' '::

U.S.ROUTE 522S. P.O.BOX330 MT.UNION, PA 17066 (8141542-2545 PHONE: 800.345-7546 FAX: (8't4')s42-9977 TELEX: 910-240-909'1

BONNEY FORGE
.#

BonneyForge
StressIntensificationFactors:
Weldolet@ Sockolet@ Thredolet@ Sweepolet@ Latrolet3 lnsert Weldolet@

Tableof Contents
WelddeP Sockolet@ Thredolet@ Sweepole . .P . LatroleP InsertWeldoleP ..... ......4 ....11 ....11 ....12 ....22 ...29

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FORGE BONNEY

weldolef
factors intensification stress

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A Weldolef ls an Integrally reinforced type of butt-weldlng branch connectlon fitting.

The Bonney Forye WeldoleP, Sockolet', and Thredolet', lrt" through 6" oullet slze' bear tha UL symbol indicatlng UndenrritergLaboratorlee listlng of these fittings for use In sprlnkler systeme and other fire protection water supply systems.

Ur

Historicalbackground

published In 1952 Markl(l) a paperon the bending fatigue behavior ot pipingcomponents suchas (i) elbows,(2) curvedand miterbends, (3) unreinlorced and reinforced branchconnections and (4) straightsections ol pipeconlaining a girthbuttweld. ll was foundthatthe behavior of the componenl of lwo sections consisting of pipejoinedby an aswelded butlweld couldbe described by the formula Sa = 245,000N-o20 where' Sa = nominal stressamplitude al the fatigue crack,psi N = latiguelile,cycles it was possible In addition, to correlale the bending fatiguelifeof all components lesledby the applicalion of a so-called stressinlensification factorilo the same equation so lhal i Sa = 245,000-0.20. Wheni is set equalto unity, predicts the equation the tatiguelifeof an as-welded girthbuttweld betweentwo piecesof straight pipe(sinceMarkl sucha componenl considered as his REFERENCE Accordingly, STANDARD). i-factors for otherpiping givethe fatigue componenls strength of those typical,as-welded girthweld. The bendingtaliguetests by Marklwere on 4-in.pipesize components; conducled all headerscontained a fullsize outletor branch For othersize headersand reducing conneclion. were extrapolated outletsresults by meansol relationships empirical developed by Marklto cover a wide rangeof sizesand conditions. Stressinlensification factorswere first intothe ANSI' PipingCodein 195S introduced tor use in makingpipingflexibility analyses;i values for branch connections were restricted to full-size oulletconnections. In July,1963,pipingCodeCase No. 53 was publishedlo cover reducingoutlet branchconnections; the provisions ol the Case were lhen incorporated in ANSI 891.1.0. lt is importantto note that the Markl tests which were the sourceof the data in the ANSI Codeswere conductedwilh cyclicalmomentsappliedonly on the branchpipes.Accordingly, the same SIF is used for designpurposeseven thoughthe expansionmomentacts lhrough the run. Gross can resultwhen the momentacls conservatism throughthe run and the branch connectionis small and situatedon the neutralaxis. relatively

Today,most of the ANSI piping Codes incorporate the slress intensification lactor (SlF) conceplin their ruleson flexibility analyses. ASME SECTION I I I - D I V I S I O1 N ,S U B S E C T I O N B . CLASS1 COMPONENTS is an exception in that it uses three types of stress indiceswhich expressa relationbetweena nominalstressand some characteristic of the pipingcomponent. The Bindicesare used in an equationintendedto prevent gross plaslicdeformaliondue to pressureand momentloads;therefore,the characteristic associated wilh B-indces is gross distortion. C-indicesare relatedto limitingprogressive distorprimaryand secondary tion by controlling slresses. Finally, K-indices in combination with C-indices are used in fatiguelifeevalualions.
'ldentitiedat that time as ASA 831.1-1955.

Reviewol BonneyForge research Sweepolet@

Althoughthe purpose is to of thislechnical bulletin presentstressintensification factorsand stress it is importantto first indicesfor lhe Weldoleto, discuss Bonney'sresearchetforl in the area of the Sweepoleto. The Sweepolet@ conceplevolvedfrom two premises, namely, reinforcement mustbe adequale and an dflicienlbranch conto limit deformation wouldresultfrom controlling the geometry struclion on all planes. Owingto the of lhe intersection designers aestheticproporlionsof a Sweepolelo, intuitivelyknow that il is an eflicientbranch outlet construction-andtestsovera periodof many years haveprovedit! Bonneyrecently completed an exlensiveinvestigation of the Sweepoleto photoelastic three-dimensional analyses employing of Epoxymodelsand latiguetestsol carbonsteel The dislribution headers. in headers of stresses subjectedlo internalpressureand varioustypes ol was determined bendingmoments on the branch photoelastically usingthe stressfreezing and stressindices were derivedfrom slicingtechnique; these data. The pendinglatiguetest procedure was essenliallylhe same as the lest procedure used by Marklon 4 x 4 branchconneclions; faclorswere derivedfrom stress intensification these data. As a resultof the comprehensive research factorsand stress eflort, stressintensificalion indicesare availablefor the Sweepolelofor a broad rangeof sizes and thicknesses. These dala can be usedto check ihe designof various ANSI PipingCode systemsand ASME Class 1 nuclear piping and vessels.The title ol the lechnical is: "STRESS INTENbrochureon the Sweepoleto FACTORS AND STRESSINDICES SIFICATION FOR THE BONNEYFORGESWEEPOLETO". It is beyondthe space limitations of this bulletinto describein detailthe derivationof lhe formulaslor slress intensification factors and siress indicesfor lhe Sweepoleloover a broad range of sizes and lhicknesses. However,basically,(R/T)2/3 was used for extrapolatingwith respect to R/T; il was originallyintroduced by Markl and is incorpo-. raled in lhe variousANSI PipingCodes from 831.1.0lo 831.7(and 831.6when it is released). ANSI 831.7no longer exists, however, it may be lo have been incorporated in ASME lll; considered the lalesl edilionis calledASME lll-Division 1. 1974Edition,NuclearPower Planl Components. There is a significant i/R effect lor in-plane and oul-of-planemoments on lhe branch wlrlch must be taken inlo account in order to avoid excessive conservatismin the extrapolalions.The term (lRyn was used since the variationof stressesis well represenledby this lunction for all reasonably valuesof R/T. Therefore,lhe stressinlensification factorlor an out-of-plane bendingmoment applied to the branchpipe is given by:

(tr)'" (tt) ,'..= A(Et',.

A word musl be said about the calculalion of lhe constanl"A". Bijlaard's theorye)is frequently used lor estimatingslressesdue to momentp imposedon nozzlesin pressurevesselsor branch conneclionsin piping,and, while it is not directly to the Sweepoleto applicable it can serve as a guide in extrapolating test resulls.Assume that the maximumstress (sum ol primaryand secondary lrom stress)for a particularheader as determined photoelasticity three-dimensional is Sp;e1eand lhat the stresscalculaledby Bijlaard's lheory (primary + secondarystress)for the same model is Ss;i,"",.. Then, the constanl"A" is calculated using Eq. (1),the value of io determined trom tho parameters tests and the dimensionless of the lest header(R/T, r/R and t/T). However,it appeared desirableto apply a lurther criterionwhich is that the slressfrom Eq. (1) should never be less than theory mulone-half*of the stressfrom Bijlaard's tipfiedby the ralio of (S)rre1e/(S)alura. Although this approach introduces appreciable consarvatism in lhe results, it was lavored beceuse ol the resulting simplicity in the equations for 1., For in-plane or out-of-plane bending momentson the branch a minimumSIF exists which depends upon the condilion ol tho girth buttweld between branch pipe and Sweegolelo. , For a.llushor dressedweld ('s) min and (ze)min. and (,13) min. = 1.O.
'iz3 is lh same as ibt3. + Eiiilaard'sthory givs a strss concontreton faclor (strcEr index) and, as a rul ol thumb, the stress intonsificalion fackr ol a fining is approrimeloly ono-halt its strss concontratron factor (slrsss indor).

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Stressintensification factorsfor the Weldolets'

(Weldoletotesls and resulls)

Recommended use: formuladeveloped The stressintensification in this seclionis inlendedlo be used in making piping in accordance syslemstressanalyses withall ANSI PipingCodesand otherCodeswhichuse factors. stressinlensilication Figure1 showsa typicalheader takentrom sd t y p i c a l( e x c e ptto r t h e A N S I8 3 1 . 1 - 1 9 7 3 . . ain nomenclature) of all the ANSI PipingCodes.

Nomenclature
(^ = meanradiusof run pipe,inches

i = slressintensificalion tactor h = flexibility characteristic

= nominalwall thicknessol run pipe, in.

ry

Q",,, ,.,t__ -t- l:q

,s
;p
Figure l 32.50 nom 28.00

The purposeof the researchetfort was to determine experimentally the stressintensification taclorsof lhe Weldolelo. Since a full size Weldoleto is available, headerswith full size outletscan be fabricated; as a resulltrue Markl-type tests can be ' performed and the resullswill be fully consistent published wilhlhe resulls in allthe ANSI Piping Codesfor varioustypes ol branch connections. Twelve,4 in. x 4 in. x 4 in. standardweight carbonsleel headerswere fabricatedas illustrated in Figure2. Six headerswere lesled by means of an in-plane moment(M,.) cyclically applied to the branch.

M,,

I I I

JUNCTION OF LEGS

Mr., fiM",

Figure 2

Weld A

P o i n lA LEG. DEFLECTED (tN-PLANE)'

Slrain gages

- 6 0 0l b w e l d i n gn e c k n" O aros-zt, llange. 4" sld. wt. carbon steel @ eroo-cne, ptpe.

c' std. wt. carbon steel @ aroo-cna, ptpe.

s t e e lp a r t i a l c o v e r p l a t e . @ CarUon

c" , ' 4" std.wt. weldolet.. @ A ro 5 -2 1

Poinl

(ryp 2)o
'Oul-otplane detlecteddirection is normal lo the pag.

FIXED LEG

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The resultsof the tests are shown in Figure3, 106

l l t l l l

-7

6 'ro'
I q

,--l

(Markl's rel. curve) S. :245 Nlo'20 , l l l

S.: 17o.tro'*

+ illI
-

ut o
3

S" : 135 N,-o'zo

= 10' o. = o o u,

o
A

F ro. o

l n - p l a n eb e n d i n g Out-ol-planebendins I n - p l a n er e g r e s s i o n line

t t l
l

Out-of-planeregtes ;ion line

t
102 102

t l l
10s

103 10. FATIGUELIFE,Nh CYCLES

Figure

3 Designers'data
It la recommended lhat thc followlngvaluegbc usedfor calculatlng the stressIntenslllcatlon tactorsot Weldoleto headerg whenth. wcldlng meetsthe lntent of the Gode(dreetlng lhc welds ls not a condltlonfor urlng thc suggesled formulacbut thc absenccol undcrcutlingls presumed): h =3.3ilrz lrr=lrc=Q.$/[eE StressIndlcesare ugedIn the analyrls of Clatr 1 nuclearcomponent8. lt lg recommcnded lhet lhe valuesIn TableNB-3683.2-1of Subgcctlon NB ol ASMESecllonlll Dlvlrlon 1-197.0Edltlon be usedfor the Weldolcto. Tlrevalussrhould be ihose llsted underthe componentdctcrlbod pcr in the Tableas: "Branch connactlonc NB-3643". The reader ls advlscd that tfiere aro limltatlonsIn the NuclearCodcon the uec ot lhe sublectIndlcegand thcsc Involvcweld qualliy,headerproportlonr,radll Rr, Ro and R1 per Flg. N8-3686.1-1.

A stressinlensification factori is defined as i = (245Nf-0.20)/S. where: Sa=nominal stressamplitude, ksi i = stressinlensification f actor Nr=fatigue lile,cycles Usingthe arithmelic averageof thei. valuesbased on the lest pointsit can be shown lhat io "*. = 1.75 "p" Stands wherethe subscript andio ",r. = 1.65, "o" standsfor for in-plane and the subscript outSomeCodesuse bothioandio' whereas of-plane. otherANSI Codesuse a singlevblueof i (actually io)for all moments excepttorsion. Sincein-plane momentsfor the Weldoleto and out-of-plane headers (4 in. x 4 in. x 4 in.)yieldessentially the same lo avoidunnecessary resulls, complications considerthatio = io = 1.75(lrs =i:s = 1.75)for the full size headerstested. Basedon the ANSI Codes,the flexibility characteristic shouldbe represented by: ni h=lir (21 and the stress intensification factor formulais:

io = io = o.shas= o.r - (qL)

(3)

lhe tesl data (i : 1.75,and T and r. lor Substituling 4 in. pipe)intothe aboveequations yieldsC = 3.3, and Eqs. (2) and (3) become:

tr = 3.3T/re
io =io = 0.9h23

(4)

(s)

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Discussion
The tesls which yieldedthe slress inlensification were a duplicate of the factors of the Weldolet@ the valuesare by Markl; therefore, tests perfotmed to be usedin the same manneras the intended valuesin the ANSI PipingCodesand the ASME pipingand Code lor Class2 and Class3 nuclear insofar as vessels.The tesl headersrepresenled, possible, slandard shop practices and no special was givento the weld.The slressintenattention faciorscan be reducedin some inslances sification the weld and undercutling, dressing by eliminating radiiR', Rr, and B. shownin Figure by controlling lhe lact thatthe 4. One shouldnot overlook factor has a low slressintensificbtion Weldolel@ il is recomof economics and from lhe standpoinl be considered mendedthatspecialtechniques beforethey are undertaken. carefully

Footnote:
Cautionshould be exercisedwhen comparingthe with the Weldoleto.Theresultsin the Sweepoleto sincethe brochureare conservative Sweepoleto ol analysisinvolveda conservativeapplication theory.The Maril-type equationsand Bijlaard's to be an ad' was considered exlra conservatism finings vantagedue to the number of Sweepoleto used in Class 1 nuclearservice. The data in this brochureis based on the ol Markl'swork. As a resultof the strictapplication could instances the Weldoleto in some above. factcir appcar to have a lower stressintensilication than a comparablesize Sweepoleto. Becauseof the conservatismbuilt into the Sweepolelcbulletin,we recommendthat such not be made until a way is found to comparisons put the tests and analysison a common basis.

Figure4

Othertypesof branch fittings connection

in this reporl, similarto that appearing Information, on olher types ol branchconneclionscan be publications. The fromvarioustechnical gleaned ANSI PipingCodes are also a limitedsourceof information. similar We inviteyou to compare the slressesin a with other types of branch BonneyForgeWeldoleto fittings. Youwill find that lew manufacconneclion turers,il any,are able to provide comprehensive data such as conlainedin this brochure.However, usinga to makethe comparison it is essential commonbasis,that is, all data must be in termsof laclors or stress indicesfor stressintensification all fittings In addition, lhe samemodeof loading. must be the same size for the beingcompared samedesignconditions.

Bibliography

"Fatigue Tests ol Piping A.R.C., 1. Markl, 1952. ASME, Trans. Components," "stresseslromLocalLoadings in P.P., 2. Bijlaard, ASME, \bssels,"Trans Pressure Cylindrical Aug.1955. W.L.,Moore, S.E.and 3. Greenstreet, on Piping Flodabaugh, E.C.,"lnvestigations to Provide Valves, andPumps Components, ASME for CodeWriting Bodies." Information No.68-WA/PTC-6. Paper

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THREDOLET/SOCKOLET
implies thatthe data The titleof the brochure A Sockolet and a only. appliesto Weldolets in lhe illusThredoletare shownwitha Weldolel Sinceeachof the three trationon the insidecover. fiflingsis almostidentical exceptat the branch givenunder:"DESIGNERS end, lhe informalion is validfor Sockolets also equally and DATA" Thredolets. factorol a header The stressintensification Thredolet Sockolet, or Welda lull-size containing usingthe olet is the greaterof the valuecalculated (where h = 3,3T/rz) e q u a l i o n l z= gi , g = 0 . 9 / h 2 3 lollowing table valuefrom,the and the appropriate the i-factor of the joint at whichsimplyrepresents the branchend of the filting:

TYPE OF BONNEYFORGEFITTING

INTENSIFICATION' STRESS FACTOR i FORTHE BRANCH ENDONLY 1.0 1.3" 2.3

"ln recenl editionsof some codes the basic value is 2.1 with 1.3 permittedif the loe of the weld blencjs smoothlywith the branch pipe and the weld is concaveand thereis no undercutting.

WELDOLET SOCKOLET THREDOLET

'These valuesshouldbe considered as typical to for codeshouldbe relerred only.The applicable lo be used in code pipinganalyses. i-faclors

in the The applicalion ot the aboveis illustrated sampleproblem: lollowing PROBLEM: lactorto be used What is the stressintensification in a pipinganalysis ol a 2 in. extraslrongheader anda 2 in. Schedule wilh a 2 in. 3000# Thredolet 80 branchpipe?

SOLUTION:
j z a= j ' a = 0 . 9 / h 2 3= 0 ' 9 / ( 0 . 6 6 7 ) 2 = 3 1.18 However, the i-factoral lhe threadsin the branch pipeis 2.3, therefore, lhe stressintensification lactorof the subjectheaderis 2.3-the larger valueol 1.18and 2.3. lf an exlra strong Weldoletis substitutedlor the Thredolet,the i-faclorto be used in a piping systemsanalysis becomes1,18.

= 0.667 1.079 n = 33Tlrz = 3.3(0.218)

Bulletin789

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Prinled in U.S.A.

BONNEY FORGE

sweepolef
intensification stress factors andstress indices

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Factorst StressIntensification BranchConnections for Sweepoletu

H I S T O R I C A LB A C K G R O U N D I n 1 9 5 2 M a r k l ( r )p u b l i s h e da p a p e r o n t h 6 b e n d i n gf a l i g u e b e h a v i o r o t p i p r n g c o m p o n e n t ss u c h a s ( 1 ) e l b o w s , ( 2 ) curved and miter bends, (3) unreinforced and reinforcecl b r a n c h c o n n e c t i o n sa n d ( 4 ) s t r a i g h ts e c t i o n so f p i p e c o n t a i n i n g a g i r t h b u t t w e l d .l t w a s f o u n d t h a t t h e b e h a v i o ro f t h e c o m p o n e n t c o n s i s l i n go f t w o s e c t i o n s o f p i p e i o i n e d by an as-welded buttweld could oe described by the where' formula S" - 245,000N-{'2u S" = nominal stress amPlitude,Psl N = fatigue life, cvcles I n a d d i t i o n ,i t w a s p o s s i b l et o c o r r e l a t et h e b e n d i n gf a t i g u e l i f e o f a l l c o m p o n e n t si e s t e d b y t h e a p p l i c a t i o no f a s o factor i to the same equation called stressintensification when j is set equal to unily, so that is. _ 245,000N--{.20. t h e e q u a t i o n p r e d i c t st h e f a t i g u el i l e o f a n a s - w e l d e dg i r t h b u t t w e l d b e t w e e nt w o o i e c e s o f s t r a i g h tp i p e ( s i n c e M a r k l c o n s i d e r e cs u c h a c o m p o n e n t3 3 [ i 5 t t [ F E R E N C ES T A N D A R D ) . A c c o r d r n g l y ,i - f a c t o r sf o r o t h e r p i p i n g c o m p o n e n l s g i v e t h e f a t i g u e s t r e n g t ho f t n o s e c o m p o n e n t si n r e l a t i o n to that of a typical, as'welded girth weld. T h e b e n d i n gl a t i g u et e s t sb y M a r k l w e r e c o n d u c t e do n 4 - i n ' p i p e s i z e c b m p o n e n t sa n d b r a n c h c o n n e c t i o n sw e r e f u l l by meansof empirical i i i e . f n e r e s u l t sw e r e e x t r a p o l a t e d cover a wide range of l o M a r k l b y d e v e l o p e d relationships s i z e sa n d c o n d i t i o n s . f a c l o r s w e r e f i r s t i n t r o d u c e di n t o t h e S t r e s si n t e n s i f i c a t i o n 1 9 5 5f o r u s e i n m a k i n gp i p i n gf l e x i b i l ' i n A N S I 'P i p i n gC o d e were restricted i t y a n a l y s e si: v a l u e sf o r b r a n c h c o n n e c t i o n s t o t u t t - i i z e o u t l e t c o n n e c t i o n s .I n J u l y , 1 9 6 3 P i p i n g C o d e l o c o v e r r e d u c i n go u t l e t b r a n c h C a s eN o . 5 3 w a s p u b l i s h e d c o n n e c t i o n s : t h e p r o v i s i o n so f t h e C a s e w e r e t h e n i n ' i n A N S I8 3 1 . 1 . 0 . corporated Today, most of the ANSI Piping Codes incorporatethe f a c t o r ( S l F )c o n c e p t i n t h e i r r u l e s o n slressintensification l l l ' D i v i s i o n1 - S u b s e c . S M ES E C T I O N l l e x i b i l i t ya n a l y s e sA t i o n N B - C l a s s1 C o m p o n e n t si s a n e x c e p t i o ni n t h a t i t u s e s t h r e e t y p e s o f s t r e s si n d i c e s w h i c h e x p r e s s a r e l a t i o n b e ' t w e e n a n o m i n a l s t r e s s a n d s o m e c h a r a c t e r i s t i co f t h e p i p i n g c o m p o n e n t .T h i s w a s a l s o t r u e o f t h e e a r l i e r n u c l e a r T.h e B - i n d i c e sa r e u s e d i n c o d e s s u c h a s U S A SB 3 ' t . 7 - 1 9 6 9 a n e q u a t i o n i n t e n d e dt o p r e v e n tg r o s s p l a s t i c d e l o r m a t i o n d u e t o p r e s s u r ea n d m o m e n l l o a d s ; t h e r e f o r e ,t h e c h a r a c teristic associaled with B-indices is gross distortion. C - i n d i c e sa r e r e l a t e d t o l i m i t i n g p r o g r e s s i v ed i s t o r t i o n b y controlling primary and secondary stresses. Finally, K - i n d i c e si n c o m b i n a t i o nw i t h C - i n d i c e sa r e u s e d i n l a t i g u e l i f ee v a l u a t i o n s .
i : T h e s e c t r o n '" O l h e r T y p e so f B r a n c h C o n n e c t i o n s "o n p a g e 9 e m p h a s i z e s b e l w e e n a s t r e s s i n t e n s i f i c a l i o nl a c t o ' the importanceol drslrnguishing a n d a s t r e s sI n d e x . 'ldentif i e d a t t h a tt i m ea s A S A8 3 1 1 - 1 9 5 5 .

Indices andStress

-1

3-

E P GR E S E A R C H T h eS w e e p o l e c t o n c e p te v o l v e d , amely, l r o m t w o p r e m i s e sn r e i n f o r c e m e nm t u s t b e a d e q u a t et o l i m i t d e l o r m a t i o na n d , a n e f f i c i e n t b r a n c h c o n s t r u c t i o nw o u l d r e s u l t f r o m c o n t r o l l i n g t h e g e o m e l r y o f t h e i n t e r s e c t i o no n a i l p l a n e s . O w i n gt o t h e a e s t h e t i c proportions of a Sweepoletd , esigne r s i n t u i t i v e l yk n o w t h a t i t i s a n e l f i c i e n t b r a n c h o u l l e t c o n s t r u c l i o n - a n d t e s l s o v e r a p e r i o d o f m a n y y e a r sh a v e proved it! EPG recently completed an extensive in_ v.estigation o f S w e e p o l e tb r a n c h c o n n e c t i o n s e m p l o y i n g three-dimensiona pl h o t o e l a s t i c a n a l y s e so f E p o x y h o - O e t i and fatiguetests ot carbon steel head'ers. The distributionot stresses i n h e a d e r ss u b j e c t e d t o i n t e r n a lp r e s s u r ea n d v a r i o u s t y p e so f b e n d i n g m o m e n l s o n t h e b r a n c h w a s d e t e r : ys i n g t h e s t r e s sl r e e z i n ga n d s l i c i n g m i n e d p h o t o e l a s t i c a l lu technique: s t r e s si n d i c e sw e r e d e r i v e df r o m t h e s e d a t a .T h e b e n d i n gf a t i g u et e s t sp r o c e d u r e wasessentially t h e s a m ea s t h e t e s t p r o c e d u r eu s e d b y M a r k l o n 4 x 4 b r a n c h c o n n e c t i o n s ;s l r e s s i n l e n s i f i c a t i o n factors were derived from t h e s ed a t a . As a result of the comprehensive research effort, stress intensification f a c t o r s a n d s l r e s s i n d i c e s a r e a v a i l a b l ef o r S w e e p o l e tb r a n c h c o n n e c t i o n sl o r a b r o a d r a n g e o l , s i z e s and thicknesses. These dala can be used tolcheck the d e s i g na n a l y s i s requiremento s f t h e v a r i o u sA N S IC o d e sa n d A S M E C o d e sw h i c h i n v o t v et h e s t r e s si n t e n s i f i c a t i o n fact6r c o n c e p t .T h e d a t a c a n b e u s e d i n a s i m i t a rm a n n e rt o s a t i s l y the requirements o f A S M E S e c t i o nl l l - D i v i s i o n1 - S u b s e c t i o n N B - C l a s s 1 C o m p o n e n t sa n d A S M E S e c t i o n V l l l P r e s s u r eV e s s e l s- D i v i s i o n 2 - A l t e r n a t i v eR u l e s b o t h o f w h i c h a r e b a s e do n t h e s t r e s si n d e x c o n c e p t .

-14-

OF TEST DATA INTERPRETATION of thisbulletin to describe I t i s b e y o n dt h e s p a c e l i m i t a t i o n s in' detail the derivation ol the formulas lor stress int e n s i f i c a t i o nf a c l o r s a n d s t r e s s i n d i c e s l o r S w e e p o l e t o v e r a b r o a d r a n g eo l s i z e sa n d t h i c k b r a n c hc o n n e c t i o n s 's "t used for extran e s s e s . H o w e v e r ,b a s i c a l l y , ( R / T 1 e* p o l a t i n gw i t h r e s p e c tl o R / T ; i l w a s o r i g i n a l l y introduced by i n t h e v a r i o u sA N S IP i p i n gC o d e s , M a r k la n d i s i n c o r p o r a t e d ASME SectionVlll - Division2 and ASME Section lll D i v i s i o n1 . T h e r ei s a s i g n i f i c a n tr / R e f l e c t f o r i n - p l a n ea n d out-of-plane m o m n t s o n t h e b r a n c hw h i c h m u s t b e l a k e n i n t o a c c o u n li n o r d e r t o a v o i de x c e s s i v e conservatism in the z a s u s e ds i n c et h e v a r i a t i o n extrapolations.Th t e r m ( r / R 1 r tw well represented is reasonably of stresses by this function f o r a l l v a l u e so l R / T . T h e r e l o r e ,t h e s t r e s s i n t e n s i l i c a t i o n l a c t o r l o r a n o u t - o f - p l a n eb e n d i n g m o m e n t a p p l i e dt o t h e b r a n c hp i p e i s g i v e n b y :

=o(+r"(*)"'(+) ,..

(1)

of the constant A word must be said about the calculation " A " . B i j l a a r d ' st h e o r y { zi t s f r e q u e n t l yu s e d l o r e s t i m a t i n g stresses d u e t o m o m e n t s i m p o s e do n n o z z l e si n p r e s s u r e i n p i p i n g ,a n d ,w h i l e i t i s n o t vessels o r b r a n c hc o n n e c t i o n s it can d i r e c t l ya p p l i c a b l e t o S w e e p o l e lb r a n c h c o n n e c l i o n s lest results. A s s u m et h a t s e r v ea s a g u i d e i n e x l r a p o l a t i n g stress) t h e m a x i m u ms t r e s s( s u m o f p r i m a r ya n d s e c o n d a r y l o r a p a r t i c u l a r h e a d e r a s d e l e r m i n e d fr o m t h r e e is Seroroandthat the stress d i m e n s i o n a lp h o t o e l a s t i c i t y t h e o r y( p ' i m a r y+ s e c o n d a r y stress) calculated by Bijlaard's h.e n , t h e c o n s i a n t " A " i s '0 f o r t h e s a m e m o d e l i s S e i r r a aT from c a l c u l a t e du s i n g E q . ( 1 ) , t h e v a l u e o f i z g d e t e r m i n e d t h e t e s t s a n d t h e d i m e n s i o n l e s sp a r a m e t e r so f t h e t e s t it appeared h e a d e r( R / T ,r / R a n d t / T ) , H o w e v e r , desirable to a p p l ya l u r t h e rc r i t e r i o nw h i c h i s t h a t t h e s l r e s sf r o m E q .{ 1 ) should never be less than one-halft of the slress from t h e o r ym u l t i p l i e db y t h e r a t i oo f ( S ) e n o r o / ( S ) s , , 1 " r , 6 . Bijlaard's Although this approach introduces appreciable cons e r v a t i s mi n t h e r e s u l t s , i t w a s f a v o r e d b e c a u s e o f t h e resulting in theequations lorl. simplicity F o r i n - p l a n e o r o u t - o f - p l a n e b e n c t i n gm o m e n t s o n t h e b r a n c h a m i n i m u m S I F e x i s t s w h i c h d e p e n d su p o n t h e c o n d i t i o n o f t h e g i r t h b u t t w e l d b e t w e e nb r a n c h p i p e a n d w e l d ( l ) m i n = 0 . 8 5a n d f o r S w e e p o l e tF . o ra f l u s h o r d r e s s e d "as-welded" w e l d ( i )m i n = 1 . 0 . an I t i s i m p l i c i ti n t h e A N S I P i p i n g C o d e s l h a t i - f a c t o r sw h i c h w e r e d e r i v e df r o m m o m e n t s a p p l i e d t o t h e b r a n c h e so f full-sizebranch connectionsbe used when calculating stresses d u e l o m o m e n t si n t h e r u n p i p q .T h i sa p p r o a c hm a y

o r s m a l l b r a n c h e si n l a r g e r u n b e g r o s s l yo v e r c o n s e r v a t i vfe p i p e se s p e c i a l l w loadings y ith out-of-plane on the run (the b r a n c h b e i n g o n t h e n e u t r a la x i s ) .T a b l e 1 s u g g e s t ss o m e i values for moments on lhe run which, although cons e r v a t i v ea , r e s o m e w h a t m o r e r e a l i s t i cl o r r e l a l i v e l ys m a l l b r a n c hc o n n e c t i o n s .

ASME Seclion lll - Division f. is more definitive in the 'l application o f s l r e s si n d i c e sf o r t h e d e s i g no l C l a s s C o m p o n e n t s : t h e r e l o r e ,o n e o r l w o c o m m e n t ss h o u l d s u f l i c e . is usedfor extrapolating w i t h r e s p e c lt o R / T A g a i n ,( R l T ; z ' s lor all values the varialion of stresses a n d ( r / R ) l ' 2e x p r e s s e s , a n y n u c l e a rS w e e p o l e th e a d e r sw e r e of R/T. Hereloforem d e s i g n e du s i n g s t r e s si n d i c e sf o r c o m p o n e n t sd e s c r i b e di n " B r a n c h c o n n e c t i o n sp e r T a b l e D - 2 0 1o l U S A S 8 3 1 . 7 a s : w h e r e t h e u s e o f t h e v a l u e s i s l i m i t e dt o , S u b d i v .1 - 7 0 4 . 3 " , t o r u n d i a m e t e rr a t i o c o n n e c l i o n sh a v i n ga b r a n c h d i a m e t e r i n o t o v e r 0 . 5 . A s a r e s u l t o f i h e c o m p r e h e n s i v er e s e a r c h p r o g r a m ,t h e g e n e r a l i z e d e q u a t i o n so f T a b l e s 2 a n d 3 o b - j per Appenv i a t e dt h e n e e df o r e x p e r i m e n t as l t r e s sa n a l y s e s Th d i x E o f U S A S8 3 1 . 7f o r a l m o s ta l l s i z e c o m b i n a l i o n s . s a m e e q u a t i o n so b v i a l e t h e n e e d f o r e x p e r i m e n t a ls t r e s s a n a l y s e su n d e r t h e 1 9 7 7 E d i l i o n o f A S M E S e c t i o n l l l D i v i s i o n 1 - C l a s s 1 C o m p o n e n t s .T h e m i n i m u m v a l u e o f e a i h o f t h e v a r i o u si n d i c e sd e p e n d su p o n w h e t h e rt h e w e l d j o i n i n g l h e S w e e p o l e tt o t h e r u n p i p e i s " a s - w e l d e d " o r "flush or dressed".
' l t s h o u l d b e n o t e d t h a t d i l f e r e n t s y m b o l sa r e u s e d i n l h e v a r i o u s c o d e s l o r e p r e s e n lt h e m o m e n t s a c t i n g o n l h e b r a n c h a n d r u n . T h i s i s i l l u s l r a l e db y t h e s k e l c h e so n p a g e s4 a n d 6 , h e r e i n .

f a c l o t ( s l r e s si n d x )a n d . a s . a l h e o r yg i v e sa s l r e s sc o n c e n t r a l i o n t Biltaard's ruie ot thumb. the slressintensilicalion laclor of e filling is approximalely index). o n e -h a l l i l s s t r e s sc o n c e n l r a t i o nt a c l o r ( s l r e s s

-15-

Faclorg, SlressIntensiflcallon Connecllonr for Sweepolet Branch RECOMMENDED USE: in Table1 are intended to be usedin making The values piping systemslress analysesin sccordance with all ANSI PipingCodesand olher Codeswhich use stress factors. inlensilication NOMENCLATURE: of branchpipe r = meanradius radius ol run pipe Pl = m?rt pipe walllhickness ol branch t - nominal wallthickness ol runpipe T = nominal = applied bending momenl as shownbelow: fr,,l
I

's"' -rr

i O"r,
3

- 1977 (Acopyof Fig.104:8,4,C of ANSI 831.1 Edition) intensilication factor.Subscripts i = stress indicate the applicable moment, lOr example, irs meansthg slress inlensif ication factor tor an in-plane bending moment applied to lhe branch. joinsthe Sweepolet Insert weld = the weld'which and run pipe. weld = a buttweld and oulFlush in whichboththe inside flush side surfaceof the weld are groundessenlially with the parent meial and any olfset resulling from misalignment is smoothly blendedoul. The weld and adjacentareasshall be capableof meeting the inspection requirements ol the particular code. Dressed weld = a buttweld in which all irregularities are ground andlhe edges smooth of the weldreinforcement ground necessary) are (where so thallhe anglebetween weld reinforcement and pipe surface is nol over 14'. areasshallbe capable The weld and adjacent of meeting the inspection requirements code. of the parlicular weid = bultwelds wilh no special requirements As-welded lhat theymeellhe requirements except of the particular code. F1,F2 = correclionlactorsfor the conditionof the inserl weld. faclor. Ft = a sizecorreclion -16-

INTENSIFICATIO F N ACTORS F O R S W E E P O L E T ( 1 ) B R A NC CO HN N E C T I O N S T A B L E1 _ S T R E S S
M(2) . Mzs
M13

Equalionfor Slress Inlensification

f66t67 j{31

Li.trt ForD A-W 0.85 0.Elt 0.85 1.0

0.45 (R/T)2/3 lttRl t2 (r/T) (F,) (F3)

(a) For r/R 3 0.5 Lesserof: 0.4s(R/T)2/3 + 0.25] (t/T) (F,)(F3l UtAlttz(r/T) (F,)(F,)and [0.17 (R/T)2/3 (b) For r/R > 0.5 Inlerpolale belween: rrR - b.5,i - to.lz (R/T)2/3 + 0.251(t/T) (F,) (F.) r/R - 1.0,i = 0.45(R/T;zn(r/T) (F,) (F3) 1.0

r.o
1.0

Mv3
Myt, M rt M vz,Mx2

1.0

1.0

o.4o(R/T)2'3(rJ (E)
1.0 or, tor r/R,E 0.5, 0 . 8 ( R / T ) r ' r( r / R ) ( F , )b u i n o t l e s si h a n 1 . 5
(2) See nomnclature sketch for definltion of subsctipl!. (3, Fr = Fl = 1.0, tor tlush or dressd lnsert weldr. F' - 1.6, for as-welded inserl weld! Fr - (0.5 + r/R) but not less than 1.0, for as-welded inserl weldl Fr= 1 * 0.05 (r-3), but nol less than 1.0. (4) The minimum values of i depend upon the typ of glrth butt wold between Sweepolet and branch pipe. F or D slandg tor llush or dressed; A-W stands for as-welded.

Mzr,Mzz Mzr'Myr,Mrr Mzz,Myz,M'e

( 1 )T h e s e t a c t o r sa r e t o b e u s e d i n a c c o r d a n c ew i l h A N S I 8 3 1 . 1 - 1 9 7 7 .P a r . m o d u l u so f t h e 104.8 e x c e p tt h a l l o r l h e o u l l e l b r a n c h( L e g3 ) , Z = S e c t i o n s i m i l a t l yl o r t h e o t h e r C o d e s b a s e d o n l h e s l r e s s branchpipe(Z=1lr2t)and laclorconcePl. intensilicalion

EXAMPLE #1 factor for an oul-otthe stressinlensification Calcutate applied to the branch of a 12"x 6", planebending moment header.The standardweight, carbon steel Sweepolet and Sweepolet insertweld and the girth weld between branchprpe are dressed. = 3.172" r - (6.625-0.280)12 = 6.187" R = (12.75-0.375112 t = 0.280" | = 0.375'

EXAMPLE #2

lactor for an in-plan the stressintensification Calculate momenlon the branch ol the headerdescribedin Example #1. (t/T) (F') (Fi) (R/1F'r+ 0.251 r/R = 0.5,i = [0.17 (1.0)(1.00 (0.280/0.375) (6.187/0.37512' s t = [0.17 + 0.2s] 1.018
(t/T) (F') (Fs) r/R = 1.0, i = 0.45 (R/T)2,3 = (0.280/0.375) (1.0) (1.009) (6.187/0.375)23 0.45 i

Fs= 1+0.05(3.172-3)=1.0086 t-2.196 faclor for an out= for r/R - 3.17216.'18 From Table 1, the slressintensification Interpolating 7 0 . 5 1 3y i e l d s o f - p l a n em o m e n to n t h e b r a n c h ( M ' 3 ) i s : i" = 1'048' (t/T) (F,) (Fs) irs = 0.45(Rlt)zs (r/R1r,z (3.172/6.1871tt2 (0.280/0.375)(1.0) (1.009) izs = 0.45 (6.187/0.375)zt3 ir3 = 1.57 T h e r e s e a r c hp r o g r a m c o n d u c l e d b y E P G i n c l u d e d t h e f a t i g u et e s t i n go l a n u m b e r o f 1 2 " x 6 " , s l a n d a r d w e i g h t , w i t h w e l d sd r e s s e d T . h e a v e r a g ev a l u e c a r b o ns t e e lh e a d e r s o r a n o u t - o f - p l a n eb e n d i n g e x p e r i m e n t a l lly of i determined m o m e n to n l h e b r a n c hw a s i z sa v g .= 1 . 2 2 . in Tables1,2 and 3 is W h i l e t h e d e g r e eo f c o n s e r v a l i s m f o r E x a m p l e# 1 variable, - 1 . 5 7v s . ( i , 3) e x p e r i m e n t a= (i.g)calculated l 1.22. -17-

I n t h e c a s e o f E x a m p l e # 2 , ( i , s ) c a l c u l a t e d= 1 . 0 5 v g . (i's ) experimental = 0.85. Therefore, for lhe examples cited, the stress intensificationfaclors calculated by lhe appropriate equations in the above table are about 25% values determined h i g h e r t h a n t h e a v e r a g ee x p e r i m e n t a l l y

S l r e s s I n d i c e sf o r S w e e p o l e tE r a n c hC o n n e c t i o n s RECOMMENDED USE: T h e v a l u e si n T a b l e s2 a n d 3 a r e i n t e n d e dt o b e u s e d i n t h e a n a l y s i so f p i p i n g c o m p o n e n t si n a c c o r d a n c ew i t h A S M E S e c t i o n l l l - D i v i s i o n 1 - S u b s e c t i o nN B - C l a s s 1 C o m p o n e n t sa n d o t h e r c o d e s w h i c h a r e b a s e du p o n t h e u s e o f s t r e s si n d i c e s( a n dt h e s t r e s si n t e n s i t y c o n c e p to f l a i l u r e ) . NOMENCLATURE: r = m e a nr a d i u so f b r a n c hp i p e R = m e a n r a d i u so f r u n p i p e t = n o m i n a lw a l l t h i c k n e s s o l b r a n c hp i p e T = n o m i n a lw a l l t h i c k n e s so f r u n p i p e t y l = a p p l i e db e n d i n gm o m e n ta s s h o w nb e l o w :

(copied from the Noles to Table N8-3682.2-1 ol the 1977 E d i t i o no f S e c t i o nl l l - D i v i s i o n1 - S u b s e c t i o nN B - C l a s s 1 Components) B , C a n d K = s t r e s si n d i c e sa s d e f i n e di n A S M E S e c l i o n l l l Division 1. I n s e r tw e l d - t h e w e l d w h i c h j o i n s t h e S w e e p o l e ta n d r u n pipe. F l u s hw e l d - a b u t t w e l d i n w h i c h b o t h l h e i n s i d e a n d o u t s i d e s u r f a c e o f t h e w e l d a r e g r o u n d e s s e n t i a l l yl l u s h with the parent metal and any. olfset resulting lrom m i s a l i g n m e n ti s s m o o t h l y b l e n d e d o u t . T h e w e l d a n c l a d j a c e n ta r e a s s h a l l b e c a p a b l e o f m e e t i n g l h e i n s p e c tion requirements o l t h e p a r t i c u l a rc o d e . are D r e s s e dw e l d = a b u t t w e l d i n w h i c h a l l i r r e g u l a r i t i e s g r o u n ds m o o t h a n d t h e e d g e so f t h e w e l d r e i n l o r c e m e n t are (where necessary) ground so that the angle bet w e e n w e l d r e i n l o r c e m e n ta n d p i p e s u r f a c e i s n o t o v e r 14'. The weld and adjacent areas shall be capable of m e e t i n g t h e i n s p e c t i o n r e q u i r e m e n t so l t h e p a r l i c u l a r code. A s - w e l d e dw e l d = b u t t w e l d w i t h n o s p e c i a l r e q u i r e m e n t s e x c e p tt h a t i t i s a s s u m e dt o m e e t t h e a p p l i c a b l er e q u i r e m e n t so f t h e g o v e r n i n gc o d e . F t = a s i z e c o r r e c t i o nf a c t o r

-18-

I N D I C E S (F I }O RS W E E P O L E T BRANCH T A B L E2 _ S T R E S S C O N N E C T I O NW S I T HP R E S S U R E LOADING
SlrssInder
E q u a l i o n f o r C , , K 1 ,B r ( 2 ) 1 3 )

cr Kr
C,Kr Bl

As-wefded insert welds & - 2.4 C,K,shallnol be lesslhan 3.4 Br = A,/A., but not lesslhan 1.0 A. = required reinforcing I r e a i n l o n g i l u d i n a l P l a n e A . = a v a i l a b l et e i n f o r c i n garea in longiludinal Plane r/R ) 0.5 As for r/R ( 0.5
{3) fh6 inlisss aro suitable for any of tho lhroo types of welds bcand branch plpo. lwoen SYvpolet

r/R < 0.5 but not lessthan2.0 Cr - 1.10t(r/n) {ZtrlTlt'2 (Fr), welds Kr 1.45 Flush inserl or dressed

C r , K r ,B r C,K,

C , K ' s h a l ln o l b e l e s st h a n6 . 0

(l) Thsindlces lo values ol R/T up lo 50. ate appllcable (2) Fs= I less 1'0 than (r-3)' nol but 0.05 +

I N D I C E S (F ' )O RS W E E P O L E T BRANCH T A B L E3 - S T R E S S C O N N E C T I O NW S I T H M O M E N TL O A D I N G S
Moment(2)
MD

Slress Index
Cru Kto Bt"

Equation for C, K, or B(3,

Crb - 0.9 (R/T;zrr UlRltn (t/T) (Fr), but not less lhan 1.5 Flush or dressed inserl welds K;5 = 1.0 As-welded inserl welds Xrb - 1.6 815= 0.75 C6 C1, = 0.8 (R/T)2,3 (F.), bul nol less lhan 1.5 Flushor dressed insertwelds Kr, = 1.0 As-welded insert welds K1, - 0.5 4 r/R 81. = 0.75 C1, For (r/R) ( 0.5 C1, = 0.8 l4lTrut (r/R) (F.). but not less lhan 1.0 K1,= 2.0 Br, - 0.75 Cr,, but nol less lhan 1.0

(CrKr)mtn(.1

ForD

A-W 2.0

M,,

Cz, Ket Bz, Ct, Kz, Bz,

For(r/R)> 0.5

3.0

3.0

3.0

3.0

( l ) T h e s e i n d i c e s a t a p p l i c a b t et o v a l u o s o t R / T u p l o 4 0 . ( 2 ) T h e s u b s c r i p t 2 s l a n d s f o r m o m e n l l o a d i n g , w h e r e a s ,s u b s c r i p t s " b " and "t" stand tot branch and run, respclively. Se nomenclatut sketch.

F"=1$0.0s(t-3), tr) Jh6 minirlum products,CrKr,depend upon tho type ol Insott weld. Thc F or D standsfor flush or dressed;A-W standstor as-welded. indics aro suitablo for any of the lhree typo3 ol weld! botwocn Sweepolet8nd branch pipe.

EXAMPLE #3 to the abov calculaledaccording for In Example#3, CrbKib K25 C25, and the productCtoKrr Catculate stressindices = 3.146.The maximumslress index detertable is CroKr, in Example #1 on page5. the header described wasdue on tho branch tor a momenl minedphoioelastically (rlBltt2(t/T) (Fs) Crr = 0.9 (R/T1z's index the the slress branch; moment on lo an out-of-plane (1.009) (0.280/0.375) (3.'17216.187;trz Cru = 0.9(6.187/0.375)2a (equivatentto CroKrr) was 2.83.Therelore,(Crfiru) cslcuCt = 3.146 = 2.811. lated = 3.146 vs. (CrrKro) experimenlal weldis dressed) Kr5 = 1.0(insert = 3.146X 1.0 = 3.146 Cr"Kru -19-

li ,|

I
DtscusstoN
factors and stress indices in The stress intensification T a b l e s 1 , 2 a n d 3 a r e i n l e n d e d t o b e g e n e r a l l yq u i t e c o n ' servalive.This conservatismis introduced, in part, by the use of relatively s i m p l e e q u a t i o n s( i . e . ,n o m o r e t h a n s i m lo cover p l e p o w e r f u n c l i o n so f d i m e n s i o n a lp a r a m e t e r s ) . lso, the equa' a w i d e r a n g e o f d i m e n s i o n a lp a r a m e t e r sA tions have been adjusted so that they cover the most a d v e r s ec o m b i n a t i o n so l d i m e n s i o n s . m a y b e d e c r e a s e db y t h e a p p l i ' Someof the conservatism "engineering judgment". Further, the various calion of c o d e s p r o v i d et h e d e s i g n e n g i n e e r w i t h s u c h l a t i t u d e ,f o r e x a m p l e .A N S I 8 3 1. 1 - 1 9 7 7 E d i t i o n s t a t e s i n t h e F O R E ' WORD: " T h e r ea r e m a n y i n s t a n c e s lo warn w h e r et h e C o d es e r v e s a d e s i g n e r ,t a b r i c a l o r ,o r e r e c t o r a g a i n s t p o s s i b l ep i t f a l l s ; b u t t h e C o d e i s n o t a h a n d b o o k ,a n d c a n n o t s u b s t i t u t ef o r judgment. educalione , x p e r i e n c ea , n d s o u n de n g i n e e r i n g The Code never intentionally puts a ceiling limit on con' servalism.A designer is f ree to specify more rigid requirements as he feels they may be justified. Conversely' a designer who is capable ol a more rigorous analysisth,anis design' s p e c i l i e di n t h e C o d e m a y j u s t i f y a l e s s c o n s e r v a t i v e t h e b a s i c i n t e n to f t h e C o d e . " a n d s t i l ls a t i s f y l o r t r a n s i t i o nb e t w e e nb r a n c h a n d r u n T h e s p a c ea v a i l a b l e y o m d w h a tl e s s a s t h e o u t l e t s i z e b e c o m e s i s p r o p o r t i o n a t e ls l a r g e r .T h e s a m e s i t u a t i o n e x i s t s f o r b r a n c h c o n n e c t i o n s s u c h a s A N S I 8 1 6 . 9 l e e s a n d e x t r u d e d h e a d e r s .W e h a v e " F s " i n T a b l e s1 ' e l e c t e dt o i n c l u d ea s i z e c o r r e c t i o nf a c t o r 2 , a n d 3 n o t w i t h s t a n d i n gt h a t t h e v a r i o u s c o d e s d o n o t include a similar adjustment for oiher types of branch p yr o v i d e R e s e a r c hc u r r e n t l y i n p r o g r e s s l 3 t r n a connections. d a l a w h i c h i n d i c a t e st h a t t h e s u g g e s t e dv a l u e sl o r S w e e p n which case o l e t b r a n c hc o n n e c l i o n sa r e t o o c o n s e r v a t i v ei , "relativegeometry will be made, or that a a reevaluation e f f e c t "s h o u l d b e a p p l i e dt o o t h e r b r a n c h c o n n e c t i o n s .

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FITTINGS OTHER TYPES OF BRANCH CONNECTION I n f o r m a t i o n ,s i m i l a r t o t h a t a p p e a r i n g i n l h i s r e p o r l , o n o t h e r t y p e s o f b r a n c h c o n n e c l i o n sc a n b e g l e a n e d t r o m . h e A N S I P i p i n gC o d e sa r e v a r i o u s i e c h n i c a lp u b l i c a t i o n sT a l s o a l i m i t e d s o u r c e o f s i m i l a ri n f o r m a l i o n . We invite you to compare the stresses in a Sweepolet branch conneclion, under various modes of loading, with a n y o t h e r t y p e o l b r a n c h c o n n e c t i o nf i t t i n g . Y o u w i l l l i n d that few manufacturers, if any, are able lo provide comp r e h e n s i v ed a t a s u c h a s c o n i a i n e d i n t h i s b r o c h u r e o n l is essential S w e e p o l e ib r a n c h c o n n e c t i o n .N o n e t h e l e s si , t o m a k e t h e c o m p a r i s o nu s i n g a c o m m o n b a s i s ,t h a t i s ' a l l data must be in terms ol stress inlensilication faclors or f a c t o r s *t o r t h e s a m e s l r e s si n d i c e so r s t r e s sc o n c e n l r a t i o n

mode of loading. In addition, all fittings being compared musi be the same size for the same designconditions.
'A stress concnlration tactor ls one typg of sltess indox and ulu8lly means lhe ratio of rhe marimum principal 6ltess to tho nominal slte!| du to tho applid load (prssure, bending monlenl, diroct lhrult, olc.l.

BIBLIOGRAPHV

"Faligue Tests ol Piping Componentr", Tranr. ASME, 1. Markl. A. R. C., 1952. "slresses from Local Loading3 in Cyllndrlcal Prol. 2. Bijtaard. P. P.. s u r e V e s s e l g " ,T t a n s . A S M E , A u g . 1 9 5 5 . "lnvcstlgt 3. Grenslreel, W. L., Moore, S. E. and Rodabaugh, E. C.. l i o n s o n P i p i n g C o m p o n e n t s ,V a l v e s ,a n d P u m p s t o P r o v i d e I n t o t r n & lion for Code Writing Bodies", ASME Paper No. 68-WA/PTC.

B R A N C HC O N N E C T I O N S SVI'EEPOLE T A R E W E L D E DI N , N O TO N .

-21-

BONNEY FORGE

latrolet
stress intensification factors

-22-

Factors Stresslntensification For Latrolet-BranchConnections

BACKGROUND HISTORICAL l n 1 9 5 2 M a r k l r p u b l i s h e d a p a p e r o n t h e b e n d i n gf a t i g u e b e h a v i o r o l p i p i n g c o m p o n e n t s . s u c h a s e l b o w s ,c u r v e d b t a n c hc o n a n d m i t e r b e n d s , u n r e i n l o r c e da n d r e i n f o r c e d n e c l i o n s ,a n d s l r a i g h t s e c l i o n s o f p i p e c o n t a i n i n ga g i r t h ol the comgonent b u t t w e l d .l t w a s l o u n d t h a t t h e b e h a v i o r c o n s i s t i n go f l w o s e c l i o n s o l p i p e j o i n e d b y a n a s - w e l d e d buttweld could be described by the lormula S, = 24s.oooMo ?owhere: S" N = = Nominal stress amPlitude, Psi Fatigue lite, cycles 2/3where Generalfy lhe i-factor is expressed i = 0.9/ (h) h, lhe llexibility characlerislic, is a function of the run radius (i?) and lhickness (7). ln the case ol a pad or saddle reinforced branch conneclion. the thickness of the added rein{orcenrententers inlo the calculation of h. For momenls acting on ihe branch leg, the stress lhen becomes S = iMlZ where: = Resultant moment M = i Slress intensilication factor tr o2l" l b = Mean radius ol branch pipe Nominalthicknessol branch pipe t b =
t l n . = =

ln addition, it was possible lo correlale the bending laligue lile ol all componentstestedby the application ol a s o - c a l l e d s l r e s s i n t e n s i f i c a t i o nf a c t o r i l o l h e s a m e . hen i is set equalto W e q u a t i o ns o l t r a t i S " = 2 4 5 , Q 0 0 N { 2 0 unity, the equation predicts the latigue lile of an aswelded girth bultweld between two pieces of straight pipe (since Markl considered such a componentas his Reference Standard). Aocordingly, l-lactors lor other piping components give the fatigue strength ol those componenls in relation to that ol a typical, as-welded girlh weld. The bending fatigue lests by Markl were conducted on 4i n . p i p e s i z e c o m p o n e n t s a n d b r a n c h c o n n e c t i o n sw e r e lull size. The results were exlrapolated by means ol e m p i r i c a l r e l a t i o n s h i p sd e v e l o p e d b y M a r k l l o c o v e r a wide range of sizes and conditions. Stress intensilicationfactors were first introduced into lhe ANSI. Piping Code in 1955 for use in making piping fl6xibility analyses; i values for branch connections were restricted to full-size outlel conneclions. In July, '1963

Nominalthicknessof run pipe Lesser of tnor (i) to

I n a f e w inslances the ,-tactor equalion is wrilten in the f o r m i = K (R/T)2/3 g/R)t/2 (t/T) where:

K T
f R

= =
= =

A co,nstanldependingupon lhe type ol fitling Nominalthicknessol run pipe Nominalthicknessof branch pipe Mean radius ol branch pipe Mean radius of run pipe

When this expression is used lor calculatingan Ffaclor, S = i M / Z w h e r e , f o r m o m e n t sa c t i n go n t h e b r a n c h l e g , Z i s lhe section modulus ol the branch pipe (i.e., Z = rr't). both lypes ol i-factor 831.1 - 1977 Edilion incorporales equations, however, an equalion ol lhe lorm i (R/T)2/3 Q/R)t/2 (t/T) is limitedto the one type of nozzle s h o w n i n F i g .D - 1 . Today, most of the ANSI Piping Codes incorporate the slress intensificationlaclor (SlF) concepl in their rules on llexibility analyses. ASME SECTION ll[ - Division 1 - Subsection NB - Class 1 Components is ari Exception in that it uses three types of stress indices which express a relalion belween a nominal stress and some characterislic ol the piping componenl. This was also true ol the earlier nuclear codes such as USAS 831.7 - 1969. The &indices are used in an equation intended to prevent gross plastic deformation due lo pressure and momenl loads; therefore, the characteristicassociated with &indices is gross distortion. Gindices are relaled to limiting progressivedistorlion by controlling primary and secondarystresses.Finally, K-indF ces in combination with Gindices are used in fatigue life evalualions.
'ldentiliedat thattimeasASA 83l.l - 1955.

Piping Code Case No. 53 was published lo cover reducing the provisions oullel branchconnections; of the in ANSI 831.1.0. Case were lhen incorporated It is importanlto note lhat Markl'stestsare the sourceol most of the i-factordata in the ANSI Codes.In the case the tests were run wilh cyclical of branch conneclions moments applied to the branch, notwithstanding, the lor designing ANSICodesuse the samet-factor whenthe momentacts throughthe run. lt is apparentthal gross will usuallyresull when the moment acts conservalism throughthe run and the branchis small(with respectto the diameterof the run) and is located on lhe neulral axis.

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REVIEWOF EPG RESEARCH islo present l ulletin A l t h o u g ht h e p u r p o s eo l t h i s t e c h n i c a b a oeneialized slress intensificationfaclor equation ol the lor the LATFOLET@ branch conneclion, folm i = O.9/ h2/3 il serves a useful purpose lo firsl discuss EPG's research b r a n c hc o n n e c t i o n . e f l o r li n l h e a r e a o f l h e S W E E P O L E T O The SWEEPOLETbranch conneclion concept evolved from lwo premises, namely reinforcemenl musl be adeq u a t e l o l i m i t d e l o r m a t i o na n d a n e l f i c i e n tb r a n c hc o n n e c t h e g e o m e l r yo l l h e i n t e r t i o n w o u l d r e s u l tl r o m c o n t r o l l i n g proporlions ol t o t h e aesthelic p l a n e s . O w i n g a l l s e c t i o no n a S W E E P O L E Tb r a n c h c o n n e c l i o n , d e s i g n e r si n t u i l i v e l y k n o w t h a t i t i s a n e l f i c i e n tb r a n c ho u t l e lc o n s t r u c l i o n - a n d t e s l s p l u s s e r v i c ee x p e r i e n c eo v e r a p e r i o do f m a n y y e a r s investigation h a v ep r o v e di t . E P G c o n d u c l e da n e x t e n s i v e o f S W E E P O L E Tb r a n c h c o n n e c l i o n se m p l o y i n gt h r e e - d i mensionalpholoelaslic analysesof epoxy models and fat i g u e l e s t s b f c a r b o n s t e e l h e a d e r s ,T h e d i s l r i b u t i o no l sfressesin epoxy headers subjected to internal pressure a n d b e n < J i nm g o m e n l sa p p l i e dt o t h e b r a n c hl e g w a s d e t e r and slicing ys i n gt h e s l r e s sf r e e z i n g m i n e dp h o t o e l a s t i c a l lu l e c h n i q u e .T h e b e n d i n gf a t i g u et e s l p r o c e d u r eo l c a r b o n the same as that used by s l e e l h e a d e r sw a s e s s e n t i a l l y S t r e s si n t e n s i l i M a r k lo n 4 i n . x 4 i n . b r a n c h c o n n e c l i o n s . c a l i o n l a c t o r s w e r e d e r i v e d l r o m t h e M a r k l - t y p et a t i g u e t e s l sa n d f a l i g u e t e s t s ;t h e d a t a f r o m b o t h t h e p h o l o e l a s l i c s l r e s si n d i c e st ' ' r r ' . l e s l sw e r e u s e d t o c a l c u l a t e r e s e a r c he f l o r t , g e n e r a l A s a r e s u l lo l t h e c o m p r e h e n s i v e for calculaling s t r e s si n t e n s i f i i z e d e q u a t i o n sa r e a v a i l a b l e branch c a t i o n l a c t o r s a n d s l r e s si n d i c e sf o r S W E E P O L E T for a broad rangeol sizes (run and branch) conneclions i - l a c t o re q u a t i o n s can be . hegeneralized a n d t h i c k n e s s e sT used to analyze SWEEPOLETbranch connections in aco f l h e v a r i o u sA N S I C o d e s c o r d a n c ew i l h t h e r e q u i r e m e n l s a n d A S M E C o d e s w h i c h u t i l i z el h e s l r e s s i n l e n s i t i c a t i o n e q u a l i o n sa r e l a c l o r c o n c e p t . T h e r e m a i n i n gg e n e r a l i z e d of ASME i n t e n d e dt o b e u s e d t o s a t i s f yt h e r e q u i r e m e n l s S e c l i o nl l l - D i v i s i o n1 - S u b s e c l i o nN B - C l a s s 1 C o m p o - Division Vessels 2 n e n l sa n d A S M E S e c l i o nV l l l - P r e s s u r e - Alternative R u l e sb o t h o l w h i c h a r e b a s e do n t h e s l r e s si n dex concept.

Slress lnlensltlcatlon Faclors lor lhe LATROLET(8 Branch Gonnecllon Plannlng a Test: A header consisling of a run pipe and a laleral type of branch conneclion is an exlremely complex structurewhen subjecled lo any one of the usual loads encountered in a typical piping system. Presentlysuch structuresare in the preliminarystages ol investigationby the PressureVessel Research Commillee ol the Welding Research Council. Since the open technical literature provides liltle insight into the behaviorof such structures,EPG elected to apply t h e s t a n d a r dM a r k l - t y p eo l f a t i g u et e s t t o d e t e r m i n ea n i n plane (i^ or i,) and an out-of-plane (D Flactor equalion Additionala pplicab'ieI o' LAT ROLET branch conn'ections. ly, the decisionwas made to present the resultsin a genera l i z e de q u a l i o no l t h e u s u a lf o r m , i . e . ,i = O . 9 l h " " . A more sophisticaled and exlensive research program lo develop generalizedequations for slress indiceS,such as lhose used in the analysisef nuclearClass 1 piping components, is planned for when the state of lhe technology on lateral branch conneclions is lurlher advanced. ,lt is bel i e v e d ,h o w e v e r ,t h a t t h e M a r k l - t y p et e s t s o n . L A T R O L E T w i l l b e o f g e n e r a li n t e r e s lt o t h e l e c h n F b r a n c hc o n n e c l i o n s c a l c o m m u n i t y a n d p r o v i d e a m e a s u r e o f i n s i g h ti n t o t h e behavior of lateral branch conneclions subjecled to cyclic l o a d sa p p l i e dt o l h e b i a n c h l e g . The Tegl Header: Ten 45o LATROLET fatigue test headers were fabricaled in accordance with Fig. 1. The headers consisted of 4 in. s l a n d a r dw e i g h l A 1 0 6 G r a d e B r u n a n d b r a n c h p i p e s a n d A105 standard, 4 in. 45o butt-weld slock LATROLET branch connections.The welds were lelt in the as-welded condition; no attempt was made to deposit a bead which would lorm a transition between the weld and the surface of the run and no grinding was perlormed. Fig. 2 is a pholograph of a typical intersection, whereas, Fig. 3 shows a plane lhrough the longitudinal center line of the interseclion ol Fig. 2. The lest headers were designed and fabricaled lo yield conservalivevalues of the in-plane and out-ofplane ifactors. Dressinglhe welds and providing a radius or transition weld at the junction of the fitting and the surlace ol lhe run pipe would improve (reduce) the rfactors "typical" labto the exlent lhat they might not represent a rication.

-24-

The Fallgue Terl: Referringto Fig. 1, f ive headerswere tesled by means ol an i n - p l a n ef o r c e c y c l i c a l l ya p p l i e d a l t h e e n d o l t h e b r a n c h leg; the remaining five headers were subjecled to an outof-plane cyclically applied force. The in-planeand out-ofplane force F produced momenlsM,, and Mrr; respeclively, w i t h a m a g n i t u d eo l a p p r o x i m a t e l y 3 8 F l b - i n . S i n c el o r c e F w a s c y c l i c a l l ya p p l i e d l i r s t i n o n e d i r e c t i o na n d t h e n t h e o l h e r , l h e n o m i n a ls t r e s sa m p l i t u d ea t t f e p o i n t o f h i g h e s t 'slress is simply S" = F!/Zwhere: S" F I Z = = = = Slress amPlitude,Psi Force.lb. M o m e n l a r m m e a s u r e dl r o m p o i n t o f f o r c e a p plication t o t h e l a t i g u ec r a c k ,i n . S e c t i o nm o d u l u so l b r a n c hp i p e ,i n . '

F i v e h e a d e r sw e r e t e s l e d u n d e r i n - p l a n el o a d i n ge a c h a l a different levelol the slress amplitudeS, For each lest F, N and I were recorded whete N was the number of cycles required lo produce a lhrough-the-wallcrack which leaked waler under a static head. The lest was repeated with live headers subjected to a cyclically applied out-of-plane lorce.

FIGURE 2

F I X E OL E G
orY. r I ? r rarl. A106.8 A106-8 A105.76 A105-76
DESCntPtlOfl 4 Inch srd. wr. Prpe 56.56 t .06 hch L9. 4 Inch Std. Wt. P'pe ?O 06 t .06 Inch L9. 4Inch. 600 Lb. weldrng Neck Flange 4 Inch r 4 Inch Sld. Wt. LATFIOLET Branch Connect@n

FIGURE 3

FIGURE 1 .N O M I N A L FATIGUE SPECIMEN DIMENSIONS

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Inlerprelatlon ol Tesl Dala: Fig. 4 is a plot of S"'vs. N for the in-planeand out-of-plane L A T R O L E Tb r a n c l i c o n n e c l i o n t e s t s , T h e p l o t i n c l u d e sa s p e c i m e nc o n s i s l l i n e w h i c h r e p r e s e n l sM a r k l ' s r e f e r e n c e "average" i n g o l t w o s l r a i g h ts e c t i o n so f p i p e j o i n e db y a n by a cyclically b u t l w e l da n d l e s t e d t o f a i l u r e as-welded app l i e d b e n d i n gm o m e n l ( w h e r e S ai s l h e n o m i n a ls l r e s sa m p l i t u d ea t l h e w e l d w h e r e t h e t a t i g u ec r a c k so c c u r r e d ).

ln lhe terminology of the ANSICodesi = O.9lh2/3 and h = CT/rrwhere: h C

1

T
2 =

Flexibilitycharacterislic Constant o l r u n p i p e ,i n Nominat l hickness M e a n r a d i u so l r u n p i p e

therelore:

i = 0.9/ 1CT/rr)2/3
In-PlaneBendlng i , = i ^ = 1 . 8 5t o r i i n t h e a b o v e e q u a t i o ny i e l d s Substituling /rr; therefore: C = 3.05and h j 3.O51 i,= io = 0,9/h2/3 where: h = 3.OST/ra

A s l r e s si n t e n s iifc a l i o n f a c t o r I i s d e f i n e da s i = ( 2 4 5 , 0 0 0 /srwhere: 19a?0,) q j N = = = Nominalslress amplitude,Psi Stressintensilicationfactor Fatiguelife,cycles

U s i n gt h e a r i t h m e t i c a v e r a g eo f t h e , - v a l u e s basedon the t e s l p o i n t sl o r i n - p l a n eb e n d i n gy i e l d si = i o = 1 . 8 5w h e r e 4 and ioare l h e c u s l o m a r ys y m b o l sf o r " i n - p l a n e " .T h e a r i t h melic average ol lhe rvalues based on the lest points for out-of-planebending yields ro = 2.48 where rois lhe cus"out-of-plane". l o m a r y s y m b o lr e p r e s e n t i n g

Oul-of-PlaneBendlng Flepeating l h e a b o v e f o r o u t - o f - p l a n eb e n d i n g u s i n g 6 , = 2 . 4 8 y i e l d sC = 1 . 9 7a n d h = 1 . 9 7 7 / r ; t h e r e f c . e : i o = , 5 . 9 /h ' ' t where: h = 1.97T/r2

O A

,
roo
7

In-9lonc bending Oul-of-plone bending ln-plone regression llne Ouf-of -ptone regression ltne ( o l t . 2 r t O t c y c l e s ; t S a : 1 2 . 8k s i w l t h o u t f o [ u r e , 2 6 1 2c y c l e so t S o : t ! . $ , k 3 r u n f i t l o l l u r c .

3
a

,So'245 t'

Nr-o'eo tMorht's Ref.curve)

=
E
al

z5l'146 Nl-o'l

;-:::

____s_b__:-:_l_E{::\__

toL too

rrl

r'-l----ro-;i'9
TO,OOO

Fotiguc Life,N1,cyctes FIGURE 4. NOMINAL AMPLITUDE PLOTTED ASA STRESS FUNCTION OFFATIGUE LIFE
'Sa in Figure4 is in ksi

-26-

i .;tst_
I I

(..-]--) rr.
nl,2

I r-l:-

'.s ,r \.

f,rl

(t-_
I

.-<l

\x
Juncllon ol L.gr

(,/l:

.Q:",-+\
I
|
I

DESIGNDATA The stress inlensiticationformulas developed above lor in-plane and out-of-plane bending a r e i n t e n d e dt o b e u s e d i n m a k i n g p i p i n g s y s l e m s l r e s sa n a l y s e s in accordance wilh allANSI Piping Codes and ASME Codes which use slressinlensification faclorswherethe itactor equationsare ol the form i = O.9/ h2t3' F i g .5 s h o w sa t y p i c a lh e a d e rl r o m A N S I 8 3 1 . 1 1977 and is lypical, excepl for the nomenclar u r e ,o f a l l t h e A N S I P i p i n gc o d e s . ll is recommended that Table 1 be used for calc u l a l i n gl h e s t r e s si n t e n s i f i c a t i ofn a c l o r so f 4 5 ' LATFOLET headers when the welding meels lhe intentof the Code (dressing o r g r i n d i n gl h e w e l d s i s n o t a c o n d i t i o nl o r u s i n gt h e s u g g e s t e C l o r m u l a s b u t t h e a b s e n c e o f u n d e r c u t t i n gi presumed). Most ANSI Codes give only one formula lor calculaling lhe ifaclor ol a particulartype of branch conneclion. In such instances the formula representslhe worsl case (generallyoulo f - p l a n eb e n d i n go f t h e b r a n c h l e g ) : t h e s a m e principle can be applied simply by using iofrom Table1 for iin lhe Code.

rrl

\-#

)Iyr
FIGURE 5

I
TAELE1
ication Slress Inlensif Faclor Moment
Mrg

Flexibilily Characlerislic

'Min. Butt-Weld

Based on Branch End' Sockel-Weld Threaded

i, = ip = 0.9/ f/3 io = o.g/ h2/3

h = 3.O57/rz h = 1.977/rz

1.0 1.0

2 . 1 o r1 . 3 2 . ' lo r 1 . 3

2.3 2.3

Mrs

These values should be considered as lypical only. The applicable code should be referred to for specitic values. when lhe i,ector calcuvalue should fafed by the lormula i = O.9I h2/3 is less than ip6., lh ig,n. be used in the piping system analysis.Furthet, when iy,a.governs it indicales thal lhe maximum stress occuts al the inlerseclion ol lhe branch pipe and the Lalrolel branch conneclion.

' ' In recent edilions ol some codes the basic value is 2.1 wilh 1.3 perm ted il the toe ol the weld blends smoothly wilh the branch pipe anctlh. weld is concave and lhere is no undetculling.

-27-

Sample Problems lactor to be Problem: What is the slress intensificalion o 1a n 8 i n . 4 5 " , b u t l u s e d i n a p i p i n ga n a l y s i s w e l d L A T F O L E T b r a n c hc o n n e c l i o no n a n 8 i n . , s t a n d a r dw e i g h l r u n ? Solutlon: Use the equalion lrom. Table 1 lor the worst c a s e , i . e . ,u s e t h e f o r m u l af o r 6 w h i c h a p p l i e st o Mrs. /4.152= 0.153 h = 1.97T/(.= 1.97(0.322) i o= o . 9/ t o . i s s ) 2 / 3= 3 . 1 5 lor a butl-weld Since 6 = 3. 15 is grealer lhan ir,,n a t t h e b r a n c h e n d o t l h e L A T R O L E T ( L , n .= 1' O ), u s e i o = i = 3 ' 1 5 i n t h e p i p i r r g s y s l e ma n a l ysis. Solution': M"c =
'b 'l n -D =

h i

= =

s i =

Z Z

= =

= 3 2 1 8 7i n lbs N o m i n a lb r a n c hw a l l t h i c k n e s s= 0 . 2 3 7 i n . N o m i n a lt h i c k n e s s of run pipe = 0.322in. M e a n r a d i u so f b r a n c h = 2 . 1 3 2 i n . 1 . 9 7 ( 0 . 3 2 2 )/ ( 8 . 6 2 5 - 0 . 3 2 2 )( . 5 ) = o . 1 5 3 = 3.15 ) /3 0.9/ (0.1532 L e s s e ro f t n o r ( i ) t o = 0 . 3 2 2 i n . (for reduc'dd outlei branclr) = 7121. rt2.132) 2 tO.322l = 4.60 in.3 '3 = 1s132r87) = 2 2 . 0 4 I p s i

psi" A N S .S E = 2 2 , 0 4 1
'fhe tests which yielded the i-tactors ot the t - A T F O L E Tb r a n c h c o n n e c t i o n s \/ere I d,uplic a t e o t l h e t e s t s p e r t o r n r e db y M a r k l . T h e dala was reduced to the lorm i = O.g/h2'3 whicl'ris lhe generalized expression ol most A N S I a n d A S M E C o d e s . T h e i - t a c t o r sc o u l d be inrproved b y b l e n d i n gt h e w e l d i n t o t h e s r r r face ot the run pipe and by grinding and d r e s s i n gt o p r o d u c e a g r a d u a l a n d u n t l o r m t r a n s i t i o r lf r o m t h e L A T R O L E T b r a n c h c o n nection to the surface of the run.

ry

Discussion: P r o b l e m : A p i p i r t gs y s l e n r c o n l a i r l sa b r a n c f rc o r r r r e c t i o n consisting o f a 4 i n . s t a n d a r dw e i g h l L A T F O L E T (with a standard weight branch) on an 8 in. standard weight run pipe. A piping systems analysishas been rnade irr accordance with gl o n r e n t s A N S I 8 3 1 . 1- 1 9 7 7 :t h e f o l k - i w i n n have been lound acling on the lhree legs ol the b r a n c hc o n n e c t i o n ; M,,=-3000 in-lbs, Mr,= -5000 irr-lbs, Mr,= 1 5 0 0 0i n - l b s M.r=--3000 in-lbs, Mr2=-5000 in-lbs, M12=1 5 0 0 0i n - l b s M . " = 6 0 0 0 i n - l b s , M 'r ."=10000 in-tbs, Mjj= 30000 in-tos Calculate t h e t h e r m a le x p a n s i o n stress(S.) due 10 the resultant moment M." acling on the branch leg (see Par. 104.8-bf ANSI 831.11 9 7 7 ) u s i n gi = t o .

1 . L l a r k l A . R . C . , " F a t r g u eT e s t s o l P i p r n gC o r n p o n e n l s . " T r a n s . A S l r E , 19 5 2 . 2 . S c h n e i c t e r .R . y / . , . . t a c h s o n ,W . M . a n d N i c o i l s , W . R . , " P h o t o e t a s t i c S t u d y a n d F a t r g u eT e s t s o f a C o n t o u r e d , I n t e g r a t l y R e i n t o r c e dB r a n c h C o n n e c l i o n . " T r a n s . A S M E , J o u r n a l o l E n g r n e e r i n gf o r I n d u s t r y , p p . 1 0 2 1- 1 O 2 9 . N o v e m b e r1 9 7 1 . 3 . S c h n e i d e r ,R . W . a n d F l o d a b a u g h ,E . C . , " O e r i v a t i o no f S t r e s s I n t e n s i l i c a t i o n F a c t o r s l o r a S p e c i a l , C o n t o u r e c t .I n t e g r a i l yR e i n l o r c e d B r a n c h C o n n e c t i o n , " T r a n s . A S M E , J o u r n a l b l E n g i n e e f i n gl o r I n d u s t r y , p p . 106- 112, February1973.

BIBLIOGRAPHY

' S e e P a r s . t 0 4 . 8 . 3 6 n d 1 0 4 . 8 . 4( C ) o , A N S l 8 3 1 . t - 1 9 7 7 . " Oue to resultant moment Mcaacting on lhe branch (leg 3) . Similar calculations would normally be made lor the two legs ol the run; the baslc dille.ence is thal Zis lhe section modulus ol the tun pipe.

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FORGE BONNEY

lnsert Weldolet' Fittings

INDICES AND STRESS FACTORS INTENSIFICATION STRESS

-29-

CONNECTIONS C O D EB R A N C H

of fromFig.NB-3686.1(f)-1 Redrawn NB lll, Div.1 Subsection Section

Factors StressIntensification and Stresslndicesof ForgeInsertWeldolePFittings Bonney

INTRODUCTION The various ASME and ANSI/ASME831 Codes give factorsand stress inlensification for calculating equations types of branch connections. for different indices stress Equationsof the form i = O'9/h''"were introducedby Marklt and based on fatiguetesls of full'sizeoutletsand other types of piping components.An equationof the form: t^ i = c(R./T,)''" lrlnlR^l''' (TJ/I) 1r rrrl is of recenl origin and according to the various Codes appliesto certain types of integrallyreinforcedbranch in straightpipe when: connectionsr (a) The axis of the branch conneclion is normal to the axis of the run PiPe (b) R./T .<50 and rjlR,.< 0.5 (c) Radius r, is between 10% and 50% of T, (d) Radiusrz is not less than the larger ol Tol2 or T.l2 (e) Radius rs is nol less thanthe largerof O.OO2Oclo or 2(sin)stimes the offset The terms in the equationdescribedabove are illustraled in Fig. 1 and also defined below:

c
do h
!

0 N

rl
R. re
fr fz

rc Sr ' T{ To T, Zo e

= a constant = outsidediameterof branchpipe, in. = flexibilitycharacteristic = stress intensification factor = distancefrom where lhe force was appliedto the branchpipe to lhe fatiguecrack, in. = numberof cycles to failure = ffi8nradius ol branch pipe, in. = lTldn radius of run pipe, in. = oulside radius ol branch connection(nozzle),h. = insidecorner radiusof nozzle,in; = outsideradius ol nozzleat nozzle- run junction,in. = hansitionradius at branch pipe end of nozzle,h. = flominal stress -a!the loqation of the fatigue crack, psi. S. = Sao = &ro = = = = = wall thickness of-branch!ipe, in. wallthickness of nozzle,in. wallthicknessof run pipe, in. section modulusof branch pipe. in.t bansilionangle at branch ppe en<tof rrczde, deg.

'For exlmpb. sca: B3t.l |!l FiC.Dt of ANSUASME (bl Flg. NB-3686.1 l0-r ol ASME ScfFn lll, Dtvbb,l I . Srb.cto,l f. tc) Fb. NC.3673.2 tbl.l ot ASME Scl'|onn, Ohrbbn r . Subsct'on NC. (dl Fig. ND.3673.2 {b)-2 ot ASME Sclitr l[. Onbbi t . Suboecliant{o.

-31-

SCOPE The Bonney Forge line of Insert Weldoletsmeets the requirements of (a) through (e) above except that it includes fittingswhich exceed the limitations of (b). An equationof the form: It is readily apparentlhat the constant C can be determinedonce the stress intensification factor i is known for (a) a particular header(model)which satisfies conditions through(e) above. Accordingly, a series of Markl-typee bending fatiguetests were performed on ten, 14(0.375) x6(0.280) Bonney Forge lnsert Weldoletcarbon steel headers in orderlo determine i and then the constant C.

i = c(&/T)'"lr;lR,)"1111; 1r;1r,1
for all Bonney Forge Insert Weldoletswhich is applicable fall withinthe rangeR.fL<50, however,when rilR,)0.5, the equationyields a conservativevalue of the stress factor. intensification It.should be noled that when the ratioof the branchdiapermits,radiusrz gradually meterto run diameler increases from the crotch section to the skirt section(transverse plane)to provide lransition a smoother zone betweenthe branchconnection and the run pipe.

The essentialdetailsof the test are describedbelow: (1) The Bonney Forge lnsert Weldoletwhich was tested is shown in Fig. 2. The amountof reinprovided forcemeni basedon ANSI/ASME 831.11980 is approximately 1037o. (2) The test headers in Fig. 3. are illustrated (3) Five headerswere tested to failureby an out-of. plane force applied cyclically at the end of the branchpipe. The welds betweenthe branch connection and the run and branch pipes were dressedflushboth insideand outside. (4) Three headerswere lested as in (3) above ex. cept that only the root of the weld joining the nozzleto the run pipe was ground flush; the exterior surface was left "as.welded" with a crown ol about1/16 inch. (5) Two headers were tested to failure by an inplane force applied cyclically at the end of the branch pipe. The welds .between the branch connection and the run and branch pipes were dressedflush both insideand outside.

'Maal's procedure w8s used but with r'mrRm = 0.466 insteadot unity (tu[.stze wllag.

-32-

TESTDATA AND INTERPRETATION The relevanttest data are given in the followlng table:
SUMMARY OF TESTDATA

Test
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 I 9 10

Loading Oul-of-plane Out-of-plane Out-of-plane Out-of-plane Out-ol-plane Out-of-plane Out-of-plane Out-of-plane In-plane In.plane

s! (psl)

N (cycles) 337 1,605 6,341 7,131 52,103 330-3850 4,O47 19,547 1,034 14,264

Welds a a a a a b b b a a

FFaclor'

33,200 22,'tOO 10,500 13,800 11 , 2 0 0 33,200 16,600 11, 1 0 0 61,200 37,300

2.30 2.53 2.58 3.01 2.49 AVG= 2.58 2.31-2.2 2.80 3.06 1.OO o.97 AVG= O.99

a Weldsbetweenthe 14 x 6 lnsertWeldolet and the run and branchpipes dressed flush insideand outside. b Sameas above except root of insertweld was ground flush,whereas,exteriorsurfacewas left in ,,as-welded" condilion with a crown of about1/16 in. c S" = nominal stressamplitude= FQlZo, psi. (The mean stress was 0 psi) d Malfunction of automatic shut-down system. No leakage was observed at 330 cycles, however, extensive leakage was apparent when cycle counterwas viewed at 385 cycles. e FromiS" = !.d$,OOON-02 From Tests 1-5 inclusive,where the criticalwelds were dressedflush both insideand outside,the averagestress intensification factoris i = 2.58. Substituting the average valueof iin the generalized equation:

Tests 6, 7 and 8 show that the effect of the weld crown on fatigue life is some inverse function of the nominal stress amplitudeS" lt is estimatedthat i approachesa value of approximately3.5O S approaches O psl, accordingly,the maximumeffect is estimated by taking the ratioof 3.50 to iouofrom tests 1.S inclusive; this ratio, is designatedas F in the section which follows and is used as a multiplier in the generalized i.factorequation.In all of j the out-of-planetests, fatigue failures occurrdd wherel expected, that is, on the transverseplane at the branch connectionto run pipe weld. In tests 9 and 10, where the loading was in-plane,fatigue failuresoccurred at lhe branch pipe to branch conneciion junction at an averagestress intensification factor of ievr = O.99.

i = c(R /I)"'" 1r;tR^1'''' (I;/I) (t/rr)

-33-

DATA DESIGN factor The lollowing generalizedslress intensification of branchcon' for the analysis is recommended equation nections made using Bonney Forge lnsert Weldoleto Fitlings: "t i = 0.8s(R"/L)''3(rjlR.) (tJ n,) (rjlrrlF where: F 1 when the weld whichjoins the InsertWeldo' let to the run pipe is dressedflushon both sur' faces. F = 1.40 when the insertweld has a flushroot and crown on the exteriorsurface. an "as-welded" for all Codes based on the stress The equation is suitable on the faclorconcept.For momentloading intensification branch,the sectionmodulusZo appliesto the branchpipe; Code and restrictions of the applicable all otherconditions apply. For Codes based on the stress index concept,such as equation NB of ASME lll, the recommended Subsection for determining Crsis: (rilrr)r czo = 1.70 (R./T.)?'t(rJlR.)"t(Tjn) All other indicesof SubsectionNB plus the associated apply except that the use of and restrictions conditions the equationis not limitedto rjlR,-<0.5. The equation con' yields a value ol Caowhich becomes increasingly servalive unity. as (/R, approaches

t4'srd, rt. A.106G.,a pip. 6'srd. rr. A.106 Gr I pip.

REFERENCE "Fatigue Tests of Piping Components", Markl, A,R.C., Trans.ASME,74(3), 287-303 (April,1952).

l l tFE " l
0cllrct!d La9 lh-Plon.l

5if

s'- q. roo w u Frong. lar6 srd.:r. TNSERT WELDOLET r'-cl soo w. r. Froag.

-34-

PROBLEM SAMPLE

Problem: A piping system conlainsa branchconnectionconsistingof a 6 in. standardweight Bonney Forge Insert Weldoleto Fittingin a 20 in. slandardweight run pipe. The branch pipe is also standardweight. A piping system analysishas been made in accordancewith ANSI/ASME momentM" actingon the branchdue lo thermal 831.1.198O and the rangeof the resultant , is 75,000 in-lb.Assuming that the weld which joins the fittingto the run pipe is expansion factor i and the thermalexpansionstress dressed flush, calculatethe stress intensification S. due to M" = 75,000 in-lb.actingon the branch.

Sofution: R, T, rn Tj ro . F i i i

= 9.813 in. = l2O'O.375112 = 0.375 in' = (6.625 - O.28Oll2= 3.173 in. = O'280 in' = 3 ' 8 13 = l 3 (r;/R,)''2(T;/T,)(r;/ro)F = 0.85 (R,rT,)z (7 35 .1 = o.85 (9.813/0.375)2 (3 .173/9.813)"?(O.280/0.3 )73/3.813)1

= 2.65 SE = iWrlZo Zb = tt (rA)'To=

r (3.173)t(0.280) = 8.856 in.r Se = 2.65 (75,000)/8.856= 22.442 psl ANSWERS: i = 2.65 Se = 22,442 psi

-35-

Sl-1 ForgeBrochure AddendaNo.1 To Bonney

1. BACKGFOUND "The Nonconservatism of ASME Code Ruleslor A paperentilled: published in OutletBranchConnections"was Reduced Analyzing t Se2 1t1.ffre main thrust o{ the articlewas that evidenceexisted faclorsgivenin vario.us thal stressintensificalion which'suggested unconservative ASME and ANSyASMECodes couldbe seriously 0'5 and 1.0with with diameterratios(d/D)between for connections ol this 1982paper,PVRC around0.75.As a result a peakoccurring to resolve the matler;necessary a studyshortlythereatter initiated dala were acquiredlrom lw.o,major industry-sp.9n: experimental werealsoidentilied Otherproblems soiedlatigueteslingprograms. by PVRCand includedin their study. under No.329 (2) was preparedby E. C. Rodabaugh WRC Bulletin on Piping'Pumpsand of the PVRC Subcommittee the sponsorship Valves. The bulletincontains proposedCode changesbased on for the PVRCstudywhich (a) solvethe problemof unconservatism d/D ratiosbetween0.5 and 1.0, (b) revisecurrenlCode equations and (c) placeall SIF equations conservalism, to removeexcessive alsodiscusses other The bulletin basis. defendable lechnically on a problemsin need of attenlion,for example,stressesproducedby rd elationship A generally-acceple b r a n c ht o r s i o n a lm o m e n t s . Mr. betweeni-lactorsand slress indiceshas been 24=(Kro)(Cro); discussesat leastone anomalywherethe relation' Rodabaugh (C.u). ship is 4rt=(Kru) NO.1 2. PURPOSEOFADDENDA grossly conservative and brochure.are in this equations SomeSIF when comparedwilh lhe unconservalive some are signilic'antly it wouldbe proposedin WRC BulletinNo.329.However, equations since some of the iil lhis were not the case_especially surprising outlelsand, in Sl-1 were basedon tesls ol full-size factbrequations lhe'\rvorsl case" to represent was assumed likethe Codes;lull-size As suggested in Ref.1 and confor momenlloadingon the branch. case"falls il is seenthatthe "worst lirmedby the recentPVRCstudy, diameterratios(d/D)o{ 0.5 and 1.0. between WRC BulletinNo. 329 and olher sourcesof technicaldata show the rela44=(lqJ (CrJ betterdescribes that in many instances clearly than zi,=(Q latiguebehavior(4)and stressindlces between tionship lt is lrue for (C*) which, heretofore, was used almostexclusively' and NCdepictedin Fig. NB-3643.3(a)-1 Brinch Connections ASME Sectionlll;such nozzlesare typiliedby Bon3673.2(b)-2of Ref.2showsthal thisis alsotrue WeldolePFittings. neyForgeInsert whichdo nol haveatransitionradiusof rr al loibranchconnections of the nozzleand the O.D.surfaceol the run pipe. the intersec'tion The purposeol this AddendaNo. 1 is to update BonneyForge No.329prepared underthe Sl-1basedonWRC Bullelin Brochur6 on Piping,Pumps and ol the PVRC Subcommittee sponsorship currentedhionsof the variousASME Valvesand, as applicable, it is our opinionthat the pro' Codes.Accordingly, and ANSI/ASME posed,new SIF equations(1) are on a lechnicallydelendable full size basis,(2) coverlhe full rangeof diamelerratiosincluding

is notneces' thatfullsize recognize (d/D=1.0) and(3)correctly case". sarily the"worst and ASME invarious conneclions {orbranch SomeSIFequations or uncon' conservalive Codesmaybe excessively ANSyASME Overconservalilm study' PVRC onther6cent based servalive Iry 2,r=0qJ(9ro) theexpression used having ofcommittees betheresuh un@nservallsm whereas, to i-factors, indices f romstress lo convert thatdala dataor assuming of misinterpreling maybe the result case". the"worst iepresenled f romtestsof f ullsizenozzles NOTE 3. CAUTIONABY No.329andthis in WRCBullelin The useof the SIFequalions which a design whether as an indicator to Sl-1willserve addenda or conservative Codeis overly ol a parlicular requirements meets unconservalism of thedesigner, At the diicretion unconservalive. A fabSIFequations' bythe useof theproposed mayUeremoved com' at theveryleast, musl, istobe Codeslamped which rication and,lherefore, andAddenda Edition Code, theapplicable olvwirh f romtheuseof Code resulting conseivatism eiiessive bliminating designer. the of is nolan option equations of modulus Z is thesection in allcases ends, branch Forchecking piPe andS=(,JMZb. the branch 4. PROPOSEDCHANGES SIFequaprimarily.involve whichfollow revisions The proposed of this The purpose ihdices. to stress a lew apply tions,nowever, regardlng information detailed For above. is described addenda to Rel'2' is referred the reader of therecommendations, thebasis 4.2Nomenclature regarding Codesare inconsistent the various Unfortunately, con' lhelollowing lorconvenience' Accordingly, nomenclalure. proposed changes' all for Ue used wili setof symbols sistent beloq will butnotdefined in equations appear which Symbols Sl'1. of seclion be pertheapplicable lactorfor moment = intensification stress calculated ri " branch on the branch(usedlor checking loading ends). factorfor moment stressintensification r, ' = calculated runends)' forchecking onthe run(used loading pipe. = branch of radius rTl?oS r (SeeFig.1 on page31)' b = outsideradiusof nozzle (See pipeintersections at nozzle-to-run r2 = oulerradius page 31). ol runpiPe. radius R = means ol branch wallthickness l = PiPe. of runPiPe. wallthickness T = modulus. z =section of branch modulus Zt= seclion PiPe. ol runPiPe. modulus z r = section

-A-1-

(pages4'11) 4.2Weldolels@ prob. ol textonpage 9 plus thesample the two columns Delete thefollowing: lemon page11andsubstitule for /Fl < 0.9' [ = t .S1V1z3(r/R)1/,(vTXr/rJ = 1.s [(MlN.) for rFl < 1.0' iu= 0.9(R/T)4(VTXr/rp) = 1.0 [(MrN.) 'To calculale interrowhenr/R > 0.9 but< 1.0,use linear polation. i= 0.8(FilT)zn(r/R) ,,(MlN.)= 2.1 (pages12-21, 4.3Svreepolets@ (3)toTable (1) Revise 1 asfollows: Fbotnote llushor dressed (3) Fi = 1.0foras-welded, insert welds. = or dressed insert welds. Fz 1.0forflushed than1.0- lor as-welded F2 + r/R)- bul notless - = (0.5 insert welds. 0.40 ( 2 )I n T a b l e1 i m m e d i a l e l a y b o v et h e e q u a t i o n - whichisfor momenl loading onthe run(F/T)".(FrXF.) valueof t/R". addthe note:"ForanY (3) Exampfes sincethe #1 and #2 on page17 arecorrect Sweepoleto andrunpipeis dressed insert weldbetween hadbeenbased (F or D).lf the examples on as-welded have (A-W) itwould beennecessary lo change insert welds, quandlr. accordingly. F, from1.6to 1.0andreduce revise[o as follows: (4) InTaple 3 for M, loading, or as-welded dressed insert welds. Ka,= 1.0forflush, (5) Example sincethe insert weld #3 on page19 is correct hadbeenbased (F or D).lf the example on is dressed (A-W) insert weld,hwouldhave beennecesanas-welded (KrJ(Crb) to change K* from1.6lo 1.0andreduce sary accordingly. 4.4latroletso (pages23-281 connedions branch subject to moment Theproblem of laleral byPVRC. After a report is issued, loadings isunder irvestigalion 26 and27 ofthisbulletin, thei-factor equal'rons on pages which testsof full-size, 4 in. Bonney werebased on fatigue Forge willbe reevaluated. Lateral Branch Conneclions, (pages29-35) 4.5Insert Fittings Weldotet@ (1)At thetop of the righthandcolumn below lhe tableon - A-2-

parameters ofthe pg.33add n tothedimens'onal :"lnaddilio to 0.85'. yields C equal a value oftheconslant teslheaders on page34 as (2) Revise DATA the sectionon DESIGN follows: DATA DESIGN are equations factor generalized intensification stress Thefollowing madeusing proposed connections ol branch for the analysis WeldoleP Fittings: lnsert Bonney Forge for r/R< 0.9' " (VT)(t (R/T)zs( r/R). h) L = .75 = 1.5 [(tttlN.) 'No equation diam' o1 th'srange is giveforr/R> 0.9since lim' ofgeometrical asa resuh is notattainable elerralios radius r. requirement. imposed by the minimum itations i, = 0.4(F/T)2F(r/R) - 1.5 i,(MlN.) on lhe stress for all Codesbased are applicable The equations F/T < 50.The equations intensification factorconceptprovided Fot dressed or as'welded. weld is flush, whenthe insert apply Z = Zoapplies modulus theseciion loading onthebranch, moment Codeapply. pipe; oftheapplicable allotherconditions to thebranch as Subsec'lion such the stress index concept, based on ForCodes forcalculating lll,theequation recommended Section NBol ASME Cris: Czr=3 (F!r[)za(r/R)ta 0/T)(r/rJ =.1.5 ce (MlN.) K5- 1.0 (a)-1, see N8-364!,Fig.NB-3643.3 information, For additional (a)-1plusthe applicable andTableNB-3681 NB-3680 NB-3650, to thetable. Footnotes 35with thefollowing: onpage (3)Replace PROBLEM theSAMPLE , Problem: / of a 6 in. conneclion consisting conlains a branch syslem A piping ina 20in.stanFitting Forge lnsertWeldoleP weight Bonney standard weight. A pipeis alsostandard runpipe;lhebranch dardweight with pipingsystem has beenmadein accordance analysis M"onthe moment oftheresuhant At tSyASMe831.1 andthe range the in-lb. Calculate expansion is 75,000 branch dueto thermal Sr due stress expansion factor stress inlensfficat'ton i andthermal in-lb. to M"= 75,000 Solution: = 9.813 in. R = (20-0.375)12 T = 0.375in. - O.280)12 = 3.173 in. r = (6.625 t = 0.280 in.

in. re= 3.813 (/rJ = 0.75 1ff/T)aa(r/R)r2(t/D L 13)1/2(0.280)/0.37s) 17319.8 = (9.8 1 3/0.375)2/3(3. O.7s L x (3.173/3.813) ib=2.94 se = (,f) Mot{ = 8.856 in.s 1=3.1416 (3.173)' (0'280) = 19,817 = (75,000)/8.856 SE 2.34 PsL ANSWERS: welds) F,D orA-Winsert L=2.34(For Se=19,817Psi' 5. DISCUSSION on Sl-1arebased Bulletin Forge lo Bonney revisions Theproposed Code addenda' current No.329and,as applicable, WRCBirlletin studyandrecommenPVRC of the recent ac@unt Fora detailed to rec* report, inaddition to Ref.2'The is referred thereader dations, the discusses equations, to certaini'tactor changes ommending topics: following testing latigue industry-sponsored of recent a.Description program. SIFequations. of nerar dataandderivation oJtest b. lnterpretdion (ii. on r4 c. Roleof R/f, UTand 4 weld (or radiusr.) of nozzle-lo-run d. Roleof the condilion on ,t. i = 1'0 lor as a result of using unconservatism e.Possible (Mr). on thebranch torsionalmoment ol run moments. L Tieatment of moments. g. Combinal'on factors. h. Flexibility iand between between in the relationship i. Anomalies

(4). testdataand i-factors basedon fatigue direclbn; inthereverse theproblem handled apparenlly TheCodes NB-3643'3(a)-.1 ' lfe Frg' tvpe d'epkred the of "ohh"ction! f"iL.ncn ths As a result, 6h fge, exclusively' "q*ri". f"i C^ wasbased became: Codeequation ta 0/T) (r/rJ = 3 (R/Q zn(r/R1 C2p Codes' andANS|/ASME NCandotherASME theSubseclion Then (l/vo) '= the.relationshiP using at arrived roil*". il6;;*ion current in appears which equation i-{aclor resuhing 1iro1n;the is: editions of theCodes i= 1.5(R/D * (r/R)n glT)(rtr) of 0'75inthes lF equatign oulthata constant Rel.2 points I't1""9 study PVRC mmpleted recently with the consistent be *orfO oi f .s-, 5e reviiedaccordingly'As "nJi6*tt"nds the CodeSIFequation to be isconsidered presentty inthe Codes ; ;;.rlt, rh; StFequation ultra-conservative. Insert Forg.e on page34 for Bonney Sincethe ilactorequation same the virtually is it dala, onfatigue W"fOif"ft fittingswai based in Ref.2 (0.85vs.!.Jp' ry 1 f:ll proposed as the expression lhe tne constaltonpage 34 is only.1/z 2i = 19r1iCro1, of using is rec' -nitrit ot trL'ibde'i,iuation (1.70vs.li), accordingly,-it equa' withtheC2b "rr".J"O in4.5thalitb6 roriseito beconsistent F)' 1.70lo3 anddelete NBol ASMElll (change tionin SubSection Codeshappenedb various ihe in equation tnestf boitiliJ""t"tty, of the 'directiorfof conversion' U" "o"."t"t]ve simplybecause an ifac'tor. to i.e.,fromthe stressindex br i in Ref.2an$tfreqfq=tPn q !!H equation theexposed From slFs between (C^-) NB,il is seenthatthe relationship in Sub'section by 4i= (KJ (C.d where4re.siIP is represented inilitress indices (i's" sru'/cr' in therespeaiv^e-equatioqs theconstants lromdividing a BranchConnec'tions' fti" oilnGtJtr to notethatthe Sweepoleto aligue f with data photoelastic ;t threedimensional ;"rp";i;; test batatendsto supportwhathai beenthe generally-accepted of 2i= (K.J (CJ. relationship SFl 6. FUTUREADDENDATOBULLENN Code commitleesmay l9dity oI Syl1] the cognizant Obviously, wil nf, proposgd inBef.2 andall Codes oftheievisions rejeasorire mry sugge$ futurestudies at the sametime.Further, b6 uodated In anycase,we opect thal Pertoo' change. {oradditional the rieed thisbulletin. to update h willbe necessary ically, 7. REFERENCES of ASMEGodeR.W.,"The Nonconservatism 1. ' Schneider, outlet Bnnch Connection5i ill;;6iAnalyzing Reduced 1982. 82-PVP-15, ASMEPaPer Fadots I ntensilicatbn racyof Stress h, E'C.,'Accu 2. Rodabaug No.329,1988' Butletin for BranciConnections,"WRC

(KJ(c,J'

Code to various recommendations and specific 'i. General alsoserveto sumthe recommendations committees: (Ref.2). report overall marizethe b: Fittings WeldoleP 34of Sl'1for Insert on page TheSIFequation i= 0.85(Ww (r/R)t'' (vT)lrlrj (D program.The equa' fatigue testing Forge's on Bonney wasbased lionfor C- on Page34,whichis: (t/D (r/rJ (F) Cu=1.7o Fm2E (r/R1ta 2i= (lqb)(C2b)' relalionship onlhe generally-accepted wasbased for C,owas the equation In olherwords, 0.85. 1.70is double e.g., -A-3-

1.2

WELDOLETS
1.0

=
I

ts

o.8

s
>

' E =

0.6

INSEHT WELDOLETS

0.4

o.2

02

0.4

0.6

0.8

1.0

ForWeldolets and lnsertWeldolets r4= 0.85 for in) ForSweepolets in equation r4 = 1.0 (actually lermdoesnotappear

_A4_

BulletinSll(AddendaNo.lytg88

BONNEY FORGE

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