From: Hans Halvorson [mailto:hhalvors@Princeton.

EDU] Subject: Re: FW: CUUS1267 Halvorson Index Dear Jim I read over the index, and it is beautifully done. I am sure that I couldn't have done better, even if I had weeks of time to put effort into it. Best wishes, Hans

A
Alexandrov topology, 272, 275, 277, 288n1, 301 algebraic quantum eld theory (AQFT) Bell inequaliFes and, 324 C*-algebras and. S ee C*-algebras causality and, 335, 350, 355, 359 entanglement and, 324, 359 heurisFc theory and, 318 independence in, 143, 354 locality and, 343361 observables and, 134135, 319, 350 operaFonalism and, 439 relaFvity theory and, 343, 350, 354 separability and, 344, 357, 359 spaceFme and, 350, 354 vacuum state and, 324, 327 von Neumann algebras and, 318319 See also specic topics antonymous funcFons, 227235, 260-261 anyons, 62 AQFT. S ee algebraic quantum eld theory Ashtekar, A., 80 associahedra, 31, 33, 96, 105 associaFvity, 31, 75 AFyah, M., 25, 67

B
Baez, J. C., 4, 48 BaezDolan theory, 108114. S ee n-category theory Bar-Natan model, 117 BarreW, J. W., 91, 171 Batanin model, 111 Bayes's rule, 416, 430, 434, 435 Bell, J., 8

AQFT and, 324 entanglement and, 324, 359, 386 hidden variables and, 393, 394, 405 noncontextuality constraint, 399 nonlocality and, 7, 325, 399 observables and, 325, 386 PopescuRohrlich correlaFons and, 413 probabilisFc theory and, 366 realism and, 386 vacuum and, 7, 325, 326 von Neumann proof and, 393 bialgebras, 7779 bicategories, 15, 3335, 55 braiding and, 84, 99, 107 categoricaFon and, 99, 102, 103 examples of, 34 Hopf categories and, 102, 103 linear natural transformaFons, 84 MacLane coherence theorem and, 107108 monoidal categories and, 50, 82, 98, 99, 102, 107 morphisms in, 34 representaFon theory and, 99, 103 spin foams and, 81 syllepFc, 110 TQFTs and, 97, 99, 102 Birkho, G., 5 Birkhovon Neumann logic, 130, 132, 208, 211, 220 Bloch representaFon, 372 Bohm, D., 134 BroglieBohm theory, 385 conguraFon variables and, 201 EPR and, 443. S ee EPR experiment hidden variables and, 404405, 451. S ee also hidden variable theory BohricaFon, 271313 C*-algebras and, 286292, 291 Gelfand spectra and, 291, 297 probability and, 301 quantum logic and, 298 Rickart algebra and, 297, 305 state space and, 291 Boolean algebras classical theory and, 193-194, 210 excluded middle and, 193-194, 210 Hasse diagrams and, 301 HeyFng algebra and, 196, 197, 273, 299 independence and, 148 laace theory and, 193-194, 263, 273, 299 parFal, 298 probability valuaFon and, 305

Sasaki hooks and, 300 sheafs and, 299 spectral families and, 267 Stone spectrum and, 294 Borel funcFons, 210, 212 Born, M., 20 Bose eld, 328 bosons, 41, 73, 150 braiding, 32, 52, 54 bicategories and, 84, 99, 107 duals and, 100 EckmannHilton argument, 109 free, 52 hexagon idenFFes and, 32 interchange law, 97 JoyalStreet theorem and, 6364 knot theory and, 51. S ee knot theory monoidal categories and, 29, 64, 85, 9799, 109, 112 n-categories and, 109 natural isomorphisms and, 53 string diagrams and, 2932, 38, 58, 9093 symmetry and, 29, 32, 54 tangles and, 58, 112 tensor products and, 29 TQFT and, 67, 85 weakening and, 53 YangBaxter equaFon and, 64 BroglieBohm theory, 385 Brouwer, L. E. J., 1 Brukner, C., 8 BrunsLakser compleFon, 300, 301 Brussels school, 5 Bub, J, 9 BuWereldIsham theory, 56. S ee topos theory

C
C*-algebras, 214, 334 annihilators, 293, 294 AQFT and, 134, 135, 140, 141, 273. S ee also algebraic quantum eld theory axioms for, 135 BohricaFon and, 286292. S ee also BohricaFon category theory and, 282283 commutaFvity and, 287, 288, 290 condiFonal expectaFon and, 350 deniFons for, 281283, 293 diagonal matrices and, 288 duality and, 283 f-algebras and, 284, 285 faithful states and, 302

Gelfand spectrum and, 214, 271, 283, 291, 306. S ee also Gelfand spectra Hausdor spaces and, 271 independence and, 351353 innite, 290 informaFon theory and, 135 isotony and, 350 laace theory and, 267, 285286. S ee also laace theory locales and, 281, 290 monoidal categories and, 135, 135n11 nets and, 333, 350 norm and, 282 observables and, 135, 140, 308 probability measure and, 304305 quantum logic and, 273 quasistates and, 302 rank zero, 294 Rickart algebras, 273, 292, 294 simple, 290 spectral, 293 state spaces and, 302 subalgebras of, 287, 348 topos theory and, 272, 281 von Neumann algebras and, 254, 292, 294, 319, 319n2, 357. S ee von Neumann algebras categorical quantum mechanics (CQM) program, 129 categories, category of, 155n26 category errors, 190 category theory, 3, 13128, 23. S ee n-category theory; specic topics Cauchy sequences, 290 causality, 8, 148, 151152, 324, 346, 446 causaloid theory, 436 classical theory and, 165, 191. S ee also classical theory Common Cause Principle, 359 determinism and. S ee determinism Einstein causality, 321, 335, 337, 343, 350, 355356 entanglement and. S ee entanglement evoluFons and, 150 graph structure and, 141 independence and, 143 indeterminacy and, 8, 156, 411 informaFon and, 366, 413, 419 laaces and, 258, 268 locality and, 321, 350. S ee also locality microcausality, 350 nonisolaFon and, 165 probability and, 436437. S ee probability theory process and, 141, 144. S ee also processes relaFvisFc, 147, 446 spaceFme and, 446. S ee also spaceFme vacuum and, 324

variable structure, 8, 156 See also specic topics CGMA. S ee CondiFon of Geometric Modular AcFon ChernSimons theory, 62, 80, 85, 99 choice, axiom of, 279 Cirelson limit, 366 classical theory abelian algebras and, 212 causality and. S ee causality complementarity and, 374 contexts and, 212 daseinisaFon and, 209, 226 determinism and, 169. S ee determinism Frobenius algebras and, 165166, 176 hidden variables and. S ee hidden variables theory logical structure of, 193 measurement and, 165178. S ee also measurement Newtonian physics and, 192, 365 observables and, 222, 239269, 374 power sets in, 219 processes and, 130 proposiFons in, 217 quanFzaFon and, 130, 193, 214, 251, 267 quantum theory and, 130, 193, 214, 251, 267. S ee also specic topics real numbers on, 235 realism and, 191193, 210. S ee also realism relaFvity and, 187. S ee also relaFvity theory representaFon in, 209211 spectral families and, 268 state spaces and, 210, 236 topos theory and, 211 two kinds of, 166 vacuum and, 322. S ee also vacuum state valuaFon and, 226227 von Neumann model and, 171172 cloning operaFons, 167168, 175 coalgebras, 77 coarse-graining, 213, 218, 222, 224 cobordisms, 70, 71, 101 cobordism hypothesis and, 113 conformal eld theory and, 66 n-dimensional, 66 Pachner moves and, 91 spherical categories and, 94 string diagrams and, 86, 93 three-dimensional, 93, 94 TQFTs and, 67, 86, 100 coherence laws, 54, 82 Common Cause Principle, 359

commutaFvity, 175176 compactness, 156 compaFbalism, 450 complementarity, 176, 386 complex numbers, 35, 44, 83, 88, 190, 201, 284 composiFon, 130, 137, 139154 braiding and, 52 causality and, 153, 156 correlatability and, 433435 dependent, 142 foliaFons and, 426427 FUNC and, 200 functors and, 24, 69 groups and, 25 independence constraint, 143144 interacFon rule for, 144 measurement and, 431435 of morphisms, 2324, 3738, 47 probability theory and, 369, 426427 process and, 141 sucient isolaFon, 144 systems and, 139154 tangles and, 62 tensors and, 70, 175, 176 CondiFon of Geometric Modular AcFon (CGMA), 330 conguraFon variables, 201 conformal eld theory, 50, 66, 67, 102 consistent histories approach, 271 construcFonism, 279 contextuality, 202, 212, 224, 263266 conFnuum. S ee real numbers contravariant functors, 69, 202 convex set approach, 130 Conway, J., 9. S ee also free will theorem cosmological constant, 86 cosmology, 86, 188, 200 covariance, 236, 320, 328, 332, 334, 350, 427 CQM. S ee categorical quantum mechanics program CraneFrenkel model, 102, 103 CraneYeWer construcFon, 96 cryptography, 386

D
dagger categories, 72, 161 closed, 134, 160 dagger functor, 160 duality and, 69, 162 monoidal categories and, 73, 140 observables, 140

Dakic, B, 8 daseinisaFon classical contexts and, 209 coarse-graining and, 213 dened, 220 Hilbert spaces and, 208 locales and, 306, 308 map for, 271, 273 ontological commitment and, 192 probability and, 301 projecFons and, 207, 217221, 235 self-adjoint operators and, 207, 208, 222235 spectral presheaves and, 219, 235 topos theory and, 203, 207238 two processes of, 208 de SiWer space, 330, 335 decoherence broadcasFng and, 168 classicality and, 171 environment and, 168 hyperdecoherence, 367n2 open systems and, 141 Dedekind real line, 280. S ee real numbers Deligne conjecture, 111 determinism, 168, 169 causality and. S ee causality Einstein and, 450 free will theorem and, 9, 443453 probability and. S ee probability theory randomness and, 450. S ee also randomness relaFvity theory and, 451 uniqueness and, 145 DeutschJosza problems, 374 Dijkgraaf, R., 7072, 77 dimensions, 15, 64, 366369. S ee also spaceFme; specic topics Dirac, P. A. M., 191n4, 345 discreteness, 131, 138139. S ee also specic topics disFllability, 327 distribuFon postulate, 5 Dolan, J., 48 Donaldson theory, 67, 103, 117, 118. S ee also Seiberg-WiWen theory DoplicherRoberts theorem, 72, 74 Drinfel'd, V., 6465 duals, 6872 Dyson, F. J., 27

E
EckmannHilton theory, 97, 98, 107, 108 Eilenberg, S., 18, 2325

EilenbergMoore algebras, 281 Einstein, A. AQFT and, 355 causality and, 321, 335, 350, 355 determinism and, 450 Dialec/ca paper, 343345, 346, 359 EPR paradox and, 345346, 443, 446. S ee also entanglement eld theoreFcal paradigm, 347 general theory and, 16, 19. S ee general relaFvity indeterminism and, 7 nonlocality and, 7, 350 quantum theory and, 7 separability and, 6, 7 special theory and, 8 von Neumann and, 343361 Einstein summaFon convenFon, 35 electrons, 40, 394 elementary parFcles, 22, 26, 28, 449450. S ee also specic types, proper/es energy, 22, 403 entanglement, 8, 165, 365391 algebraic quantum eld theory and, 359 Bell inequality and, 324, 381, 386 disFllability and, 327 EPR paradox and, 345346, 443, 446 generalized bits and, 378 hidden variables and, 400. S ee hidden variable theory measurement and, 369, 376, 381382 mirror states and, 381 no-signalling property and, 418 nonlocality and, 460. S ee locality paradoxical behavior, 323 probability theory and, 367, 370, 386 quantum informaFon theory and, 323, 325 ReehSchlieder Theorem and, 323 Schrdinger and, 359 vacuum state and, 324, 326, 327 von Neumann and, 359 weak addiFvity and, 326 environment, system and, 140, 143145 EPR experiment, 346, 443, 446. S ee also entanglement; locality Euler characterisFc, 115, 116 excluded middle, 197, 279 experiment closability and, 418 free will and, 446 inerFal frames in, 449 linear compressions and, 424 MIN axiom, 446 observables and. S ee observables

operaFonalism and. S ee operaFonalism scienFc method and, 144 wave funcFon collapse, 452

F
Fermat's last theorem, 107 fermions, 41, 73 Feynman diagrams, 4, 13, 15, 26 Dyson and, 27 intertwining operators, 26 loops and, 40 morphisms and, 27 Penrose diagrams, 37 Poincar group and, 2627, 28 spin networks and, 42, 80 string theory and, 50 topology of, 50 Feynman, R., 444 Fibonacci series, 401n7 lms, spaceFme and, 62 lters, 227228, 230, 240 Fock space, 320n5 foliable structures commutaFvity and, 428429 hypersurfaces in, 416 Lorentz transformaFons and, 409410 measurement and, 424, 431437 mixtures and, 424426 no-signalling axiom, 418419 operaFonalism and, 409410, 414 PopescuRohrlich correlaFons, 413 probability and, 416418 quantum theory and, 437439 r-p framework, 412 spaceFme and, 411412 states in, 421422 system, noFon of, 411, 420 trace measurement, 424 FoulisRandall school, 132 fracFonal quantum Hall eect, 62 frames. S ee locales free will theorem, 9, 443453 Freed, D. S., 104 Frenkel, I., 102 FreydYeWer theory, 5864 Frobenius algebras, 70, 71, 77, 167 classicality and, 165166, 176 coalgebras and, 71 commutaFvity and, 71, 106, 174176

complementarity and, 176 conformal eld theories and, 102 Frobenius law, 169n39 monoidal category on, 101, 106 open strings and, 106107 string diagrams and, 90, 106107 FukumaHosonoKawai model, 9197, 101 functors, 1617 adjoint, 133 BohricaFon and, 272 categories and, 2425 cobordisms and, 94 covariance and, 69, 202, 236, 272 dened, 23 equivalence and, 25 f-algebras, 284285, 304 invariants and, 23 inverses of, 25 linear, 9395 monoidal, 5355, 159 presheaves and, 235236 semanFcs of, 24, 33 subfunctors, 292293, 297 topos theory and, 275279 transformaFons of, 24, 84 weakening and, 25, 53 See also specic types, topics

G
Galilean transformaFons, 410 Galileo, 18 GalileoLorentz group, 148 Galois adjoints, 133 gauge theories, 17, 2728, 188 Gaussian raFonals, 281 Gelfand spectra, 203, 215217, 241, 247, 293 BohricaFon and, 291, 297 C*-algebras and, 214, 272, 283, 285, 286, 291 duality and, 271, 283 lters and, 228231 Gelfand-Neimark theorem, 282 laace theory and, 271 locales and, 283 localic, 107 presheaves and, 214217, 264 representaFon for, 215 Rickart algebra and, 297 self-adjoint operators and, 262

spectral transformaFon, 203, 215, 246, 262264, 283 Stone spectrum and, 240, 242, 294 general relaFvity, 268, 445 classical physics and, 187 Einstein and, 16, 19 gravity and, 16. S ee also quantum gravity metric on, 187 observables and, 268 probabalisFc, 440 quantum theory and, 187, 203 spaceFme and. S ee spaceFme vacuum state and, 317 Geneva school, 131, 132, 134, 139, 142 geometric modular acFon, 330 Ghirardi-Rimini-Weber (GRW) theories, 451 Girard linear logic, 135 Gleason theorem, 136n13, 241242, 264, 265, 403n8 GNS representaFon, 320 golden raFo, 401n1 GordonPowerStreet model, 107108 GoWesmanChuang theory, 134 graph theory categories and, 139 causal structure and, 141, 412 combinatorics and, 111, 139 complexes and, 93 composiFon and, 139 connectedness and, 139, 143 four-color theorem, 34 hypersurfaces in, 415 Kuratowski theorem, 146 Markopoulou model and, 412 planar graphs, 146 undirected graphs, 152 Gray categories, 108 Grothendieck, A., 18, 4749 Grothendieck group, 115 group theory, 16, 25, 6465, 162 Abelian groups, 287 algebras and, 76, 78, 79 braiding. S ee braiding canonical basis in, 81 category theory and, 4, 81, 99. S ee specic topics class of, 154 complex forms of, 78 Feynman diagrams and, 28 fundamental group. S ee Poincar group homology groups, 25, 104-107, 115-118 Hopf algebra and, 65. S ee Hopf algebras

intertwiners and, 4 isometry groups, 335336 Jones polynomial and, 115 laaces and. S ee laace theory Lie groups, 37, 40, 43, 7879, 369, 371 n-groupoids, 18 orthogonal representaFon, 371 perverse sheaves and, 81 Poincar group. S ee Poincar group quantum groups, 43, 64, 73-82, 99, 104, 105. S ee specic topics SU(2) subgroup, 27, 78, 86 symmetry groups, 16, 18, 21, 139, 150151 tensors and, 85 TQFT and, 8485 triangular decomposiFons and, 81 unitary representaFon and, 21 universal properFes, 52 YangBaxter equaFon and, 83 See also specic types, topics

H
hadrons, 187 Hakeda-Tomiyama theory, 147 Hall eect, 62 Hardy, L., 8, 137, 151 Hardy model, 366, 367, 369 Hasse diagrams, 301 Hausdor spaces, 214, 215, 242, 271, 283, 293 Heegaard-Floer homology, 118 Heidegger, M., 191, 192, 203 Heisenberg, W., 2, 20 HermiFan operators, 394, 395, 403 hexagon idenFFes, 32 HeyFng algebras, 195197, 280 Boolean algebras and, 196, 197, 273, 299 distribuFvity of, 273 locales and, 274 morphisms and, 273 spectral presheaves and, 219, 235 hidden variable theory, 89, 344, 385, 434 Bell and, 394, 403, 405 Bohm and, 404, 451 collapse models, 365 contextuality and, 212, 263266, 394395, 404 entanglement and, 400 free will theorem and, 451 Hilbert space operators and, 404 locality and, 399, 404 measurement and, 365, 385, 395, 403, 404, 405

probability theory and, 393407 qubits and, 385 relaFvity and, 451 spin and, 402, 405 stochasFc states and, 399 von Neumann and, 393407 Hilbert, D., 2 Hilbert spaces, 20, 21 AQFT and, 348. S ee also algebraic quantum eld theory C*-algebras and. S ee C*-algebras category theory and, 4, 14, 80, 105, 158, 204 completeness and, 8 dagger compactness and, 162 daseinisaFon and, 207208 dimension two, 264 Feynman diagrams and, 26. S ee also Feynman diagrams rst principles of, 191 formalism of, 29, 208 free will and, 9 Frobenius algebra and, 176 graph structure and, 412 HermiFan operators on, 395, 403, 404, 406 hidden variables and, 404. S ee hidden variables theory innite-dimensional, 68, 214, 217, 235 Kraus theorem and, 349 laaces and, 211. S ee also laace theory linear operators and, 16, 68. S ee also linear operators loop quantum gravity and, 80 Minkowski spaceFme and, 419 n-category theory and. S ee n-category theory naturality and, 290 noncontextuality property, 290 observables and, 2, 200, 226, 239, 243, 395, 397 operaFon locality and, 438 operators on. S ee operator algebras orthonormal basis on, 175176 photon and, 26 physical quanFFes in, 403 probability theory and, 435. S ee also probability theory pseudo-states and, 203 quantum theory and, 4, 20, 64, 132, 165, 190, 204, 208, 345, 348, 435, 437. S ee specic topics real numbers and, 211 self-adjoint operators on, 200, 238. S ee self-adjoint operators spin and, 8, 140. S ee also spin; specic topics SFnespring theorem and, 349 Stone spectra and, 241 tensor product for, 66, 134, 158, 438 topos theory and, 200, 207, 208. S ee topos theory vacuum state and, 327

valuaFons in, 200 von Neumann algebras and. S ee von Neumann algebras weak closedness and, 214 See also specic parameters, types, topics HilbertPoincar series, 116 Hiley, B. J., 134 HOMFLY-PT polynomial, 58 homotopy theory, 18 category theory and, 49 chain homotopies, 105, 115 framing in, 112 Grothendieck and, 49 groupoids and, 105 homology and, 25, 104107, 115118 homotopy types, 49 n-categories, 47, 49 Hopf algebras, 177n40 bialgebras and, 79 dening equaFon of, 177n40 groups and, 65 Hopf categories, 103 Planck constant and, 65 quasitriangular, 74, 75, 79, 100, 104 representaFons and, 102 three-dimensional, 103 TQFTs and, 102, 103, 104 trialgebras and, 103

I
independence, 148, 344 commutaFvity and, 351 spaceFme and, 354 von Neumann algebras and, 352354 informaFon theory, 419 bits in, 372375 capacity in, 368 causality and, 366, 413, 419 computer science and, 4, 13, 73 constraints for, 366 dimension and, 366, 368 disFllability and, 327 maWer and, 129186 measurement and, 386. S ee measurement no-signalling axiom and, 419 probability and, 366, 368. S ee also probability theory properFes and, 447 quantum informaFon theory, 4, 73, 129, 323, 325327 qubits and. S ee qubits spaceFme and, 449

transmission of, 444 instrumentalism, 187, 201, 366 laboratory devices, 370372 measurement and, 368, 370. S ee measurement operaFonalism and. S ee operaFonalism probability and. S ee probability theory quantum correlaFons and, 366 quantum gravity and, 208 relaFve-frequency interpretaFon and, 190 intuiFonisFc logic, 138, 197, 279 Isham, C., 1, 56. S ee topos theory

J
Jones polynomial, 55, 80, 115116 Joyal, A., 50 JoyalStreet theorem, 63

K
Kan complexes, 48 Kant, I., 1 Kapranov, M., 82 Kauman bracket, 5658, 60, 79 Khovanov homology theory, 115118 Klyachko model, 397 KMS-states, 329 knot theory, 129 braiding and, 51 framing in, 112 Jones polynomial and, 55, 80 Kauman bracket and, 56 links in, 55, 57 monoidal categories and, 56 quantum invariants and, 56, 57, 73 Reidemeister moves, 51, 57, 82 skein relaFons, 56 stablizaFon hypothesis and, 112 tangles and, 51, 112 tricategories and, 107 YangBaxter equaFon and, 65 Knots and Physics (Kauman), 58 Kochen, S., 9 KochenSpecker theorem contextuality and, 200 funcFonal relaFon constraint, 395 Gleason theorem and, 136n13 Klyachko on, 394399 observables and, 222 paradox and, 443446, 448 physical quanFFes and, 193, 210, 222, 267

reformulaFon of, 290 spectral presheaf and, 202203, 226 topos theory and, 198, 271, 290 von Neumann algebras and, 210211 Kontsevich, M., 99100, 104107, 111 Kraus operators, 355 Kripke toposes, 280, 283, 284, 286, 295 KripkeJoyal semanFcs, 291 Kuratowski theorem, 146

L
Lambek model, 135n12 Landauers principle, 167 Langlands program, 107 language, structure of, 135n12 lasers, 386 laace theory, 132, 193194 algebraic restricFon and, 259260 anFtone funcFons, 296 BohricaFon of, 296 Boolean algebra and, 263, 299. S ee Boolean algebras BrunsLakser compleFon and, 300, 301 C*-algebras and, 285 complementarity in, 296, 298 dual ideal in, 240, 262 lters and, 228, 240. S ee lters nite types and, 241 Gelfand spectrum and, 271. S ee also Gelfand spectra HeyFng algebra and. S ee HeyFng algebras ideals and, 285, 300. S ee ideals locales and, 271 normality and, 286 observables and, 267 orthomodular, 240, 241, 298 paradigm of, 132 presheaves and, 239 projecFons and, 203, 211, 242 quasipoints and, 242 regularity condiFon, 285 Reisz space and, 284 semilaaces, 275 spaceFme and, 258 spectral families and, 239241, 245, 247, 251252, 256, 259 Stone spectrum and, 239241, 240 Lauda, A. D., 4 Laughlin, R. B., 62 Lawvere, F. W., 33 LeibnizMach theory, 7 Lie groups, 37, 7879

light, speed of, 189, 321, 366, 410 Lindenbaum algebra, 280 linear operators C*-algebras and, 282, 290. S ee also C*-algebras category theory and, 16, 28 coarse-graining and, 213 Feynman diagrams and, 13 Gelfand spectra and. S ee Gelfand spectra homotopy and, 105. S ee also homotopy theory measurement and. S ee measurement observables and, 2, 200, 226, 239, 243, 395 Pachner moves and, 87, 94, 100 projecFons. S ee projecFon operators topos theory and, 290. S ee also topos theory TQFTs and, 6768, 105 See also specic types, topics local tomography assumpFon, 171 locales, 138, 189, 273 C*-algebras and, 281 compact, 282283 daseinisaFon and, 306, 308 Gelfand spectrum and, 283 logical aspect, 280 points and, 271 sheaf over, 277 spaceFme and, 274, 275, 280 topos theory and, 276, 277, 279 locality, 215, 318, 335, 386 algebraic quantum eld theory and, 343361 Bell inequality and, 7, 325, 399. S ee also Bell, J. Einstein causality and, 7, 350 entanglement. S ee entanglement EPR problem, 346, 443, 446 f-algebras and, 284, 285 local systems, 355 logic-gate teleportaFon, 134 microcausality and, 350 nonlocality and, 325 operaFonalism and, 343361 probabilisFc theory and, 368 quantum informaFon theory and, 325 quasilocality, 350 relaFvity theory and, 343 separatedness and, 355 spaceFme and, 321 vacuum state and, 7 logic, 5 Boolean. S ee Boolean algebra classical, 5

intuiFonisFc, 6, 138, 197, 279 linear, 135, 135n12 quantum. S ee quantum logic Loomis-Sikorski theorem, 254 loop quantum gravity, 14, 80, 187, 440 Lorentz group, 19, 328 Lorentz, H. A., 18, 406 Lorentz transformaFons, 18, 409, 410 LucreFus, 450 Ludwig school, 132

M
Mach's principle, 136 MachZehnder interferometer, 386 MacLane coherence theorem, 107 MacLane, S., 18, 23, 2832 MacLane stricFcaFon theorem, 160 mass, of parFcles, 22 MathemaFcal FondaFons of Quantum Mechanics (von Neumann), 413 Mathema/cal F ounda/ons of Q uantum M echanics (von Neumann), 393 mathemaFcs, foundaFons of, 48 Maxwell equaFons, 409410 Maxwell, J. C., 1718 MBQC. S ee measurement-based quantum computaFonal model measurement Bohm theory of, 404406 classical theory and, 165178 coarse-graining and, 213, 218, 222, 224 collapse models, 365, 385, 451452 complementarity and, 374 composite systems and, 431433 (XX) JIM contextuality and, 202, 212, 224, 263266 conFnuity axiom and, 380 determinism and, 395, 399 Deutsch-Josza problems, 374375 dimension and, 369, 384385 energy and, 403 entanglement and, 369, 376, 381382 experiment and, 366, 368372 ducial sets and, 372, 374, 431433 foundaFon principles and, 368 generalized bits and, 378380 Hardy model and, 380 hidden variables and, 365, 385, 395, 403, 404, 405 independence and, 400, 452 informaFon theory and, 386 instrumentalism and, 368, 370. S ee instrumentalism laboratory operaFons, 366, 370372 linear operators and. S ee linear operators

locality and, 376, 399, 409, 433-435. S ee locality MBQC. S ee measurement-based quantum computaFonal model measurable funcFons, 253254 measurement problem, 136 mirror theory and, 380 mixed states and, 372, 373, 376 no signaling condiFon, 399 noncontextuality constraint and, 399 observables and, 169, 253254, 319, 348, 349, 405. S ee observables operators in, 131, 366, 409, 413416. S ee also operator algebras preparaFons and, 421 probability and, 187, 371, 372, 373, 377, 399. S ee probability theory as process, 130, 133134 projecFons and. S ee projecFon operators pure states and, 377 qubits and, 380, 385 realism and, 385 Sorkin theory, 368 spaFotemporality and, 188, 348, 402 spectral family and, 253 spin and, 397, 398, 400, 405 state and, 371, 384385 topos and, 201 truth values and, 209 update rule, 384385 vacuum and, 322. S ee also vacuum state valuaFon and, 215, 216, 226227 von Neumann algebras and, 319, 349. S ee also von Neumann algebras von Neumann model, 402 wave funcFon collapse and, 385, 405 measurement-based quantum computaFonal model (MBQC), 134 Mermin, D., 8 microcosm principle, 287 Mills, R., 27 Milnor conjecture, 117 Minkowski space, 18, 19, 317 absolute geometry and, 333 algebraic condiFons on, 334335 xed-background and, 7 metric for, 19 metric in, 19 modular covariance in, 334 no-signalling axiom and, 419 Poincar group and, 317. S ee Poincar group quantum eld theory and, 330 spaceFme and, 18, 330, 334 mirror mechanics, 106, 381384 Mitchell-Bnabou theory, 278 modular stability, 328, 332

modular tensor categories, 96 monoidal categories, 45, 28, 53, 85, 97 6 j symbols, 4647 algebraic properFes, 7778 associator and, 30, 31 bicategories and, 34, 55 braiding and, 15, 29, 32, 5154, 64, 97. S ee braiding coherence for, 160 comonoids and, 172174 connectedness and, 136 dagger compact, 73 deniFon of, 30 duals and, 72, 73 hexagon idenFFes and, 32 JoyalStreet theory, 5152 knot theory and, 56 locale morphisms, 280 monoidal equivalence, 55 pentagon idenFty and, 31, 32 reindexing, 34 Schurs lemma and, 37 spherical, 92 strict, 32, 55, 154157, 160 string diagrams and, 28 symmetric, 15, 29, 32, 50, 55, 59, 129, 136, 154158, 160 tangles and, 74 tensor product and, 30 topological quantum eld theory and, 68 TQFTs and, 47, 68 triangle idenFty, 31 unit laws, 30, 31 vector spaces and, 36 YangBaxter equaFon and, 64 morphisms, 14, 23 2-morphisms, 35 associaFve laws, 23 bicategories and, 34, 82, 108 braiding and, 5152, 73, 112, 117 cobordisms and, 6768, 99101 coherence laws, 82 composiFon of, 14, 2325, 34, 66 duals and, 38, 68, 69, 72, 73 endomorphisms and, 51 Feynman diagrams and, 27 frame morphisms, 281 Frobenius algebras and, 101102 functors and, 25. S ee also functors geometric, 285 HeyFng algebra and, 273, 274

homomorphisms, 24 homotopy theory and, 105 idenFty morphisms, 23, 39 intertwining operators, 37 inverFble, 16 irreducible representaFons, 37, 38 isomorphisms, 30, 31, 34, 4345, 53, 82, 84 j-morphisms and, 48 locales and, 280, 303 monoidal categories and, 30, 35, 136, 154158, 174 n-category theory and, 14, 17, 107109 networks, 41 objects and, 14, 23 Poincar group and, 37, 320 presheaves and, 263 processes and, 14 pullback and, 276 puricaFon of, 163 relaFonalism and, 136 Shum's category and, 62 simplices, 48 symmetry and, 164 tangles and, 58, 59, 112, 117 tensors and, 28, 35 Fme and, 68 topos theory and, 278279 unitary, 23, 59, 69 weak equivalences, 49 zig-zag idenFFes and, 39 Morse theory, 70 Murray, J., 343

N
n-category theory, 49 braiding and, 52 category theory and, 49 cobordisms and, 113, 114 computer science and, 13 deniFon of, 49 development of, 13128 duals and, 63, 112 equivalence and, 49 homotopy theory and, 49 opetopic approach, 4748 periodic table for, 97, 108, 110 semistrict, 108 stablizaFon hypothesis, 110 string theory and, 50 topology and, 118

TQFTs and, 68, 101, 108, 114 Newtonian physics. S ee classical theory Newtons constant, 189 no-broadcasFng theorem, 365 no-cloning theorem, 365 no-go theorems, 136, 236, 344 no-signalling assumpFon closability and, 418 Einstein causality and, 355-356, 366 entanglement and, 418 informaFon causality and, 419 Minkowski spaceFme and, 419 Popescu-Rohrlich correlaFons and, 413 Noether, E., 115 noncontextuality constraint, 399. S ee contextuality nonlocality, 5, 7, 325. S ee locality

O
observables antonymous funcFons, 227235, 260-261 AQFT and, 350 Bell's inequality and, 325, 386 Bohmian parFcles, 404 C*-algebras and. S ee C*-algebras classical, 168, 222, 239269. S ee also classical theory complementarity and, 374, 386 contextuality and, 212, 224, 263266 dagger symmetry and, 140 dened, 229 determinism and, 395. S ee also determinism elementary proposiFons and, 306 energy and, 22 experiments and, 134, 333, 395. S ee experiment general relaFvity and, 268 Hilbert spaces and, 2, 200, 226, 239, 243, 404 KochenSpecker theorem and, 222 laace theory and, 267 locality and, 201, 344. S ee also locality measurement and, 169, 201, 253254, 319, 348, 349, 393n1, 405. S ee measurement modular involuFons and, 329 monoidal categories and, 140 nets and, 329330, 331, 335, 350 observable funcFons, 243251, 255256, 261 physical quanFFes and, 131, 207, 222, 394396. S ee measurement; specic topics real numbers and, 239 representaFon of, 222235 self-adjoint operators and, 21, 239, 348. S ee self-adjoint operators spaceFme and, 318. S ee spaceFme spin, 395. S ee spin

state and, 301309, 318 topological theory and, 255256 vacuum and, 322 ontological commitment, 146, 192, 385. S ee also classical theory; specic theories operaFonalism, 131, 385, 410 AQFT and, 439 background Fme in, 410f, 411 causal structure and, 411 closable sets in, 417, 439 conFnuum and, 439 experiment and, 413414 foliable structures. S ee foliable structures independence and, 344 local tomography and, 435436 locality and, 343361 measurement and, 131, 413416. S ee measurement operator algebras. S ee operator algebras probability and, 409410, 439. S ee probability theory processes and, 142 quaternionic quantum theory, 435 realism and, 132 systems and, 420 operator algebras, 5556, 200, 318 C*-algebras and. S ee C*-algebras duals in, 348 foliable structures. S ee foliable structures Gelfand spectra and. S ee Gelfand spectra Hilbert space and, 6 independence, 357358 intertwining operator, 7677 linear operators. S ee linear operators locality and, 318 operads, 33 projecFon and. S ee projecFon operators self-adjoint. S ee self-adjoint operators separability and, 357 TomitaTakesaki theory and, 327 von Neumann algebras. S ee von Neumann algebras

P
Pachner moves, 87 cobordisms and, 9192 invariance under, 100 pentagon idenFty and, 95f string diagrams and, 87 parity, 22 parFcles, elementary Bohm and, 405 free will and, 449450

locales and, 322 momentum of, 405 phase mulFplicaFon and, 73 Poincar groups and, 26 Standard Model, 28 See also specic types, proper/es Pauli operators, 175, 395 PCT theorem, 329 Penrose, R., 3543, 60, 188 pentagon idenFty, 31, 32, 95 Peres conguraFon, 444, 446, 450 perturbaFon theory, 330 phase groups, 162 phase space, 210 photons, 368, 411 Piron's theorem, 137 Planck scale, 65, 189, 375 Poincar group, 40, 80, 317 elementary parFcles and, 26 Feynman diagrams and, 2627, 37, 80 innite dimensionality and, 40 morphisms and, 37 observables and, 40 Poincar dual, 87, 89, 93 posiFve-energy representaFons, 22, 28, 67 relaFvity theory and, 2122 SU(2) and, 81 vacuum state and, 330 Poincar, H., 1819 Poincar invariants, 320 Poincar spin network, 44 poinrree topology, 271 point, primacy of, 64, 72, 114, 117, 366 PonzanoRegge model, 4445, 80, 85 Popper, K., 188 potenFality, 139140 power sets, 195 probability theory, 20, 131, 145, 416 Bayes rule, 416, 430, 434, 435 Bell inequaliFes and, 366. S ee Bell, J. BohricaFon and, 301 Boolean algebra and, 305 C*-algebras and, 304, 305. S ee also C*-algebras causality and, 411 classical, 436437 commutaFvity and, 319 conFnuity and, 190191, 370, 386 correlaFon and, 433 daseinisaFon and, 301

degrees of freedom and, 366, 367 determinism and, 394, 398, 400 dimension and, 368 dispersion-free ensembles, 402403 entanglement and, 367f, 370, 386 expectaFon and, 350, 394, 403 ducial measurements and, 371, 374, 431 foliable structures and, 416418. S ee foliable structures generalized truth values and, 191 hidden probabiliFes, 399 hidden variables and, 393407 informaFon and, 366, 368 interpretaFons of, 416 Klyachko model and, 396 latency, 190 local tomography, 412, 413 locales and, 443 locality and, 368, 437 matrix theory and, 423 measurement and, 187, 371, 372, 373, 376, 377. S ee also measurement mixed states and, 372, 426 operaFonalism and, 409411, 437, 439 potenFality and, 190 probability vector, 372 problems with, 443 projecFon and. S ee projecFon operators puricaFon of, 163165 quantum gravity and, 142, 411, 440 r-p framework and, 412 randomness and. S ee randomness real numbers and, 190191, 370, 386 relaFve frequency and, 190, 416 reversibility and, 20, 368 Schrdinger on, 345 state space and, 367, 371 topos theory and, 273 trace and, 403, 424 transiFon amplitude, 20 transpose and, 423 uncorrelatability and, 433 update rules, 384385 von Neumann algebras and. S ee von Neumann algebras weights and, 142, 144145 processes classicality and, 130, 166169, 168 composiFon of, 141143 environment and, 143 examples of, 154 feed-into-the-environment, 144

graphical representaFon of, 145146 idenFcal, 149152 interacFons, logic of, 135136 inverses to, 149 maWer and, 141 open systems and, 144 operaFons and, 142 probes and, 160 relaFons and, 130, 136137 reversibility and, 20 stochasFc, 169. S ee probability theory structure and, 129186 symmetry relaFons, 20, 141 systems from, 134135 virtual, 148 projecFon operators, 203, 292 abelian algebras and, 213214 C*-algebras and. S ee C*-algebras clopeness in, 216 coarse-graining and, 218 complex numbers and, 201, 201n14 daseinisaFon and, 207, 208, 217221, 219 Klyachko model and, 396 laace theory and, 211, 220 maximal lters, 227 measurement and, 142, 144. S ee also measurement operators and, 292. S ee also operator algebras orthogonal bases for, 213214 physical quanFFes and, 218. S ee also observables projecFon postulate, 349 projecFve geometry, 133n33 proposiFons and, 218 self-adjoint, 224. S ee self-adjoint operators spectral theorem and, 211, 242 von Neumann algebra and, 241243, 292. S ee von Neumann algebras proof theory, 135136 properFes, physical, 131133, 222. S ee observables; specic topics Pursuing S tacks (Grothendieck), 49 Putman, H., 5

Q
QFT. S ee quantum eld theory quanFzaFon, 111, 130, 239269 quantum cosmology, 188, 200 quantum eld theory (QFT), 6, 86, 140, 328 AQFT. S ee algebraic quantum eld theory AFyah and, 25 ChernSimons theory and, 62 Donaldson theory and, 118

functorial semanFcs, 33 gravity and. S ee quantum gravity inniFes and, 40 locality and, 7. S ee also locality Milnor conjecture and, 117 Minkowski space and, 330. S ee also Minkowski space quantum groups and, 99 renormalizaFon in, 137 SeibergWiWen theory, 118 spaceFme in. S ee spaceFme spin-staFsFcs theorem, 62 string theory and, 50, 118 system in, 131 TomitaTakesaki theory and, 7, 318, 327329 TQFTs and, 25, 47, 53, 67. S ee topological quantum eld theory two-dimensional, 64 vacuum state and, 330 quantum gravity, 15 convenFonal formalism and, 203 gravity and, 44, 188 instrumentalism and, 208 loop quantum gravity, 14, 80, 187, 440 maWer and, 46 PonzanoRegge model and, 44, 4546 probabalisFc theory and, 440 problems of, 187, 189 quantum theory and, 189 real numbers and, 190191 spaceFme and, 44, 45. S ee also spaceFme topos methods and, 187207 quantum informaFon theory disFllability and, 327 entanglement and, 323, 325326 locality and, 325 logic and. S ee quantum logic quantum compuFng, 4, 73, 129 qubits and. S ee qubits quantum logic, 130, 344, 345 BohricaFon and, 298 C*-algebras and, 273 classical logic and, 5 conceptual problems of, 220 implicaFon relaFon, 218n12 informaFon theory. S ee quantum informaFon theory operator algebras and, 292 proof theory and, 136 qubits and. S ee qubits topos theory and, 207 quantum teleportaFon, 156157

quasicategories, 114 quasiparFcles, 62 quasipoints, 240, 242, 253, 258, 267 quasistates, 302 quaternions, 374, 409, 435 qubits, 374 hidden variables and, 385 informaFon and, 385 logic of interacFons, 418 measurement and, 380, 385 Spekkens toy theory, 130, 162, 177

R
r-p framework, 411413 Radiohead, 137 randomness, 386 determinism and, 450. S ee also determinism free will and, 450 probability and. S ee probability theory relaFvity theory and, 451 stochasFc elements, 451 RaussendorfBriegel model, 134 real numbers, 211 conFnuum and, 21, 138, 436 observables and, 239 probability and, 190191 quantum gravity and, 190191 spaceFme and, 190 spectral theory and, 203 topos theory and, 199, 203, 209n3, 225 realism, 187, 191194, 210 Bell's inequality and, 386 classical physics and, 191193, 210 measurement and, 385 neorealism and, 196197 operaFonalism and, 132 physical properFes and, 132 quantum theory and, 193, 194 ReehSchlieder theorem, 318, 327, 356 entanglement and, 322, 323 vacuum state and, 351 Reichenbach, H., 359 Reidemeister moves, 51, 57, 82. S ee also knot theory relaFonalism, 7 causality and, 165 classical theory and, 165169 composiFon and, 139145 conFnuum and, 138139 measurement and, 169177

physical theory and, 154162 processes and, 136138, 145146 symmetry and, 148152 systems and, 140141 vacuous relaFons, 152154 von Neumann model and, 162165 relaFvity theory, 136 determinism and, 451 Einstein and, 19. S ee Einstein, A. general theory. S ee general relaFvity geometry and, 5 locality and, 343. S ee locality Maxwell and, 18 quantum eld theory and, 343, 346 randomness and, 451 spaceFme and. S ee spaceFme special theory, 8, 445 representaFons, theory of, 74, 76, 81, 129 ResheFkhin, N., 73, 8485 reversibility, 20, 368, 386 ribbon structure, 63 Rickart C*-algebras, 273, 292297, 305 Riesz space, 284, 302 Roberts, J., 46, 72 RobertsonWalker theory, 335, 336 Rovelli, C., 80 Russell's paradox, 154

S
Sasaki hooks, 133n4, 300 scaWering, 329, 335 Schlieder property, 325 Schmidt decomposiFon, 377 Schrdinger equaFon, 345, 359, 365 SchurAuerbach lemma, 371, 377 scienFc method, 144 Segal spaces, 114 Seiberg-WiWen theory, 103, 118 self-adjoint operators, 21, 239 algebras and, 202 antonymous funcFons and, 260 approximaFons and, 224 Borel funcFons and, 212 context and, 223 daseinisaFon and, 207, 208, 225227, 235 eigenstate-eigenvalue link and, 232235 evolving, 335 FUNC principle and, 215 Galois adjoints and, 133

Gelfand transform and, 262 global secFons and, 264 Hilbert space and. S ee Hilbert spaces linear order, 223 observables and, 348. S ee observables; specic types, topics order on, 223 projecFon and, 224. S ee projecFon operators Riesz theorem. S ee Riesz theorem spaFal restricFon and, 257 spectral families and, 223, 251, 258, 259 Stone's theorem. S ee Stone's theorem von Neumann algebras and. S ee von Neumann algebras semisimple algebras, 86, 8889, 92, 102 separability, 6, 7, 344, 357-358 sequenFal composiFon, 142 sheaf theory tal space and, 240 Gelfand spectra and, 214217 KochenSpecker theorem and, 202203, 226 locales and, 277 presheaves and, 202203, 214217, 263, 266267 stalks and, 240 Stone spectrum and, 268 von Neumann algebras and, 263 Shum's theorem, 6263 simplicity axiom, 367 Smolin, L., 1, 80 Sorkin measure theory, 368 spaceFme absolute geometry and, 333 algebraic condiFons on, 334335 AQFT and. S ee algebraic quantum eld theory background, 7, 187, 200 causal principle and, 446 CGMA and, 330, 336 circuit model and, 415 combinatorial topology for, 100 cosmological constant and, 86 covariance and, 350351 curvature of, 16, 187 dierenFal geometry and, 191 dimensions in, 15, 100 discrete, 138 experiments in, 134 lms and, 62 foliable structures and, 411, 414 gauge theories and, 17, 2728, 188 hypersurfaces in, 415416 independence and, 347, 354

informaFon and, 449 laace theory and, 258. S ee also laace theory local operaFon, 347 local operaFons and, 347, 354357 locales and, 274 locality and, 321. S ee locality maWer in, 136 Minkowski space and, 19, 330, 334 modular stability and, 336 Newtonian, 191 nonlocality and, 7. S ee locality nonpathological models, 354 nonstandard models, 189 observables and, 318, 332335. S ee also observables points in, 187 quantum gravity and, 44. S ee quantum gravity real numbers and, 21, 138, 190191, 436 relaFvity and. S ee relaFvity theory Sorkin model, 412 spins and, 44, 62 states and, 332335 string theory and. S ee string theory systems and, 140 temporal order, 446 three-dimensional, 44, 62 topos theory and. S ee topos theory TQFTs and. S ee topological quantum eld theory vacuum state and, 7, 318 spectral families, 244, 247248, 251, 254 admissible domain of, 251252 algebraic restricFon of, 258262 antonymous funcFons and, 260 Boolean algebra and, 267 conFnuous funcFons and, 255256 Gelfand spectra, 203, 214217. S ee Gelfand spectra KochenSpecker theorem. S ee KochenSpecker theorem measurable funcFons and, 253 noncommutaFve, 203 observables and, 245, 248, 250, 268 presheaves and, 263 projecFons and, 242. S ee projecFon operators real numbers and, 203. S ee real numbers self-adjoint operators and, 251, 258, 259. S ee self-adjoint operators sheaf theory and, 257, 266, 267 spectral theorem and, 200, 211, 242 spectrum condiFon, 320, 351 Stone spectrum and, 267. S ee Stone spectrum vacuum and, 351 Spekkens toy theory, 130131, 162, 177

spherical categories, 92 spin, 40, 42 6 j symbols, 4445 Bell inequaliFes. S ee Bell, J. binor idenFty, 43 closed, 42 entanglement and. S ee entanglement EPR paradox and, 446. S ee EPR experiment Feynman diagrams and, 80 free will theorem, 447448 graph theory and. S ee graph theory gravity and, 44 hidden variables and, 402, 405 Kauman bracket and, 56, 5758 Klyachko model and, 397 measurement and, 397, 398, 400, 405 observables and, 395 Penrose and, 60 Peres conguraFon and, 444 Poincar dual, 4445 projecFons and, 374 spin axiom, 444 spin foams, 14, 15, 22, 80, 94 spin-staFsFcs, 329, 335 topos theory and, 220221, 233 twinned spin, 446 zig-zag idenFFes and, 42 Standard Model, 22, 27, 28, 449450. S ee specic topics Stashe associahedra, 31, 33, 96, 105 SFnespring theorem, 349 stochasFc processes, 169. S ee also probability theory; specic topics Stone spectrum, 240, 246, 294 clopen subsets and, 293 Gelfand spectrum and, 240, 242, 294 laace theory and, 239241 representaFon theorem, 210, 293 Rickart C*-algebra and, 294 sheaves and, 268 spectral families and, 267 von Neumann algebras and, 241, 243, 266 Stonevon Neumann theorem, 21, 6567 Strmer, H., 62 Street, R., 50 string theory, 15, 50, 75, 106 blackboard framing, 61 categorical structures and, 104106. S ee specic topics closed strings, 50 cobordisms and, 86, 93 conformal structure and, 50

duals and, 38 Feynman diagrams and, 50. S ee also Feynman diagrams Frobenius algebras and, 90. S ee also Frobenius algebras higher-dimensional, 96 loop quantum gravity and, 14, 80, 187, 440 monoidal categories and, 28. S ee also monoidal categories n-categories and, 50. S ee n-category theory open sFngs, 50 Pachner moves and, 87. S ee Pachner moves Poincar duality and, 87, 89 projecFons and, 90. S ee projecFon operators quanFzaFon and, 111 string diagrams and, 2932, 38, 58, 9093 TQFTs and, 90. S ee topological quantum eld theory zig-zag idenFFes and, 39 superposiFon, 188, 266, 365 superselecFon, 6 supersymmetry, 41 syllepsis, 110112 symmetry relaFons, 16, 141 compactness and, 156 examples of, 154 groups and, 16, 18, 150151 monoids and, 15, 29, 32, 55, 59, 129, 136, 154158, 160 natural isomorphisms, 155156 processes and, 148152 reversibility and, 20 reversible process and, 20

T
tangles, 58, 79 BaezDolan tangle hypothesis, 112 braiding and, 58, 74, 112. S ee braiding dimension of, 112 framing, 61, 112 invariants of, 79, 116 isotopic, 59 knot theory and, 51. S ee also knot theory monoids and, 74. S ee also monoidal categories oriented, 58, 59 parFcles and, 61 Shum's category, 62 tangle hypothesis, 112 YangBaxter equaFon and, 83 TannakaKrein reconstrucFon theorem, 74, 100, 102 thermodynamic behavior, 329, 335 three-slit experiment, 368 Fme reversal, 22 TomitaTakesaki theory, 318, 327329

topological quantum eld theory (TQFT), 97, 100, 102, 103, 129 bicategories, 103 braiding and, 85. S ee also braiding C*-algebras and. S ee C*-algebras cobordisms and, 67, 86, 100, 114 dieomorphism and, 103 dimensions in, 67, 71, 9192, 96, 101103 duals and, 68 extended, 100102, 114 Frobenius algebra and, 71 homology theory, 25, 104107, 115118 homotopy and. S ee homotopy theory Hopf algebras and, 102, 103, 104 Lagrangian formulaFon of, 104 modular tensor categories, 96, 99 monoidal categories and, 68 n-categories and, 101, 108, 114 Pachner moves and, 87, 89 pentagon idenFty, 94 piecewise-linearity, 100 quantum eld theory and, 67 quantum groups and, 8485 semisimple algebras and, 102 spherical categories, 102 string theory and, 90. S ee also string theory SU(2) and, 96 topos theory and. S ee topos theory TuraevViro model and, 85 WiWenResheFkhinTuraev theory and, 85 topos theory, 5, 132, 138, 194200, 264, 273, 278 base category in, 236 basic structures in, 211 BuWereldIsham idea and, 6 C*-algebras and, 271272, 281 category theory and, 202 characterisFc arrows in, 195 classical theory and, 211, 218 construcFve theory and, 271 contextuality and, 204 contravariance in, 236 daseinisaFon and, 203, 207238 deniFon of, 194, 199, 207, 222 DringIsham theory, 6 exponenFaFon and, 195 global elements and, 194195, 199, 202, 204 HeunenLandsmanSpiWers approach, 6 Hilbert spaces and, 207, 208 internal logic of, 197, 279 KochenSpecker theorem and, 290

local valuaFons in, 201 locales and, 276, 277 mathemaFcal foundaFons and, 197 measurement and, 201 natural transformaFons in, 222 order-reversing, 225 physical quanFFes in, 236 proposiFons in, 217221 pseudo-states and, 197200, 203, 204, 226227, 235 pure state and, 226227 quantum gravity and, 187207, 211, 216 real numbers and, 199, 203, 209n3, 225 representaFon in, 217221 sheaves and, 202203, 216, 222, 226, 235236 spin and, 208, 220221, 233 state spaces and, 290 truth values in, 196, 197, 198 ultraweak topology, 295 toy qubit theory, 162, 177 TQFT. S ee topological quantum eld theory trace, 145, 266, 403, 424, 434, 438 triangle idenFty, 31 triangular decomposiFon, 81 tricategories, 55, 107108 Tsui, D., 62 Tumulka theory, 451 TuraevViro model, 73, 8486, 91 TuraevViroBarreWWestbury model, 94, 96, 102 twinning experiment, 452

U
Unruh eect, 329

V
vacuum state, 7, 317 AQFT and, 327 Bell's inequaliFes and, 7, 325, 326 CGMA and, 333 concept of, 317 correlaFons in, 323327 cyclicity of, 322 disFllability and, 327 energy and, 323 entanglement and, 318, 324, 326, 327 GNS representaFon, 351 intrinsic characterizaFon of, 328332 mathemaFcal framework for, 318 measurement and, 322 Minkowski space and, 330

modular covariance, 329, 332334 nonlocality and, 7 observables and, 322 perturbaFon theory and, 330 Poincar group, 320, 330 quantum eld theory and, 330 ReehSchlieder Theorem and, 351 as reference state, 330 relaFvisFc, 317 spaceFme and, 7. S ee spaceFme spectrum condiFon and, 320, 330, 332, 351 superluminal correlaFons, 324 von Neumann algebras and, 328 weak addiFvity and, 321, 323 wedge algebras and, 329 vector spaces, 28, 92 Veneziano model, 187 Viro, O. Y., 85 Voevodsky, V., 82 von Neumann algebras, 104, 201n14, 208, 210, 211, 299, 345 abelian, 256 Bell correlaFon of, 324 Bohried state space, 309 C*-algebras and. S ee C*-algebras conFnuity properFes, 352 duality and. S ee duals lters and, 227230 Gelfand spectrum and, 247. S ee also Gelfand spectra global secFons and, 265 HakedaTomiyama and, 147 hypernite, 350351, 354 independence and, 352, 353, 354 laaces and, 241243, 258 measurement and, 319, 349. S ee also measurement normal states, 352 observables and, 246. S ee observables operator algebras and, 319 pairing formula in, 309 probability theory and, 319n3 projectors in, 241243, 258, 292. S ee projecFon operators Rickart C*-algebras and, 273, 292 Schlieder property and, 325 self-adjoint operators and, 212, 246, 251. S ee also self-adjoint operators sheaves and, 217, 257, 263, 265. S ee also sheaf theory split property, 352353 Stone spectra and, 241, 243, 266267, 294 subalgebras of, 230, 352 TomitaTakesaki theory, 327 trace problem, 267

vacuum and, 328 von Neumann, J., 1, 2, 5, 1920 classical theory and, 171172 Einstein and, 343361 electron and, 394 entanglement and, 359 hidden variables and, 8, 393407. S ee also hidden variables theory on Hilbert spaces, 132 von Neumann algebras. S ee von Neumann algebras

W
W*-algebras. S ee von Neumann algebras wave funcFon, collapse of, 385, 451452 wedge algebras, 328, 329 WessZuminoWiWen model, 80 Westbury, B. W., 91 Weyl, H., 79 Wheeler, J., 191n4 Whitehead, A. N., 133 Wightman eld, 321, 328, 329 Wigner, E., 2122 Wigner's theorem, 133n3 Wilczek, F., 62 Wiles, A., 107 WiWen, E., 80 WiWenResheFkhinTuraev theory, 85, 96, 102

Y
YangBaxter equaFon, 64, 82 braiding and, 64 knot theory and, 65 monoidal categories and, 64 quantum groups and, 83 Reidemeister moves and, 82 soluFons of, 65 tangles and, 83 YangMills theory, 2728 Yorke, T., 137 Young tableaux, 288

Z
Zamolodchikov equaFon, 82, 83, 84 Zeilinger principle, 368 zig-zag idenFFes, 39, 42, 59