Chapter #9: The Confederation and the Constitution Big Picture Ideas 1.

. The Articles of Confederation, the first government set up after the American Revolution, was structured out of fear of a too-strong government. Therefore, the Articles were very weak on purpose. 2. Two things showed the Articles as being too weak to the point of being sterile: (a) it could not regulate commerce and the money situation was growing dim fast and (b) Shays Rebellion frightened many to the possibility that mobs might just take over and the government might be too weak to stop them. Due to these reasons, the Constitutional Convention was held. 3. The Constitution was written as something of a balancing act between strengthening the government, yet making sure it doesnt get too strong to take over. The resulting government was indeed strong er, but also a system of checks and balances were put into place to ensure no one branch becomes like the king had been. 4. After some negotiating, mostly with the promise of the Bill of Rights, the Constitution was ratified. IDENTIFICATIONS: John Lockes Second Treatise of Government Idea that the power of the government ultimately lies within the hands of the people. States that all people are equal and have rights as citizens. Federalist #10 Essay located within The Federalist (see ID below) (which was written together by Madison, Jay, and A. Hamilton). Written by Madison. Refuted the idea among the people that a republican government was impossible in such a large territory. Republican Government Where the government is elected by the people, and do not rule as a monarchy. Idea pitched by Thomas Paine. Land Ordinance of 1785 With one school in every 36 increments, the Northwest land would be split up by 6x6 mile increments. Was to be sold off to pay for debts. Land Ordinance of 1787 A recognition by Congress of states that had a population of more than 60,000 people. But, these states would only be recognized if they were antislavery. This was another significant step towards slavery abolition._

Necessary and Proper Clause Statement from constitution that enabled the government to make taxes when necessary and could regulate trade. And, when needed, could pass laws according to the situation the states undergo. Federalist Papers Cowritten by John Jay, Alexander Hamilton, and James Madison, it is a commentary about the Constitution. Still widely sold today as a book form, although originally was intended as a propaganda. Shays Rebellion Led by Daniel Shay, was a rebellion of farmers who were dissatisfied by the results of the Articles of Confederation (they lost their farms). They demanded that the government to make paper money, make lighter taxes, and stop property seizures.

Annapolis Convention A convention in Virginia to revise the commerce system created by the Constitution. Only few delegates went and this convention was eventually cancelled, and the convention in Philadelphia (see ID below) was attended. Philadelphia Convention A convention to revise the entire Articles of Confederation, where all states but one (Rhode Island) attended. New government was created, a government that coincided with the Constitution. Delegated Powers Powers appointed to the congress by the Constitution that allows them to coin money, borrow money, and create government buildings.

English Traditions

Limited Govt
Magna Carta 1215 Bill of Rights 1689 Balance of power b/t King and Parliment

Colonial Governments Right to vote Natural rights philosophy Separation of powers

Checks and balances

Influe nc e s on The U. S Cons titution

NY State Constitution
Included Bill of Rights First popularly elected executive Right to petition Right to vote
The Iroquois Confederacy Peace, justice, power of good minds

Indians can do it, so can we

Reserved Powers Powers that were given to the government, but not the people. An explanation that the Constitution couldnt abuse their power and that the peoples rights could not be violated. Concurrent Powers The powers of the state governments. States that state governments could enforce laws upon their citizens, but they could not overshadow federal laws. Supremacy Clause A clause that state the supremacy of the federal government over the state government. The federal government was allow to veto state laws.

Anti-Federalists People against the newly written constitution, convinced that it will strip the liberties of America. Some famous Anti-Federalists are Sam Adams, Patrick Henry, GUIDED READING QUESTIONS: The Pursuit of Equality Know: Leveling, Society of the Cincinnati, Virginia Statute for Religious Freedom, Abigail Adams, Republican Motherhood, John Singleton Copley 1. What social changes resulted from the American Revolution? Many of the citizens went on an equality craze, where property holding laws were reduced, titles were changed and medieval inheritance laws were no longer followed. The process of separating church from state made a great step towards its goal. Most of all, it started an anti-slavery movement, and the Philadelphia Quakers had founded the worlds first antislavery society in 1775, while Continental congress had stated a desire to abolish slavery in 1774. But, due to the fact that the colonies were divided in mindsets on slavery, slavery was not abolished immediately. Even womens roles were elevated to a prestigious state, with the republican motherhood idea. They even were allowed to be educated. Constitution Making in the States Know: State Constitutions, Fundamental Law 2. What was the importance of the state constitutions? Unlike the British, their constitutions were written contracts of what the government was able to do, while the power of the state ultimately laid in the hands of the people. Most of the constitutions consisted of a weak government, for their distrust of powerful governments came from the overbearing Crown of England. Economic Crosscurrents Know: Navigation Laws, Empress of China, Speculation 3. What were the positive and negative effects of the war on America? Since America no longer received much imports from Britain, this forced them to begin making their own products, which jump started the manufacturing industry in the colonies. Some negative effects were that American ships were no longer allowed from British/ British Indies harbors. This greatly disrupted the industries related to the seas. But, the Americans were able to trade more freely with foreign nations. The American Revolution had ultimately placed the colonies in massive debt. A Shaky Start toward Union Know: Natural Rights 4. Why was the end of the war difficult on the national government? It was difficult to set up a new government, much less a new type of government. And there was disunity within the colonies, where the Tories had left and the patriots who had a single cause to agree on previously before no longer

agreed with each other. Markets suffered. But, a good thing was that the colonies had very similar governments (derived from their constitutions), and had great leaders as well. Creating a Confederation Know: Sovereignty, Articles of Confederation 5. What forces served to unify the separate states during the war? During the war, all states had a single cause to fight for: independence from Britain. This essentially brought them all together to fight for their country. For a brighter future, they fought knowing that their families were literally right behind them. The Articles of Confederation: America's First Constitution 6. What weaknesses plagued the Articles of Confederation? What was good about it? The Articles of Confederation were too weak. They had little control over their states, and couldnt impose taxes when they needed it. They could not control domestic/foreign affairs either. But it was the first step towards our government today and also linked the colonies together, making them at least a little more unified. Landmarks in Land Laws Know: Old Northwest, Land Ordinance of 1785, Northwest Ordinance of 1787 7. Explain the importance of the Land Ordinance of 1785 and the Northwest Ordinance. The land northwest of Ohio River was to be sectioned and sold off in order to pay off their national debt. The Ordinance of 1787 determined states, where only those with a population surpassing 60000 could be states, and only if they outlawed slavery. This was a good step towards abolishing slavery. The World's Ugly Duckling Know: Natchez, Dey of Algiers 8. Using examples, explain the title of this section. Before becoming a beautiful, well-functioning state, America was ugly first, due to the surpressions of their rival foreign countries. Britain still had forts within the northern frontier to perform trades wih the Indians, Spain stopped commerce from the Mississippi river while also having a fort that preventing the Americans from trading with Indians.

The Horrid Specter of Anarchy Know: Shay's Rebellion, Mobocracy 9. Were the United States of America in danger of falling apart under the Articles of Confederation? Explain. The Articles of Confederation was putting USA in ruins. They were in huge national debt, due to their previous war, and couldnt gather money from the states, due to their unwillingness to pay taxes. Also, there were many who were dissatisfied with the results of the AoC, starting rebellions such as Shays Rebellion, which truly showed the weakness of their government. A Convention of "Demigods" Know: George Washington, Benjamin Franklin, James Madison, Alexander Hamilton, Patrick Henry 10. What kind of men gathered in Philadelphia for the "sole and express purpose of revising" the old government? People such as Alexander Hamilton, George Washington, Ben Franklin, and James Madison had gather, who were considered great political leaders of the time. In this convention, every state was represented except for Rhode Island. But, some radical Revolutionary leaders were absent at this convention, such as Thomas Jefferson, John Adams, Thomas Paine, Sam Adam, John Hancock, and Patrick Henry. Patriots in Philadelphia 11. How does George Washington's quote, "We have, probably, had too good an opinion of human nature in forming our confederation." help to explain the purposes of our founding fathers.

It was a statement that they could not heavily rely on the people to run a well-functioning state, for each state was too self-absorbed to be focusing on the betterment of the nation. So, government had to reduce the democratic freedoms of the states and establish rule that was not monarchial. Hammering out a Bundle of Compromises Know: Virginia (large state) Plan, Bicameral Legislature, New Jersey (small state) Plan, Great Compromise, Electoral College, Three-fifths Compromise 12. Describe the compromises that were achieved by the delegates to the Constitutional Convention. The Virginia Plan was a plan that gave a number of votes to each state according to their population. The smaller states found this unfair, for they found that they would have low representation. So, the New Jersey plan was to have equal representation, with two votes to each states. In the end, they compromised, where there would be two houses, House of Representatives (Virginia Plan) and the Senate (New Jersey plan). Another compromise was the 3/5s compromise, where slaves were counted as 3/5s of a person.

Safeguards for Conservatism Know: Checks and Balances, Separation of Powers 13. How democratic was the Constitution as originally written? Most ideals were unanimously agreed on. But, to prevent a government from having too much power, they had a checks and balances system, where there would be three branches (legislative, executive, and judiciary) that would cancel out each others powers so that they would not be overly powerful. But the virtue of the people were still considered greatly. The Clash of Federalists and Anti- federalists Know: Anti- federalists, Federalists 14. Who were the anti- federalists and why did they oppose the Constitution? The anti-federalists were those who opposed the Constitution, such people as Patrick Henry, Sam Adams, and Richard Henry Lee. They claimed that this Constitution had many aristocratic factors, and was undemocratic. They stated that this would be the end of liberty. They also had said that the rights of individuals would be at stake. The Great Debate in the States 15. Did most of the states approve of the Constitution? Why? Only nine had approved, which was enough to pass this new Constitution. States such as Virgina, North Carolina, Rhode Island, and New York did not vote for this constitution, as they had antifederalist deals. But Massachusetts, which was also an antifederalist state, was able to be won over due the assertion of the Bill of Rights. The Four Laggard States Know: Alexander Hamilton, John Jay, James Madison, The Federalist 16. Explain some of the opposition to ratification of the Constitution? As mentioned previously before, the Constitution was heavily criticized by antifederalists. They stated that the Constitution was undemocratic and was the end of liberty. So, in order to counter this, Hamilton, John Jay, and Madison banded together to right The Federalist (see ID above). A Conservative Triumph 17. What does your text mean when it says that the Constitution, "...elevated the ideals of the Revolution even while setting boundaries to them."?

The constitution gave the people their liberties and rights, but also had a strong central government to put a limit to these rights. Like a compromise, a government ruled the nation hand in hand with the people who lived in it. With a checks and balance system, their government was well balanced in power, with no branch higher than the other.

Chapter #10: Launching the New Ship of State Big Picture Ideas 1. Alexander Hamilton, get the U.S. on a solid foothold. With the Bill of Rights quickly ratified, the top problem the new nation faced was financial in nature. 2. Secretary of State Alexander Hamilton developed a plan that included (a) starting a national tariff, (b) starting a tax on whiskey, (c) setting up a national bank, and (d) paying off the national debt. 3. Politics quickly fell into two camps: (a) those who followed Thomas Jefferson became the Democratic Republicans and (b) those who followed Alexander Hamilton became the Federalists. 4. Turmoil broke out Europe with the French Revolution, mostly between England and France. The U.S. nearly got sucked into European issues, but both Washington and John Adams kept the America out of war. This was best for the U.S. IDENTIFICATIONS: Washingtons Cabinet During his presidency, George Washington selected a group of people to help him. Henry Knox saw secretary of war, Thomas Jefferson was secretary of state, and Alexander Hamilton was secretary of treasury. Judiciary Act of 1789 Created supreme court to dictate order among disputes in every colony. John Jay appointed Chief Justice. Federalists Those who were for the Constitution, where it calls for a strong central government, with strict interpretation of Constitution. Washington and Hamilton among this political party. Democratic-Republicans The second political party who were against the Federalists, and wished for a government with less power, so the power would be more given to the people (state governments). Followed loose interpretation of Constitution

Hamiltons vision vs. Jeffersons vision Hamilton: Had five point plan that focused improving the economy of America. Five points: excise taxes, tariffs, assumption of state debt, National bank, and funding at par. Ultimately, his plan was approved in 1791 Jefferson opposed this idea for it was not written in the Constitution, so that the federal government does not have the power to do this.

Report on Manufactures and Report on the Public Credit Report on Manufactures: added tariffs in trade. This would protect trade, and encourage American industry. The Reposts on the Public Credit: Basically went along with the National Back and assumption of state debt point in Hamiltons plan. Jays Treaty Jay sent to resolve tensions between the Americans and Brits. They got the short end of the deal, and Jay eventually promised to pay of the pre-revolutionary war debts. This angered quite a few people, such as the French. Pinckneys Treaty Between Spain and Americans to, again, avoid wars and resolve tensions. Spain uplifted their ban on trades among the Mississippi River. Americans were allowed to venture among these places and North Florida. Washingtons Farewell Address Washington resigns from his two term presidency, and leaves this written farewell speech. States two points that the Americans eventually break: Dont be involved with foreign affairs, and dont make political parties.

Midnight appointments Congress made it so that there would be more Federal judges to outnumber the Supreme Court Justices. Revolution of 1800 Where Jefferson was made president instead of Aaron Burr. Jefferson introduces plans to build republican government, wished to rid Federalist elements in government. Judiciary Act of 1801 Coinciding with the Midnight appointments, there were more federal judges but less Supreme Court Justices, XYZ Affair The Americans sent three envoys to talk to the French, but the French demanded them to pay a quarter of a million dollars just to talk to Tallyrand, their Prime Minister. The Americans refuse. Chisholm v Georgia Chisholm heirs sue Georgia (they were from South Carolina). First supreme court case that showed that the citizen had rights to sue. GUIDED READING QUESTIONS:

Washington for President Know: George Washington, Cabinet, Thomas Jefferson, Alexander Hamilton, Henry Knox 1. Was Washington an important president? Explain. He was, for he was an American hero that everyone (literally) looked up to. He also brought together the states during the revolutionary war, so it was obvious that he would be the one to govern them. He set a standard (precedent) for the presidents that would follow after him. He also made sure two differing political parties would eventually agree on something, which is something they could not do without a central leader. The Bill of Rights Know: James Madison, Ninth Amendment, Tenth Amendment, Judiciary Act, John Jay 2. What important steps were taken by the first congress? In order to calm down the antifederalists, who were worried that the liberties and right of the citizens would be disposed of, congress passed the Bill of Rights which stated the rights of citizens. Another important step somewhat unified the colonies more together the Judiciary act. This made the Supreme Court system, and was to be acknowledged by all states. This solved the disputes of differing court systems among the states. Hamilton Revives the Corpse of Public Credit Know: Funding at Par, Assumption of State Debts 3. How did Alexander Hamilton's economic plans lead to the District of Columbia? Customs Duties and Excise Taxes Know: Revenue Tariffs, Protective Tariffs, Excise Taxes 4. Explain Hamilton's overall economic plan for America. He had a five point system plan to help the economy of America, for it was suffering national debt and inefficiency. (Look at ID above for details)

Hamilton Battles Jefferson for a Bank Know: Bank of the United States, Strict Construction, Loose Construction, Elastic Clause 5. How did the issue of the Bank of the United States reveal a difference in understanding about the Constitution between Jefferson and Hamilton?

Mutinous Moonshiners in Pennsylvania Know: Whiskey Rebellion 6. Was the Whiskey Rebellion a victory for freedom, order, or both? Explain. It was a victory for order, for it showed that contrary to the Articles of Confederation, that the new Government was able to prevent rebellions quickly.

The Emergence of Political Parties Know: Factions, Parties 7. Why did political parties develop during George Washington's presidency? Were they good or bad?

The Impact of the French Revolution Know: Democratic-Republicans, Federalists, French Revolution, Reign of Terror 8. In what way did the French Revolution expose the differing views of Democratic-Republicans and Federalists?

Washington's Neutrality Proclamation Know: Franco-American Alliance, Neutrality Proclamation, Citizen Genet 9. Explain the reasoning for and against Washington's Neutrality Proclamation.

Embroilments with Britain Know: Anthony Wayne, Battle of Fallen Timbers, Treaty of Greenville 10. How did British actions towards Native Americans and American merchant ships incite many Americans?

Jay's Treaty and Washington's Farewell Know: Jay's Treaty, Farewell Address 11. Did John Jay betray American interests in Jay's Treaty.

John Adams Becomes President Know: John Adams, High Federalists 12. What handicaps did John Adams face as he became president?

Unofficial Fighting with France Know: John Marshall, XYZ Affair, "Millions for Defense, but Not One Cent for Tribute 13. What French actions brought America close to war in the closing years of the 18th century?

Adams Puts Patriotism above Party Know: Napoleon Bonaparte, Convention of 1800 14. How did avoiding war with France hurt John Adams' political career?

The Federalist Witch Hunt Know: Alien Laws, Sedition Act 15. Explain the reasons for the passage of the Alien and Sedition Acts.

The Virginia (Madison) and Kentucky (Jefferson) Resolutions Know: Compact Theory, Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions, Nullification 16. Which was more dangerous to the US Constitution: the Alien and Sedition Acts or the Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions? Explain.

Federalists versus Democratic-Republicans 17. What were some key differences between Federalists and Democratic Republicans?