Section modulus

Section modulus
Section modulus is a geometric property for a given cross-section used in the design of beams or flexural members. Other geometric properties used in design include area for tension, radius of gyration for compression, and moment of inertia for stiffness. Any relationship between these properties is highly dependent on the shape in question. Equations for the section moduli of common shapes are given below. There are two types of section moduli, the elastic section modulus (S) and the plastic section modulus (Z).

Notation
North American and British/Australian convention reverse the usage of S & Z. Elastic modulus is S in North America,[1] but Z in Britain/Australia,[2] and vice versa for the plastic modulus. Eurocode 3 (EN 1993 - Steel Design) resolves this by using W for both, but distinguishes between them by the use of subscripts - Wel and Wpl.

Elastic section modulus

For general design, the elastic section modulus is used, applying up to the yield point for most metals and other common materials. The elastic section modulus is defined as S = I / y, where I is the second moment of area (or moment of inertia) and y is the distance from the neutral axis to any given fibre.[3] It is often reported using y = c, where c is the distance from the neutral axis to the most extreme fibre, as seen in the table below. It is also often used to determine the yield moment (My) such that My = S y, where y is the yield strength of the material.[3]

Section modulus equations[4]

Cross-sectional shape Rectangle Figure Equation Comment Solid arrow represents neutral axis

doubly symmetric I-section (strong axis)

NA indicates neutral axis

doubly symmetric I-section (weak axis)

NA indicates neutral axis

Circle

[4]

Solid arrow represents neutral axis

Circular tube

Solid arrow represents neutral axis

Rectangular tube

NA indicates neutral axis

Section modulus

2
NA indicates neutral axis

Diamond

C-channel

NA indicates neutral axis

Plastic section modulus

The Plastic section modulus is used for materials where (irreversible) plastic behaviour is dominant. The majority of designs do not intentionally encounter this behaviour. The plastic section modulus depends on the location of the plastic neutral axis (PNA). The PNA is defined as the axis that splits the cross section such that the compression force from the area in compression equals the tension force from the area in tension. So, for sections with constant yielding stress, the area above and below the PNA will be equal, but for composite sections, this is not necessarily the case. The plastic section modulus is then the sum of the areas of the cross section on each side of the PNA (which may or may not be equal) multiplied by the distance from the local centroids of the two areas to the PNA:

Description Rectangular section

Figure

Equation

Comment

For the two flanges of an I-beam with the web excluded For an I Beam including the web For an I Beam (weak axis) Solid Circle

[5]

where:

=width,

=thickness,

are the distances from the neutral axis to the centroids of the flanges respectively. [6]

Hollow Circle

The plastic section modulus is used to calculate the plastic moment, Mp, or full capacity of a cross-section. The two terms are related by the yield strength of the material in question, Fy, by Mp=Fy*Z. Sometimes Z and S are related by defining a 'k' factor which is something of an indication of capacity beyond first yield. k=Z/S Therefore for a rectangular section, k=1.5

Section modulus

References
[3] Kulak, G.L. and Grondin, G.Y., 2006, Limit States Design in Structural Steel 8th Ed., Canadian Institute of Steel Construction. [4] Gere, J. M. and Timoshenko, S., 1997, Mechanics of Materials 4th Ed., PWS Publishing Co. [5] American Institute of Steel Construction: Load and Resistance Factor Design, 3rd Edition, pp. 17-34.

External links
http://www.engineeringtoolbox.com/american-wide-flange-steel-beams-d_1318.html - List of section moduli for common beam shapes http://www.novanumeric.com/samples.php?CalcName=SectionModulus - Online Calculation for Section Modulus

Article Sources and Contributors

Article Sources and Contributors

Section modulus Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=555141680 Contributors: Bbanerje, Bigmonolith, Carl.bunderson, Chaley67, David Eppstein, Drendy88, Earlyehlinger, Gogo Dodo, HMSSolent, Hess88, J Milburn, Jefflayman, Khakiandmauve, KostisNikolaou, LanaMohinder, Lmi005, Magioladitis, Michael Devore, Michael Hardy, Muchado, Rjwilmsi, Rmendozajr, RonRodex, Roofstrider, Rzarx, Seam.us, Sehlstrom, Sookiasp, Stephenb, Sturm55, Syth, Wizard191, Yeokaiwei, Zojj, 105 anonymous edits

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