end of the Sixties, a mass of immigrants could be integrated into a State. In two decades, three million Jews, of different geographical and social origins, became integrated in a little band of land in the Middle East. Obviously, such a kind of integration has had dramatic repercussions in the development of family names in the area. On the one hand we find names coming from all over Europe and Asia, on the other hand a considerable effort is put forward to unifying the namegiving. We can observe a double process of formation in the family names of Israel: Alterations from biblical Hebrew Names are:
Abraham Benjamin Hayim Jacob Isaac Israel Levi Manasse Menachem Mordechai Moses Salomon Zacharias Into Abram, Brahm, Braun and Bramm. Into Bohn, Bonem, Binnin and Benoni. Into Haim, Heim, Heimer and Heimler. Into Kaplan, Kappel, Koppelmann, Kuwie and Kubin. Into Eisig, Eisack, Essig, Itzig, Sack and Sacks. Into Isserles, Isler, Schrulmann. Into Lewin, Lehmann, Liebmann and Loeb. Into Mannes, Monash and Mann. Into Mendel, Mandel, Menkes, Magnin and Munk. Into Model, Mottel, Marcus amd Marz. Into Maisel, Mosse, Moos, Moscheles and Mosin. Into Salom, Salmon and Salinger. Into Sacher, Sacharow and Sacks.

Change of European into Hebrew Names:

The immigrants brought along their original, national (German, Russian, Polish, etc.) names. After the Second World War the Israeli Jews turn their names into Hebrew. Some examples: David Green to David Ben Gurion, 99

Slomo Salzmann Rubasow to Sazar (Shazar), Jizchak Simsi to Jizchak Ben Zwi, and Golda Meyerson to Golda Meir (former Prime Minister). Other Hebrew names in substitution of German are: Melamed, Menuchin, Meworach, Mazliach, Maschiach, Baruch, Gaon, Nachmias, Rokeach, Anaw, Farchi, Kamchi, Kohen, Levi, Elijahu and Salom. Names borne from Russian, Polish and German immigrants were the following: Milhofer, Kormos, Karplus, Hertz, Meir, Sultan, Seskin and Halperin. Curious changes of sense were made from German speaking Jews, who were obliged after the Names Edict of 1781 by Joseph II of Austria, to carry hateful names. They improved in the opposite sense their names in German: Alter (Old) for Jung (Young), Unglck for Glck (Luck), Luegner for Wahrheit (Truth), Schlechter for Turi (Good), or Traurig for Alyagon (Carefree). Trade and Occupational Names in Israel:
Bufmann Chait Chalef Geffen (Gopen) Katzoff Katziff Kaciff Kacev Kazan Krochmal Mashbir Shammes Soref Tabachin From badchan, a talk man in Jewish weddings. A tailor from the Hebrew hajjt. A knife, used by the butcher. As wine, Gopen is the vine. From Hebrew qassab, a butcher.

Is Cantor from the Hebrew hazzan, servant in the Synagogue. Is a starch dealer. Joseph in the Bible was called the supplier, from Hamashbir. It is the name for corn, or wheat dealer. From Hebrew sammas, is a gravedigger or sacristan. Is a goldsmith, from the Hebrew srp (metal). Is a cook or a butcher from Hebrew Hara Beyoter

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Hebraic Names in Israel:

Chabas Charness Charrik Charry Chasan Baruk sofer, means son in law of Baruk the writer From charna = dark or black in Slavic, or instead of Chasan reb Natan sofer, the son-in-law of the Rabbi. Chasan reb Yosef Kalmann, son-in-law of Reb Yosef Kalman. Chasan reb Yosef, son-in-law of Reb Yosef.

Imaginary Names in Israel:

Boruchschomer Chodosch Neumann Newman Novik Kosches Meersand Milgram Prochownik Sameth First word in the prayer-book at the morning prayer. (Hebrew) they bore this name to be again a new man.

In Hebrew keschet, meaning the zodiacal sign of Sagittarius. This zodiac sign is called mazal the word for luck. In the Genesis, they said to Jacob, that his numerous progeny Will be like sand on sea. Symbol of life and production, in Yiddish is milgrom. The big Abraham Prochownik was king of Poland. The word means powder maker or chemist. Sammet for someone with the name Schimon or Simon. The expression siman tov = sign of luck is represented by three letters which were used in the term Sameth = SMT. Menachem Nachun von Chernobyl died 1798, was the founder of an important dynasty of Chassidism. He bore Twersky as his family name. There is a name place in Russia, named Tver, and someone could come from there. Place name in the district of Siddur, used by many Ukrainian families.

Twersky

Yischtabach

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Shortened Forms in Israel:

Avrech Averik Afrik Barbakoff Bardach Baru Behar Shout of the forerunner Joseph in the Genesis.

Shortened form of ben reb Baruk kohen, son of the priest Baruk. Ben reb David harif, son of David of the thinkers. Ben reb Wolff, son of the Wolff. Ben Harav, son of the Rabbis.

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Morphology

The structure of individual Names

1. Some examples of Jewish family Names The Jewish family name Aschkenasi in the Middle Ages changed to the name Aschkenas = Germany because of their settlement. As long as Zewi Aschkenasi (16561718), son of Jacob Aschkenasi, was the Rabbi of Altona (Hamburg), he bore that family name. Later he took up the same post in Amsterdam, where he called himself CHACAM, as title of Rabbi in the Dutch Community of Sephardim. His son bore the name Jacob Aschkenasi, and also Jacob Emden, or Jacob Emden Aschkenasi, also Jacob Ben Zewi or shortened to Jabez. Finally he was called Jacob Hirschel (where Ben Zewi means = son of Hirsch, = hart or little hart changing in Hirschel. Moreover he also added the name Israel. The family name Katzenellenbogen is of great interest. The name originates from the dukedom of Hesse and from the place name of Katzenelnbogen. The very old colony Katzenelnbogen was a settlement of the Katten, a Germanic people, probably the ancestors of the inhabitants of Hesse. During the Roman occupation that settlement was called Cattimelibocus (Melibocus of the Katten). Later the name Cattimelibocus was changed into Katzenelnbogen. Meir Katzenellenbogen was then a derivation. He was Rabbi of Padua in Italy and died in 1565, and was intensely honoured during the entire 15th century. His descendants used many different names, as Katzenellenbogensohn. After simplifying that family name with 20 letters, the name presented the following forms: Katzenelson, or Katznelson, or the more shortened Nelson. Other imaginative possibilities were: Bogensohn, Elbogen and Ellengogen. In Italy they created the new form of Boghen. See more in the general List at the end of this work in the initial K. 103

The family name Dreyfus (Dreifuss) is derived from a well-known French Jewish family, and came from the German town (as place name) of Trier = in English Treves. Another opinion of its origin is reported by the famous Jewish historian Heinrich Gratz (18171891), in his History of Jews, and also supported by N. Brulls, that the family names Treves or Trives are from the French place name Troyes, the town in the Champagne on the Seine, in this case coming from the Hebrew form Trivus. A false opinion is that the name Trebitsch, form the town Trebitsch in Moravia, could derive from the same origin (Treves). Today the only recognised interpretation of the family name Dreyfus is the derivation of the German place name Trier/Treves in the Palatinate. Some examples of acceptance of wrong writing (errors) are the following: The family name Deutsch was in some official documents written by an officer not knowing German. The difficulty was after the three initial letters (DEU), because the final part of the name with the letters T-S-C-H was unpronounceable, and the name took a new and definitive form as DEUCHT. A surprising alteration exists with the family name Pollak. This very common Jewish name of Polish origin, Polak meaning in Polish and Czech a Polish, is used also as a Czech diminutive Polacek. To hide its Polish origin, they shortened the first syllable into Placek, Placzek or Platschek. In Slavic they used the word Platschek as a whiny, in German Weinender, and they translated the name into German as Weiner. Some of the families bearing the name in Wien (Vienna), changed the name from Weiner into Wiener because of their residence, and the whole metamorphosis from Pollak into Wiener was completed. 2. Trade or occupational name Many Jewish family names take their origin from the numerous trades and occupations of the whole European Jewry. Apart from the religious offices, it is astonishing how many activities exist in the Jews world, as intellectual or manual occupations. 104

These names come from both the Jewish groups, the Sephardim and the Aschkenasim. a) Among the Sephardim we find the following family names:
Abulafia Albahari Chalfan del Banco della Seta Fornari Melamed Orefice Procaccia = physician = pepper man = money lender = banker = silk man = baker = teacher = goldsmith = agent Alfandari Astrologo Chajat del Medigo Funaro Maestro Merkadi(o) Pasta Sabbah = teacher = astrologer = tailor = physician = roper = teacher = dealer = baker = painter

b) Among the Aschkenasim, apart from the occupations, we find the tools, the material and the goods too as family names:
Nadel Fingerhut Hut Zuckerkandl Honig Zwieback Holz Schloss Stiefel Milstein = needle = thimble = hat = candied sugar = honey = biscuit = wood = lock = boot = millstone Zwirn Mantel Zucker Kandl Zuckertorte Mandelbrot Stein Feder Fischbein = yarn = cloak = sugar = candy = confection = almond bread = stone = pen = whalebone

c) Family Names that are not common or very rare in the Jewish group:
Jger Zimmermann(no) Beamter Friseur Korbflechter Polizist Selcher Koch Wagner(no) Brieftrger Grtner Mechaniker Schlosser Steinmetz Schmied Abdecker Dachdecker Hirt Offizier Schornsteinfeger Strassenkehrer Frster(no) Advokat Diener Ingenieur Optiker Schauspieler Uhrmacher

d) List of Family Names according to the groups of trades and occupations: Intellectual occupations:
Mellamed Rofe Schreiber Lehrer del Medigo Maestro Lerner Aptejker Schulman Doktor (physician) Rokeach (chemist) Gelehrter/Sofer

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Artists:
Knstler Geiger (violinist) Zymbalist Pfeiffer Trompeter Tnzer Fiedler Spieler Maler Spielmann

Branch of dressing (clothes):

Tandler (dealer) Posamentier Chait/Keith Wollner Weber Knopfmacher Nadel/Faden Kaeppler Frber Bleicher Zwirn/F.hut Krschner Schneider (tailor) Stricker

Farming:
Schfer Ackermann Landmann (farmer) Fischer Strohmenger Graber Bauer (peasant) Baumgartner Drescher (thresher)

Branch of foodstuffs:
Fleischmann (butcher) Metzger Hacker Bronfenbrenner Zuckerbcker Schenk Backofen Mller Mahler Fleischhacker Brenner Beck Salzer Biermann (brewer) Beinhacker Bronfman (distiller) Koch Salzmann

Craftsmen of leather:
Lederer Ledermann Gerber Pergamenter Schuster Sattler (saddles) Sandler

Artistic Craftsmen:
Steinschneider Goldzieher Schnitzer Goldschmied Silberer Golder Formstecher Goldner Schnitzler (carver)

Branch of transport:
Schiffer Schiffmann Fuhrmann Kutscher (coachman)

Craftsmen of wood:
Holz (wood) Holzmann Holzer Brettler Sessler Drechsler Kestner Schreiner (carpenter)

Glass-maker:
Glaser Spiegler (mirrors) Schaiber Scheibner

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Craftsmen of metal:
Klemperer (plumber) Eisner (steel) Lffler Schmied Siegler (seals) Klopfer

Public servants:
Mautner (exciseman) Quittner (receipts for Customs)

Trade and administration:

Buchhalter Kassier Krmer (retailer) Merkadi(o) Kaufmann (dealer) Hndler Wechsler

Branch of building:
Baumann Ziegler Maler Laqueur

Animal-traders:
Schimmelburg Fleischmann Rossdeutscher Beinhacker Metzger (butcher) Fleischhacker Rosskamm (horses)

Various jobs:
Binder Kriegsmann Dragoner Kleiber Brsten Schomer Buchbinder Klauber Flexner Bergmann Seifensieder (soap-dealer) Drucker Bader Wassermann Handwerker

3. House and store sign or signboards During the 30-years War, strong regulations were ordered against Jews in Frankfort on Main. They had to carry badges on their clothes, and their houses had to be recognized by signs or signboards. This habit had to become one of the most interesting forms of name-giving in Jewish history. At that time people were still illiterate, they could not read names, but they could recognize signboards which identified houses and stores, and sometimes these signs (of objects or animals) replaced the names of the owners. Within the ghetto of Frankfort, people were better known by the signs which they displayed at their homes and stores, so that later they acquired surnames from those signs. 107

The following Jewish families take their surname from these signboards:
Buchsbaum Ochse Schwarzschild Weinstock Greif Blum Rothschild Stern Weintraub Flesch Schiff Stiefel Eichhorn Nussbaum Schild Traube Drach

4. Patronymic and mothers name The great scholar Karl von Linn (17071778) introduced in Botanics and in Zoology the binary Nomenclature between 1753 and 1758. That system was applied also to mark people with double names, first name or Christian name and then surname or family name. In this case ten first names and ten surnames are enough for a hundred people. The number of combinations grow in geometric progression. This kind of name-giving was known throughout the world. The Jews used forms such as Mosche Ben Jaakow (Moses, son of Jacob), David Ben Zewi (David, son of Zewi), and forms of proselytism as Josef Ben Avraham Avinu (Josef, son of our father Abraham). The old Greeks used such patronymics, also Alexander the Great became Alexandros ho Philippu that means Alexander, son of Philip. Among the Arabs, the son was named after his father, they added simply the word IBN = son. The patronymic was used among German and Slavic people. Some examples are Peterson (son of Peter) and Johnson (son of John). But also the Latin and German form exists in the genitive such as Jacobi (son of Jacob), Peters (son of Peter), Pauli (son of Paul), and others. The Slavic uses the first name of the father joined with the ending form in OWITSCH or EWITSCH. The Russian patronymic is formed this way, Petrowitsch (son of Peter) and Dimitrijewitsch (son of Demetrius), like the Polish Kasparowicz (son of Kaspar), or the Serbo-Croat Ivanovic, Martinovic, Petrovic and Moskovic. 108

The Bulgarian add only the suffix OV or EV to the end of the name. Rarely we find examples of the mothers name, such as the Russian Susanin (son of Susan). Ivan Susanin is the title of the oldest Russian Opera by the composer Michael Glinka (18041857). 5. Place Names The place name are very common in the Jewish communities as with the non- Jews. The names Turk, Schweizer, Bohm, Hamburger, Padovani and Mantuani were invented by non-Jewish families, and Lemberger, Wiener, Frankfurter, Sachs, Hollander and Pollak are typically Jewish. But for the Jewish group such names are much more important and numerous, because of their huge migrations, from one country to another, from Germany to Poland, from Spain to Turkey, from Bohemia to Germany, etc. They were obliged to migrate a lot, and their place names remained like a passport to indicate the origin of the family. Prof. L. Glesinger proposed the following list of such groups of place names, for a complete study of all the migration processes of the Chosen people: a. Simple names, without ending (Moravia, Oistrach, Sachs); b. With ending ER (Nassauer, Spanier); c. With ending SKI or SKY (Hollandersky); d. With ending O (Persico, Tedesco); e. Only diminutives (Hessel, Saxl, Turkel); f. Adjectives (Deutsch = German). 6. Personal Characteristics The most common Jewish names here concern colours, in the sense of the colour of the hairs or of skins. Specifically the names Schwarz and Weiss are the most frequent, for Jews and non Jews, followed by Roth, Blau, Braun, Gelb, Grn and Grau. We will end with a second list of names concerning some other physical characteristics. 109

Colours: (in all the languages):

Schwarz Weiss Roth Blau Braun Grn Grau Gold Schwarzer Czorny Schwarzkopf Weissmann Bianco Rotmann Adumim Brauner Grner Grauer Goldfarb Schwarzmann Negro Schwarzbart Bialik Fehr Rotter Rotbart Braeuner Graumann Graubart Tschorny Fekete Blank Weisskopf de Rossi

Other:
Gross Klein Lang Kurz Dick Stark Schlang Kahler Kraus Alt Jung Schon Rein Schmutzer Blindermann Tauber Schwitzer Zitterer Laufer Frisch Nick Grossmann Kleiner Petit Dickmann Riese Kleinmann Nagy Kis

Dicker

Kraushaar Alter Jungmann Jaffe Szep Reiner Taubmann

Altmann de Jonge Joffe

Jaifa

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7. Other Characteristics The names of this group derived its meaning in a positive sense, and rarely in a negative one. These family names are grouped in the following list:
Aufrichtig Ehrenfest (honour) Ernst Freundlich Gutermann (good) Glcklich (lucky) Klug (wise) Vessely Neander Reichmann Springer Sss Wahrhaftig Zaghaft Zirner Butterweich Biedermann Ehrlich Ehrenfreund Ehrenwert Ehrmann Fein Fleissig Frhlich Fromm Frommer Gutmann Gelehrter Gerngross Geduldig Glckselig Hitzig Hflich Klugmann Kligermann Lustig Mhsam Neu (new) Neumann Nobel (noble) Redlich Reich (rich) Sauer (bitter) Sinnreich Sorger Steinhardt Steinherz Stolz Treulich (faithful) Tugendhaft Weiner Weiser Wohlmuth (peaceful) Zauderer (uncertain) Zierer

8. Family Names from shortening For examples we can run over the following list:
Ash or Aschner = (from) Eisenstadt, Altschul or Amsterdam. Back or Baeck = (from) Ben Akiba. Badt = (from) Ben David. Bardach = Ben Rabbi David Chasan. Basch = Ben Shimon. Baum = Ben Meir. Block = Ben Loeb Kohen. Bock = Ben Akiba. Braun = Ben Rabbi Nathan. Brasch or Brosch or Brisch = Ben Rabbi Shimon. Bradt or Barth = Ben Rabbi David. Bruck or Brock or Broch or Brackl = Ben Rabbi Abraham Kohen. Bry = Ben Rabbi Israel. Brill = Ben Rabbi Jehuda Loew. Bud or Budewig = Ben David. Katz = Kohen Zedek. Nasch or Naschitz = Nikolsburg.

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Pasch = Freistadt (P = F). Popper or Propper = Frankfurter (P = F). Pops = Frankfurt. Sack or Sackheim = Sera Kodesh. Schalit = Schejichje Leorech Jomin Towim. Schatz or Schatzky = Schaliach Zibbur. Schick = Schem Jisrael Kadosch. Segal = Segan Levija.

9. Adaptation towards other Languages In the USA the Jewish families coming from Germany and from the other countries of Eastern Europe adapted their family names and translated many of them. But generally it is today always possible to observe the old Jewish origin or root in the new names:
Blumenfeld is Bloomfield. Feld is Field. Goldstein is Goldstone. Grnwald is Greenwood. Hirschfeld is Hershfield. Levi is Lewis or Lewit. Mayer is Myer. Katzenellenbogensohn is Nelson. Rabinowiz is Robinson. Silberstein is Silverstone. Zuckermann is Sugarman. Davidsohn is Davidson or Davies. Freimann is Freeman. Grnfeld is Greenfield. Gutmann is Goodman. Isaaksohn is Isaacs. Leawitt is Loewy or Lowy. Mueller is Miller. Preuss is Price. Rosenblueth is Rosen. Weiss is White.

In Hungary the family names were transcribed sometimes to unrecognizable conditions and were presented in three ways. a) Through simple translation into Hungarian:
Wolf = Farkas Hirsch = Szarvas Schwarz = Fekete Klein = Kis Bader = Furdo Gross = Nagy

b) From the place name and origin of the family names:

Bonihadi from Bonyhad Kanizsai from Nagy Kanizsa Kormendi from Kormend Czegledi from Czegled Kaposi from Kaposvar Somogi from Somogy

112

c) After simple assonance:

Frankl = Fraknoi Kohn = Kaposi Kohn = Karpati Weiss(z) = Vazsonyi Deutsch = Domnyi Gruenbaum = Gara Bamberger = Vambri Kohn = Kardos Schwarz = Szilagyi Roth = Rvsz Dux = Doczi Hirschl = Horvath

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General Family Names List of Baden-Wrttemberg

Based on Erwin Emanuel Dreifuss work: Die Namen der Juden. Published in Berlin in 1927 and the Index of Baden (Tabelle Baden). Extended by the author, Nelly Weiss, to more German Regions (Lnder). More information could be found in the following Archives: in Karlsruhe (Baden), Ludwigshafen (Palatinate), Wrzburg (Bavaria), institutions frequently consulted by the author. Moreover, you can consult this same web site to obtain more information and details from the author, about Jewish family names. The grand duchy of Baden, part of the present Land of BadenWurttemberg was created in 1806, with three districts (Bezirke) from south to north: the Upper, the Middle and the Under Rhine, plus other subdivisions as the area (Oberamt and Amt).

Aaron Agron Agronsky Aren Arkin Arkush Orlik Orun Abel(es)

Brother of Moses

a) Abel (Greek/Latin) = from Hebrew Hebel, son of Adams. b) Diminutive from Hebrew ab = father. c) Short form of Abraham = from Hebrew abra(h)am the father is big. Place name, Baden 1809, from Abendheim.

Abendheim(er)

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Aberke Aberl(e) Aberlein Aberlieb Aberlin Aberzuss Avrom Afrom Fromel Bremel Abrabanel Abravanel Abarbanel Abraham Aberke Aberl Abramovic Abramowitz Abrahamson Abrahams Avrahamm Abzug Ach Ackermann Adanja Adelmann Adele Ethel Adelson Adel Adelstein

Diminutive too of Abraham.

Family name of Spanish Jews.

Name of the patriarch, 1722 in Palatinate.

Print, outlet or copy. Place name, Baden 1809. Under Rhine, a peasant. Place name from Turkey, translated from Adonja = the Lord is God. All the four forms of the names derive from the German term Adel of EDEL = noble, and Adelmann is an aristocratic man. Son of aristocracy. An other form is: Edelsohn. An expensive name (Kaganoff). Or a name from a jeweller who used the name in the meaning of Edelstein = a noble stone.

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Adler

From Frankfurt on Main, as a houses name in 1776 at the N27. Black Eagle or N 86 Golden Eagle. And from the following towns in the North of Baden: Billigheim, Bdigheim, Eberstadt, Hochhausen, Klsheim, Mannheim, Merchingen, Mosbach, Pforzheim, Rappenau, Stein on K., Tairnbach, Wertheim. Place name, in Spain. From Latin = white, name of Sephardim. From Alcola, Spain. From Alkusz, a town in Poland. From Halper a hybrid translation of Heilbronn (Heilprunn) Place of origin, it existed in Mannheim in 1809 and Baden 1809. Given name, Under Rhine, Baden 1809. In Baden 1809. Exists in Nieder-Rhine 1809. Old field, in Polish = Straropole (polja). Place of foundation of the Altneu Synagogue in Prague (Czechia). The old Jews of this area built the Synagogue al tenai with the meaning that they were waiting there until their return to the Holy Land, and what is now old will be new. Place of origin of the old school Synagogue in Prague. It exists in the towns of Rastatt and Landamt in the area of UnderRhine 1814. Place name, from Valencia in Spain, plus the addition of the Arabic article al.

Aguilar Albo Alcalay Alkus Algus Alper Alpert Alsens Alsenz Alt Altdorfer Altstdter Altmann Altfeld Altneu

Altschul

Alvalensi

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Amdur Amsel Amster

From the town of Indura in the district of Grodno in Lithuania, known as Amdur or Amter in Yiddish. From Amsel Abraham, in the Frakfurter Ghetto house N 21, 1772. Only in Baden at Heidelberg and Weinheim. From Hamster, given name for person with zeal. Eastern Jews think that it could derive from Raslau or Namslau in Silesia. From the town of Andruszowce, in Lithuania. Someone who is learning, Baden 1809. From a dialect place name, Baden 1809. From the town Onixt of Onikszty in Lettish. Anker is Symbol of hope. Anker Holzer Jacobi is a family name Anchor from Danzig, emigrated to the US. From the town of Ansbach, in Bavaria. Ein Schuhlffel = a shoehorn , the Polish term is Ancier. Name used from a shoemaker. From the town of Opole, in Poland. Ghettos house in Frankfort on Main in 1776, also in Bretten 1809, in Palatinate, Middle Rhine, in Murg and Pfinzkreis 1827. It is the Jewish term for the town of Opatow in Galicia. Polish word for a tool to horn cleaning. The family name derived from a horn trader. Arke is a popular diminutive of Aaron, and Arkules = Arke, Assimilation to the name of the Greek hero. New name instead of Aaron, Baden 1809.

Andrussier Anfnger Anger Anhanhausen Anixter Anker Enker Ansbach Anzieher Apelowitz Apfel Appelbaum Apt

Apter

Arfa Arkules Herkules Arnheim

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Aronin Aronoff Aronow Arzt

Son of Aaron or name of a Cohen to indicate that he is from the branch of Aaron. Name found in the 15th century. Like the names as Metzger, Schreiner, Schneider, Apotheker, Schreiber, Richter or Lehrer. Ben Mose de Rossi, from Mantua 15141578 (Italy). Place name in North Bavaria, existing in Baden 1809. Name of Hebraic origin, Baden 1809. In the old Assyrian Empire the name was probably ASH KU ZA. In the first Rabbinical sources the word means ASIA. At the beginning of the 11th century Aschkenasim takes the sense of Germany, and Aschkenasi was translated as German. From the 17th century Jews coming from Austria, Hungary, Germany or Czecho-Slovakia were identified as Aschkenasi. Is the Yiddish term of the Talmudic word USHPIZ: the owner of an inn (or innkeeper). Name of Greek, French and Latin origins. Astruc means in Provence (Fra) = Someone born under a lucky star. The Hebraic term is Masel Tov = luck. The Latin sense of Asterius is visible in the Roman catacombs. Has the same sense of Adele or Ethel, = noble. From the town of Auerbach in Hesse-Darmstadt, where the judge Moses Auerbach in the 15th century was the first who bore the name. The same name exists in the cemetery of Vienna in 1606, and as place name, Baden 1809. In the American sense = right. Someone coming from abroad. From Auspitz, in Moravia and Czechia.

Asarja Azaria Aschaffenburger Asher Aschkenas Aschkenaz Aschkenasy Aschkenazy Esknazy Schinazi Aspis Astruck

Atlin Auerbach

Aufrichtig Right Auslnder Auspitz

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Austern

When a man named Pesach in front of Austrian authorities translated his name in German, and took the name Austern in the meaning of Eastern. Joined with the Latin name Victor.

Avigdor

120

Bacharach Place of origin, from a town on the Rhine. In the area of von Bacharach Baden, it exists in two places, at Gailingen by the lake of Bacherach Constance 1809, and at Durlach 1670. Bach(ert) Bacher Bachrich Bachauer Bachheimer Bachmann Badanes Bodanis Baecker Baer Br Baerlau Bahr Baermann Beer Bakst Baxt Balta Balsam Bamberg(er) Banet Panet Bonet Barach Barbakoff New name for the town of Auerbach, Baden 1809. New name instead of Simon, in the district of Under Rhine 1809, at Gochsheim, Flehingen and Ittlingen. The name Bodanis comes from Ukraine, from the Yiddish term of the Ukrainian word Bogdana = given from God. In Baden 1809, in the district of Under Rhine. In Bretten, Heidelsheim, in the district Middle Rhine, in Palatinate, in Murg 1827 and in Pfinzkreis. In Stebbach also Baden 1809.

From the town of Bakst, Lithuania. Balta is a town of Moldavia (former URSS) and since 1791 it belonged to Russia, and was a refuge to Jews. Chemists shop name, Baden 1809. From the town of Bamberg in Bavaria, 1809. Bonet is the translation of Yom Tob = holy day or good day for the Jews of Provence and Spain in the 11th century. It exists in two other forms, like Bonjorn and Bonet, and it was widespread in France and in the UK. From Baruch = the blessed, name of Hebraic origin, in Baden. For ben reb Baruch Kohen, son of Baruch of Priests, with the Slavic suffix off.

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Bardach Barnas Baron Bar Aaron Barr

For reb David charif (in the sense of sharp, name in Hebraic) son of David of Thinkers. New name, Baden 1809. Coming from bar Aron, son of a priestly family. By the 16th century the name existed as Bar in Ukraine. Probably the name comes also from Bari in Italy, Son in Aramaic. From the whole of Baden in 1809.

Bart Baram Baratz Bard Barth Bradt Baruchschomer Basinger Bassewi

Name of Hebraic origin, Baden 1809. Baruch means the blessed. The surname exists in Bretten, Bauerbach, Deidelsheim, and in Murg and Pfinzkreis. Jacob Bassewi (Batsheba) Schnules (15701634), was a wellknown Court Jew or provider of the Habsburgs Prague 1622, he was ennobled with the title of von Treuenberg. In Baden 1809. In Baden 1809. Existing in Baden 1809, at Nonnenweiher, Schmieheim and Weingarten. A name shortened from Schlagbaum, an excise man on the main street. Existed in Schmieheim (Mahlberg), and in the big Jewish community of Randegg 1810 and 1814. Also in the district of Under Rhine.

Bauer Bauernfeind Barr Baum Baumann Baumgarten Baum Baumann

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Becker

The professions or the job names are widespread since the 15th century between Jews and non-Jews, like Metzger, Schreiner, Sofer, Schneider, Apotheker, Schreiber, Richter, all borne in 1809. It means that Jews were interested in jobs other than usurers. Baker is the English translation of the German word. Nickname in different situations: seven families were bearing the name after their first Braunschweig. We have two old examples: Braunschweig-Beck and Braunschweig-Bloch-Beck, Baden 1809 district Under Rhine and South of Kinzig. A name given to the first son by Sephardim. Some were bakers, others translated the name from kedoshin = baker. In Polish it means a traveller trader who is partner with a Bedouin. It exists in about 20 towns, very common as a Jewish family name since the Middle Ages, but some cases of origin are not sure. Comes from the town of Kippenheim (Mahlberg) Baden. The word means in Hebraic = fountains. = Ben harab (harav) means son of Rabbi. If the name has a Sephard origin also the term comes from Arabic from the sea. Place name nearby Alentejo in Portugal, on the border of Algarve. Place of origin, Baden 1809. From Beile or Bayla, and from the Italian word bella (beautiful). The suffix in is a Slavic one. a name given instead of Abraham, Moses, Josef and Salomon in the area of Stein and Knigsbach, Baden 1810.

Beck

Bechor Beckmann Bedwinek Beer Br Bhr Baer Behar

Beja Beierthal Beilin

Beinem

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Beisinger Beit Belgrader Bella Beilsohn Beilinsohn Beilke Scheine Schne Schnemann Belmonte Bender Benedict Benjamin Ben Benigheim Bonnigheim Bennaz Bensbach Bensheim Bensinger Benzinger Bensdorff Berger Bergmann Bergheimer Berg Berger

From Beissing, Baden 1809. From the Hebraic word Beth = house. From the main city of Yugoslavia, Belgrade. From the Italian term of beautiful, but found in writings in Zagreb Beile today in Croatia.

It is a Portuguese and Dutch Marranos family coming from the town of Belmonte in Spain. From a little town in Rumania, or from the job of cooper. In Baden 1809, name of Greek, French or Latin origin. The younger son barulkleh = the blessed Jakobs. The American short name. From the town of Diersburg in the area of Mahlberg, Baden 1809 Hebraic name, Baden 1809. In Baden 1809. From the town of Bensheim, Baden 1809. From the town of Benzingen, in Baden-Wurttemberg

Berger comes from the mountains of Galicia. The Jews changed the Hebraic term of Baruch to Berger. Later on German and Slavic suffixes were added to the fathers name. Short form of Rosenberg, Baden 1809 in the area of Breisach.

124

Berkmann Berkowitz Berko Bernheim Bernheimer

Existing in the 18th century in Poland.

From the town of Bernstein in South Burgenland (Austria) In Baden it is to be found since 1670, also in Waldshut, Thiengen, Altdorf, and Gailingen 1809. In Mainbernheim and Eichstetten. Place of origin from Berwanger, Baden 1809. From a title of official in the Habsburgs court; also a tax collector in the Jewish community, or a Rabbi-judge (besser as the best). A new name for Edinger. A Hungarian-Jewish name, someone who is begging. From the district of Under Rhine, Baden 1809. Family name in Murbach, Wangen, Constance area, Randegg 1810, Waldshut, Radolfszell, and in South Baden 1814.

Berwanger Besser

Bettinger Bettelheim Beuerle Bickart Bickard Bikard Pickert Bickel Biedermann Beedermann Biegeleisen Bielefeld Bierig Bieringer Billig Billigheimer

Someone who needs a Pick (in German = Pickel) for his own job. Decent people. The name existed in the districts of Upper Rhine and Under Rhine, in the towns of Gailingen, Randegg and Waldshut. Yiddish term for Bgeleisen, Baden 1809. Town of origin, Baden 1809. From Bieringen, in Baden, also in Austria, in Westphalia, in France and later on in Prussia and Wurttemberg. from Bieringen existing in Main-Tauberkreis, Adelsheim, Alnhausen, Hochhausen district Under Rhine 1809. Given name, Baden 1809.

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Billinger Billingsbach Billings Bilfinger Binder Binheimer

New name instead of Abraham, Moses, Josef, and Salomon in Knigsbach (Stein) Baden 1809.

From Buchbinder = bookbinder and Fassbinder, Baden 1809. Place of origin, Baden 1809.

Bischofsheimer Place of origin, Baden 1809. Bischofswerder Blaser Bleibtreu Bloch Block Blach Vlach Welsch Wallach Wallack Wlock Blum Blumenberg Blumenfeld Blumengarten Blumenheim Blumenthal Bodenheimer Boden Bodenheim Bodner Boehm Bogatch Bogatsch The player of horn in the Synagogue had an important part in the rite. Der Schofer = Blaser is Bloser = Blaser in Yiddish. Christian baptized name in the 17th century. After the persecutions against the Jews in the 14th century a lot of them went to Poland. When they wentback to Western Europe, the name Bloch appeared between them, as a German term from Vlach (Wallach), and with the meaning of the stranger who came from the West. Bloch existed in Breisach, Randegg, Waldshut, Mahlberg area, Diersburg, and in the list of Radolfszell 1814. Also in Emmendingen, Ihringen, Breisgau, GailingenConstance 1810, Mllheim area, Sulzberg, all in the Baden 1809. Coming from a sign on a house in the Judengasse in Frankfort M. 1776 and common also in Ihringen 1776 before the Edict that gave the surname to Jews. It exists in the big community of Schmieheim in Lrrach, in Breisach and Diersburg all in Baden. Place name, Bodner means in Polish cooper (Fassbinder). Bodenheimer without the suffix is = Boden. In Mannheim, Diersburg, Pforzheim area, district of Under Rhine Bdigheimer of Middle Rhine and Baden 1809. Coming from Bohemia, Baden 1809. In Polish it means = rich, and in Serbian Bog = god

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Bolach Bolack Bollag Bolan Bodlnder Bolling Bonfelder Bonyhadi Born Borochius Botnick Botnik Bottenwieser Buttenwies Boxberger Boxermann

From Pollack = Polish, Baden 1809.

From Bodlnder. Shortened place name from Bollingen in Wurttemberg. From the town of Bonfeld, Baden 1809. From Bonyhad place of origin in Hungary. Exists in the towns of Mannheim and Karlsruhe, both in Baden. Latin name for Baruch, name of Hebraic origin, Baden 1809. In Slavic Botinka means boot. New name for Seligmann and Liebmann in the area of Pforheim, Baden 1809. From a bread called Boxer, in Baden.

Brandeis Place of origin, Brandeis on the river Elbe 1809. Brandes Brandt Brandenburger Brannold Braun Brown Braunschweig Braunschweiger Brown Name of German origin in the 18th and 19th centuries. Braun is a given name; Brown is the American translation. After the Jewish Edict for Surnames the family Braunschweig was added to: Mayer Braunschweig Braun, Baden 1809. New name for Bloch, and 14 Bloch families changed heir name in the area of Lrrach in Baden. As Brown in US and UK.

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Breisach(er)

Jacob von Breisach, we find for the first time von joined with a place name in 1326, later on Samuel von Mengen in 1376. Names of descent or extraction like Cohen or Levi are also borne as surnames. Place of origin Breisach, district Upper Rhine-Baden. From Breitenbach, place of origin. From Bretten, Baden 1809. From Bretten or Brettenheim in Wurttemberg. Someone who is a distiller = Brenner Brewer is an American translation. Place name in Baden. Place name, Baden 1809. From Brod = means boat in different Slavic languages, and also name of different towns in Czecho-Slovakia. Place of origin in Baden. Paving-stone, Brick is the Yiddish word for paving.

Breittenbach Breitenbach Brettauer Brettenheimer Brenner Breuer Brewer Brikheimer Brittfeld Brod (a/ y) Bruchsal Bruckenstein Bruckstein Brickenstein Brhl Brumberg Braunberg Brunberg Brummi Bronner Brunner Bruno Brn

New name in small communities, in Mannheim too -Baden. From the area of Breisach, Baden 1809.

Exists in Baden 1809. Comes from Brunner. Like Brnner, Brun, or Brnn in Bavaria and Tyrol. Name of German origin in the 18th and 19th centuries, Nonnenweiher, Mahlberg area, Baden.

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Brunswick Brsler Bchelbaum Buchheim(er) Buchsbaum Buxbaum Bukofzer Buko Bnzburger Burger Burgheimer Butenheimer Buttermilch Buxbaum

New name for Cohen, from the town of Braunschweig, Baden 1809. New name for Bruchsal, as hothead = Brausekopf, Ittlingen, Gochsheim area, Baden 1809. In Baden 1809. From Buchheim or Buchweizen = buck wheat, Baden 1809. Name from the Frankfurter Judengasse in 1776. From Bukow in Mecklenburg, Buko in US without suffix. Place name, Bunz is a little river, Baden 1809. Someone living in the country also with city rights, in the area of Emmendingen, in the Eichstetten district of Upper Rhine, and in Breisach, Baden 1809. Fishmonger of turbot (Heilbutt), Baden 1809. Burlay, as French translation. Common as permanent name in the district of Upper Rhine. Buxbaum is also a sign of the house N169 in the Ghetto of Frankfort; and the Jews of Galicia often bore this name.

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Calahorra Kalifora Kalwari Calish Kalisch Canstadt Cannstatt Cariewski Carew Carlebach Karlebach Carsen Carlsruher Karlsruher Carlton Carmona Casen Castro De Cater/Kater Caub Cerf/ Beer Cerfberr Beer Chagall Chasin Chernoff Chernoffsky

Place name on the Ebro river, in the south of Pamplona, Spain, Calafora. From Kalisz, a town in Poland. From Cannstadt in Stuttgart, or from Cane for Cohen. From Carew without suffix. Since 1722 in Heidelberg, Weinheim, in Baden. Another name for Cohen. From the town of Karlsruhe, Baden 1809. From Cohn as Cohen. Place name near Sevilla, Spain. It exists since 1809 in the district of Under Rhine, Baden. Castro, name in Spain. German dialect, common after the Tolerance Edict in Baden. From the town on the Rhine, Baden 1809. From French = deer, in Kippenheim, Mahlberg area, Baden 1809. Cerf Berr-Beer, Naphtali Herz in Medelsheim 1783. Surname of the painter, born 1887 in Russia, working in Paris with numerous works of art in glass with Christian motives. From Hebrew Chazan = cantor. From Slavic cherni = black or dark.

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Christhold Clark Clifton Coblenz Cogan Ko(a)gan Cohn Cohen (C)Kohanovic ( )Kaganovic Colombo Cooper Cooperman Cordovero Cornfeld Kornfeld Kornblum Korngold Kornpracht Cramer Creutzberger Cros(s)by Cuenca Czegledi

Since the 17th century a name being baptized in Baden. Old form for Cohen. Also old form for Cohen. From the town of Koblenz, Moses Coblenz in Eisenstadt 1770. Slavic term for Kohen or Cohen. Cohn from an aristocratic origin, of the family of Aarons. Son of Kohanovic, from Russian, h = g . Italian name from the translation of Johan = pigeon. Kupferschmied as cooper. Place name from Cordova, Spain. Kornfeld is changed name for Kohen. or Kornberg or Kornfein or Korn grn/gut or Kornreich Someone who is a haberdasher, district Under Rhine, Baden 1809. Crossby, without the suffix. Place name near the Cuenca Mountains, Spain. Place name of Czegled in Hungary.

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Dachauer Dahlheimer Dallon Dale Danielsohn Danson Dar(e)nbacher Dargoslav Darmstadt Danstadt Daube Taube Tauber David Davis Dedelbach Dessauer Dessoir

Place name from the town of Dachau in Bavaria. See the Tabelle Baden 1809 List. Short form for Blumenthal in the US. Danson is the shortened form in the US. Exists in Baden 1809. Old Slavic name for someone who eulogizes honour. From the town of Darmstadt in Hesse, in the beginning Danstadt. Since 1776 existing in the Judengasse in Frankfort on Main. Was a name in the Middle Ages and a womans name. Taube is = Jona in Hebrew and Jean/John in French/English. Name of Hebraic origin, in the Tabelle Baden 1809 List. David was changed for Tewel or Tewele since 1722 in Palatinate. From the town of Dettelbach, Baden 1809. From the town of Dessau in Saxony-Anhalt and the form Dessoir changed as Mosche ben Menachem mi-Dessau existing in the area of Gochsheim; different families took it as a new name in Ittlingen, Flehingen, Gondelsheim, Menzingen, Mnzesheim, Baden 1809.

Deutschland (Land) Is mutilated as Land in US, and lose the initial part of Deutsch. Diedelsheimer Dietersheimer Diedesheimer Diedenhofer Diener From Diedersheim, area Mllheim, area Bretten, from Bauerbach or Deidelsheim in Baden, and since 1827 in the district of Middle Rhine, in the area of Murg and Pfinz. From the town of Diedenhofen, today Thionville in Lothringia, Baden. A servant, Baden 1809.

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Dietersheimer

In the beginning the name was Bloch; it was maintained and was joined as a double name as for Leopold Bloch Dietersheimer, in the area of Lrrach, Baden 1809. Felder as countries, without the initial term of Ding. From Dinkelsbhl, in the North of Stuttgart-Wurttemberg. See the Tabelle Baden 1809 List. Comes from Dobe = Deborah. From the Slavic translation of the Yiddish word Gittel = good. The girls often bore the name Bona or Bina in honour of Queen Bona Sforza of Spain. From the place name of Dobrow, and without the suffix the term is translated as volunteer. From the town of Drzbach, in the North of Wurttemberg 1809. From the town of Breslau in Silesia (see work by Grtz) 1812. From Dolina, a town in Lithuania and Galicia, Dolina means valley. From Drflingen, see Tabelle of Karlsruhe List. From Dornach in the suburb south of Basel, Switzerland, 1809. A plants name, Baden 1809. See Tabelle Baden 1809 List. Shield or sign in the Judengasse of Frankfort on Main. From Drechsler, Baden 1809.

Dingfelder Felder Dinkelspiel Dinkelsbhl Dittigheimer Dobkin Dobrin

Dobrowolsky Dobrow Doerzbacher Dohm Dolinsky Drflinger Dornacher Dornbacher Dornbusch Dossenheim Drach Drachen Drechsler Dressler Drex(s)ler

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Dreher Drehnbacher Dreifus(s) Dreyfuss Trefus Treves Frivasch Trifus Tibas

From Dreher, also from Treves; in the area of Lrrach, Baden. From the town of Treunbach, Baden 1809. Since 1694 it is a place name from Treves or Troyes. It was common in the area of Sulzmatt, Baden and in Altdorf, Breisach Eichstetten and Nonnenweiher. The name exists since 1300 and in Riehen, district Under Rhine 1810 and Mahlberg 1814. Also it existed in the area of Waldshut, in the List of Radolfszell, in Altdorf, in Kuppenheim and Rastatt, 1814. Dreyfuss is in Breisgau, Baden since 1809. The south of Baden had the highest of concentration of this resident name. From the town of Dresden, Baden 1809. Name of occupation, Drucker as printer. From Dubina a town in Lithuania, that means on an oak. In Russian, in Polish, in Lithuanian Dub = oak. Variant of Dubow. A town with oaks, Dub = oak. Also the form Dubowsky. Russian name for priest, also name of a Rabbi or a Kohen. From the town of Dren near Aachen, Westphalia. Area of Mllheim, Sulzberg. Ducas since 1670 in Durlach, Baden. Is a counter of ducats (coins), also the form of Ducat. A priest from Russia. Since the 18th and 19th centuries in Baden. From Drkheim in Ittlingen, Flehingen Gondelsheim, Menzingen and Mnzesheim, Baden 1809. As a weariness, also a sieve (tool).

Dressner Drucker Dubin Dubowsky Dubofsky Dubow Dub Duchovny Dhrenheimer Dukas Ducas Dukatenzeiler Dunkelmann Dppchen Drkheimer Durchschlag

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Durlacher

Place name from Durlach in Baden. Exists in the Mahlberg area, Gochsheim area and Flehingen, Ittlingen, Munzingen and Mnzesheim 1809. From the Slavic root Dusch = soul.

Duschkin

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Eberstadt Ebstein Eckstein

From the town in Baden. Changed for Levi because this name was too Hebrew, and the authorities preferred a new biblical term, in Rust-Baden. In biblical sense The stone being abandoned from the builders has become the corner stone. Traditionally united with the faith of Israel and the expectation of better times. Aristocratic man or man of a noble woman. Is often joined with womans name, even if she was the employer or coming from a noble family. Since 1814 in Rastatt, Baden. Also a not identifiable name of house in Frankfort on Main in 1776. Is an expensive name, or specific of a jeweller. It can also come from a womans noble name. Place name from Edesheim near Speyer, Baden. Place name, Baden 1809. from a town in West Bohemia. In numerous communities wedding licences were not granted before serving in the army. Many Jews were married only by a Rabbi and their marriages were never registered. This name was borne by someone who was officially declared as husband = Ehmann, and had accomplished his military service. Almost all Jewish names have nothing to do with the German term of Ehre = honour. It is an old form for Aaron or Kohen. Someone coming from an Aaron or a Kohen. Name of phonetic importance, near the Hebraic Aaron, and German enough to be accepted by the local authorities. It exists in the districts of Under Rhine and of Karlsruhe, Baden.

Edelmann

Edelschild Edelstein Edesheimer Edheimer Edighofer Eger Egers Ehmann

Ehrentreu

Ehrlich Ehrmann Ehrenfreund Ehrenpreis Ehrenstein Ehrenthal

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Eichenbronner Bronner Eichenwald Wald Grnwald Schnwald Eichhorn Eichstetter Eichtersheim Heimer Eichter Einhorn Einstein Eisner Eisen Eisemann Eisgarten Eisenstamm Eisenbach Eisenkraft Eisenstark Eisenstein Eisemann Eisenhndler Eisenhndler Eisenkrmer Kramer Eissig Eisnick Eismann Itzig Gitzag

Shortenerd as Bronner in the US. Wood of oaks. Wald short name.

Place where the squirrels were living. From the town of Eichstetten, Baden. From Heimer without suffix.

A shield or sign on a house in the Ghetto of Frankfort on Main, 1776. A well-known Jewish family name. Instead of Isaac, Eise changing to Eisner, and Eisinger for Eister; Eisinger from the town of Eisingen, Baden 1809. From the town of Eisenburg today Vasvar in the county of Vas in Western Hungary, and from the town in West Thuringia, 1809. The term Eisen is a new version of Isaac (named Eisik or Eise). Pforzheim Area, and Knigsbach.

Eisenkrmer shortened to Kramer is a haberdasher. In the area of Under Rhine, Stebbach 1809.

A new version of Isaak, Baden 1809.

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Elchanan Elkin/Elkan Eleazar Eliezer Lazar Lasar Leeser Leyser Elias Eliassohn Ellefeld Katzenellenbogen Ellenberger Ellenbogen Bogen Katzin Ellen Ellenbogen Eller

Biblical name, II. from Samuel 21: 19. From Elieser, character of the Old Testament, Baden. Elieser = Gotthilf as a help from God.

Name of the prophet Israel, existing in the 18th and 19th centuries in Baden, mainly Mllheim area. Since 1722 in Heidelberg and Weinheim in Baden, and in Hesse. This name goes back to the origin from Cattimelibocus = Melibocus are mountains in Hesse and Chatten was an old German family. Since 1586 this family was scattered around Italy, Poland, Germany, Alsace and America.

Since 1679 in Durlach, and in Altdorf and the Mahlberg area, Baden 1809. Two possible origins: or from Katzenellenbogen (see above) or from a twisted footpath, as in Frankfort on Main where it exists as a house name. New name for Alsace. Old name, Baden 1809, coming from Alsace. Means God is with us in Hebrew, in all Baden, 1809. Since 1776 the name exists in the Judengasse in Frankfort on Main. As anchor, symbol of hope and salvation, luck-sign for houses and stores. Also borne as a family name. It exists in the area of Gochsheim, Under Rhine district, and since18091814 in Flehingen, Gondelsheim, Menzingen and Stebbach.

Ellereich Elssser Emmanuel Engel Enker Anker Emker Eppinger

138

Eppler Epstein Eppstein Ebstein Erdheim Erlanger Erlenbacher Eschelbacher Essinger Ettersfeld Ettinger tinger Ettlinger

Place name, Baden 1809. Existing in the area of Emmendingen, Upper Rhine district, and in Hesse; emigrated from Spain in 1492 and also one of the oldest names from Epstein in Bohemia. Place name, Baden. As Little-Erdlingen, named Erlingen from the Jews, but not from Erlangen (Bavaria) where no Jews were allowed. From Erlenhalz in Tyrol (Austria), Baden 1809. In Baden 1809. From Essingen, Baden 1809. Place name near Etten in Dorfzaum, Baden 1809. tinger from ttingen, Bavaria. Bretten area, Middle Rhine district, Baden. After the organization of the Jewish communities in 1827, in Murg and Pfinzkreis. Since 1636 it existed in Ettlinger, Baden-Durlach. Hebraic name as Hesekiel or Ezechiel.

Ezekiel Heskel Hatzkel Kaskel

139

Fabris Fahrenbacher Faikmann Falk Falkheim Falkfeld Falkstein Falkthal Valk Walk Wallik(ch) Farber Fardei Fath Fauber Fein Feinstein Weinstein Feivus Vivas Vives(-is) Felner Felsenstein Ferber Fetterer Feuchtwanger Wanger

District of Under Rhine, 1809. From Diersberg, Mahlberg area, Baden. New name coming from the court decree of Baden of 13.12.1787. Since 1776 name of German origin, was also a Surname. Falk is the name of house n62 of Judengasse in Frankfort on Main. From the old German word Wallach or Welsch in Falkberh the sense of someone who speaks a Roman language or a stranger who comes from the west.

Frber as dyer, name of residents in Baden. Name from Andalusia, Spain. Estori Fardei was a Jewish scholar during the 14th century. New name, Baden 1809. As Fauber or Faber both existing in the town of Grtzingen since 1690 in Baden. Faber comes from Latin = smith. From the German feiner Mensch, that means decent person. Also from Weinstein, Baden 1809. Only after the 16th century used with F. These names appear in the List of the martyrs of Troyes. From the town of Fulda in Hesse, Germany 1809. Before the name was Levy; it exists in Breisach through the influence of the authorities and in Ihringen, Baden 1810. As Farber (see above) is an occupation name, a dyer. Given name, Baden 1809. Place name from Feuchtwangen in Bavaria. Shortened from the original name.

140

Feuerstein Firestone Fichtenbaum Find Fingerhut Fingerle Fink Finkel Finkdorf Finken(r)feld Finkelstein Finkheim Finkhof Firnberg Fischer Feis Faibelmann Fischmann

From German fire and stone, we arrive at the American version of Firestone. From botany, the pine-tree becomes a Surname, Baden 1809. New name, Baden 1809. Name existing in the area of Under Rhine, Baden 1809. Flinker in German is a quick man. Common name in Germany during the Middle Ages.

New name as snowfield or glacier, Baden 1809. Instead of Lw, Karlsruhe, Baden 1809. From the French words Vives, Viss, Vis, Viscl, Vivelmann = to live. From Flehingen, Baden 1809, and Bretten area, Palatinate, Middle Rhine and also since 1827 Murg and Pfinzkreis. From the town Flehingen, Baden 1809. New chosen names from some inhabitants, Baden 1809. Fleck and Land in German mean country.

Flegenheimer Flehinger Fleckenheimer Fleckenstein Fleckstein Flrsheim Floss(er) Flusser Forchheimer Former Frschheimer

From Flrheim, Breisach area, Upper Rhine district, Baden 1809. From the town Floss in Bavaria; known also as Judenburg. Forchheim is a town in Bavaria. Shortened as Former. Existing in the area of Breisach, Upper Rhine, Baden.

141

Formstecher Forster Fortlouis Frayda Freide Fradel Fradke Fradkin Fraenckel Frankenstein Franken Franck

Rabbi in Heubach. Shape for the engraving of textiles or similar. Baden 1809. Frster = forester, Under Rhine district, Baden. Name, Baden 1809. The word Freide or Frayda from Yiddish means happiness.

Frankel come from Franconia (Bavaria). The family was nonJewish in 1400, but it became a Jewish name in 1600. Shortened from Frankestein. Franken = Franconia. Since 1636 in Baden-Durchlach, then by 1810 in Constance and Worblingen. In 1700/1800 in the district of Under Rhine and in Nonnenweiher, Mahlberg area, Baden 1809. Finally in 1776 in the Judengasse in Frankfort on Main. From the Ghetto street in Frankfort on Main; the names of the houses here were so beloved, that the Jews opposed changing them by offering money in 1776. The name never appears in Baden. Existing in the district of Under Rhine, Baden 1809. Coming from happiness = Freude. The most well-known person bearing the name is Sigmund Freud (18561939), father of psychoanalysis. Freudenberger is common only in Angelthurn, and Sinsheim, Baden 1809. Freudenthaler exists only in the Wertheim district of Under Rhine, Baden.

Frankfurter

Freierlich Freud Freudenberg Freudenfeld Freudenfels Freudenheim Freudenreich Freudenstein Freudenthal Freundlich Friend Frey Freytag

Breisgau area, Upper Rhine district, Baden. Also in the area of Under Rhine. Freund means friend in English. Given name, Under Rhine district, and Freytag as Friday exists only in the North of Baden 1809.

142

Friedberger Friedheim Friedlnder Friends Froehlich Frosch Frhling

From Friedberg, Hesse 1809 and in Kuppenheim Under Rhine district, Baden 1809. From Friedland, today in Czecho-Slovakia, and the form Lander Freed/Lander and Freed are American. Name in Baden. It was an expensive name, Baden 1809. USA translation Gay. Coming from the legend, that Moses or his ancestors, were living in a house with the sign of a frog (Kaganoff). Springtime, existing in the area of Bretten, in Jhlingen, in Palatinate, and since 1827 in Murg and Pfinzkreis. It exists also in the North of Baden 1809. Fuchs is a name from the Judengasse of Frankfort on Main, house n78 of the Ghetto in 1776. It means Fox. From the town of Fulda in Hesse; also in Karlsruhe 1809, and since 1722 in Heidelberg and Weinheim, Baden. Name of the most well-known Court Jews of Hamburg, Berlin, Prussia and Eisenstadt (Austria). In Baden it was a titlename (bestowing honour), existing in the Nonnenweiher, Mahlberg area and exclusive of north of Baden. Place name from the town of Frth near Nuremberg (Bavaria). White lining, raw material for lining not yet painted in white, for textile.

Fuchs Fox Fuld Frst

Frth Futterweiss White

143

Gabel Gabler Gailsmaier Gaiser

From a town in Bohemia. It exists only in the town of Ihringen, Baden 1809. Probably from the town of Hofgeismar, Under Rhine district, and in the south of the river Kinzig, Upper Rhine district. Also from Gaissmar, Emmendingen area, Ihringen, Breisach, Baden 1809. From Galicia (Poland). Existing in Waldshut and Randegg, B1809. Russian form for the town of Heilbronn (Baden), see Halpern. From the town of Gommern, in the East of Germany. Goose in English, name in the Judengasse in Frankfort on Main, 1776. Gerber means tanner, and the Polish term is Garbowsky.

Galizier Galpern Gamoran Gans(z) Garber Gerber Garbowsky

Garfunkel Karfunkelstein = Diamond, name for diamond traders. Karfunkel Karfunkelstein Garfinkel Gorfinkel Gartenhaus Grtner Gassmann Gaster House with garden, in Polish (Galicia) common as Kartuzy. Means gardener, in the district of Under Rhine, Baden 1809. Exists in the district of Under Rhine, Baden. Coming from de Castro, a Sephard name from Europe and North/South America. This name is borne also from Christian families in Spain and South America. The Jewish family name originally comes from the town of Castro near Cordova in Spain.

144

Gattenstein Guttenstein Gtter Gay Geduld

Unknown place of origin.

English or French translation of the term Frhlich = Gay. During the occupation of Warsaw by the Prussians 17941806, the Polish Jews adopted some name of German sonority. The Prussian authorities used the name Geduld = indulgence instead of Frieden = peace, that will then become Friedmann or Fried. Occupation name, as violinist . From the town of Geldern near Duisburg, Baden 1809. From a town in Hesse, Baden 1809. In the districts of Under/Upper Rhine, Baden1809; also in Geissmar, Lrrach area since 1810, Baden. In the district of Under Rhine, Baden 1809. Existing in Baden 1809.

Geiger Geldersheim Gelnhausen Geissmann Gerber Gernsbacher Goernsbacher Gerngross Gernreich Gerson Gershom Gerst(e) Gerstbacher Gerstbach Gershon Gerstein Gerstner Ghirondi Gieser Gisser Zinngiesser

By the 18th and 19th centuries it is a name of Hebraic origin, Baden 1809. Name of Hebraic origin, Ger in Hebrew means Stranger.

From the town of Gerona, Spain. Giesser = smelter, new name instead of Lw and Lb, see Giesser, Karlsruhe 1809.

145

Gilden Ginsburg Ginzburg von Ginzburg Gittelmacher Gittelmann Httelmacher Hittelmacher Glck Glick Gluck Gluckel Glickberg Glickmann Glicksberg Glickstein Glckselig Gbricher Gochtersheimer Goldberg

From Gulder. Also in Silesia as Golberg. Since the 16th century as Gnzburg in Bavaria. Many Russians bore the name Gunzburg in different forms: as the family of bankers in St. Petersburg. Also Httelmacher, in Russian Gittelmacher. A Gittelmann is the husband of a woman named Gittel or a dressing-gown maker or dress maker. Is the example of the giving of a name by law, Baden 1809. The term Glck means luck in English.

(Since 1600 existing in Baden.) From the town of Gbrichen, Stein area, and Knigsbach, Baden 1810. From the town of Gochsheim, Baden. From a town in Silesia, the first Goldberg lived there in 1400. When the Jews left Silesia during the 14th century, many of the banished bore the name Golberg. More than 60,000 Goldbergs are living today in the US. Jews revere in Poland a woman named Golda. Zolotovsky is the Slavic translation of Gold (gold) with suffix. Following is the list of the name Gold plus the different suffixes. See Goldberg.

Goldhirsch Goldkraut Goldmark Goldreich Goldsand Goldschild Goldschlag Goldstadt Goldstaub Goldstern

146

Goldmann Goldbaum Goldenbaum Goldenberg Goldblum Goldbruss Goldfeder Goldfisch Goldhaber Goldhammer Goldheim Goldschmidt

Another list of the name Gold plus suffixes. See Goldberg.

Shortened from Goldschmidt-Schmidt; the Betzalel ben Uri was the Schmidt author or the smith who built all the decorations of the monastery. Goldschmied of Emmendingen, district of Upper Rhine, Baden. List of the name Gold plus other suffixes.

Goldschmied Schmied Goldstein Goldsticker Goldstrom Goldenblatt Goldenblitt Goldenfluss Goldenkrantz Goldenthal Golub Goodmann Gutmann Gute Gut(t)er Guttemann Gutfeld Gutfreund Gutreich Gutstein Gomberg Gomperty Gompertz

Golub in Slavic means pigeon; Jonah = the pigeon. Translation of Tuviah, in Hebrew tubjah = the man is good.

The name as Gundberg found at the end of the 1500s, is old German, existing in Ettenheim, Mahlberg area, Baden 1809, also Gomperty since the 14th century.

147

Gomberg(see) Gompers Kompert Kumpert Gordon Gordan G(i)ordano Gorodin Gordin Grodno Gotlob Gtschel Gz Graber Grab Grabenheimer Grabowsky Graw Gradheimer Graf The biblical Jordan river name which appears in Middle Europe during the 15th century as Giordano in Italy, as Gordon in U.K. Gordin. Other possible place origin is the Polish town of Grodno.

A name of German origin, Baden, 1809. Only in the area of Mllheim and Sulzberg, Baden 1809. A name of German origin, Baden 1809. Is a stone-cutter in the 18th century, Baden. Graw is shortened from Grabowsky.

Place name, Breisach area, district of Upper Rhine, Baden 1809. It was a title name (bestowing honour). It exists in the Bretten area, Heidelsheim, Palatinate, Middle Rhine district, and since 1827 in Murg and Pfinzkreis; also in Lrrach, Baden. In the district of Under Rhine, Karlsruhe List 1809. From the town of Gran, today Esztergom, in the county of Komarom, on the Danube river, in Hungary. From Graditz, Baden 1809. Existing in Hesse, in Silesia; people importing wool from Russia and Poland were known as Grnberg. The Grnberg were traders or dealers in wool.

Gramer Graner Grau Gredlitz Grediz Greenberg Grnberg

148

Greenhut Grnhut Grnbaum Greif Greilsamer Greilsheimer Greilsheim Greiss Gretzinger Griesheimer Grob Grombacher Gronbach Gross Gros Grub Grumbacher Grumbein Grn Grnebaum Grnebaum Grn(e)wald Grnhut Grnstein Greenstone Grnkern Grnspan Greenspan

The grne Hut = green hat, comes from the Judengasse of the Ghetto in Frankfort on Main. Many families were from here. Name from the Judengasse of Frankfort on Main since 1776. In the districts of Upper and Middle Rhine, and also in the area of Breisach and Friesenheim, both in Baden. Given name, district Under Rhine, Baden 1809. From the town of Grtzingen, Baden. Gries = painted horn, Baden 1809. Given name, Under Rhine district, 1809. From the town of Grombach, Baden. Exists in Altdorf, Mahlberg area, Baden. A cavity with a small house, from Sulzburg, Mllheim area, Baden. Old place of origin, from Altdorf, Mahlberg area, also in Breisach and Lrrach, Baden. From the given name Krummbein = crooked leg, Baden 1809. Name originating from the Judengasse of Frankfort on Main 1776, existing in Altdorf, Mahlberg area, Baden 1809.

(An English translation). As green stone, Under Rhine district, Baden 1809. Is the green of Spain, a pigment of copper, which was imported in Germany from Spain. Used as a colouring or as a drug.

149

Guggenheim From the town of Jugenheim in Baden. Since 1670 in BaGuggenheimer den-Durlach, also in Waldshut-Tiengen, Randegg, Walds Guckenheimer hut, South of Baden, also area Rastatt, 1814. Gudenheimer Gugenheimer Existing in the area of Emmendingen, district of Upper Rhine, also in Gailingen, Worblingen, Constance area, and in Altdorf Mahlberg area, 1810. Name of German origin, could come from Kumpel = comrade. The Slavic version is the translation of Gump = button. Existing in Marbach, Wangen and Constance area, Baden. Place of origin from Gundelfingen in Baden, and Gundel is the shortened form. In Rust, Altdorf, Ettenheim, Stein am K., Wrzburg and Messelhausen, in Baden.

Gumb Gump Gumbel Gumberich Gundelfinger Gundel

Gundersheim Existing in Baden. Gunders is the form without a suffix. Guntersheimer Gunders Gnzburger Gnzbrunner Gunzenhaussen Hauser Gut Gutfreund Guthmann Probably a description of the place of origin. In Breisach, Ihringen and the Emmendingen area, South Baden. Place of origin from Gunzenhausen, Baden. Short term of the same. Gut = good, in the district of Under Rhine, in 1787/1794 1809 in Baden.

150

Haag Haan

Gartenzaun means garden hedge, Baden 1809. Existing in Palatinate, Bretten area, Johlingen, in the district of Middle Rhine 1809, and since 1827 in Murg and Pfinzkreis. From Harburg near Hamburg. In the area of Emmendingen, Upper Rhine 1809. From the German term of rabbit, coming from the Judengasse since 1776 Frankfort. Common before the Names Edict, Eichstetten 1809. In Rust, Mahlberg area, Baden. Haver or Chaver is of Hebraic origin, by 1800/1900. Baden 1809. In the Judengasse in Frankfort on Main there was a house shield since 1776 with the inscription Roten Hahn and Goldenen Hahn, Hahn = cock. It exists also as a diminutive from the Hebraic name Hanoch, Elhana, Manoah. In Gailingen, Constance area, 1810. Giving of name in Baden. A double name with the English term Hart joints with Hahn = cock. Hanhardt In the 18th and 19th centuries, Baden. The form Halstadt is a short one without the middle syllable. From the place name Halle, Baden 1809.

Haarburger Haass Hass Haas

Haberer Hafer Haber Hachenburg Hahn

Hahnhardt

Haium Halberstdter Halstad Halla Halle Halerstein Halm

Given name for peasant, from the term Getreidehelm, Baden 1809.

151

Halpern Halperin He(i)lpern Heilbrun Halpern(see) Heilbronn Heilbronner Alpron Alpern Galpern Felperin Hamburger Burgham Hamburger Hamel Hameln Hammel Hamleter Hammerstein Hammer Hanauer Harburger Harber Hartmann H(e)art Hartmann Hertzmann Hirschmann

One of the numerous versions of the town name Heilbronn in Halprin Baden. This name has been common for 400 years.

(see the Russian form) Burgham, a transposition in the US. From Hamburg or one of the different Homburgs, Baden 1809. Baden 1809.

New name for Hammelburg, Baden 1809. Existing in West Prussia and in Baden. From Hanau in Hesse, Baden 1809. And Harber without the middle syllable, US. In the district of Under Rhine, Baden 1809.

Hart Also an English translation from the German Hirsch = deer, Hartmann Karlsruhe 1809. Hardt Hartwig(wick) Hartig Hatzkel Version of the name Ezechiel.

152

Hauff Haumann Hussler Hauser Hausmann House Haussler Hausschild (er) House Hecht Heidelsheimer

Baden 1809. In the district of Under Rhine. Place of origin, in the district of Under Rhine, Baden 1809. From Hausen, place name Under Rhine, in Baden and in Bavaria. A village inhabitant without land, common in Silesia in 1400. Only House, without the suffix, in the US. A fish, designed in a shield of the Judengasse in Frankfort 1776. From the towns of Heidel(n)heim, also in the Gochsheim area, in Heidenheimer Flehingen, Gondelsheim, Ittlingen, Menzingen, Mnzesheim, district of Under Rhine, Baden 1809. Name of the Eastern Jews living in Haifa (Israel). Is a jeweller or a gold smelter, in 1700/1800. From Heilbronn, exists in Diersberg Mahlberg area, in Breisach, Eichstetten, Ihringen, and Nonnenweiher, Baden 1809. From the town of Heilbronn, 13.12.1787 Baden.

Heifetz Keifetz Hefter Heilbrunner Heilbronner Heilbrunn(er) Heilpern H(e)ilborn Helpern Heilmann Held Heldenmuth Helmuth Heim Hayum Heimer Heimberger Heimerdinger

Is another title name (bestowing honour), Held means hero and exists in the North of Baden. Since 1814 the name is changed for Hayum or Chajjm = Life, name of Hebraic origin and existing all over Baden 1809. Heim is also a place in the area of Mllheim, Baden 1809.

153

Heinemann Heimann Heymann Heinzelmann Hellmann Helman Hillmann El(l)mann Gellmann Gilmann Henschel Chankin Hensel Heppenheimer Herbst

In the district of Under Rhine, Baden.

Is the name Heinz shortened, see the Tabelle Baden 1809 List. Existing in the district of Under Rhine, Baden.

From the name Hanna, see the Zagreb Archives.

From the town of Heppenheim, North of Baden. The season of autumn, only in the North of Baden. Also in the area of Bretten, in the Palatinate, since 1827 Murg, Pfinzkreis. Name common since 1809, see the Tabelle Baden list. Very common as Christian name, also existing as a Surname. All over Baden. Name from the German term Herz as heart and Hirsch as deer. Name clearly of Hebraic origin.

Hernsheim Herrmann Hersch Hershson Hershson Herschdorfer Herstein Herschel Hershel Herschfus Hersckovitz Herz Herzer

New name instead of Lb or Lw, especially in the district of Under Rhine. See the Mannheimer List of 24.8.1809. Is a diminutive for Naphtali Herz, existing in the decree of Baden in the years 1787 and 1827.

154

Herzbach Herzbrunn Herzog Herzberg Herzberger Herzborg Herzfeld Herzthal Herber(g) Hersch Hertz Gersc Gertz Hirsch Harz(t) Herzmann Hertzmark Herskowitz Gershovitz Heskel Hess Hevessi Heysemann Heymann Heys Hildesheim Hill Hilt Hils Himmelreich Reich/ Rich Hirschelsohn

The following list is of different names with Herz plus other suffixes common in the 18th century in Ettlingen and Bhl, Baden.

From the name Hesekiel. From the German Land Hesse. From the town and county of Heves in the North of Hungary. In the US, there are two forms without the suffix.

From the town of Hildesheim, Under Saxony, see Tabelle Baden. Name in the US, translation from the German term Berg. Existing in the Mllheim area, in Sulzburg, South Baden 1809. Name of the small communities of Hilbach, Baden 1809. Reich means rich, shortened in the US. In Kippenheim, area of Mahlberg.

155

Hirsch Hirschson

Existing in about 25 towns; existing as a Jewish name, since 1809 in Hirsch, Constance area, South of Baden. Change of the name from Hirsch-David to Hirsch David Hirsch, Baden 1809. List of the most common Hirsch names plus suffix. See the decree of Baden in 13.12.1787.

Hirschberger Hirschburg Hirschbruck Hirschfus Hirschhorn Hirschhrner Hirschman Hirschwald Hirsch Herz Herschel Herzl Cerf Yellin Jellinek Hirschheimer Hirst Hobach Hobbach Hochheimer Hochherr Hochstetter Hochstaedter Hochstetten Hffer Hfer Hof Hofen Hoffmann Hofmann Hofoeler

Another list name. Hart English given name instead of Naphtali. Herz in English = Heart. As Hirsch, in Altdorf Mahlberg area, South Baden. In Knigsbach, Stein area, Baden 1810. French translation for deer. Slavic translation. Slavic translation and diminutive. A phonetic change in the US. In Baden 1809. Place name, Baden 1809. Is a title name (bestowing honour), in the North of Baden 1809. Name instead of Aaron, common in Knigsbach, Pforzheim area, B 1809. Name existing in Baden 1809.

Existing in Schmieheim, the biggest Jewish community of Baden 1809, and in Eichstetten, Mahlberg area, South of Baden.

156

Hollnder Holz Holzmann Holzer Gol(t)zer Goltzmann Homburger Hony Honn Horden Hrdt Horkheimer Horn/ Honn Horowitz Howitt Horovice Gorwitz Gurwich Urevich Hubermann Huber Gubermann Hummel

Someone coming from Holland, exists in Nonnenweier, area Holland Mahlberg, Baden in the 18th and 19th centuries. Place of origin, in Under Rhine, Baden 1809.

From Bad Homburg, Baden 1809. Name of German origin, Baden 1809. Name of small communities of Hrden, Baden 1809. In Baden. From Horovice in Bohemia since the 15th century.

A Hafer-Hndler = a fodder trader, Baden 1809. A Russian form. The drone, not a firm name in the Judengasse of Frankfort 1776, but existing also in the district of Under Rhine, Baden 1809. The hat not an exclusive house name of the Judengasse since 1776 in Frankfort, but also in Upper Rhine, Baden 1809.

Hut

157

Idstein Isten Igelheimer Illinger Ilbesheimer Ilvesheim Isaac Isa(a)k Isaksohn Eissig Eisnick Eismann Gitzak Hickmann Itzig/Itzl Si(e)ckel Zekl Isselbacher Bacher Israel Isril Isserl Srol Srulik Srul

Place name near Frankfort on Main. Isten is a US shortened form. From the town of Illingen, Baden 1809. See the Tabelle Baden list 1809. Name of Hebraic origin. In Knigsbach, Phorzheim area, Baden.

Bacher short form in the US, without the suffix Issel. Biblical name; name bestowing honour of Jakob.

158

Jacob Jakob Jakobi Jacobson Jacobso(h)n Jason Jaffe Kalonymos Ja(o)ffin Jger Jankan Jecklin von Ulm Je(c)kli Jelinger Jeselson Joachimsthal Joel Joelsohn Jolson

Name of Hebraic origin, in the rural zone of Palatinate, and all over Baden. The name Jacob is common in Schmieheim, 1809, the biggest community of the Mahlberg area. In Marbach, Wangen and Constance area. In Mllheim, South Baden; Jason is an American shortened form. Existing since the 16th century, in Hebrew Jaffe means beautiful, and in the Greek translation Kalon or Kalonymos. It means beautiful name. The hunter, in Baden district Under Rhine 1809, Austria and Tyrol. See the Tabelle Baden list 1809. Since 1372 first joining between the von and a place name. By 1343 a form as Jeckli, and in 1349 we have Jakob Jeckli. From Jhlingen in Baden. Other form Jhlinger too. Name of Hebraic origin, for Jessel see Joseph. Town in Czecko-Slovakia, in US = (Julius) Joachim Stahl. Biblical name; US = Jolson is a shortened form.

Joseph Yosel Yos(i) Yesse Jessel Jesselmann J(y)oske Judah Yehuda Udel(l) Judke(o) Jud

Biblical name of Hebraic origin.

Hebraic name, and common too for non-Jewish people. It concerns also Jews that are born from a Jewish mother.

159

Jung Juliusburger Jutrosinski Jutro Juenker

Given name, district of Under Rhine, Baden 1809. Shortened as Burger in US. Jutro means in Slavic tomorrow, without suffix. From Gynk, place name in Hungary = young aristocrats

160

Kadar Kaffee Coffee Kaffenburger Kaffmann Kaff Kafka Kapka

Hungarian term for copper. Existing all over Baden 1809.

Means in Czechoslovak = crow, and common for someone who lived near a shield or a sign of house with a crow designed. In Poland the barman is called Kawka. There exists a version for Kafka as diminutive of Yaaakov/Jacob. As Kohen, in Russian = Kagan plus suffix off. Kahn = Kohen is originally a Hebraic name meaning priest. Existing in the area of Mahlberg, Altdorf, Gochsheim, Stebbach, Mllheim, Sulzburg and Baden.

Kaganoff Kahn Kagan Kahnmann Kaplan Kohn Chan Kalb Kalbermann Kalter Kanizsai Kamerer Kaminski Cummins Kanter Kand Kantor Kaposi Karlebach

Given name for a butcher, in the district of Under Rhine, Baden. From the town of Nagykanizsa, in the county of Zala, Hungary. In Baden 1809; Kaminski-Cummins phonetic adaptation in the US. New term with some doubts of the name Aaron, existing in the district of Under Rhine 1809, and Knigsbach Pforzheim area. is chazzan in Hebrew. From the town of Kaposvar, in the county of Somogy, Hungary. In the Bretten area, in Heidelsheim, district of Middle Rhine, in Karlinsky Badener Palatinate, and in Karlebach, Upper Rhine district 1809. Name since 1776 of a house shield in the Judengasse in Frankfort.

Karpf

161

Kasel Kassel Kaskel Kassewitz Kastanienbaum Kastanien Kastner Kasten Katscher Katzenellenbogen Bogen Elbogen Ellenbogen

Place name in the area of Rastatt and in the whole of Baden 1809.

Means chestnut, and Kasten is shortened in the US without a suffix.

From the town of Kacs, in the Borsod-Zempln county, Hungary. From a town in the Hesse-Nassau land. The old colony of Katzen-elnbogen was founded by the German Katten people, from whom descend the Hessen people. The old Romanname of this colony was Cattimelibocus, changed in the time of the first county in Katzenellenbogen. In this area we can find today a town with the same name K., which still is the open market centre. Padova Meir Katzenellenbogen or Meir von Padua who was an important Italian rabbi, came from this centre in 1500. Different members of the family bore the name Katzenellenbogensohn or shortened it into Katzenelson or Katznelson.

Katzenellenbogen Nelson Bogensohn Katzenelnbogen Katzenstein Katz is a word of Hebraic origin, it has not the sense of Katzauer cat, but comes from the shortened form of Kohen Zedek, Katzenelson in Hebrew = the most honest priest. Katzin Cattimelibochi Ellbogen Ellen Kauf Kaufmann Kofmann Yakovmann Yakofmann Kaula The name exists in about 38 towns. Kaufmann comes from Jacob. In Stebbach of the district of Upper Rhine, in Gochsheim of the district of Under Rhine, in Phorzheim, Knigsbach and Karlsruhe of the district of Middle Rhine, and also in the area of Lrrach South of Baden, 1809. A doubtful name, see Tabelle Baden list 1809.

162

Kay

Kayn

Name of Hebraic origin, since 1463 in Baden and the Lrrach area, also Baden 1809. Instead of Braunschweig or Bloch, meaning cellar, in the area of Lrrach, Baden 1809. Place name, Baden 1809. Exists in the district of Under Rhine, Baden 1809. A Kesselmacher, Kessel = boiler.

Keller Kenderberg Kerich Kern Kessler Kessel Kastel Kiez Kietz Ki(e)lsheimer Klsheim King Knigsberger-

An unknown name, Baden 1809. A doubtful change of the name Aaron. Existing in the area of Pforzheim, in Knigsbach, district of Middle Rhine, Baden. From the town Knigsberg, East Prussia, today Kalingrad (Russia).

Kirchheimer Name of the communities of different KIRCH towns. Area Kirchhasser of Kirchen-Lrrach, South Baden 1809. Kirchmeyer Kirschenblat Kirchstein Kirste(i)n Kirsche Kirschdorf Kirschheim Kirschenzweig Kissingen(er) Klausner Klangmann Klee-/Kleefeld Town in Franconia, see Tabelle Baden list 1809. Name of a monk, existing in the district of Under Rhine, Baden 1809 and in Rust, area of Mahlberg, Upper Rhine, Baden. Klee is the clover in the area of Breisgau, Upper Rhine, Baden 1809.

163

Kleimenhagen Hagen Klein

Shorted into Hagen. Given name and personal characteristic like Big White Black existing in Emmendingen area, Eichstetten and Under Rhine, 1809. By the translation in English also Haddock in the US.

Klepfisch Klippfish Stockfish Klinger Kloz(er) Klotz Klopmann Kluger Kohn Kohut Kolatsch Kolitz Koma Kamen

Like a clod of earth, a false gem stone, or a trader. Kloz is a given name to the Phorzheim area or of the Under Rhine district 1809. Someone who knocks at the shutters, to wake up the pious for morning prayers. An expensive name, existing in the whole of Germany. See Kahn. Ukrainian term for a cock, also concerns a house shield in the Judengasse of Frankfort on Main in 1776. From Slavic bread or Yiddish Kolitz. The Russian and Polish Jews had white bread for festivity and the Sabbath. The name Kamen means stone and rock. Koma is a wrong contraction.

Knigsberger/ King King is a US short form. Knig Knigsberg Knigsbacher A title name, bestowing honour, in the North of Baden 1809. It is a translation of the Hebraic name Melech or Elimelech, meaning God is a King. The German authorities gave the poor Jews the name Knig. Knisberg comes from the main city of East Prussia, Baden 1809. Knigsbacher exists since 1670 in Baden and Durlach. From the town of Krmend, county Vas on the Raab, western Hungary.

Koermini

164

Koppel KoppelovichKob(p)el Kopeloff Jacobson Yaakobel Kosches Korf Korff Kormitzer Koslawsky Kossow Kostrelitz Korshak Korczak Kortenbach Kotlar Kramer Kraft Kraines Krainin Kreindel Kreines Krakauer Kramer Krahmer Krasny Kra(e)tchmer Krachmann

From Jakob; existing in the whole of Baden. Since the 18th century and in 1810 in Marbach, Wangen and the Constance area. Son of Jacob.

Existing in the form Qeschet= umbrella; it was a hint of the history of Noah and a symbol of an eternal link. Someone who is a Korbmacher = basket maker.

From the town of Kossov in Poland. Koster is a short form. Ukrainian word for noble, or Polish term for wine-glass. House sign of a cellar. Place name, Baden 1809. A copper boiler maker. A haberdasher (trader) to the Aschkenasim. Exists in the district of Under Rhine, Baden 1809. Kreindel is a Yiddish name since the Middle Ages.

From the Polish town of Krakau, today Krakow. In the district of Under Rhine, Baden 1809. Slavic term for red or beautiful; adopted as a family name it is a translation from Hanah or Bayla, or Shayndel. In Yiddish a Kretchme is a country inn, a monopoly for Jews in Poland.

165

Kraus(s) Krauskopf

Given name as frizzy head, exists in the Under Rhine district, Baden 1809.

Krautheimer Heimer is the short form, Baden 1809. Krauth/Heimer Krehan Kreilsheimer Crailsheim Krezinger Kretzkes Grotzingen Cresca As English phonetics it changes into Crayon. From the town of Crailsheim in Wrttemberg.

Krieger Host or innkeeper, from the German word Krug or Krueger Kriegsho(a)ber or Krieger, since 1500 in Germany. Krischer Krupnich Krueger Krulewitz Slavic word Krish for cross. Slavic word for fodder or wheat trader. See Krieger, in the district of Under Rhine, Baden. From the town of Krolewiez, near Kiev in Ukraine.

Kulefsky From a town called Kolowa in Lithuania. Kuli/Kolowski Kulikowsky Kuppenheim(er) Kippenheim Kuttenblumer Kugelmann Kuhn Kurz Kusel/Kushner Name of small communities and a German town. Place name, from Kutna in Poland and Czecho-Slovakia. In the district of Under Rhine, Baden 1809. Given name, in Baden and Under Rhine 1809. Given name as short, in Under Rhine and Baden. Like furrier, existing in South Baden.

166

Lacher Lachmann Lachmanski Lans Ladenburger Ladenburg Ladmann Lamm Landauer Landau Landsberger Lane Lang Langenbielau Langenbach Langweiler Lang(en) Weiler Lapidus Lapin(e) Laskov Laskovitz Latter Laube(r) Laubheimer

Someone who often laughs; also the German translation of the name Isaac = he will be laughing, from the word Lache = marsh, or from Nachmann. Early in 1400 common as a Christian name, later as a family name, an expensive name. Lans is a short form in the US. From the term Lanczi. Place name, Lane is an American short form. Existing in Ittlingen, Mannheim, and Mosbach, North of Baden 1809. Instead of Latter, in the district of Under Rhine 1809. Since 1776 a name from the Judengasse in Frankfort on Main. From the town of Landau in Palatinate. Existing in the Pforzheim area, Knigsbach, Baden 1809. From Landau in Bavaria, some Jews were expelled in 1545, and they went to Prague. From different towns called Landsberg. Lane is a short form in the US. Personal characteristics: long. In the area of Mahlberg, Altdorf and the district of Under Rhine, Baden 1809. From a place name. In Baden 1809.

Latin form for stone-cutter, translated into German Steiner. Lapine is also a Polish community. From a town in White Russia and Lithuania. Leiter since 1776 means = ladder. The name was common before the Names Edict in the Judengasse of Frankfort on Main. Form the word laube in French, Baden 1809. Laubheimer comes from the town of Laupheim near Ulm in Baden.

167

Laudenbacher Lautenbach Lautenberg Lauenberg Lauterbach Lay

From the town of Lautenbach, in West Prussia. Existing in the whole of Baden, 1809. Name instead of Ladenburg, Baden 1809. Place name from the town of Lauterbach in the Baden-Wrttemberg area. New name instead of Seligmann or Liebmann, Phorzheim area. Lay instead of Levi, in Ettenheim, Mahlberg area, Baden 1809. Greek short form for Eleazar = God help.

Lazarus/ Lasar Elki(a)n Elkanan Eliezer Le(e)ser Leyser Ledermann Lederer Lehmann Lehman Leibowitz Lei Leipziger Lemle

Is a tanner. In the district of Under Rhine, Baden 1809. Lehmann is the sign of a vassal of a feudal lord. As a Jewish name it comes from the occupation of banker or money lender. In German it changed from Leihmann to Lehmann. Instead of Levi or Moses, in the area of Lrrach, Baden 1809. From the city of Leipzig in Saxony, East Germany. Name of Hebraic origin as Ascher, all over Baden. Also joined as Levi-Lemle, in Bretten, Palatinate, Murg and Pfinzkreis. Means Leopard.

Lempert Lemport Lampert Lenoff Leo/Leopold

Is a Polish name. In Baden 1809, and also in the area of Rastatt country and town.

168

Lerner Lessing Levi Levinger Levistein Lewinstein Levit Livi Levi-Spiro Levy Levi(s) Levisohn Lewei Lew Leff/Layb Lewei Liberles Licht Lichter Liechti Lichtenberg Lichtenfeld Lichtermann Lichtenstein Light Lichtenstetter Lichtzer Lichtzieher Lichter

Means in English a student. As a Jewish name it exists since 1812 in Berlin. In Hebrew = Levit ; from this line came the Kohanin, the priest. Existing in Ettenheim, Gomberg, Schmieheim and Mahlberg, Baden 1809. The Levi-Cohen were from London, borne too as a surname. Common in Lwenstein 1809, Ettenheim, Mahlberg , Baden 1809. Levit as Jewish name, exist in Emmendingen and Ihringen, Baden. Names as Jobel Kayn in 1463, and Maier Levy in 1525, are common until 1700, but seldom in the records. Existing in the Gailingen-Constance area, and in Mllheim Sulzburg, Baden. The name Levi-Spiro appears in Costance. Most common name before the Names Edict. Exists in the district of Upper Rhine, Breisach area, Mahlberg area, Altdorf, all over Baden 1809. Instead of Lwe, in Yiddish Layb, formerly Levi. Instead of Raphael. In the district of Under Rhine, Baden. Exists in the Under Rhine district, and South of the Kinzig, Baden 1809. Instead of Uri and Meir = light. The name Lichtmann in 1700 was borne from people who paid in Russia some taxes for using Jewish candles on the Sabbath. Lichtenstetter is shortened as Light in the US. All these names exist in Bretten, Bauerbach, Deidesheim, in the Palatinate, and since 1827 in Murg and Pfinzkreis.

Name of German origin, Baden 1809.

169

Liebermann Lieb(p)mann Liesermann Liepmann Link Linker Lindauer Linden Lindheimer Lindemann Linz Lion Lippmann Liepmann Lipmann Lipa Liper/(is) Lipsky Litman Lisbone Litmanowitz Lobenegg Lohberg Lobenheimer Loeb/Lw Lbmann Lwmann London Lopper

German translation from Eliezer= help of God. In the Kurpfalz of Baden since 1722. In 1787 the name was not authorized, but after the decree of December 1787 it was borne as a name. In the district of Under Rhine, Baden 1809. From Linde, name of a plant, and also as a sign of a house name. Lindenmann is the name joined with Nathan Isaac. Common in Bretten, in the district of Middle Rhine and in Murg and Pfinzkreis, Baden 1809. From the Austrian city of Linz , in Upper Austria. From Lion = Levi, in Ettenheim, Mahlberg area, Baden 1809. From the botanical name Lipa in Slavic = lime-tree. Lippmann shortened as Linn in US. Existing in Baden 1809. Since 1365 linked with Eliezer and Gottlieb, Gottlieb = Lieb = Lipmann. Lipsky is a form from the city of Leipzig in Lipkin Saxony, from the Slavic Lipsk=Lipa for its large number of limes.

From the Portuguese capital. As Litman shortened in the US, without the suffix. Instead of Neckarsulm, Baden 1809. Instead Lonerstein, Baden 1809. Place name in Baden. New version for Lw, in the List of Mannheim 1809.

New version from the Hebraic word Lamdan = scholar, when the Jews were expelled from Bavaria, and went by 1545 to Prague, someone bore this name.

170

Lorsch Lorch Lorg/Lorig Lser Lw Loewens Logart Lwenberger Lwenstein Lawton Lewis Livingstone Lorris Lowe(ns) Lownds Lb/Lw Lwenthal Lwson/Lwy Lubar Luber Lubarsky Lucis Lckel Lucker Lauck(a) Leute Leickart Lindi Lucal Luchard Lutgard Lustig Lusheimer

From a town in Hesse, common in Baden 1809.

Translated in German from the Hebraic word = inheritance administrator, common in 1700 and 1800. Translation of the symbol Yehuda = Juda; the Lion (Lwe) is the symbol of Juda. Exists in the Stein area 1810, in Knigsbach in the Rastatt area in 1814, Baden. In the List of Mannheim and Lwengardt Karlsruhe and also in Schmieheim. Changed in 1938 to different versions:

Unknown place of origin, from the Slavic Lubar = love.

From the place name of Lucka in Silesia in 1809. Since 1565 in Hesse, Germany.

From Hebrew simhat = happy or Simh = happiness, expensive name, Baden 1809. From the town of Neulussheim, Under Rhine, Baden.

171

Maas Meise Massenbach Machol Maghuel Mandel Maendel Mandelbaum Mandelstamm Mager Mahler Maienthal Maier

A dialect form for Meise = (bird) great tit or tomtit. Since 1776 and before the Names Edict; in the Judengasse of Frankfort on Main. Common all over Baden. In the 18th and 19th centuries. In 1700 and 1800 in Osterburken and Mosbach, d. Upper Rhine. Mandel is = almond; common for Jewish families in the area of Mosbach. A form also of the Mendel

Given name, in the area of Mullheim, Baden 1809. In the Mahlberg area, Altdorf, and district of Under Rhine, Baden. Place name, Baden. Existing in the area of Bretten, Heidelsheim, Pfalz, in the district of Middle Rhine, Murg and Pfinzkreis 1827, Knigsbach and Stein. Only in the district of Under Rhine, Baden Place name From Mainz, Baden. Given name, in the district of Under Rhine, Baden. From the Hebrew Malkah = queen. Same form as the previous Malkes from Hebrew Malkah, queen. From the town of Mamelsdorf, Baden 1809. Plant name (Bot.) as sign in the House shields, Baden 1809. See Menahem and Mandel.

Maimann Mainzer Major Malkes Malkow Malkoff Malkin(son) Mamelsdorf Mandelbaum Mandel Mandula

172

Manes

From Menascheh = mans name. Name of Hebraic origin in the 1700s and 1800s. Common in Morbach and Wangen, Constance area. Doubtful name by 1810, and changed for Grub Hilb and Maier, in Sulzburg Mllheim area, Baden. Place name, common before the Names Edict, in the north Baden. In Schmieheim too, Mahlberg area, and the biggest Jewish community in Baden 1809. As Mannheimer it exists in Eberbach, Flehingen, Ladenburg, Gochsheim area, see the List of Karlsruhe. Given name for Meir-Licht (light) = the illuminated. In honour of the Rabbi Meir of Rottenbug by 1200, numerous families bore this name Meir after the Names Edict. Common in South and West Germany, imported in Bohemia and Moravia. Name of German origin, in Baden 1809. Mark is a short form, without the suffix. Shortened form of Markus.

Mannes Mann Mannheim Mannheimer

Maram/Meir

Marko/Mark Markbreiter Marks Marcus (o) Mark (x) Marlock Marmorstein Martin Marx Marxheim

In the district of Under Rhine, Baden 1809. As marble, the US short form is Martin. See Marks. The family Levi and Levi-Marx, existing in the Bretten area, in the district of Middle Rhine and since 1827 in Murg and Pfinzkreis. The name all over Baden 1809, and in the area Mllheim, in Sulzburg Constance area, in Gailingen, in Pfalz, in Heidelsheim, and since 1827 in Murg and Pfinzkreis. In Knigsbach Pforzheim area, Baden.

Matthias Mattis Mattathias Matthew Mathison Matisoff

173

Mayer May/Mai

Hebraic name, see Meir, used in 1809, in the Emmendingen Ihringen and Eichstetten area, south of Baden. Mayer exists too in Murbach, Wangen, Sulzburg, area Mllheim; see list of Karlsruhe-Mayer in Lrrach too, since 1772 in Kurpfalz, since 1743 Baden.

Meckesheim Name of small communities as in the town of Heidelberg, Meckesheimer Baden 1809. Meir Meyerfeld Meyerhardt Meyerheim Meyersberg Meyerstein Meyersicht Meyers Meisel/Maizel Meislish Meizlich Mordecai Moshe/Moses Melber Mendel/Mandel Mandelbaum Mandelbrodt Mandelblum Mandelmann Mandelsss Mandelstamm Mend(s)berg Menkin Mendthal Mendelowitz Mendelson Menge (s) Menke (sohn) Ment Licht as light = the illuminated, with the following forms:

Name borne in 1550, from the Meisel Synagogue of Prague.

A flowers trader. Is the diminutive of the Hebraic name Menahem, see Kaganoff.

In North German it means trader, in the 1700 and 1800. In the Mllheim area, Baden. Name of Hebraic origin since 1776.

174

Menzinger Mergentheim Merman Metzger

In small communities as Menzingen, Gochsheim area, Under Rhine. From Bad Mergentheim, Wurttemberg 1809. Trade and occupational names since 1400 are borne also by non-Jews, as Arzt, Becker, Metzger, Schreiner and Schneider. Later on not only the trade names. Metzger = butcher. Month name for March, in the North of Baden 1809. Mez could be the French place of origin. It exists also in the district of Upper Rhine in the area of Breisach, Baden 1809. From the whole of Baden in 1809. Double name, from Meyer and Beer. Other Meyer form.

Merz/Mez

Meyer Meyerbeer Meyerlinger Meiling Meilingen Michel Midas Milhaud Milgrom Milstein Millstone Mintz Minc/ Menz Munz Miskolezi Miranda Mischowski Mishow

Name of Hebraic origin, Michael = Someone who is like God. See the Tabelle Baden List 1809. From the town of Milhaud near Nimes in the south of France. Means miller in English, from the miller or the miller-stone Baden From the city of Mainz in the Palatinate, Baden 1809.

From the town of Miskolc, in the Borsod-Zempln county, Hungary. Place name in Spain. Mishow is the US short form, without the suffix.

175

Mistelfelder Mislowitzer Mlotok Moch/Mock Mauch Model Modela van Modran Monath Montagu Moos (er) Moosbacher Mosbacher Morgen Morgenstern Morgenthau Moses Masheles Manscheles Motzkin Mueller Mhlstock Mhlstein Mnzesheimer

In the whole area of Baden. Is a little hammer, in Russian. Moch and Mauch in 1700 and 1800, in Nonnen-weiher, Baden. Mock foud in the Under Rhine district 1809, and Lrrach area. Old Hebraic name, existing in the Pforzheim area, Baden 1809.

Only in the north of Baden. The family name of Romeo and Julietta of Shakespeare, the Montecchi means a pointed mountain. Coming from Mose, in Gochsheim, in the Waldshut area Under Rhine, in Randegg; see List of Radolfszell 1814. Morgen = tomorrow, in the US changed for Morgenstern. The registering of this name was in 1779. Old Hebraic name.

A garrisons name, from the Hebraic Motz (moreh zedek), = teacher of justice (Rabbi). Name instead of Oscher, south of the Kinzig, Under Rhine, Baden. Mills as English, or Multin in French. Exists in the area of Gochsheim, in the district of Under Rhine, in Bauerbach, Gondelheim, Menzingen, Rohrbach, Stebbach Weiler and Baden 1809.

176

Muthart Mutter Mother

Peculiarity, exists only in the district of Under Rhine, Baden, 1809. Name existing all over Baden 1809. The same rights of both the parents in the ethics matter are emphasized, against the Biblical opinion, by the Jewish teaching.

177

Nachman(n) Nadel Nadenheim Nagel Nager/Nuger Neiger Naphtali Nathan Nadenheim Nathanson Nathausen Natowic Nauen Nay(j)mark Newmark Neder Neidenstein (er) Nelson Netter/Neder N(h)ter Nther Neu Neuburg(er) Neumann Neumetzger Newhouse

Name of Hebraic origin, Nachman of Braclaw (1772 1811) is a member of European Chassidism. Is the symbol of the tailors occupation, the needle. Is an imaginative form of Nathan, in Baden in the List of Karlsruhe. Given name for a carpenter, the symbol of Nail. From the Hebrew naggar = carpenter. Name, of the son of the Jakobs, as Naphtali Herz Mendelsheim. Name of Hebraic origin from the prophet. Common in the 18th and 19th centuries. Son and Hausen could be a short form of the same name.

It exists in the whole Land of Baden, 1809. From the town of Neumark, in Poland and in Bohemia. In the area of Breisgau, south of Baden 1809. In some small communities, in the district of Baden. Some names changed into Nelson, as Levi, Isaak, Katzenellenbogen or Samuel; in the area of Emmendingen, Baden. Only in the area of Mahlberg and in the south of Baden.

For the new names, in the area of Breisach, Upper Rhine, Baden New, Newman and Noymer are short forms in US.

178

Neugass Neumark Neustadter Nieheim Nissenbaum Nissenfeld Nissenholtz Noether Nuernberg Nussbaum

Place of origin, found in the district of Under Rhine, Baden. See Naymark, place name, in Breisgau Upper Rhine, Baden, 1809. From Neustadt, exists in Baden 1809. Only in the area of Breisgau, district Upper Rhine, Baden, 1809. Nissen is the Hebraic month of Nisan, or in Hebrew the walnut-tree. See Netter, only in Kuppenheim 1814, or Rastatt-Baden 1809. From the city of Nuremberg in Bavaria. In short form: Nurnberg. Name from the Judengasse in Frankfort on Main since 1776, means (Walnut).

179

Oberlnder Obinheimer Odenheimer

Only in Diersburg, Mahlberg area and in Durlach since 1670, Baden. Exists in Karlsruhe 1809, in the Province of Baden 1809, and in dinger the district of Under Rhine, also in Deidelsheim, Heidelsheim Walldorf and Heinsheim. dinger from the town of ttingen, Baden. From the town of hlesheim, Breisach area, district of Upper Rhine, Baden 1809. Someone from Austria, short form in the US and Baden, Ostier. Ofen is the German translation of the city of Buda, the western half-part of the Hungarian capital Budapest. US short form without a suffix is Oli. From the town of Opfingen, Breisach area, Upper Rhine 1900. Place name from the town of Oppenheim on the Rhine, Palatinate. Since 1722 in Heidelberg; Oppenheim was also an old Jewish community in Hesse. Name also in the Upper Rhine area, in Main, in Diersburg area, in Neufreistett, Stollhofen and south of Baden. In Karlsruhe too, in the district of Under Rhine. In the US was changed into Orr. Is a dialectal form of Aaron.

hlesheimer Ohlesheimer sterreicher Ofner Olitzki Opfinger Oppenheimer

Orchndesch Orenstein Ohrenthal Horn Hornstein Hornthal Orljansky Orlan Gorenstein Oren Orttenborg Ortlieb Ortenberg Ostheimer Ottenheimer Odenheim

Is shortened in the US. Is the Russian form for the name Orljansky. From the town of Ortenburg near Passau, in Bavaria 1809. Ortlieb is a name of German origin, existing in Marbach, Wangen and Constance, Baden 1809. From the town of Ostheim in Thuringia, Baden 1809. Place name from the town of Ottenheim, Baden 1809.

180

Pacifico Paderborn Pailet Palm Pardo Pasternak Patinkin Pauker Pecsi Peterwardeiner Pflzer Pfeiffer Pfifferling Pforzheimer Pickert Bickard Pilger Bilber Pilish Pinkas Pinchas Pincherle

Translation from the name Shelomo or Shalom = peace, in the Sephardim traditions. From a town in Westphalia, Germany. An unknown origin, common in Baden 1809. Plant name (Bot:), as house sign, North Baden 1809, Middle Rhine. Place name from El pardo near Madrid in Spain. Russian term of Pastinak , as salad trader or parsley. Slavic word Patinka that means slipper or shoemaker. Means a small drum. Hungarian place name, from the town Pcs in the Baranya county. Place name from Peterwardein in the former Yugoslavia. Someone coming from Palatinate, in Germany. Existing in the d. Under Rhine 1809; and since 1670 in Durlach, Baden. Pfifferling is a mushroom. Place name, in Baden. In Baden 1809. Since 1731 in Wurttemberg, common also among the Christians. From the Hungarian town of Pilis, near of Budapest. Hebraic name, son of Eleazar and nephew of Aaron.

181

Pintus Pine Plotzheim Pniower Power Polajewski Pola Pollak Pollatschek Pollat Pollock Bollag Pommer Popper Possel Posselt Potok Prager Prger Pressburger

Changed into Pine as shortened form in the US. From the town of Blotzheim, in the area of Breisach, Baden. Phonetic change in the US, as Power. Shortened in the US as Pola. The Slavic word means the Polish. Moses Valentin Pollak was the Sir of Eisenstadt by 1781. Pollatschek is shortened as Pollat. The form Bollag is very common in Switzerland.

Exists in Baden. Someone coming from Frankfort; Frankfort on Main called Popper. Only in the area of Gochsheim and in the district of Under Rhine, Baden. From the town in East Galicia; Potok means stream or river. From the capital of Czekia, exists in Altdorf, Mahlberg area, Baden. From the city of Bratislava (former Pressburg) capital of Slovakia. Only in Rexingen near Horn on the Neckar river, Baden. By the American pronunciation it changed into Pruce. The American short form is Priebat . Originally from an earlier form of the city of Florence, Florenca as F-R-N-Z.-

Preuss Pruce Priebatsch Prinz

182

Rabin Rabinovich Rakusin Rakusino Rakuzino Racuen Rappe Rapport Rappaport Rastatter Rath Rau Regendorfer Regensberg Reich Reichelson Reich Reiche Reichenbaum Reichenburg Reichert Reichheim Reichloeser Reichlos Reichman Reichner Reichstein Reichthal Reilinger Reimann

The Biblical Rabbi is the nephew of Hanna. Rabba as Hanna. From the place name of Ragusa, today Dubrovnik in Croatia. Other English forms: Racusin or Racoosin.

Name from the Judengasse in Frankfort on Main since 1776. The family Rappaport had as a house sign the crows. When they went to Portugal, the name Rabe was joined with Porto = Rappaport. From the village of Rastatt, in Baden 1809. Only in the district of Under Rhine, Baden. Given name, in the district of Under Rhine, Baden 1809. From Reckendorf, Baden 1809. Place name from the town of Regensburg in Bavaria. Given name, as rich, in the district of Under Rhine, Baden 1809. The Hebraic name Rachel was changed in German and Yiddish to Reichel. Other forms: Reichelson = son of Reichel, and Reich = rich (English). Exists only in the Under Rhine district 1808.

From the town of Reilingen, Baden 1809. Only in the district of Under Rhine, Baden 1809.

183

Reinhorn

Place name, in the area of Breisgau, in the Upper Rhine, Baden 1809.

Reinach All over Baden, 1809. Reinbach Reingangheim Rheingonnheim Reines Reingenheim Reisbeck Reiss Katherina in Greek = queen, translation from Katherine/ Cathrine. Short form as Rhein without the suffix. In Baden 1809. Exists in the town of Bretten, district of Middle Rhine. After the subdivision the Jewish community in 1827, it was annexed to Murg and Pfinzkreis. Only in the district of Under Rhine, Baden 1809. Name of Russian Jews who were timber traders, and who were working by the tree trunks with horses. Instead of Israel, exists in Altdorf, Mahlberg area, Baden 1809. Since 1776 name originating from the Judengasse in Frankfort on Main only in the area of Emmendingen in the Upper Rhine, Baden 1809. Reutlinger comes from the town of Reutlingen near StuttgartWur. Reitlingen is a dialectal form of Swabia. Exists in Durlach since 1690 and in Rastatt Baden 1814. The name is found also in the area of Pforzheim, Knigsbach and the Lrrach area. Place name from the Rhine river and mountains, only in the district of Under Rhine, Baden. Place of origin, since 1805 in the area of Breisgau, d. Upper Rhine.

Reiter Ryter Reitzes Ress Reuss

Reutlinger Reitlinger

Rheinauer Rheinheim Rheinsheim Rhinauer

184

Ribalow Ribeisen Richold Richter Riesenfeld Ries Rieser Riess Rindskopf Ringel Goldring Rittner Robinson Rockoff Rakov Rackover Rackowsky Rackofsky Roedel Roederer Rderer Roderer Roen Rohr Rohrbacher Rohrmann

From the Slavic word Riba = fish, is a Polish fisherman. Reibeisen, is a dealer of cooking utensils. Only in Baden 1809. Only in the district of Under Rhine, Baden 1809. Ried, short form with the elimination of the middle syllable in the US. Since 1776 in Frankfort on Main; another form Riess also exists in the Judengasse of Frankfort. Also in the county of Baden 1809, in the area of Mllberg, in Sulzburg and Breisgau area. Since 1776 a name in the Judengasse of Frankfort on Main.

Only in the district of Under Rhine, Baden 1809. Common in the 18th and 19th centuries. Place name from the town of Rakov near Minsk, WhiteRussia.

Place name from the town of Roedelheim near Frankfort, Baden 1809. From the biggest Jewish community in Schmieheim, Mahlberg area, Baden. Is a short form in the US from Rosendorf. Instead of Nathan. See Karlsruhe list 1809, and in the area of Gochsheim in Under Rhine district, in Flehingen, Ittlingen, Menzingen Mnzesheim, Baden 1809.

185

Rolland Roos Rooss Rose

In the whole of Baden 1809. Concerning the horse trade, only in the Under Rhine district 1809. Since 1776 is a house shield in the Judengasse of Frankfort on Main. Rosen is an American short form for Rosenstein.

Rosen Rosenau Rosenbach Rosenbaum The botanical term is plant of roses, but a house sign too. Rosenband Rosetree is the US short form of Rosenbaum. Rosenblatt Baum is the US short form of Rosenbaum. Rosenberg/Hill Rosenberg/Roos Rosenbusch Rosendorf Rosenfelder Rosenheim Rosenkranz Rosenstiel Rosenstock Rosenthal Rosenzweig With the elimination of the middle syllable in the US, Roswig. Rost Roos Rostholder Rosenburger Rossheimer Rossenfels Rossenfeld Rothhirsch Roth Rothenhaus Rothenburg Roos is a house sign in the Judengasse of Frankfort since 1776. Is the American short form of Rosshalter. Only in Karlsruhe, 1809. Without the middle syllable Rossmer. In the district of Under Rhine, Baden 1809. In English = red deer, the US short form is Roth. Place of origin, in the district of Under Rhine, it was registered as a name in Nov. 1809, exists in Orschweiher, Mahlberg as given name. In Breisgau. too and Upper Rhine 1805, Baden.

186

Rothschild Child

Since 1776 a well known name and house shield in Frankfort on Main. The name represents the only Jewish family in Donaueschingen, Villingen 1809, R. exists in Worblingen, Constance area 1809, in Waldshut, in Randegg 10/1809, and in Radolfszell 1814. The family name is common in 1500, and since 1776, long before the Names Edict, it was borne in the d. of Upper Rhine and in the county of Palatinate, and also in Pforzheim, and Knigsbach in the Saint Andrea part. Child is the US short form for Rothschild. Stein is a short form of Rothstein. Name of Hebraic origin, son of Jakob.

Rothstein Stein Ruben (s) Rubenstein Rubin Rubinfeld Rubinger Rubinstein Ruf Rlsheimer Rund Runkel

Since 1670 existing in Durlach, Baden, and in Lrrach, Baden 1809. Place name, from the town of Rlzheim, Baden 1809. Given name, only in the district of Under Rhine, Baden 1809. New name, it appears in the Names Edict in 1809, Baden.

187

Sachs Zachs Sahlheimer Salinger Solinger Salm Salomon Sadirni Salomon Salm Salten Salton Sandersen Sands Sanford Santos Seaman Selton Sloan Solomon Stone Saloniki Sameth Sammt Samokorlija Samstag Samst Samostie

Someone who came in the 14th century from Saxony, Germany. Changed from: Zalman Halevi, Baden 1809. Place name from the town of Solingen in Westphalia, Germany. Name from the Judengasse in Frankfort on Main since 1776, it is a short form of Salomon (see next entry). Name of Hebraic origin, and the biblical son of David. It is probably a name existing in the area of Rastatt, Baden 1814. In Wangen too, in Marbach and in the area of Constance.

Place name from the city of Salonika in the north of Greece. Name for a person called Simon orShimon = Sammt. Place name of the town of Samokov, near the capital of Bulgaria. As the month = Saturday, only borne in the North of Baden.

Samuel Name of Hebraic origin, Samuel is in the Bible hanavi = Shmuel the prophet. Only in Waldshut, Randegg, Tabelle Radolfszell Sauril List, Baden, 1814. Schmelke Schmulik Zangwill/Zarill

188

Sandon Snger Saragossi Sassenheimer Sassemer Satz Schatz Shatz Sauer Sauerbrunn Sauerbruch Schachtel

In Baden 1809. Only in the district of Under Rhine, Baden Place name from the city of Saragossa in Spain. Place name from the town of Grosssachsen in Baden. Common name from Lithuania.

Given name, exists in the district of Under Rhine, Baden 1809 and in the Burgenland (Austria). Comes from house n 99 of the Judengasse of Frankfort on Main. Is a change of the name shochet (Schchter) = a ritual butcher. Since 1787 in Baden. In US the short form of Seelenfreund = is Friend. Common instead of Jacob, only in the district of Under Rhine, See List of Karlsruhe, Baden Seiden = silk, name for a tailor, in Baden 1809. Is the Russian word for the rabbit, in Baden 1809. Name of Hebraic origin in 1700 and 1800. Is also a Hungarian place name, and in Israel a coin maker. Selig means the blessed, name of German origin. Existing in the district of Under Rhine, in the Constance area, in Wangen, in Marbach 1809, and in the Palatinate since 1722 and 1743. Cerf means in French deer, existing in Bretten, in the Palatinate, in the Middle Rhine district, and since 1827 in Murg and Pfinzkreis.

von Seelenberg Seelenfreund Friend Seidenberger Seidenfaden Seitz Saitz Sekeles Sekler Sekel Seligmann Selig (k) Zelig Zelik Serf Cerf

189

Saphiro Spira Spier Spiro Spero Sprai Szpir Saphir Chapiro Sichel Siegel Siegelmann Ziegel Ziegelmann Ziegler Sievert Silbertag Silbermann Silberschmidt Silberstein Silverberg Simon Schimme(l) Schimmche Schimon Sinauer Sinzheimer Sinsheimer Sunz Siracusa Sohn

Someone who comes from the city of Speyer, in the Palatinate, see chapter 2. Different forms of the the same name exist. The Jews went there since the end of Spire 11th century. They were expelled from the town in 1350. Later local Jews emigrated to Poland, Bohemia, Hungary and Russia.

Name from the Judengasse of Frankfort since 1776. The name could come from the diminutive of Isaak = Sekel. Name from the Judengasse of Frankfort on Main since 1776. The name of Chagal could have the same origin.

Name of German origin. Silber is silver and Tag is day. The US shortened forms are: Stein or Silversmith or Steen.

Name of Biblical origin, only in Baden since 1787.

Place of origin from Sinn (Hesse). Only found in the Under Rhine. Place name from Sinzheim Rastatt, in Baden 1809.

Place name from the town of Siracusa, in Sicily (Italy). Sohn as the old Hebraic name of Moses. Only in the Mllheim area. Baden.

190

Solokow Sokoloff Sokolowsky Sokol Sldner Solomon Saling(er) Salm(son) Salomon

Sokol is the Slavic word for hawk.

Only in the district of Under Rhine, Baden See Salomon.

Sommer As summer, only in the north of Baden 1809, in the area of Sommerfreund Bretten, in Jhlingen, in the Palatinate, in the Middle Rhine district and in Murg-Pfinzkreis. Sontheimer Sundheimer Spatz Spiegel Spiegelhall Hall Spira Saphiro Springer Stadecker Stadeker Stahl Stammhalter Stargardter Stark Sont and Sund are the old terms for the South, as Sundgau = Sdgau. Only in the district of Under Rhine, Baden. From the Judengasse of Frankfort since 1776 and in the Under Rhine district in the north of Baden. Spiegel = mirror. Is the US short form. See Saphiro, place name from the town of Speyer in the Palatinate. Place name from the town of Springen near Heidenheim, Baden 1809. In Baden 1809. Stahl means steel; only in the Schmieheim district on Under Rhine Baden 1809 and in the Mahlberg area, Baden. Only in the district of Under Rhine, Baden, 1809. From the town Stargard in East Prussia, shortened as Star in the US. Stark = strong, only in the district of Under Rhine, Baden, 1809.

191

Staschover Steeg Steegemann Steegmann Stein Steinfeld Steinhardt Steinhart Steinhausser Steinheim Steinmann Steinum Stengel Stempel Sternreich Stern Sternweiler Sternfels Sternheimer Stiefel Stieglitz Stoller Strasser Strassburg(er) Strauss Strick Strohmann Stumpf

Only in Baden 1809. House name in the Judengasse of Frankfort on Main since 1776. Stein = stone = Shteyn in Yiddish. Some jewellers were called Steiner or Edelsteiner. All over Baden.

Stengel = stalk, in Baden 1809. Stempel = stamp, only in the district of Under Rhine, Baden. Since 1776 name in the Judengasse of Frankfort on Main. Short form as Stern in Pforzheim, in Knigsbach and North of Baden. Is a place of origin, only in the district of Under Rhine, Baden 1809.

Stiefel = boot, since 1776 a name in the Judengasse of Frankfort on Main and all over Baden. From the Russian name stolyar = carpenter. Place name from the city of Strasburg in Alsace, in Karlsruhe too and in Hippenheim in Baden and Paltinate. Name from the Judengasse in Frankfort on Main. Karlsruhe, Baden. Place name, only in the district of Under Rhine, Baden. Only in Gochsheim, district of Under Rhine, Baden. Only in the district of Under Rhine, Baden 1809.

192

Sunz Ssskind Schaffer Schafranek Schatten Schotten Schatz Schatzmann Schauk Schaul Shawl Scheier Schauer Schayer Schorr Scheinberg Schnberg Schein Scheinmann Schenmann Schenberg Schenberger Scheinberger Scheinfeld Schenfeld Schemel Schenkolewsky Schenk Scher(er) Scheuer

From Sinzheim in the North of Baden. Name of German origin, Baden 1809. Is an administrator. Place name from Schadthausen or Schotten, in Hesse 1809. Schatzmann, a preacher in the synagogue, or a spiritual guide, only found in the district of Under Rhine, Baden 1809. Only in the district of Under Rhine, Baden 1809. Comes from the Hebraic name of Saul = Schaul. Shawl is a US short form. Unknown origin, but some storm-roofs (Schauer) also exist in Leipzig in Saxony.

Place name from Schnberg in West Prussia.

Name of Hebraic origin, by 1700 and 1800. Schem-el name of a God as Samuel. Schenk = Inn, short form. Name in the US and Europe, for a tailor. House shield name in the Judengasse in Frankfort on Main. since 1776. Common before the Names Edict. Scheuer = granary.

193

Scheuer/ Shewer Scheuermann Schiff

A cleaner. Only in the district of Under Rhine, 1809. Shewer is a US dialect form of the old name. Name of the Judengasse in Frankfort on Main since 1776, and common in the district of Under Rhine in the North of Baden. Name of the Judengasse in Frankfort on Main since 1776, common also in the Under Rhine, Baden 1809. Schild means shield. A diminutive from the Hebrew name of Schimon. Place name from Schirokau, shortened as Shearer in the US. Only in Baden 1809. Plant name (Bot.), in Baden 1809. Someone who is hiding, given name in Baden 1809. Common in the area and town of Rastatt, in the area of Gochsheim, in Menzingen and Munzesheim, in the Saint Andreas part, in Pforzheim, Flehingen, Gondelsheim and Baden 1809. Means a lock maker, a trade and occupational name, in the Under Rhine district, in the south of Kinzig, in Pforzheim, Knigsbach. Name of the Judengasse in Frankfort on Main since 1776, it means castle, only in the north of Baden and in the district of Under Rhine 1809. Schmalz means butcher, is an occupational name, only in the district of Under Rhine, Baden 1809. Schmidt = Smith in the US, the most common name in the western world, borne from Jews and non-Jews, in the Under Rhine district, 1809. From the Hebraic name S(ch)amuel.

Schild

Schimmel Schirokauer Shearer Schlackenwerth Schledorn Schleich(er) Schlesinger Schlsinger

Schlosser

Schloss

Schmalz Schmidt

Schmule Shmuel

194

Schnadinger Schnapper Schneider Schnell Schnurmann

Place name from the town of Schnatting near Straubing, Baden 1809. Only exists in Heidelberg since 1722, and Weinheim. Schneider means tailor, common since the 15th century. Only in the district of Under Rhine, Baden, 1809. Schnell as fast or quick, only in the district of Under Rhine, Baden 1809. Schnur = Schwiegertochter (old German) = daughterin-law. In Schmieheim, Mahlberg area, in the district of Middle Rhine and in the district of Under Rhine, Baden. Name of Hebraic origin, soq = Schenkel, since 1700 and 1800. Place name from the town of Schnbrunn in East Bohemia (today Jedlova), but under the rule of the Empress Maria Theresia the Jews were expelled from Austria and they were accepted in Hungary. It exists as a US translation of Fair brook. Schnberger only in Karlsruhe and Mannheim, Baden 1809. Only in Baden 1809. Name of Hebraic origin, Schor means ox. German dialectal form as Georg, in Germany 1809. Existing in Randegg, Waldshut area, 1810, in the Tabelle Radolfszell 1814 List and in the district of Under Rhine, Baden 1809. An Aramaic and Hebrew origin, borne in 1770 and 1800. The translation means: candel or light. From the Hebrew scrib = writer. Only in the Under Rhine, 1809. Means a shoemaker, only in the Under Rhine and South Kinzig.

Schoch Schoenbach Schoenfeld Field Schnberger Schnbrunn Schnteil Schnwald Schopflich Schopfloch Schor Schorsch Schott Schottlnder Schrag Schreiber Schuhmacher

195

Schulmann Skolnic S(c)hames Schsler Schuster Schutwolf Schwarz Schweitzer Schwetzer Schwabich Schwab

Means a teacher, only in the district of Under Rhine, Baden, 1809. Slavic for teacher. Hebrew for teacher. Only in the district of Under Rhine, Baden 1809. A shoe artisan, only in the district of under Rhine, Baden 1809. Existing in the whole of Baden 1809. Given name as personal characteristics, black in Under Rhine. An occupational name: a stable keeper or a milker. Only in Altdorf, Mahlberg area, Baden 1809. Only in the district of Under Rhine, Baden 1809. Place name from the town of Schwabach near Nuremberg, Middle Franconia in Bavaria 1809. Existing in the area of Breisach, Upper Rhine, in Ettlingen in the Swabia Baden, in theDurlach-Baden and in Schmieheim 1809. In Waldshut and Randegg since 1810 and 1814, also in Worblingen, Constance area, Mllheim in the south of Baden, and Emmendngen, Upper Rhine, Baden. The swan, since 1776 a house shield of Judengasse in Frankfort.

Schwan

Schwarzenberger From different origins. In the whole of Baden 1809. Schwarzkopf Blackhead A US translation. Schwarz -Ebbon Schwarzberg A mountain in Poland. Schwarzmann Schwarzschild A black shield from the Judengasse in Frankfort on Main since1776. Schwarz Only in Orschweiher, Mahlberg area, Baden 1809. Schwarzwlder Place name from a river and mountains, in the Under-Rhine district.

196

Tauch Tessler Thalheimer Thomas Tiefenbronner Tikotzki/Tick T(D)obriner Tockuss/Tuck Toledano Tolnauer Torres Traube Traumann Traupel Traut Trevus/Tribas Dreyfus Trevi(e)s Trefus Trennbach Trepp Treu/Troy Tuchmacher

In Baden 1809. As carpenter in Ukrainian. In Baden 1809. From the Christian name Teomim. Only found in the area of Stein, Baden 1810. Tick is the short form. Place name from Dobrin in Hungary; only in Baden 1809. Tuck is the short form in the US. Place name from the town of Toledo in Spain. Place name from the county of Tolna (Tolnau), in south Hungary. Place name from the town of Torres, Estremadura in Portugal. A house sign in the Judengasse in Frankfort since 1776. Exists in Karlsruhe 1809, in Bretten, in Middle and Under Rhine, Baden. From the Judengasse in Frankfort on Main since 1776. Only in the district of Under Rhine, Baden 1809. Someone who comes from Treves (Trier) in the Palatinate, see chapter 2. Name existing since 1300, in Treves since 1295 and 1306. Other name forms of the city: Trier, Troyes, Treviri, Trivash or Treves. Place name from the town of Obertrennbach, Baden 1809. Uncertain house name in Frankfort since 1776, in Upper Rhine. Treumann is the old name, and Troy the US pronunciation. Means textile producer, only in the Under Rhine district, Baden 1809.

197

berrheiner Ufenheimer Uffner Uffenheimer Ulff Uhlmann Ullmann Ulmann Ulman Ulmer

Means beyond the Rhine river, common in the area of Stein 1809 and in Knigsbach 1810. An old place of origin. Existing in Breisgau, district of Upper Rhine Baden 1809, since 1700 only in south Baden, BadenBaden, Friesenheim and Kippenheim. Since 1722 only in Heidelberg and Weinheim, Baden. The name is comes from the city of Ulm (Baden) or from Ulrich. Exists in Gailingen, area Constance and in the districts of Upper/Under Rhine 1809. In Ettenheim, Mahlberg area also, in Karslruhe, in Durlach since 1670 in Baden from the town of Ulm, and since1636 in Baden Durlach. All over Baden 1809.

Untermayer Reymer Reimer Uri Feiss Fifli Feibisch

Means in Hebrew my light, is a Christian name, in Greek it is Phobus, and in Yiddish Feibish.

Urspringer

Place name from the town of Urspringen in Bavaria, only in Baden.

198

Valfer Valffer(n) Wolf del Vecchio

Only in Diersburg, Mahlberg area, Baden 1809.

One of the four Princely families in Italy, in Rome since 70 A.D. with the other families degli Adolescenti, Mansi, dePomis. French form of the name Weil. In German Weiler means = a little place. Name existing in the whole of Germany. English form for Weiss, used in the US. Occupational name: a colorist, Yiddish form, since 1423 Baden. Since 1700 and 1800 existing in the whole Land of Baden. Since 1787 in Baden, in Bretten, in Pfalz district of Middle Rhine, in the Emmendingen area, also Upper Rhine district and in Gochsheim. Spanish translation from the Hebrew Chayyah (life), in Spain. Wygoda means in Polish = Inn. The inn owners were mainly Jews. Very common in the whole of Poland. Means from Latin = victorious. French form for: Vives, Viss, Vis, Vivelmann, Veivelmann, or Feibelmann and Fischmann too. See Uri, different form of the name Phoebus. In the martyr List of 1096 and 1184 in Troyes, and on the tombstones in Frankfort on Main we often find the names: Vives, Vifs, Vis, or Vivs. Since 1600 the name changed the initial, from F to V. See Bloch = Welsch, a stranger coming from the west. Bird, only in Schmieheim, area Mahlberg, the biggest Jewish community in Baden.

Veill Veis Vise Verwer Veit

Vida Vigoda Viktor Viscl Fiscl Feischl/ Feis Vivas Feivus Phoebus Vives Vlach Vogel

199

Volks Volg Vollweiler Vorchheimer

Name of German origin. Place name, in Baden. Place name from Forchheimer, probably South of Baden 1809.

200

Wachheimer Only in Schmieheim area Mahlberg, Baden 1809 and in Wachter Eichstetten area Emmendingen, Baden 1809. Wachenheimer Wagner Wahl Walner Wahrheimer Waldeck Waldorfer Waldmann Wallenstein Wallensteiner Walter Warburg Wassermann -triedinger Wasservogel Waters Weber Wechselmann Weil Wail Weyhl Weiler Wyler Weilmann Someone who produces or drives wagons, in Baden 1809. In Poland it was understood as Wol = oxen. In the whole Baden 1809. The corner in the wood, Baden 1809. Place name from Waldorf; Baden 1809. Only in the district of Under Rhine, Baden 1809. Existing in the area of Gochsheim, district of Under Rhine, and in Ittlingen, Flehingen, Gondelsheim, Menzingen, Mnzesheim, Knigsbach and Phorzheim, in Baden. Instead of the name Wolf, name of German origin, only to find in Johlingen and Bretten, since 1827 in Baden. Place name from the city of Warburg in Westphalia, Germany. Only in the district of Under Rhine, Baden 1809. Wassermann = Waterman US translation. Town of Place name from the Wassertrdingen Bavaria). An American pronunciation. A textile producer, a new family name like Becker, Fleischer, or Breuer. A money changer between the Aschkenazim, Welmann is a US short form without the middle syllable. Weil is an old place of origin, in Breisgau since 1805, in Ihringen, Emmendingen area, in the district of Upper Rhine in Baden, in Altdorf too, Diersburg, Ittlingen, in Gochsheim, Bretten area in Middle Rhine 1827 and in Murg/Pfinzkreis. Wyler comes from the town of Weil am Rhine, and Weil exists in the whole of Baden; since 1700 in Kippenheim and Friesenheim.

201

(Weil)

Since 1600 in Altdorf, Mahlberg, Oschweiher, Nonnenweiher and Ettenheim, Baden. Since 1300 in Wurttemberg too, later Weiler = Weile = Weil in Gailingen 1814, in WaldshutRandegg 1814, in Lrrach, Mllheim and Sulzburg- Baden. Weiler is a new chosen name of some inhabitants, instead of their old Hebraic names. Place of origin in the district of Under Rhine, Baden. Weinberg is a mountain in Westphalia from Wyntbark, a suburb of Danzig in Poland. It exists also a town called Weinberg near Nikolsburg in Moravia. Weinheimer only in Eschelbach and Schulchtern, Baden 1809. Place name from Weinen, but Weiner is the Yiddish word = Wine trader or wine producer, Weinheimer too Baden 1809. Weinmann only in the area of Gochsheime, and in the districts of Under/Middle Rhein, Baden. The Yiddish word Weinles was changed for the Weinglas. Weinschenk or Weinshank are both US phonetic forms. Place name from the town of Wesel on Rhine, Westphalia (Ger.) Only in the area of Bretten, district of Middle Rhine, and since 1827 in Murg and Pfinzkreis. The name Weiss or Weiszwas borne in Hungary from people with (personal characteristics) light hair. The Album form is Latin, and Blanc White Bianchi Bialik Bielsky are French, English, Italian and Slavic translations. Weiss exists in Altdorf, Mahlberg area, Baden 1809; and instead of Lazarus in Orschweiher Baden. Weis and Weiss only in the district of under Rhine, Baden. During the Names Edict we find Weiss and Weissberg in Main-Tauberkreis. Wise is a US form.

Weinberg Weinberger Weinheimer

Weiner Weinmann Weimann Weinglass Weingartner Weingrtner Weingarten Weinschenk Weinstein Weisel Weisenborger Weisenreich Weiss Wyss Wys Wis Wise Weis Weissmann Bianchi Weisskopf Weissfrau Weisskind Weitner

Plant name (Bot.), in Baden 1809 and in Main-Tauberkreis.

202

Weissmann Only found in the districts of Upper/Under Rhine, and in the White of Breisach, Baden 1809. White is a short US form. Weissenburger Weissenfeld Weisshaupt Weissberg Whitehill (US translation). Welsch Wersch See Bloch or Vlach, and Wallach all words meaning stranger. After the Jewish expulsion from Germany in 1300, many Jews went to the Polish king Kasimir the big. All these Jews coming from the west (Europe) the Welsche were called in Slavic Wloch and when they came back in 1600 to Germany, they remained the Bloch. Name of German origin, existing in Baden 1809. Place name from the town of Wertheim on the Main river, Baden. Existing in the Bretten area, in Deidelsheim, Bauerbach, Pfalz, since 1827 in Murg and Pfinzkreis, and in Diersburg, Mahlberg-Baden area. Wertheimer was borne before 1809 in Nonnenweiher, and in the Emmendingen area in the district of Upper Rhine, Baden. As the old place of origin before 1800 in some towns of the district of Upper Rhine. As a new name it appears in Wertheim, Bauerbach, stringen, Gemmingen, Tairnbach, Walldorf. Worth is a US translation. Place name from the town of Wesel or Oberwesel on Rhine, in Westphalia. Instead of the old Hebraic name. Only in Sulzburg and the Mllheim area, Baden 1809. In Baden 1809. Westfeld is a US form. Place name. Only in Schwetzingen, Baden 1809. See Tabelle Baden List 1809. Place name from Willstaett, Baden. Only in the Lrrach area, in Stein and Knigsbach, Baden 1809.

Werner Wernberg Wertheimer

Wesel

Westheimer Westfeld Wiebel Wieblinger Wiener Wild Wildmann Wildstetter Willste(a)tter

203

Willmersdoerfer Willhelm Wimpfheimer Wingert Weingarten Winkler Winnik Winter Winterberger Wintheimer Wirth Wislocher

Wilmers is the US short form. Place name from the town of Wimpfen, Baden 1809. Dialect form for wine garden. Only in the Durlach-Baden 1809. A shop owner, who in a corner had his (Workshop). From Russian, someone who produces brandy. Winter-season, only found in the north of Baden. Winter as short form in the US. Place name. An inn owner, only in the south of the Kinzig river, Under Rhine, Baden. Place name from the town of Wiesloch, north of Baden, Baden 1809. Existing in Mnzesheim, Gochsheim area, in the district of Under Rhine, in Flehingen, Gochsheim, Gondelsheim, Ittlingen and in Menzingen and Munzesheim, Baden. Instead of Wetzlar, place name of the town Wetzlar, Baden 1809. Place name from the town of Wittenberg in Germany. Only in the district of Under Rhine, Baden. Name of German origin. Borne in 25 different towns by Jews. Exists in the Mahlberg area, in Altdorf, Lrrach, Mahrbach, Wangen and Constance. Also in the Mllheim area, in Sulzburg, Stebbach, Gochsheim area. In Knigsbach, Pforzheim area since 1809. As house shield zum Wolf or by the wolf is found in Altdorf in the area of Mahlberg, Baden. Since 1722 existing in Heidelberg and Weinheim. Wolf Benjamin (see the Genesis 49: 27) was a Sephard. Is Slavic. Is Spanish. Is Romanian.

Wisslar Wittmann Wolff Wolffart

Wolf Wolfsberg Wolff Wolk Wolpe Wilk Lopes Lupo

204

(Wolf) Wolfsbruck Wolfsheimer Wolfe Wolfenberg Wolfenfeld Wolfenstein Wolfenthal Wolfshaut Wolfsohn Wolper Wulf Zeev Zev Ziff Wolenberg Wormser Wurmser

Place of origin, only in the district of Under Rhine, Baden. All over Baden 1809.

Is hebrew.

Is a wool trader, all over Baden 1809. Place name from the town of Worms in the Palatinate. Since 1670 borne in the Mark-county, and in Altdorf, Mahlberg area. Worms is an old Jewish community, and the name was common before the Names Edict in Baden. Exists also in Breisach, Hoffenheim, Rust, Karlsruhe, Mannheim and Sulzberg, in Baden. Wurmser is an old place of origin, since 1805 in Breisgau, and in the Upper Rhine district, in Mllheim and Sulzburg. Only in Altdorf, Mahlberg area, Baden. The American short form is Weiler Baden 1809.

Wrtheimer Wrzweiler

205

Yehuda Yolles/Yale Yoelberg Yoelsdorf Yoelson Yollek Yollenberg Yishtobach

Means son of Jakob, in Hebrew the lion, later the Jew. Form Hebrew Yoel as Joel.

Means the final blessing of the morning prayer.

206

Zaitz Zeitz Zaichik Zeidner Seidner Seidmann Zeidemnn Zeilberger Zelikovitz Zelig Zeligsberg Zeligsheim Zeligstein Zelikowitz Zelinger Zeliger Zelighaus Ascher Aschburg Aschburgheim Ziegler

Is rabbit in Russian.

An occupational name: a silk trader.

The short US form is Berger. It comes from the Polish word Zelig, Zelig = blessed, a translation from the name Ascher, that means happy or blessed.

An occupational name: since 1372 a producer of kiln clay, or a bricks maker. Since 1440 in Frankfort, since 1337 in Worms, John in the brick court. Zeelens is a US pronunciation. Name of Hebraic origin, sebi = gazelle, only in Mllheim, Baden 1809. A Greek name, instead of the Hebrew chayyah = life. As sugar man, in the USA. Shortened as Baker in the USA.

Zielenziger Zivi Zoe Zuckermann Zuckerbcker Kermann Kandl

207

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The Lavoslav Glesinger Family Jewish Names List in the Austrian Empire from 1000 A. D. to 1900

The life of Lavoslav Glesinger: Professor and Physician Leopold Glesinger was born on 6 February 1901 in Zagreb (Croatia), a member of the Croatian Jewish community. His ancestors were living in the 16th century in Teschen Austrian Silesia and used to bear there the name of Singer. Later on, when the family happened to own and run a glass factory, it was pointed out as GlasSinger, thus Glesinger became its definite family name. In 1925 Leopold graduated in Medicine in Vienna and became a specialist in neurology and psychiatry in Zagreb, in the years 1927/1928. During the Second World War, he was Medical Officer in the Yugoslavian Army, and was detained for awhile by the Germans as a prisoner. In 1970 after further studies he became full Professor in the Faculty of Medicine in Zagreb. Since 1935 Glesinger has been carrying out, as a hobby, the compilation of a Jewish family names list (60 pages) referred to the Habsburgss Empire, but without giving it a title or even publishing it. The author of this work, Nelly Weiss, met Leopold Glesinger in Zagreb in June 1983 and realised how important this List was for the knowledge of the Jewish family names in History. Therefore, they both agreed that Professor C. Thoma of the Faculty of Theology in Lucerne (Switzerland) would help Nelly Weiss to have the list set into order with all the necessary elements of interpretation for a large public. We are honoured hereby to present the Glesinger List.

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Glesinger List and Research:

From 500 to 1000 A. D.

X ben Y Alfachar IBN

Abrabanel AL Kahana

Abu Gizni Tamani

Albalia Hakohan

From 1000 to 1200 A. D.

X ben Y Abulmaali Alcharisi Al(r)ruchi Alfassi Ardunel Ben Machir de Carrion Gerundi Ha-Obed Ibn-Latif (Allatif) Jizchaki Kaspi Moisi Or-Sabua Petit Siciliano von Trimberg Wertheim Zarko (X aus ) X ibn Y Abulmeni Almani Alhabri Ascheri Alexandri Cohen de Malea Halevi Ibn Gikatila Israeli Kabasi Laporta Nachmani Perpignano Romano Sulami Tortosi Wolf Zacuto Zedar Abulfary Abulfatach Abukassar Abulwalid Alrui Alroy Amarkala Abargeloni Abudiel Alkonstantini Abenazot ben Barsilai Cavarite Cskafa de Vidas Falaguera Hadassi ha-Laban Ibn Tibbon Ibn-Aknin Iskafat Ikriti Kimchi Kara Maimuni Momsi Narboni Official Pulgar Parchi Lstori Romi Rokeach Tob-Elem (Bonfilo) Tam Taku von Worms Zifroni Zarfati Zemach (X von )

From 1200 to 1500 A. D.

X ben Y Albalaz Bedaresi Crescas de Fano de Foligno Gracian Gomez Hamon Ibn-Billa Ibn-Verga

Abenfar Alfachar Benvenista Dafiera Faray Francis Graziano Govea Homem Ibn-chabib Ibn-Jaisch

Abulafia Astruc Bonafoux Farag Farissel Franco Galico Gunzburg Ibn Jachja Ibn-Lab Ibn-Zurzal

Abufadhal Abbassi Charisi Falco Fischel Gikatilla Gicatella Halevi Ibn-Abi Ibn-Schoschan Isserles

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Ichachna Jesusun Karo Lammlein Loans Mantin del Medras Mendoso Morteira Pallache Pinto Provenzali Rossi Saragossi Sforno Tibbon Treves

Jabez Kohen Katzenellenbogen Landau Longo Messeni Medigo Monz Misrachi Pereyra Polak Reubeni von Rossheim Saruk Sidillo Taytasak Triest

Jahion Kimchi Lzobi de Lates Lopez Margdes Meisel Moloko Oppenheimer Pardo de Pornis Rom Saba Schalal Silva Tirado Zion

Jafa Kapsali Lurja Levi Maimuni Masserano Mendes Montalto Okolonghi Pimentel Portaleone Romano Salgis Schulom Soncin Trani

From 1500 to 1600 A. D.

Abenacar Alatiko Almossnino Aschkenasi Ascarelli de Benevent Bezalels Ceneda Chanino Coreos Delmedigo Emden Falk Ghazati Hekscher Kaidaner Lambroso Lobato Maar Melo Modena Olianow Parente Pinkherle Reischer Abrabanel Alaschkar Alschaich Ascaloni Barula Benveniste Calabrese Chlalfon Chasan Corduero Dormido Ergas di Fano Galante Heilperin Kaidonower Lapapa Lublin Maimaran Merari Molcho Osario Pena Popers Rietz Afia Algazi Alvalensi dAscoli Beifuss Berab de Cantori Chamorro Coen de Costa Duchan Falero Faya Gordon Herrera Kamenker de Lima Montalto Malach de Mesa Nieto de Palmes Pimentel Prino de Roccamora Akrisch Alkabez Alvares Athias Belmonte de Bertinou de Castro Chandali Cohen Crescas Edels Faliachi Fonseca Halle Jachini Levita Lisbona Musaphira Marini Mesquita Ninnes Pacifico Pinheiro Querido Rubio

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Rosales Silva Spinoza Suriel Usque Zaloscer Zunz

Rosanes Silveyra Spira Texeira Vega Zamosc

Saruk Soba Suasso Toledano Wiena Zarphati

Serkes Sousa Sullam Troplowitz Witzenhausen Zloczow

From 1600 to 1750 A. D.

Aboab Athias Batscheba Busaglo Carmona Chajon Chija zum Drachen Ghirondi Hesschel Homberg Kuranda Lindau Mejuchas Pappenheim Reggio Saportas zum Straussen

Aguilar Ayllon Bendik Calabrese Cases Chamiz Costa Erter Halfan Herdenheim Jafa Lazare Lissa Metz Pinado Riasser Sinzheim Tewel

Algasi Baki Belmonte Cantarski Castro Chavez Cuenqui Galaigo Halvy Holiheim Jawan de Lamos Lubliner Munk Ratisbonne Rovigo Speyer Zemach (Samoh)

Alvarez Bassevi Bonafoux Cardoso Chagis Chelebi Curiel von Geldern Haller Hollaenderski Jost Leven Margalit Nepi Recanati Segre Stambuli

From 1750 to 1850 A.D.

Andrade Astruc Ben-Seeb Biedermann Carmi Cerfberr (Cerf) Creizenbach Ensheim Funkelstein Mendez(s) Arari da Azeredo Berlin(er) Boerne Caro Charif DIsraeli Euchel Furtado Asser Beer Berr Bresselau Carvalho Charin Dubnow Fresco Gumprecht Avigdor Bendavid Breitenbach Borchardt Cremieux di Cologna Eger Friedrichsfeld Kahler

Nelly Weiss-Fglister CH3012 Bern nelly-e.weiss@bluewin.ch

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Biliography

Bahlow Hans und Ursula. 1972. Deutsches Namen Lexikon. Frankfurt a. Main: Suhrkamp. Dreifuss Erwin Manuel.1927. Die Familiennamen der Juden. Frankfort a. Main: Kauffmann. Dubnov Simon. 1961. Short History of the Jewish People. Savez: Jewish Community of former Jugoslawia. Frst Luca. 2001. Frst Family Research. Rome: E-book. Glesinger Lavoslav. 1983. The research of Lavoslav Glesinger or J. Names (in Austrian Empire) List. Freiburger Rundbrief. C/O. The Collection L. Glesinger in the University of Tel-Aviv Beth Hatefutsoth (19401980). 6065. Ed. Nelly Weiss. Freiburg i. Breisgau: Rombach. Gold Hugo. 1938. Die Geschichte der Juden in Wien. rpt. 1960. Tel Aviv: Olamenu. Guggenheim Florence. 1980. Juden in der Schweiz. Zrich: Kurz. Kaganoff Benzion C. 1978. A Dictionary of Jewish Family Names and their History. London: Routledge and Kegan. Klampfer Josef. 1965. Das Eisenstdter Ghetto. Forschungen, Heft 51. Jdisches Archiv. Eisenstadt: Burgenland. Landmann Salcia. 1986. Jiddisch. Das Abenteuer einer Sprache. Frankfurt a. Main: Ullstein. Maass Ernest. 1958. Integration and Name Changing among Jewish Refugees from Central Europe and USA. Names (6C): 165179. Ed. Edward Callary. Illinois: Illinois University Press. Maier und Schaefer. 1981. Kleines Lexikon des Judentums. Stuttgart: Maier Johannes and Schaefer Schaefer. Milano Attilio. 1963. History of Jews in Italy. Torino: Einaudi. Rabbi Toaff Elio. 1984. Annuario di studi Ebraici. 19801984. Rome: Carucci.

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Roblin Michel. 1950. Les Noms de Familles des Juifs en Europe Orientale. Revue International dOnomastique II: 291297. Ed. Michel Roblin. Paris: DArtrey. Roblin Michel. 1955. La dmographie historique du Judaisme Italien. Revue Anthropologique. 147155. Ed. Michel Roblin. Paris: Jouve. Rode Zvonko R. 1976. The Origin of Jewish Family Names. Names Journal (Band 24. Nr. 3). 165179. American Names Society (ANS). South Dakota: University of South Dakota. Stern Selma. 1962. Der preussische Staat und die Juden. Judaica. Band I. Tubingen: Mohr. Stern Selma. 1985. The Court Jew. New Brunswick: Transaction Books. Jadaica Series. Weiss Nelly. 1996. The first Jewish family names in Rome. Lecture at The American Name Society. Conference 4. University New York. Zunz Leopold. 1876. Doctor Zunz Gesammelte Schriften. Band I. Berlin: Gertenberg Hildesheim. Zunz Leopold. 1971. Namen der Juden, eine geschichtliche Untersuchung. Berlin: Gertenberg Hildesheim.

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List of the Jewish Communities, Organizations and Institutions by Joseph Walk concerning the area of Baden and Wrttemberg (Germany)

The Jewish Communities in Baden:

Adelsheim Altdorf Bad Mingolsheim Bad Rappenau Billigheim Binau Breisach Bretten Diedelsheim Diersburg Durbach Durlach Efringen Eichstetten Emmendingen Endingen Ettlingen Eubigheim FREIBURG Freistett Furtwangen Gailingen Gernsbach Graben Grosseichholzheim Grnsfeld Haslach HEIDELBERG Hemsbach Hockenheim Ihringen Ilvesheim KARLSRUHE Kehl Kippenheim Kirchen Knigsbach Konstanz Kuppenheim Ladenburg Leimen Leutershausen Ltzelsachsen Malsch-Wiesloch Meckesheim Menzingen Michelfeld Mosbach Mnzesheim Neckarbischofh. Neudenau Neustadt Nussloch Obergimpern Odenheim Pforzheim Randegg Rastatt Rheinbischofsheim Richen Schmieheim Schriesheim Siegelsbach Singen Sulzburg Tauberbischofsheim berlingen Untergrombach Walldorf Walldrn Appenweier Baden-Baden Baiertal Berwangen Bodersweier Bdigheim Bruchsal Buchen Donaueschingen Dossenheim Eberbach Eberstadt Eichtersheim Elzach Eppingen Ettenheim Feudenheim Flehingen Freudenberg Friesenheim Gemmingen Gengenbach Grtzingen Grombach Hainstadt Hardheim Heidelsheim Heinsheim Hoffenheim Hffenhardt Ittlingen Jhlingen Kenzingen Ketsch Kleineichholzheim Knigheim Krautheim Klsheim Lahr Langenbrcken Lichtenau Lrrach Malsch-Karlsruhe MANNHEIM Merchingen Messelhausen Muggensturm Mllheim Neckarzimmern Neidenstein Nonnenweier Nordrach Obergrombach Oberwisheim Philippsburg Radolfzell Reilingen Renchen Rust Sandhausen Schwetzingen Sennfeld Sinsheim Stein am Kocher Tiengen Triberg Villingen Waibstadt Wangen Weil am Rhein

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Weingarten Wiesloch

Weinheim Wollenberg

Wenkheim

Wertheim

The Jewish Communities in Wurttemberg:

Affaltrach Bad Mergentheim Braunsbach Edelfingen Freudental Hochberg Laudenbach Markelsheim Niederstetten Oedheim Rexingen STUTTGART Tuttlingen Atchshofen Baisingen Buttenhausen Ellwangen Goeppingen-Jeb. Hohebach Laupheim Massenbach Nordstetten Oehringen Rottweil Bad Canstatt ULM Aufhausen Bad Buchau Berlichingen Bofeld Crailsheim Creglingen Ernsbach Esslingen Heilbronn Herrlinger Horb Kuenzelsau Lehrensteinsfeld Ludwigsburg Michelbach Muehringen Oberdord-Bopfingen Olnhausen Pflaumloch Schwabisch-Hall Schwabisch Gmund Talheim Tubingen Unterdeufstetten Weikersheim

(in Hohenzollern:)
Dettensee Haigerloch Hechingen

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