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10
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H+ \+&Hq esY ]+~.
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qe+sY ` &d+sY 2012
nsTT nqTeT q|{ bdT s+<+ e+

b<T. nsdT\T, u+&esY dT\T, F\T, dT\T, s
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n& y~ dMT|+H <<| 40 s+& uwyjTT >\qT
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n\ | deyX+ |]dT+<y deTdH n~
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eT]+ $T*f+{> =qk+#* e+~.
qe+sY` &d+sY 2012
11
<X+ |]bsTTq n$ C <VsD

u u>TZ +uD+
>+ 2J dyT +uD+ &u sT
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+~.
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d+d\ u+ #L]qT jT|{+~.
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12
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qe+sY` &d+sY 2012
13
B e\q n n+u d+d 29,033 s u+

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20 d#+< d+d\T H+|* m_wH >+& ysTT
eT+~ |C y$< d<dT (b{ d<dT) sV+#sT.
q>j |t ` 10 d<dT Je y$< |]sD
u>+> +]+> |]X<q\| w<+ $~++~. nsTTH
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eqe\T | u>+. +sT\T <T. d+T\T
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qe+sY` &d+sY 2012
19
$|]De\ eqeC eT\+ #*+#|<T. <X

d]V<T* T&ydT+< #TTq <e|T& u
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nedseTqTq \ |q k<k<\T & (|t`11)
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sbjT\ KsT #dq Cs | eTs={ <T.
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b sV+#sTT. e #jT &+ <s eqe&T | |
ydq eTT< =qk+#&+ , b&&+ eTq+<] d$Tw u< .
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d + < e |T & d w d T q e s { u eC,
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eTTK+> Je y$< deTT\ sD, Je u<
>s+{ @s&TT+~.
deC, | eT< dj<qT k~+#&+ <sH
deTT\H b&>\+. y$< sD sVd+ n+<TH
< e+~. u s < X + <| & b\ e sZ \ T
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D+ bs&*q neds+ e+~.
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+ |+|Tq neTsMsT\ #]\T # ndeT>+> +THsTT. qT MTsT
neTsMsT\ #]\T sd|&T +~ n+X\T <w |T>\sT.
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neTsT\ #] bT b{ (e+f) | #jT+&. b{ yqT |sT sj*.
20
qe+sY ` &d+sY 2012
$|e+ ><T n~ <q+>H, y>+>H

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X \ s + > + ~ > T D e s T . s + > + |
key< >T~|+ e+~. B <s+ #dT=
q ~|+ @<e ||+# eedqT \u{\
nyT] key<+ \\T +Tq~. , 2008
d+es++ y>+> |]q ] d+u nyT]
dV nH jTs|t <X\T >TsjsTT. <e|T&
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esT <T. H{ L& $|eyT ||+#| |<q
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yTT+> #d, edT> (u) |]d $|y

nqT L \+> e+~. B b*q| & T d j
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eTdT <eT |jD+ >T]+ |+> $e]+#>\s?
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<eT+ ]$+ \+> |]d @s&+~.
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|e<yT+~. sE, n+srjT eTdT <eT+
s+&T> N*bsTT+~. $|e|+<, neXy< |+<
eT< #e T \ bs+ k> T +~. $T y <
neXy<+| <&+> bs&T $|es eTdT\T
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me+~? < u$wY | Hb eTdT b
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qq esZ+ d+|T{+ #j*. d++~ (u>keT)
b\T, d+d\T <| eT]+ X< eV+#*. n+eT+>,
qe+sY` &d+sY 2012
21
< u$wY Ce++> |dTq~.

4. y T & # s H ! | & T d < + | s y T q | X \T
n&>\qT+THqT. |dT+ key< d, <
n_e~ >T]+q $XwD| qj e]dT\, sTy
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(eysTTdT) $XwD @$T{?
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#+~q|{, m\ qs wH f\J $d +> n_e~
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key<+ >+ +f $d+> ||+NsD #+~+~.
H \+ L& |T&< yT<e\T, ]$dT
X\T key< m|+ #TsT>Z |#XsT.
key< m|f yT<e\T, X\T sE L&
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ey\T #dq nH $XwD\T H{ |]d d]be
#THù+> MT{+> <s y{ beTTKqT Z+ yd+~.
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<<|> n+<s #THu+> MT{+> eqys><!
sj
MT d.|.mH. (eysTTdT) @ $<+ > dMTd T q ~?
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d++~+q $XwD Vd$T+, sXy<+, *&w+,
CrjT +>TuT $<q+\ |H~| <s|& #dq~.
key< d + +~ + q H $X w D , ey
drsD\ |b<q esyTq~. key<+
>T]+ nTe+{ $XwD ]q s H, ey\T
n_e~ #dq b |+<, mT> & \ T |dT |]d d]be
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qj ]$| |<q \D < |_+yT.
e]C d++~+q $|es ks+X +~ H{
$XwDqT |q Lsu{sT.
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22
n b\T+>sY $d deyX+ uusyT $Xw+#&T.

kw*dT $|e+, qq |Ck$T $|y\ d++~+
H, k*H, ey\T n_e~ #dq b |+<, mT>&,
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jjT qq b |+< nedseT nH&T. B
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H $XwD +f # eTT+<T qT+ eq<. |b<q
key< mT>&\ yTq |*> #&\H
ey $XwDqT <, ePV+> key<
yTq |*> n+^]+#+<T nqTL\yTq~.
$XwD ysT ePV+ mT>&\ n_e~ |sTq, qq
|Ck$T ]|_ k|q qT+ y<=\, +
>D+ (|Ck$T ]|_) d++~+q neXy<
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e+~?
s+&e ||+# jTT<+ s key<+ e\d
|&q kq+ = sb rdT=+~. , ks+X+
~ e\d |&H. Te+{ qq |&H sb qj
e\dy<+ n+TH+. qj e\dy< neT\T #d
eT+ d++~ <X+ eT @C+{ (+T)qT dw+,
+T <s \TueT |uT @ss, |uT+
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ePV |jH\qT HsysT+{sT. |< |
d C _qyTq~. nedsyT ysT <X+ |
d C |j+#&y, eTs= |< *|
e|j+#y #ksT. qj e\dy<+ b e\dy<+
+f eT]+ |e<syTq~.
8. key<, |+ nyT]H key<
es+> |& sC\T bs&+ nk<eT+Tq
uTsyT u{sjYT <<+ | MTs d+~ksT?
|dT+ ||+#+ key<, |& <X\
eT< qTq ysT<yT |<q ysT<+. H{ L& |&
<X\qT |<q+> |&dTq~ nyT]H key<yT.
ydy uTsyT u{sjYT eTsT>T|s, eT{
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<T.
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sTy ]y\T, qj {fT, qj e]dT\T
qe+sY ` &d+sY 2012
key<| ||+NsD s|+ n_e~| eT<q

es Z + $$< | ] X< q \T # X s T . B <s
key< d + +~ + q H $X w D | & T
e|j>+ < sTEe #jT& |jT+#sT. ,
e]dT\T`dT\T |T&< $<q+, key<+\
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e+<?
key< d + +~ + n_ e ~ # + < T T q
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{fT dw+q ueT* =\+#&, b |+<,
m T > & \ qT n_ e ~ # j T & n< j T q | j T
|s>$T+#*q neds+ e+~.
<ojT+
10. {e\ jTT.d.|.mH. (eysTTdT) qT+ $&bsTT
d.|.mH. (eysTTdT) b> @s&+ | ds q eX
n MTs s|+#>\sT?
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e]+` +èysTTC b es Z < s
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>| nqTd]dTq <+y<+ (\>s>+|y<+)
eysTTC, ey #H $<H de+s+>
#|Tq~. qq |Ck$T ]|_ k|q q
sjT |+<, mT>&\ <T\T, es |+<, mT>&,
d + d s D y< ePV +, bs y T +y< # | { s T .
ukeT+, key<+, $dsDy< es+>
bs& X \ d+|T q @s]# <T\T, es X \
d+|Tq @s]# $<H #|{sT. b X$T
esZ n> > $T> *| , es Z X T e s y K ]
rdTe\dq neds+ e+~. , ysT esZ keTsd
$<q+, CrjT +>TuT $<q+ ne\+_+#sT.
neXy<+ ><+|\T #dTe+ | eTs esZ+
<T. qq b @sT |q |d] neds+.
11. d+es+ pH 16`18 B\ MT b sV+q
Crj T d < d T | # + & ` uTsy T > | qT qj
]$dT\T> |{++~. MTsT qj ]$dT\+Tq
ysT, @jT n+X b (d+|<jT), <T ]$dT\
+f _qyTqysT?
+
neqT, 2012 pH 16`18 B\ ]q e b,

Hb eTdT b (eysTTdT) CrjT d<dT
|#+&ùTsyT >|qT qj ]$dT >|>
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ks+X+ ks| eq|{ s|+ & e+~.
e]C d++~+q eT* dq >]
#] uy<+, esZbs+, kjTT< bs+,
X$TesZ jT++ yTT<q y{ k+|<jT
]$+ V s + > + >, V s Z + > e s + ,
s]dT+~. <T ]$+ e]+ eTTdT>T
e]C esdT+~. , qj ]$+ |&y<
(&>{ C ) e s + , e]C d H + >
nqsTT+# |sT e]+ d\qT y~+qT
dH e]+| <& #dT+~.
d+|<jT (b) ]$| $Ty<, eT<y< <sD,
< + y< | # H $< H qj ]$+
d]dT+~. n~ e]+ eTTdT>T +< <T ]$|
|eD\qT L& |jdT+~. +, n~ (|&y<
es+#&+ nH |]) dH nqsTT+| e]|
$w dT>TDeT #T e]C esdT+~.
s\ qj ]$C $Ty< $qy<, esZ keTsd
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ns+ #dTy*. n~ $|es d<+, sj\qT,
d+|T{rsDqT, X$TesZ yK] yTT<q y{ sT>],
s]dT+~. d+|<jT (b), <T eT]jTT n s\
qj ]$C |T & H ns+ #dTy*.
12. 2004 ]q |P] ksTT +<$T{ deyX+ <s
|#+&` uTsyT\T 21e X+ |CkeT|
n_e~ nH |b<qqT eTT+<T #sT. ~ esY,
m+>, H, ey\T #|q X$TesZ |Cke
d++~+q q n_e~s #q n #bsT. MT
b B m rdT+T+~?
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d+ b{|&* n |b<q |s=+~. , X+
|jTqT y~+q s, dV|Ps b\ +f
me> s b\ b{ bs+uyTq|&T, ysT b
(d+|<jT) |T&< |eD\ VQb\ b{
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qe+sY` &d+sY 2012
23
|b<q esZ bs{, X$TesZ jT+

e s y T q ~. $< + > | b< q yd e +
| C ke n_ e ~ # j T & < , s T y
bsyT+T eed <& |H~ jsT #dT=H
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13. d.|.mH. (eysTTdT) sV+q |d< #THu+>
deyX, n~ y~+q b |+<qT MTsT m
#ksT?
2006 d|+sY` nsY +<$T{ sV+q
#THu+> deyX+ y~+q b sjT |+<
|<q+> $Ty< neXy< |+<. $eTT b+\T
k|+#&, |C |uT\ (|C eTq) sD+ y>+>
n_e~ #+~q d, + >D+ (|Ck$T
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d + +~ + j s T # d q | < + yd e +
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14. Hb <X |]dT sTy |Ck$T ]|_ <XqT
<+& qq |Ck$T ]|_ k|q k<+ <
|#+&ùusyT\T nq& MTsT n+^]ks?
sTy |Ck$T ]|_ nH H<+ uke
e s + > ]q b |T & < $| y
d++~+q~. uke es+, |Ck$T
]|_ H<+ sTy |Ck$T $|y |P] #dq
bH ||+#+ eTq= qeTH> dT+~.
||+#+ # e]+~. |T&< $<q+ keCy<
s|+ rdT+~. |T&< esZ+ |s>$T (n_e~s)
\D sTT+~. ||+#+ n+ |s>$T,
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s+&T ||+# jTT<\T ]>sTT. sc X$TesZ
HjT+ kw*dT $|e+ |PssTT, nH <X\T n<
esZ+ |jDdTq #] eTq+~. H|<+ @
nsukeT, nse\d <X+qsTTH sTy |Ck$T
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e+T+~. n~ u ke e s + >H ,
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24
15. {e\ eTTdq CrjT eTVdu MTsT eT*, |<q

ysT<\| ueT\T *+#sH s|D e+~. B|
MTseT+{sT?
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eysTT+ | < e y T | j +#\ y T eTT
ssTT+#+. qj ]$dT >| s+&T |<\qT
e|jdTq~.
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d]> ns+ #dTHe |+> |> sdTHe
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e+~. d+<s+ uTsyT {sjYT sdq H{
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`1, p ` d| + sY 2009) nH yk < w
e+#Ty*. n&T e]+ |q'k|q, |q]s#q+
$w]+#&TT+<? nH&T. ~ e]+| reyTq
|X. |{ y~+q esZbs+, \|j>+,
X$T e s Z j T + + e+{ e]+ d \qT,
ks+X yd+ n&T |> $e]+#&T.
BbT, H{ ||+#+ k*H #|q <+f +
me>, {fT #|qT>H e+<H ydy H&T
||+#+ e]dT\+<s +#* n L&
sX&T. yd+ qj ]$dT >| |H~ qT+&
sd+<H $wj >eT+#*.
s+&e~: key< $XwD deTd. key<
>T|T&< $<qeT H $e]+#>, ey L&
qe+sY ` &d+sY 2012
eT*+> n< $XwDqT |j+#&T. $XwD

| s + ys T X$T e s Z ePV +, m T > & \ qT
sb+~+#sT. H, ey\T sb+~+q key<
$XwD, $<H\T H{ L& dsqe |<q+>
$XwD| <s|& #keTT. , qj ]$dT >|
H , ey\ $X w D \+ # * + < # | ,
key< XXyTq~> +, < es+>
bs&eT n+THsT. Te+{ $XwD #dq s
ysT qq |Ck$T $|e se, $<H ,
+ > D + (| C k$T ]| _ ) $< H
nqsTT+#sT.
eT&e~: eT* seT+ deTd. nse\d, ns
ukeT, qje\d |]dT\T >\ Hb eT*
seT+> qq |Ck$T ]|_ se yTeTT
y~+#+. , qj ]$dT >| qq |Ck$T
$|y <<| eTTdbsTTq seT+> #T,
$T*q $|e sy, << kw*dT $|e ePV+
C&+, kw*dT $|y |P] #j*q bqT jsT
#d+~. y| <+y<+> |Ck$T, kw*dT
$|y\qT $T[+ #d, eTsy| |Ck$T $|e+>
|Ck$T ]|_ k|qqT #|dTHsT. ~ qq
|Ck$T se, $<H s]+#&yTq ns+
#dTy*.
H\T>e~: <X ksueT |]s+#T=H deTd.
yTeTT <X ksueT |]s+#T=H deTd| |+>
+B ] +, u s $d s D y< C e s + >
bs&\ e{&TTH+. , qj ]$dT >|
< X ks u eT d e Td qT >* e~ d , Crj T
keTsdy< s=+| eTTqT>TTHsT.
<e~: |<q ysT< deTd. us $dsDy<+
$TKq CrjT < |T&<, s+X |T&+
y~+q sjT+ qT+ y<=\ nds, ndw, n]w
yKsT\qT eTT+<T dTHsT. e, ysT us
$dsDy< +T de#d $<H #|{sT.
se~: $|es eTdT b deTd. Hb X$T
esZ sjT+> H+ eV+# n>>$T> =
$|es eTdT b @sT #j\ yTeTT seTT.
, qj ]$dT >| B es+, $|es
eTdT b s+>T e], < neXy e]
+
yXsT. key<, ]$C eT< e+& <>Z]

d + +< + > T ]+, key< s d , <
eT<Td ]$+ m<>&+ >T]+ H $e]+#&T.
qj ]$dT >|L ~ e]dT+~. qj ]$dT
>| $|es eTdT b sTy b> e]+~.
n+< T e\ neX y < + y T eTT > < + | \T
#dT=HeTT.
16. MTsT jTT.d.|.mH. (eysTTdT) eq|&T b
| + < | MT y K ] d w + # j T < , d . | . mH .
(eysTTdT)> @s&q s L& MT b |+<
|#+&ùTsyT\ |+< _q+> @MT <H s|D
e+~. B >T]+ MTseT+{sT?
|<q ysT<+| e CrjT eTVdu #dq sjT+
d<++>, edT>+> dsq~. @ nse\d, ns ukeT
<X+HH XT \>+ |+<| \&q|&T,
<X ksueT |]sD, |CkeT k|q d++~+q
s+&T |<q ysT<\T $T[yT |<q ysT<+>
esTT+< yT& ey q ysT<\T |d+
d < + + >, d w + > |s=H& T . | d T H b
d++~+q #sD, ]w edT> |]d n<jTq+
#d $wjT+ |<q ysT<+| yTeTT | X<
eVkeTT. <VsD, Hb |&T qj e\d |]d
, ns e\d` ns ukeT |]d L& e+~. Hb
< |T&< esZ+ usY nqTL\yTq, <
|jH\T Hsys k<q+> \TueT |uT @sT
#d+~. esZ b<+ eV+# sjT X us
$dsDy<+ jT+dTq~. Hb |Ck$T $|y
n&T=H X> us $dsDy<+ eTT+<T=dTq~.
n+<Te\ eT*, |<q ysT<+ >T]+ e <<+
(< D+) d < + + >, # s D + > d s q ~.
XdjTyTq~.
17. jTT.d.|.mH. (eysTTdT) d ~>Cs&+,
s+&T |+<\ bs+ MT >| jTT ndw, sJ
yK] u< e+<H < MTseT+{sT?
neqT, yTeTT = b\T, |\T #X+. =
\Vq\T b&dbsTT. e n~u, dHq #q
(|&+), <sy< \Vq\T, n+X\ >T]+ djT
$eTs #dT=H+. s+&T |+<\ bs eT+ L&
e | >T]+ yTeTT $d]+#eTT. | qT+
>TDbs+ HsTe\dq neds+ e+~.
18. N* s s+&T eysTTdT b\T L& eT
d e TV \ (C T \) eT< T d + b~+# & b{
qe+sY` &d+sY 2012
25
|&TTHsTT. B >eTdTq |\T, qq+> @s&q

eysTTdT b L& eT (CT\) deTd ds q |]cs+
e+ <s, esZbs+ <s Hb |\ deTd\qT
d]> eTT+<T rdT se+ >{ X< |&+ <
n+THsT <!
eT (CT\) deTd\ MT< mTe+{ b{<T. eT
(CT\) deTd Hb\ qq |Ck$T $|y
d++~+q eTTKyTq deTdH. yTeTT esZ deTd|
|<q+> +B]+#eTT. n> eT (CT\) deTdqT
e~XeT <T. eT (CT\) deTd | >T]+|,
beTTK e+~. < |s+ deTd |]cs+
qT>=+{eTT. @yTq|{, eT (CT\) deTd n+eT+>
esZdeTdH.
19. bsd deTd |< deTd> js eT eT
eTT+<T e# neX+ e+~. B MTsT m+ d]jTdt>
#|&sT?
neqT, bsd deTd Hb <X ksueT+
> { d + +< + eqTe+{ ~ . d e Td s +& T
bs\THsTT. y T T< { ~ , eT< X / s sTT b+ +
|<]+ =T$T{&TTq |\ |{ bsd+
dT\u+> \_+#&+ <T. s+&e~, nH eT+~ us
bsT\ dT\u+> bsd+ \_dTq~. |]d yTeTT
d]jTdt> rdT+{eTT.
20. Hb |\T <e, bs{, |CjTT<+
# d q >\ | | \ + \_ + +< MTs T d + |
#+<TTHs?
d+| nH |X <T. jeT Hb $|e+,
eTVAq | C j T T< e T+ | \T >\T,
<skVk\T, dVjT dVs\ ]sT\T H\=sT.
]| _ , y < + \ +H y T eTT | ] $T T \T
$~+#T<T. yTeTT |C jTT<+ bs+_+q|&T e
<X+ ns e\d, ns ukeT d eqf, |{ n<
d e+~. ns e\d, ns ukeT, qj e\d d
qT+ <X $eTT #d, qq |Ck$T $|y
$jTe++ #jT&yT |<q \+.
21. eTTqT|{ d.|.mH. (eysTTdT) dT sD #+
$u~++~. |dT d+<s+ MTsT b HjT
#|{sT. B| MT |D[ @$T{?
neqT, b VsZ+ nsTTq|{ qT+& dsq sD+
(sVD) <T. |]d| yTeTT d]jTdt> eHeTT.
neXy<+ ><+|\T #dT=, qq b> @s&q
#s, qq sV eTD >\ $|es b> jsT
26
e& eTTKyTq |H~ *dT+~. b X$TesZ

n>>$T> jsT #d+<T yTeTT >{> w #keTT.
|dT |]d q |esH jTee[ j sT #j \
ssTT+#eTT. s b k<sD +>dt (eTVdu)
sV+#uTHeTT. $|es b> jsT e&
y| $|es d<+, ePV |+< eTTKyTq
b bwd, eTsy| nedsyTq|&T ~<TuT <eT+
L& sV+#*. n+X\ | L& yTeTT d]jTdt>
eHeTT.
22. deTq sjT, ], k+d deTd\qT
|]w]+#& qq+> @s&q d.|.mH. (eysTTdT)
e< @ $<yTq |D[, se\T eHsTT?
b $<q+ eq sjT, ] deTd\T
<X |CkeT+, T<sTe\ d++~+q |dT
deTd\qT rdT= bs&& d++~+q~. <X
ksueT |]s+#& d++~+q deTd|
bs+ q&|+#&+ >T]+ b d]jTdt> dTq~.
B bT <y\D+ (eds dsT\ <s\ re
|sT>T<\), msTe\T, |{*jT+ T\ <s\ |sT>T<\
yTT<q deTd\| bs+ yTT<\T |{\ ssTT+#+.
n> n$|sT\| #s\T rdT=, y] |\ eTT+<T
\u&+ <s n$ es bs+ #k+.
23. eTTqT|{ b HjT+ $|es eTqqT, $eTT
b+\qT, |C $eTT dH |{ s+ #d+~.
|]d |CjTT< bs+u ~H MTsT #dq y>H
Hsys& MT mTe+{ |D[\T, se\THsTT?
|\ eTT+<T #dq y>H Hsys&+| yTeTT
|{ <&+>H eH+. qq |Ck$T $|y
|]|P] ($jTe++) #jT& d<+, sjT,
sD, bs{\ d++<+ eq dHV sy
#TsT> eTT+<T rdTby\ ssTT+#+.
24. e]>, e]dT Xd+ | |X . esY, m+>,
H\ s n+srjT eTdT <e d++~+
Xd s+>+ #|<q n_e~ @B e <w
s<T. , dH >eT+#<q+>, + me> L&
n_e~ #+~+~. dH qq XK\T e#sTT.
| Xd+, JeXd+,d Xd+, skjTq Xd+
yTT<q$ e]dT |eD\qT, $\Te\qT yq H{q
nH n+X\qT $w]+#jT sTy y\T
n+THsT. |]d e]dT eT+ esZyT<
MTsqT+THsT?
n+srjT eTdT <eT+ Xd s+>+
esY, m+>, H\ s ey nH #sT\T #k&T.
+
qe+sY ` &d+sY 2012
&d+sY 6 N{ |T{ sejT+&T!

eTq <X+ ]q n+ \CsyTq d+|Tq u; eTd<T L*y {. #] | N{ n<jT+>
#T #dTq |Tq ]+~ 1992 &d+sY 6q. s|<X nj< q>s+ 1528`29 #]
& yTT|T ke eek|&T usY {+#&T. nj< q>s+ seTT& q d\eT, u; eTd<T eq
|<X+ seTT& >T& e+&<, < L\>={ u; eTd<TqT ]+#sH $y< 80e <X+ bs+u+
qT+N d+|tT |]ysY eTT+<T +~. seTT& d++~+q #] <s q|&T nj<qT seTT&
qu$T nq&+ nsyT <q $wj |dT+ |q |fdH, seTT& >T& L* eTd<TqT {sq& @
e+ #] <s\T e. #] <s\T n+X |{ |sD\qT <s+ #dT= $y<d<+
#jT&+ yqT, <X+ yTC]{ V+<Te\ eTHuy\qT s#>={ zT u+> eT\#Ty\H sjT
| eTsMT <T. 1984 d+|tT |]ysY $y<d< d\+ seTT& >T& {+#\H &e+& seT qu$T
e<e bs+_++~. 1989 Hdt (>T& & X+k|q) ]+~. 1990 >T& &+ d+
sde\qT nj< sy*+~> |\T|+~. nsY 30 H{ 40 y\ eT+~ sde\T nj<qT
eTT&+#> bdT \T\T ]>sTT. n|{ se ysTT< ydq seT qu$T H\T 1992 eT
yTT<\T|{ &d+sY 6q u; L*yXsT. L*y n<, u <s, eTTs eTHVsY Cw dV
eTs+<s V+< eTH< b\ H\T |+> HjT+ eV+#sT.
$<+k |& n neX\T e+& | bsTTq |.$. qsd+Vse HjT+ H{ +<
dss, DY d+> HjT+ s |<X dss, +>dt b\ L& $<+d+ deq u<
e+~.
d+|Tq| $#sD >qT |uT+ *sH $TwH @sT #d+~. <<| |~V& bT $#sD ]|q
$TwH yC|jYT, n<, eTHVsY Cw, |y< eTVH, u<s, |MDY =>&j, e us, k~
]+s, nX d+|, DY d+> dV 68 eT+~ <w\T> *+~. @ ] \T |&<T d]<,
me] nsdT L& #jT<T.
u; eTd<T d\ $y<+| n\Vu< VsT |<$T~ @+& s 2010 d|+sY 30q nHjTyTq
rsT y\Te]++~. d\+ 2/3 e+T u>+ V+<Te\ #+<TT+< #| rsT V+< eTH<
edT |*+~. nd\T d\+ yTT+ V+<Te\ #+~+< eTTd+\ e<s+> eT&e e+T u$T
u&TTqT> VsT |{++~.
u; eTd<T $<+d+, <| y\Te&q rsT\T, $<+d+ s <w\T n~s+ L& se&+... e
sCq V+< eTH< yK] #{#TTHsTT. <X+ y<T\, |Ck$T y<T\ yK]
es+> <&+> \&, $X\yTq |C e<e ]+#*q neds+ e+~.
ey Xk >TD <X #s&T. eTq+ w
eTsTeL&<T.
neqT, dH d++~+q $$< XK #|<q
n_e~ ]+~. dH qq $wsD e]dT
Xk \+ #*+< sTy yT<e\T n+Tq
$wjT+ ||+#+{ \TdT. d+<s+ yTeTT
s+&T $wj\| +B]keTT. yTT<{~, H{ sTy
Xd+ bdt y&]dT (<Tq+sy<) Xd+.
+
n~ jeT edT> (u) ydy , #]qT, esZ $eTT ,

dHqT esdT+~. e]dT\T ]+> B K+&ksT.
n> K+&dT H sT. s +&e~, dH ]q n_e~, qq
# q \ | H~| > ] #] u y <
d+|<++ #d, n_e~ #j*q neds+ e+~. ,
dH $$< XK ]q |s>, n_e~ |T&<
Xk sd]d, e]dT Xk dw+>
|]sdTq< yTeTT u$keTT.
qe+sY` &d+sY 2012
27
u*$ b #] qT+&...
k|H n_e~ s< \+

u*$\T d+ e]dT
3
k|H n_e~ s< (]jH) ~H
u*$\T, yT$\T, {$dt\q, *&sq
u*$\ bs+.
$|y_e~ \+ +f, n_e~ s< \+
b d+d\ | me wsyTq~. b du+ u>
|&bsTT+~. b { |jDq eT< s>
#eT+~, eTTK+> yT<e\T, CsT |uT s+<
ujT|& b $&|{bjsT.
+{ deTj $|e b\T eT $CH |]|Ps+
CdTy\ H |s=H&T. $|e+ eTT+<T y \+
$|e b\T m eTT+<T y HsTHsTT. n_e~
s< \+ n$ m >T yqT~]by m
sVd J$+ bs+_+# (n+&sY >+& y)
sVd b \|s b&Ty HsTy*. |C
uVQ+ eT d++<\qT jT+ #dTH+<T
>qT, Vs+>+> eq d+d\qT, eTTK+> |C d+d\qT,
Vs+> neX\qT m e|j+#Ty n$
HsTy*.
yT$\T $|e s+>+ eTs=k] #T k<eTH
$wj qeT<T. n+<T# ysT >us s>$T+#sT.
b $|e H<\qT, $|e seT s\qT d>TZ+&
|]+#sT. X$T esZ $|e sVd b s<T#d,
dd (*&{) #|<\#sT. n+<TH s| yT$\
*&s |sT e+~.
yT$\ e> =~ d+esH $|e y\Te
edT+<H $Xd+ u*$\ <&+> e+~. $|e
s+> |C keH jsT #jTT b $~jT
u*$ \T u $+#s T . $| e | < q d e Td \T
|]w]+|&<T. sT\ ukeTT\ u$T \_+#<T.
]\ ~H 8 >+\ | nqT wsT \_+#<T.
28
|\# ndV+#T&q CsT s+X |uT+ +

L\<jT&<T. 1905 CsT |uT+ qT+& |\T
q d\ sjT V\qT d+ |uT+ eTs
y d + ~. $< + > 1905 $| e + \ j T &
eT\yTq sD\ n> *bjsTT. n+<T#H
u*$\T $|y<eT+ ] \jTTT+< >{>
$Xd+#sT. n+<Td+ ] esZ X\qT deTL]
dHV\T #XsT.
1905 $|e+, |C $|e bs+ <s q V\
bs&\ *jTCd+~. B{ L& $|e s+>+
eTs= k ] | \ j T rs T T +< u*$ \T
ssTT+#sT. |T&<sT\T <& k+q n_e~ s<
\+ ] \T 1905 H{ > T D bs \qT
eTsbbjsT. b jTeqT\T eT eTqT m
|&+ needTHs *jTCd ]\T H
es\T sXsT.
n+<T >+& eTs= 1905 edT+~ n nq
y\qT H <V]+#&T.
CsT |uT L\<jTT{, sTy |C+
$|y |P] >$+#T{, kw*dt $|y eTT+<T >T{
`M 1905 u*$\ |<q sjT Xj\T. $
sTT+ > e+&bjsTT. D+ L& u*$\T
Xj eTsb<T. |C+ ]|_ ukeTT\T
mdqT eX|s#T=qT, ~H 8 >+\ | yTT<\>T
|<q $|e H<\qT |Ckeq+ m<T u*$\T
|&TH e#sT.
, 1905 $|e s+> <| sE\ b
m T > & H& T L & e+& C \e. <V s D
$|y<eT+ D <X eq|&T, ] esZ+ |P]>
n\dbsTT eq|&T, n_e~ s< esZ\ |]d
q+> \|& eq|&T, yqTy+H dsy|
sjT dyT kjTT< sT>TuT |C keH
<+#&+ |eT+~. b qq |]d nqT>TD+>
qe+sY ` &d+sY 2012
yT$\T ` u*$\T
b> js>T ` 2
n+#H ydTy*. <& #d (n|y) mT>&\T e,
d+s+#TH (&|y) mT>&\ |PqTy*.
mT> & e T+f ds X \ qT deTLsTqT, b nqT#sT \
( & s Y ) qT s V d J$ (n+& s Y >+& )
s>$T+|CjTT, sVd J$+ qT+& b sVd
sb\qT =qk+#T, Vs+>+> eq ]esZ
d+d\ sb\, sVd sb\qT yT$+#T.
B eTT Hsys>\eT u*$\T s|+#sT.
H nH&T: $|e |Ps Bs\+ m
|#j eTq \TdT. eTq+ |s+ e <&+>
e+{eT ysT (XTe\T) eP] #|&+ <T. kw
&yT X$TesZ b> @s&sT. yTT<{ kjTT<
bs+ z&bsTTq+ eH b >T+& C]b<T.
Ts #&b<T. y] kVd \# =Tb<T
(H`d& esY`+^wt m&wHèk`1947`1e
y\yT 467e |)
u*$ \T s V d b d + d q T \| s # & ,
u < | s # & w # X s T . n< d e Tj T + | C
keq+{ d++<\qT =qk+#&, b&&
>qT, | Vs+> neX @ e+ d+<T eH
e| j +# T =qT, $< + > b \| s # T
nedseT u*$\T u$+#sT.
CsT |uT es+> Vs+> $|e bs{
< T \T eTq b &=+ s T > T & T bs | < T \qT
ne\+_+q deTjTeTsTT+~. deTjT |
Vs+> neX e|j+#T+~. |sds dVjT
d + | \T y T T< \ T= & e y ~ d + b
e|j+#T+~. 1905 $|e+ z&+|&q s
eTq+ s>$TdTq \$T~. eTq X\qT deTLsT
CsT |uT es+> Vs+> $|e bs+ ]
k+#+<T >qT = bs |<T\qT HsTH u<
esT eTq| yd+~
+
(1908`12)
(k*H 15e b +>dt ysyT ]bsT`swH

m&wH`366`367 |J\T`1935)
+ $T* eq Vs+> (>) d+d\T, b sVd
d+d\ (n+&sY >+& sZHCwH) s> e|j>|&sTT.
| \ d + +< =qk+# k< H \T>
e|j>|&sTT. |C keq+ eT d++<\qT
b&TH+<T >qT u*$\T ] d+|\qT, s
Vs+> bs d+d\qT, s>>dT\ dVjT+ #d d+|\T
(d u|{ kd{dt), ] dVs d+|\T yTT<q
y{ e|j+#THsT. CsT |uT $<H
jT\T #jT&, Xdq< |C+y<T\qT
jT\T #jT&, X$TesZ sT\ n+&qT
d+b~+#&, |uT &e y~qT u*$\T
e|j+#THsT. sVd b d+dqT u<|s#T=qT,
B <s s sjT ssb\+{ q&T|, b
dsq b&qT ne\+_+#T #d+~. $|e y\Te
sujT qq eC q dHV+ #jT b X\qT
b>T#jTTqT #d+~.
u*$\T s+&T s+> bs&T, eT $|esyTq
b&qT =qk+#sT. b |\H eq s+&T s\
neXy< <sDT\ MT< bs+ k+#sT. {, b
Vs+> XTeq *&s|q s+&e~ eTsT>Tq |&eq
b XTe\>T {$dT\T nq& y] MT<.
H, u*$\T neXy< <sD nsTTq *&w+
|{q H{ qT+&, sD+> < bs+ k+#sT.
*&sT bH e+& *s sTy @C+T>
|#dTHs H |s=H&T.
1908 &d+sY b]dt swH kw &y{
sY b (jeY sc) 5e eTVdu ]+~. H
rsH nqTd ] + eTV d u * & w +qT
K+&++~. b yT<e u>+ (yT$\T) |dT +
eq swH kw &y{ sY b d+dqT s<T
#j\ (*&{) |jTdTHsT. < kH b
qe+sY` &d+sY 2012
29
d+|<j\qT mT>&\qT se eT&>

|]+#H ds, m+ wyTH ds Vs+>+> q&#
d+|TH sVyTq d+dqT H\=\ |jTdTHsT.
< *&w+ (k$jT{ jTjTH eTdt u*$
b rsH\T, swH m&wH`1e u>+ 128e |J).
*&s |jT\ es+> bs{
k+#*q~> b d+d\qT n+{ eTVdu
<++~.
, yT$\T eTVdu sj\ <T
e+&<T. eT]+> *&w+ nH }_ ~bjsT.
$|y <V+ #XsT. Xdq< |C+y<T\
#T\T *bsT. |C+ ]|_, ~H 8 >+\ |,
md u$T |X|s#T=qT yTT<\>T s\qT, X$TesZ
b $|e se, yT$\T sqTsqT eT]+
Vs+>+> |]+#&+ yTT<{sT. b se,
mT>&\qT |]+#T <s HeTe| Vs+>
# < ] b e Cs T | u T d e T
b+< e # T q ys T +#s T . k | H | u T +
sJ|&& < nqT>TD+> |e]+#& MsT
jsjsT. n+<TH *&sqT k|H sY
b n L& |*#ysT.
&H, s&, bfHH yTT<\>T y] HjTq
q{, esy, {{ + ~s yT$\ dVjT+
*q{ *&s` b Vs+> XTe\ `bs&&yT
< q *&s| L& u*$\T sjyTq
bs{ =qk+#sT. MsT {$dt\T. ny<
| < C \+ e T neX y < | | # T H y s T .
Vs+>+> eq d+|\ | |P]> {|{\,
|uT &e qT+& ] |<T\qT |*|+ yj\
=+<sT eJ u*$\T ssT. swH uw {y
nq> |*|+ yjTT. n+<T# M] {$dT\ |sT
e+~.
1905 =+<sT u*$\T |uT &e qT+&
kw &yTT{ |<T\qT |*|+yj\ ssT.
{$dT\T eT d+ eTTsqT @ss#THsT. (u>Hy
\H u, m>, b $d, uuy yTT<\>T ysT)
H, H b& es+> MsT bs+ k+#sT.
{$dT\T ] d+|\q, + Vs+>+> eq
s d+|\q |#jT& yTT+&> sd]+#sT.
n #jT T <s ] Xj ysT # V #XsT.
{$dT\T, b ] esZ eT< n|
*dTHsT. b #+< |C keq+ b
30
d++<\T +& #j\ |jTdTHsT. eTT sVd

d + d (n+& s Y >+& s Z H C w q ) > & T T
Lsy\qTHsT. #<yTq eTTdT>T (>
esY)qT e|j+#TH neX s]+, ysT,
sVd d+d\ d+ bjT+ |{sT. |uT
&e e+&, &e <sH u*$\T s+>
eT |\T& e#Tq {$dT\T >V+#<T.
s+> yd+ #d y] n+&qT d+b~+| |jTdTq
Xdq< |C+y<T\ b\d, CsT |uT &e
<sH jT\T #jTe#Tq L& MsT >V+#<T.
$|e+ eTs n&T>T eTT+<T yjT& y*q X\qT
deTLs& {$dT\T +|s#sT. n+<T#
{$dT\T d+|Ps+> *&s. MsT Vs+>+> e+&
d+d\qT e|j+#T=H neX HXq+ #jT&
| j T +#s T . b d u T \T | C uV Q
X$TesZ+ HjT+ eV+#\qTqT MsT |]+#sT.
ydy $|e sb\H MsT |]+#sT.
1909 {$dT\ |esqqT #]+#& u*$
ys | b* $d d+b< esZ deyX+
]+~. deyX+ {$dT\qT K+&++~. u*$\T
{$dT\ eT{ d++<+ < |{+ u*$
d+d\ qT+& y] y>={sT.
*&sT, {$dT\T, X$T esZ+ jTT, X$T
esZ b jTT |{ sTy { |jD\T | eTsMT
<T. X$T esZ w ~H\T d+b|+ q|&T *&sT,
{$dT\ due+ |yTq $dw jT|&+~.
4
{{C es+> u*$\ bs+`b
es >dT L$T
*&s, {$dT\ es+> s+&T s+>
sDyTq bs{ u*$\T kdTq deTjT+,
X$T esZ b jTT KyTq b&qT u*$\T
deT]dTq deTjT+, yT$ *&sqT {{
deT]+#&T. sEH {{ H p&dt {{
(dT <V+ #dq w |sT p&dt. qeT<V n
ns+`nqTy<&T) n |sT |{&T. {{ $jTH
(dj) =+<sT s#sTT\ eTTsqT @ss#&T. @
N*L #+< | n #|+ ydy yT$
ys |qT < |{+#k>&T. {{ T#yTq
|<M yyV|sT&T, eTTsy~ (bq*dt), b
qe+sY ` &d+sY 2012
HeTe kqTu nqT |{k&T >, @ s eTTs

y~ +f L& #+> |e]k&T n \+
H sX&T.
1912 {{ >dT L$T d+|T{|s#&T.
H, u*$ b esyTq n u*$ es
eTTs\T, <sDT\T >dT L$T eHsTT.
u*$ è s L $T * & s T , { $ d T \ T
eTjsT. $<+> eT +<T #TTHsT.
n |<q $wj\q {{, {{ nqT#sT\T,
*&wdT\ yK] ne\+_+#sT. {{ q
*&wyT d+{yT nH eTTdT>T yX&T. B ns+
d e < q $< qeTqe. qT u*$ \ >,
y T $ \ > # + < q , y]< ] d e < q| s #
|jTdTHq #b&T. < d+{+. d+<s+
H nH&T. {{ Vs+> *&s +f
T#yTqy&T. |e<], m+<Te\q+f qT @ |
#+< y&q n&T ]\qT yd+# |jT dTH &T.
yd e + y T $ * & s q T n & T | P ] >
\|sTdTH&T. d+{yTqT bw+q |<q eTTs
{{sTTdT
yT& k*H sX&T:
d+{+ sjT n_bjT+. n+<] eeT&jT q
b, |{sTy |jH\ X$TesZ |jH\qT
e#d d]|T= bjT d<+yT n~. d<++
C $eTTKyTq~. >]+|<q~. (k*H`byT
|t + 9 swH m&wH, 379e |J)
\+ yTy, Hy, sH\T {{ C
sVd @+T. H es+> ysT s# {{
dVjT|&sT. Hy, yTy, sy, + {{ jTT
s sVd dV#sT\ H s\ es+> 1910
qe] d+ $T{ |qyT ($d) deyX|s#&+~.
deyX+ nH eT+~ u*$\T nsdT e&+ e\
d+ $T{ n+> sD+ esT e+~. }d&
e\T dT es sj\qT #sTT+#>*>sT.
|q+ u*$ ys | b* eTdyjT&
XsTT+#sT. $jTH |#T]+|&TTq {{ |
by ] dVjT+ #j\ ssTT+#&+~. {{
ys| d+b< esZ+ yTy #s&T. HMy
*d n&T < d+ $T{ |> #jT& w
#X&T.
d+ $ T{ qe] | q + H & e\
*&wyTqT,{$yTqT K+&d rsH #d+~.
+
& L& *&sqT |sTq |\es< {{

#dq rsH HMy, yTy\T \|s#sT.
H eTT+<T> >V+ V#] #dqT>H n
]>sTT. d+ $T{ |q+ rsH u*$\T e+
neT\T|s#sT. eT | b* eTdyXsT.
yT$\T, N*\T *+# (bq*dT) eT *&wdT
ys| >dt kw`&e{qT (ysTTdt |t kw
&yTT{ ` kw &yTT{ yD) |#T]dH e#sT.
kw &yTT{ 11e d+ yT& k*H
| yk |{+#&T. n+<T H y< |P]>
deT]+#&T. n+<T {{+ jTT &T<=+>\
|esqqT K+&+#&T. yTy, HMy, sH\ <V
|esq |*+> u*$ >| @s&q nk<sD
|]d T<eTT{+#e\dq eXqT >T]+ yT&
k*H sX&T. D sy\qT >T]+ L& yd+
* j T C d + ~. s s y \qT b> b d u
(qsqT) #sD |{+~. n$ @eTq>: b dsdu
deyX+ sT|, b ys|qT Vs+>+>
|{+#T, sc sVd <q+~q s#sDqT q&|
b +< @ssT#T. yT& k*H yd+ uL $T{
rsH\qT <s+ #dT= sjT&+~. uL $T{
HqT |P]> deT]++~.
{{ jTT b es >dT L$T b es
e | P ] > eHs T . * & s T y T T< \ T=,
{{sTTdT\T, {$dT\T, u>es\ es eHsT.
L $T | | T { + # T >qT b L $T
@s&+~. sVd X$TesZ b b& \|s#\HysT
+< T eHs T . L $T H Hj T q
u*$\, |K Hy HjTq b nqTL\ yT$\T
=~eT+~ eHsT. |KHy, n eTTs nsTTq b
nqTL\ yT$\ nH deTd\| yT$ y<qH
k+#ysT. >dT L$TqT, *&sqT |P]>
d + +< + + # T =, u*$ \ & + &
#sTTCbsT. H |KHy d#qqT n+^]+, b
es e\ |L\+>, *yTq L$T
@s s # & n+^ ] +#& T . L $T b
us+>qT, *&s $HXs+>qT e+T+<, H
| d#q n+^]+#&T.
yT& k*H L$T |P]> deT]+#&T.
deTjT+ k*H |yd+ e+&, n& qT+ H
es+ sX&T. n+<T yT& k*H nH&T.
H n_bjT+ (H, |KHy\) L$T jTT
qe+sY` &d+sY 2012
31
b& f d]jTq~: 1. b&jT, <=f sc

yTq s |jH\ nqT>TD+> e+T+~. yTq
b e\+<s yT L$T #T #s\
b& sTT+~. 2. *&s yT (yT$) ess
eT< n| $ , * & s q T # < s > ={
e~*+#T=+T+~. <s *&s |q + qT+& Vs+>
d+d\qT $eTT #d esZ b&jT ` b&jT
f, dTs+ #dT+~. (H`k*H`swH m&wH`1e
y\yT, 529`30 |J\T)
s|+ sb ## +>, \T|&+ <s
u*$\T Vs+> ] d+d\ \yTqX
> * >s T . \+ ]q H\T> T V s + >
+>dT\`|C jTe]{\ +>dt, eTV +>dt,
b y<T\ +>dt, eT<bq w< +>dt\
(f+|sH) ` u*$\ ] >|\|>\ |\T&
j<+> jT|&+~. +>dt\ (eTVdu\)
u*$\ e|Hk\T sjT+> # $\Tyq$.
<XeT+ $ #H s+#sTT. <VsD |C
jTe]{\ +>dt d+dr sb\qT n+{
>=+T |dydTq CsT |uT yK] u*$ ]
|<T\T jT\T #XsT. CsT |uT s<T#d
es yTq k+d n_e~ \T>< y~+#sT.
m+{ nHs> |]dT\ J$+#e\d e+Tq<, |
#j* e+Tq<, b y<T\ +>dt ]
|<T\T *jTCXsT. CsT |uT L\<d+
es b | y d s q s> + d e T L s <
*#bsT.
+ >> eq $$< d+|\ qT+& *&sqT
u*$\T HeT~> T&|{sT. b nqTL\Tsq
|KHy >| @ss#Tq $\DyTq d+jTT d+|Tq
m T > & \ T, nH yT$ ] d+d\qT (y u sY Z ,
mHy yTT<>T \) u*$\T eT y|
|=HT #XsTT.
w deTjT+ Vs+> s|+ sVd
s|+ m u*$\T <VsD dV
sTEe #XsT. yT$\ >+|\T #dTq s,
n{H eTTK+> = b, = s| b, |eT
<X\ k<sD+> eq kw &yTT{ b\ +f
$_qyTq b, neXy< e\T qTe+{ b,
n~s eX+ ]> bs+ X$T esZ q&T|
X>\ b @ss#*.
u*$\ bs&T n s\ yT$\`
32
s&, e]Hy yTT<\T= esZy, {{\ es |eT

j T s| j T H kw & y T T j T T< >s + qT+&
n| # T q j T T< \qT T .# . | +&
e|j+#sT. (n+f |eT jTs|jTH kw*dT\
|&T d<+\qT e*+#sT`nqTy<&T) sH
|+ kw &yTT{ b e+{ b sc L&
e+&\ ysT ssT. @< =~, @< nk<sDyTq~,
| eT kw & y T T{ $_ q y T q Te+{ ~ @<
u*$ \ eq< ys T | d { s T . n+< T # H
u*$\ ysT bs&sT. sE\ |eTkw
& y T T{ b \ T me] b< + eV +# $ ?
e]dT\, neXy< e\T *dq ` $|e$TT\
XTe\ *dq ` b d<+\qT deT]+qys,
|L*+qys *dq \>s >+| b\T. b
d<+\qT deT]+qysT, d<+\qT m~]+q
y] d<+ eTeT+> de<q|&, es
y] | P ] > +bj s T . u*$ \T, | eT
jTs|jTH kw &yTTqT neXy<T\q, $|e
<VQ\q de<q esZ+ <? n |+#sT.
B y] y_#sT. b X+ d+
d + . me]? neX y < T \H? WqT!
neXy<T\H, n ysT yT #sT. +{ b\T
$|e b\T C\e $dwyT.
@+> eTsDq+s+, |eT jTs|jTH kw
&yTT{ b\T, ke $|eb ksTT qT+& d+|T
d+dsD\ b\T> |qyTT+<k>sTT. b\
sD, Hj T + eV +# | ] d qT+& e T
bsyT+T eTTs > jsjT d essTT.
$wj >V+#+& u*$\T qTeTdTsT.
n+{ b X$TesZ m+{ eT+ |<,
X$TesZ $|y q&|+#>\ keTs+ * e+&<,
u*$ \T > V +# +& e+& s T . X$T e sZ
e\d+~ n+{ b <T. eTs s| b. n~ yTq
e]dT b. =b. neXy<T\| sJ B,
sTy\ | $|es+>qT e+&*. _>Tyq n* >*,
@K+&++{ <&yTq b> e+T+~. n~ ke
$|eb. X$TesZ jT+ b. +{ bjT
X$T e sZ ned s e TH $w j u*$ \T
>V+#+& e+&bjsT.
u*$\T ]+~ +{ =s| bH, +{
b ]+#& u*$\T w#XsT L&.
qe+sY ` &d+sY 2012
5
1912 b> b +>dt ` u*$\ d+
e]dT b> @s&T.
*&sqT, {$dT\qT, {{y<T\qT
k+# bs+, u*$\q+<] |s d+
u*$ b @ss# neds se+ y] m<Ts=+~.
]esZ N\TTq b neXy< <sDT\qT
T<eTT{+#& ~ neds+. +>, ]esZ
X\qT deTLsT |P]#d, ] X qq
$|yC dq<|s#+<T L& ~ # neds+.
sy Hsys\+f eTT+<T neXy<T\qT,
yT$\qT b e~*+#Ty*.
yT$\ *d u*$\T b e+&&
> T ]+ +# e \d q | H < T . $w j T + @
u*$, m{ d+<VeT <T. k|H n_e~ s<
\+ yT$\ <V |esq , X$TesZ b s<T | s
= d+dsDy< (]b]dT) b @ss#{ y]
|jT\T, y] >+|\T #dT=qTqT |d]
#XsTT. yT$\ \d u*$\T b e+&&+
e\ yT$\ |esq H u<qT, @< $<+>
u*$\T n+^]+qf nsTT+~. yT$\
V s + > <V u*$ \T H u< q T
n+^]+#+ }V+#s~. b, ] esZ yT
<VQ\T <* | n+{ H u<qT eTT
n+^]+#sT. b yT$\ *d e+&&eT+f
]esZ, b <V+ #d duy dV+#Tf.
n+< T # y T $ \ yd e +> > + | \T | P ]
#j\+f sD >+|\T #dTy*. b qT+&
yT$\qT y>={*.
esZ+ <sH seTeT, mT>&\ *Zq
es Z d + d > X$T e s Z $| e b | qs T < ] +# T
k<eTeT+~.
yT$\T HXq+ >$+q b qT yde+>
(HeT' <T) |qsT<]+#\+f esZ+ <sH
k<+ neT+~. sy b se eTVdu |P]
#jTe\de+~. eTVdu u*$\T dHV\T
>$dTHsT.
s e s V D ~ u > + e y T .
yT$\ yde +> $&be{, u*$\T | b
k|+#T # eTTKyTq sjT se+. yTq $|e
e]dT b sys+<] qeTH> |e#
+
=s| u*$ b u*$\T ]+#<\#sT. b

k \+ qT+& n+{ b ]+#& u*$\T
|#dH eHsT. m n&+\T eH s+s+
<d+ |T<\ |#dH e#sT. @$T#j*? `
s+&T mT>&\T nq H >+<\T s|+
|<q bqT eV+#sTT. n+{ d<+ dHV
(&j ||swH) @$T #j* nH >+<+ #d+~.
n+{ b sD dHV (sZHCwq ||swH)
n&T>T eTT+<T s+&&T>T\T yq nH H >+<+
#d+~. n+{ b sjT dHV (b*{
| | s w H ) | C + $| e + kw & e d
ne\+_+#e\dq s+&T mT>&\T nH H >+<+
#d+~. n+{ b dHV (B]{ ||swH)
uy<eTT, nqTuey< ` $eTs nH H >+<+
#d+~.
#] ~esq& @ sjT >| L& H=
b> @s&T, u*$ >|> n+ k\+>
dHVyTq >| @B < d+<V+> #|e#T.
n+< T # u*$ \T y T T b > T u T
#dTe& |]dT\T |P]> |]|yT d<+> eHsTT.
yT$\qT y>={ =<q u*$ b yde+>
@ssT#T<s | |P]#jTe\dq se+ b se
qsH| &+~.
n\ sw H sedu (qs qT) 1912 qe] b>
(Ckyj) ]+~. 20 b d+d\ (sZHCwH)
|> |<T\qT |+bsTT. n+<T# du deTyTq
b eTVdu (+>dt) eq beTTK e+~.
du (qsqT) |{++~: TTjTq
b +< jT++ |qsT<]+#&+~. +< $T{ ]
H\=\&+~. swH kw &yTT{ b
sD s|+ b+~q s, < nqTue+ n_e~
s< \yT < # >&T\eT *jTCjT&+~.
b|q m+ s+< $<q+ =qk+H, m >{
<\T ={H, b |* neXy<T\T m+ <V+
#dH, m+ }d&H, X$TesZ b sD
(sZHCwH), q |qT jT<<+> b&T>*+~.
du (qsqT) |q e+~: swH kw
& y { b | e T, s e TeT, $| e
k+|<j\T eyT >, < sD+ (sZHCwH)
L& \Te>ZsTT. sD s+< $<q+ +T|s
\V q| s j T T+& e # T . | P ] > HX q +
#jTbsTT+~.
qe+sY` &d+sY 2012
33
du eTq b #] n+ beTTKyTq~.
sc ]esZ $jT+ qq y\Te |<eT
V\qT du >eT++~. b | |qsT<sDqT m+<Te\q+f u*$\ yT$\ eT< n~
>eT+ k d+d\T q ]bsT\ MT< rsq+ #d, dwyTq ^ ^+~. <XeT+{ eq u*$ d+d\qT
du nq~. k sVd kw &yTT{ d+d\q, (sZHCwH) u*$ b> d+jTT|s+~.
>|\qT \|s# e<X+ kw &yTT{ ess (k.jT. .(u) b jTT 15e +>dt ys{yT ]bsT
qT+&`swH m&wH`361`62 |J\T)
|#{ Xe+yTq w sT>T+~.
yT$\qT y>={, u*$\T d+ b
s>eTq \ u*$ mT>&\ n+
|<qyTq jTe ` nq> Vs+>+> eq ] @ssq s, u*$ b eT]+ >{|& \|&+~.
d+|\qT, kd{\qT Vs+> s|+ sVd s+&e +swq jTT kw &yTT{ b\ |P]>
s b y T $ +| C j T T ` n d q $_qyTq =s| b u*$ b. neXy< e\qT
eT qT+& sTeTTe\H (|sT #jTTe\H) b
neT\T|s#&TT+< du >T]++~.
b> eTVdu u*$ d+ $T{ mqT=+~. \|&TT+~ ` nq~ u*$ b d\ {.
n+<T H, k*H, s{, dsy, k+&]jH s+&e +swq #+~q b\T, eTT e]dT
yTT<\>T ysTHsT. yT& k*H, dsy, \+ bq |\T#Tq|{, yde + n$ y{ nqT#sT \
|yd+ e+&&+e\ ysT du VsT <T. nsTTH eq Vs+> neXy<T\qT e]C XTe\qT
y] d+ $T{ mqT=HsT. d+ $T{ d V +#sTT. $< + > s +& e + s w q q T ys T
|ejT duT\ (\s{y duT\) yT& *H \ w y T Tq], HX q + # j T & neX $ T#sTT.
u*$\T < $sT<+> neXy<T\ $seT+
&T.
sc $|e sb\qT q&T| #sD q&| +& bs{ k+#sT. X$TesZ b qT+&
+< (b d+sY ` swH d+ $T{ s) neXy<eTH #q T T&yXsT. =s | b, dT
H\=sT. < yT& k*H n<&T. yT& y. b , s X$T e s Z b nqTj j T T\
dsy, mdt. k+&]jH, mdt. s{, m+. *H neXy<T\T $T*e+f u*$ b q&M~ e,
X$TesZ q&|>* e+&~ <T. n~s eX+
yTT<\>TysT s duT\T.
# d T =, X$T e s Z j T + H \ =\> *
neX y < + u*$ \T ~es k+q e+&~<T. n+sT<+ qT+& $jTe++> jT|&,
bs{ b> du d+Veq+ #d, b qT+& kw*C ]+#>* e+&~ <T.
yT$\qT y>=& XsTT++~.
d seT+ <V]+q +~ s\qT
b qT+& yT$\qT y>=T <s b> du | C + ]| _ , ~H 8 > + \ | , md T
u*$ b d+ e yde+> bs+_++~. ueTT\{ eX|sT=qT nH s\qT`b D eTTK
yT$\qT d<+, sD z&+q |<|, b sjT H<\T> |{+#T b>du ssTT++~.
qT+ y] y>={q |<|, swH kw &yTT{ sY
$|e H<\, |uT H\Ze &e m\
b |Ps |wqT u*$\T b&sT. n+<T#H 1918
es u*$ b, swH kw &yTT{ sY b d+<s+ u*$\T eT |#s =qk+#sT.
1912`14 d + e s\ ] es Z qkeq
n u u*$ nH |< #] |\Te&~.
$| y < eT+ q q e C H<
1912 b> du |*\qT >T]+ >] CT yd, <V<$T#sTT.
H nH&T:
| ks+X+
*&s eTT] e~*+#T b, b d+
1908`12 eT< \+ $|e sb #
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(H: & esY ` swH m&wH`y\yT 29`19e D < X eq| & T , | \T n\d b sTT eq| & T
u*$\T eT mT>&\qT essT. CsT |uT+
|)
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b> du beTTKqT >T]+ e{&T , yT& k*H
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+
qe+sY ` &d+sY 2012
34
w|]dT\ u*$\T @ e| Vs+> neX+

<=]H, < |C keq+ eT d++<\qT
=qk+#+<T e|j+#THsT. (y< dVjT
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e| j +# T Hs T . $| y < eT+ ] &
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+& |#XsT.)
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*+~. b e~* |{q yT<e\T (u>Hy, usy
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] | j T +#s T . | ] d T \ b | q T
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>| f (H uy<+ ` nqTuey< $eTs
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H #T dMT]+#&q u*$\ eTTK HjT
d V j T | & q ~ @$T{ ? eTTK e]d T ` d T
d<++ \Tr]q $|e u$y\qT >V+#>*>sT.
d+<s+H H u*$\qT >T]+ #T, eTq+
|s+> <&+> eHeT ysT eP] #|<T n
nH&T.
\+ $|yqT+& yT$\T n++L
<syTbTHsT. sVd X$TesZ $|e b s<T#d,
< dd #b\ MsHsT. n+<T# M] *&s
|s T e+~. Ms T n+ + L V s + > + > b
s e , $| e < j \q, b H<\q
|]+#sT. eTT k++> d+dsDy T >
e|j+#T {{, *&sqT dbsT #X&T.
yde+ b n+f n e<X+ *&s
nH.
eTs= | CsT |uT+| bs+ = |<T\qT,
&=+ sT>T&T |<T\qT ne\+_+#e\dq eXqT
ns+ #dT =+<sT u*$\T Vs+> neX\qT
e|j+#Ts< nHsT. |uT &e ]
|<T\qT |uT &e qT+& |*|+ yj\
ssT. {$dT\T |C keq+ >+|\T
#dTe& b eTT+<T H&TTHsT. $|e+ ]
+
\ j T & d s X \ qT d M T ] +# &
+T|sTdTHsT. *&sT>H {$dT\T L&
ny< | < C e| j d , # s D $| e
bs{ |]dTHsT.
*&sT, {$dT\T H es+> >dT u
nH |s T eTTs @s s # s T . B {{
d+|T{|s#&T. *&s, {$dT\ k+q
bs+ u*$\< |#sTT nsTT+~. ysT X$TesZ
sVd b s+#T jT+ b+<sT.
\+ ]q |eTTKyTq |Tq @eT+f, swH
kw &yTT{ sY b b>du (qsH 1912,
qe]). du b qT+& yT$\T y>=&sT.
b yT$\ u*$\q HeTe|
XX+> n+eTsTT+~.
sjT >|> e+Tq u*$\T yTT
d + b > s w H kw & y T T{ s T b
(u*$)> yde+> @s&sT. b>du =s|
b, dT b, u*$ b bs+_++~.
b> d u X$T e s Z b nqTj j T T\ qT+&
neXy<T\qT, yT$\qT =\+#T (|sY#jT),
s b n_e~|q, $|y_e~|q eTTKyTq,
yT q |u y *++~. ] Xj <VQq
y] yT$ sJ us>+&qT b qT+& u*$\T
y>={ e+&bsTTqsTT, X$TesZ b 1917
X$TesZ jT+ ]> bs{ |CkeH
e|s#>* e+&~<T.
n+# H | s + | d T +
usY <<| 3 eT+~ eTV\T,
u*\T yXe eT>TZTHsT.
M] 60 X+ eT+~ n&T>T esZ\
ys eHsT. +<T 30 X+ eT+~
18 @ | ys. Ms+<] 40 X+
eT+~ s +< + > e
=qk>TTHsT.
qe+sY` &d+sY 2012
35
dsY bs ysd m|{q j<T&T

yT& $jYT neTsY sV!
be&+ e=+& u $$< >e\ #+~q
nH T+u\T dT , + u C>TsT>=+&
b+ e\d ysTT. n e\d y[q T+u\
yT& $jYT T++ L& {. 1975 M
T++ \es+ >eT+ e~* sT+>& >e #sT=
n& ds|&+~. n|{ yT&
$jYT ejTdT |~ d+es\T
e y T . n & <=s ~yd
|\ *d nM ueTT\T
q] k>T#d M T++
Jeq+ k++~.
bsdT y y~+|\T, neT
d T \T, <s H \T, eTsy |
syq $u>| neT ed,
|{\ |sT &T\T >T+&+
~ s | & q $| + >
k> T T +& q sE\$. m+
XeT] d]+q ||e,
| < \ T, + , d ] j T ,
+|+&T, e$T& sT>T ~s
nM T\qT neTusTTH, eds edTe\qT
=qusTTH d+ ces yk\T cs+> kq
sE\$.
+{ >&T\+ yT& $jYT |] |<y&eTq
eT+ 1980 n|{ d.|.. (m+.m.) ||ysY
HjT+ >] <\T dsY |y+#sTT.
1984 bs+u+ qT+& ud>&+ <+ |sT
>] <+ byT&, C>TsT>=+&, ud>&+, }dTsT b+
>e\ |\qT d+|T{+ #d w bs+_++~.
1985`86 ~yd kH eTpsY d+|TsH (@m+mdt)
sD\T >eT >eq bs+ueTjsTT. bs+u+ qT+&
<+ #TsTq d++<\T *Z e+&q yT& $jYT
eT >eT+ @s&q d+| sesZ duT&j&T.
d+|T+ sb\ #TsT>Z bZ+, u&,
+HsY d+ ces |&T \, ne\
+
qe+sY ` &d+sY 2012
d s Y $| y < eT+ < $ +q k =* s +

bssT\ sq yT& $jYT (eT&+ V&)
p 15q eTs D + #& T . p 14q y T & $jY T
q&T|T+&q {s Y #T & =q&+ e\q jTq re+>
>jT|&&T. dV#sT\T jTqqT +#Te& #dq
|jT\ $|\eTsTT eTsTd{
sE jTq qTeTX&T. 47
d+es\ q J$ \+
ns
u>
$T+
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$ T{ s < ] >q, < D
q $ T{ d u T & T >q
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< + & s D $| y < eT+
m< T s=+Tq | \ T d y q T
n~ > $ T+# & + \ b q T
bwdTq HjT {+ sq
yT& $jYTqT e&+ n& e<e m+
qw<jT+.
|& |\ $eTT d+ q J$ n++ #d,
neTsT&q yT& $jYT $qeT y[ n]d jTq
#]qT eTqq+ #dT+<+.
yT& $jYT 1965 <+y& e+& u
\es+ >eT+ eT<s> eTT]j ~yd
T++ |{&T. *<+&T\q sT>T] d+q+
yT& $jYT H\Zey&T. u& qT| >qT\ bs+u
~H n& ~yd\qT sdT\qT #d, s qT
y j T & + , >e\qT \e+ + > s b+\
s*+#&+ < ~yd b]bjT #jT&+ ]+~.
n sd |uy >Tsq >e \es+ {.
y | sd +, eTsy | d ] | & u eTT\T
36
es+> 1986 #|{q bs+ q >eT |*

<&+> u{&T. T L s |+|<\ bs+
>e @{| *b&T. bs{\ #TsTq
HjT+ n+~d 1988 bs+u+ @m+mdt s+C
$T{ duT&> mj&T. s+C $T{ duT&>
C > T s T >=+& b+ + n+ { d + |
$d]+|CjT&+q, |+ #jT&+q w #X&T.
s+C y|+> #|{q nM ueTT\ eTD bs{\,
LsyTq > |+<s es+> #|{q nH
bs{\ HjT+ eV+#&+ eTT+<TH&T.
bs{ # T s T q b eV d T q y T &
$jYTqT1988 nsY bdT\T nsdT #XsT. >|PsY
d+ C\T =$T~ H\\T >&| eqY| $&T<q
y+H d+|T sb ] bZq&+ bs+_+
nsdT\T, V+d\T $|y n&Te #{&T. 1990
yT es+> ]q #] +<|<X sw
sTL eTVdu\ Vs, n& ~yd k+d
q\qT |<]+, \~ |\qT TH&T.
y+H 1990 pH |P]\+ ss> + >]
<+ duT&> #s&T.
1990 >dT`d|+sY yTT<{ qC>sDY n_jH
T b++ bs+uyT |eT, <DY dsY b++
ujq+>, bX$+> =qk+~. e+<~ |\T
nsdT\T, V+d\ >TsjsT. &H |> |\T
n+ s+> VeTjsT. <& z&+#&+ d+
&$H $T{ HjT+ @s&q | >] bH
H\T>T H\\ bT ||TH se\T res+
#d+~. ||Tq yT& $jYT L& bZ q
C>sDYqT z&+#&+ q e+T b bw+#&T.
@]j ksTT $T{\ sD+ #|{\ 1992
<+&sD bsdT $T{ sjT+ #d+~. sjT+
|s+ 1992 + b++ @s&q @]j ksTT
(k) $T{ yT& $jYT mj&T. s
@]j < eT n_ e ~ , $d n b
$&BjTs<bsTT+~. b, |C d+|\qT ]+#&+
eT+ nqTue+ >&+#&T. ukeTT\ es+>
ukBq bs{ |\qT ~*+ e+<~ |<
T+u\ ueTT\T *+ b \yTq eT<T
L&>{ |\ V<j eTT~+#Tbj&T.
1995 eTTqT|{ d| (m+m) ||ysY b n\
us | qsH >eT s $T{ (JsYd)\
+
sD+ rdTy\ #dq sjT+ y\T>T, <+&sD

b <D dsY &$H, + @]j |]~H JsYd\
sD+ yTT< #|{+~. nH >e JsYd\T ]+
|\ sC~s, b nqTuy n+~+q yTT<{
yT&T\ yT& $jYT sT. JsYd\ HjT+
nH n_e~ se\qT #|&+q, |\ y<+
n+~+#&+q, |\ XuqT b{+|CjT&+q
yT& $jYT |eTTK b bw+#&T. eTTK+> dVs
d + | \T k | + eekj T $< q+ es T
rdTse& re+> w#X&T. ~yd d+d
eekjT |qT\ ++> eq n+X\ >T]+ |\
$d + > # ] + y{ | \ y < + H e s
|jT\T #X&T.
2000 yT& $jYT <D dsY &$q $T{
duT&> mj&T. n|{ qT+& neTs+ #+< esL
&$H $T{ duT&>, s<]> qT bw+q b
# eTTKyTq~. eTTqT|{ d.|..(m+m) ||ysY
9e +>dt rdTq sj\ y\T>T &$H
JsYd\ kq+ $|e |C $T{ (sY|d)\ sD+
bs+ueTsTT+~. +<T u>+> sY|d\qT $d+>
]+ deTse+yTq HjT X\ |\ $|e
|C |uT b\q n+~+#&+ yT& $jYT b
#TsTq~. |C $TwjqT |+ #jT+&, |C
|uT\qT \uTe&+ k<+ <H $wj T>
ns+ #dT=, $Twj bqT ]+, y{ <qT
sY|d\ se\qT deTse++> =qk+#&T.
eT+> <D dsY &$H @]j ksTT, &$H ksTT
qq dssT @s&sTT. eTeT+{q yT&
$jYT b $&BjT~.
2005 pH H\ n|{ <+y& (|{ ;C|PsY
) T b++ yTT<q dE&T+ 2006 qe]
H{ <D+ y| + \T $d]++~. V\,
n#s\, > V < V H\T, $< +k\
b+eT+{ ;u, ujq yesD+ H\=+~. nH
>e\qT U #sTT+ y~ eT+~ |\qT <sb,
+, $+s+, b\+|* ~s >e @s]q s+<
_s +~+#sT. dE&T+ ;u n&T H+<T
<+&sD dw Cq $T{ | ||T q +|sTTH
#|{+~. +<T u>+> + b++ ]q |\T
||TH #s\ yT& $jYT |+> HjT+
n+~+#&T. eT] = #s\ |< s#q u>k$T
qe+sY` &d+sY 2012
37
nj&T. ||Tq |\ b |+#& $Xw+>

w #X&T. B bT 50 >e\ |\qT T
b+\ s*+ sD *+, y] n+&> \&,
y] XTe y| y+& $|y<eT+ y| <&+>
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<D b++ $d]+#+& dE&T+qT
s~+#&+q, z&+#&+q yT& $jYT qe+T
b bw+#&T.
2007 bs+uyTq ^HV+{ <& m<Tse&+q
yT& $jYT #TsTq b bw+#&T. |H~ \>\qT
dMT]+ XTeqT < rd |\T |<\qT s+#&T.
#] eTT s + `& y T <& | < s # q
u>eTj&T. = d+<s |mJ@ \>\ e+
<&T\T $jTe++ #jT&+ eTTKyTq b bw+#&T.
+HsY V+&qT VsZ|s&+ eTT+<TH&T.
k]H>& qsd+Vs+ ]q rsTqT\qT jT{
||+# VsZ|] ydy\qT |\ eTT+<T+#&T.
yT& $jYT sjT |#s+<q d+
j o\ + > e+& y & T . | d s Y & e +& q T
deT]+#\ b q |\T|qT n+<T= s+&T e+<\
>e\ |\qT dMT]+ + |D+ 35 y\ eT+~
|\ u s sV+ dsY |\ +\qT
||+# #{&T. dsY 6e w&qT neT\T#j\
1996 dsY y|+> ]q +<q u>+> +,
dT b++ |\qT ~*+#&+ yT& $jYT
eTTKyTq b bw+#&T. dE&T+qT m+&>&
< s+>TqT jT|& <+y&, >|PsY, #s
(KeT+ ) \ y ~ | \ u | < s q\T
sV+#&+ #TsTq b bw+#&T.
2011q, 2012q $|y<eT+ #|{q u$T
#<TqT se <D dsY &$H $jTe++
#jT& \b eV+#&T. |\qT, b XDT\qT
+|sTTH $d+> ~*+#&T. se
M&j rd |#s+ #X&T.
dT sY nb MTqHqT d+es+
@| | m J @ +B> | T q d e Tj T +
eT<esT\, |\, MT&j e{&&+ eTTKb
bw+#&T.
38
yTC]{ ~yd yT& eH yT& $jYT b

#s #<Te HsTH&T. m+ X<> b kV
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HsTe&+ | L& yT& $jYT m+ d
|<]+#y&T.
yT& $jYT +{ <>Zs e+&>H |sTT+~.
LTsT L& e+~. q dV #] L& $|e sj \qT
n+~+ e<eT+ |P]\+ ss> rdTse&
w#X&T. yT |Ck$T d++<\qT * e+,
yT e<eT |<+ eTT+<T k>& &TqT
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q|{ u]yTq jTq dTBs $|e J$+ |\,
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<&+> q&|dT+~.
neTsY sV yT& $jYT!
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sE 111 s&T |e<\T, >+
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| e f . 2011 39,324 s& T
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qe+sY ` &d+sY 2012
$Cq Xk |\ #sTe #dq nsT<q Xgy =&e{>+{ sVD |k<

2012 d|+sY 8q eT |+&\ y~ qTeTdq nDT Xgy =&e{>+{
sVD |k< + | $qeT y[ n]dTq~. jTq T+ duT\L,
+<T $TT\L |>& kqTu *jTCdTq~.
=&e{>+{ sVD |k< \T>T de+ qT+& <$+q n<TyTq Xgy,
kVrs+>+ | nqTs *eqy&T, d+^ $<+dT&T, VTy~ L&.
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eHsT. M{+{ bT jTq de XjTdT |+q |>o\y~. <X n+ |e<s+> b\esZ\T
n_e]dTq d| (eysTTdT) Xj_w.
es~, \T>T kVr s+>+ \yTq eTT< ydq =&e{>+{ T+se\T sVD |k< *<+&T\T.
1949 d|+sY 14q |{q jTq &^ esL eT<dT #<TeHsT. $XK|+ +< $X $<\jT+ nDT
u Xg+ m+md #d, eTT+u uu nDT |]X<H +<+ (usY) Xgy> #ssT. nDT <] nHwD
k<H\ >T]+ #dq |]X<q >qT u+usTT $X $<\jT+ qT+& |V#Y& b+<sT. 2005 usY |<M
$seTD #d nyT] nDT u s+>+ |]X<q\T #XsT. 2010 eTq <X ] e V<su<
.d..m. d+d q+{> |#XsT.
Xgy> |]X<q\ |]$T+ +&, Xg CH |\ n+~+#\H < jTq mH s#q\T
#XsT. Xg Cq+ yT<e\ eyT nseTjT uw +& k<sD |\ d+ dT\Te> nseTjT
e+&<jTq s#H X*. |<M $seTD nq+s+ jTq s#H yd+>+ eT]+ $deTsTT+~. |CkV,
nsTDs, MD+ e+{ |ejT |\ bT +<|u, +<u$T e+{ |\ jTq nd+U
b|\sY dH yk\T sXsT. > s> @| &{yT ys+ ys+ eT+ |+& yk\T sd e#sT.
bDV, |C e+{ y_d > nsTT< \+ nsTT<T e+<\ yk\T sXsT. \T>Tq, +^wtq
jTq s#H yd+>+ =qk+~. jTq s#q\T JeXg $Cq+ ` de+, $X+s+, eqe |]DeT+,
JeD\ H& D\, | ` |sesD+ nDTe\ X, eTqTw\T #dq <e ~s |d\T> y\Te&sTT.
+ ju |d\T sj\qT+TqT jTq #|ysT. $Cq Xg s#q\ bT XdjT d+^+, d
d+^+, d+d, $w e\T e+{ |\T n+X\| jTq nd+U s#q\T #XsT.
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Xg $CH | rdT jTq w e\+ s#q \ |]$T+ <T . de+ Xg $CH |+b+~+#&
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q|{ qT+& XdjT d+^+ | eq d usY |#dTq \+H k< eTY UH w&>
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+B se\qT n<T sV+#sT. mH f*$H se\, de\, dC c\ ds ysTT<+
n+~+#sT. nyT] $$< q>s |s{+ |<sq\T L& #sT.
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eTsD+ deC rs qw+.
qe+sY` &d+sY 2012
39
#H d $eTT >T]+ \TdT+<+ `2
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d+b~+# <*qsTT T+ u<\T Hsys<T....
d\ $eTT yTT yTT<{ wsT jeT d C ke
s + > + ] | y X | +. n{ > .... ~
k~+#\+f de| ] jT{> $& T+u\
q duy s<T #j*.
\T, |+& sTu $TwqT, +&T Xu+ #d yL+
qsT, sT, k\T, ss\ dT\T d\qT +{| qT+&
$eTT #kjT |T&< de+ |#s+ #dT+~.
$wj & ujT re+> esdT+~.
H\T><T s\ + >VDT\ u<>H eq \T
&+, \Te e+& +& |<s\qT jsT #jT&+
e+{ |qT\ qT+& |T&< de+ <jT e\ d\T
$eTT njsT. sE nTe+{$ =qT>\T>TTHsT.
\T jT+\ e+{ >VA|sD edTe\ e\ =
s\ +{ |qT\ qT+& d\T u|&sT. nsTT y]
XeT e+ >Z<T. |&T d\T ysT ysT |<T |
#dTHsT. + #b\+f eT]+ w |<T
#dTHsT. |&T d\T #se\ y[ #T \qT
qeds+ <T. us w|\ | ~H nqT>TD+>
|\\ d\T y\ nqT>TD+> eT sEy |
sV+#&+ d\ # wk<+ ne+~. Te+{
c eTq eTTe\T |&<T n+T+<yT.
= d+es\ + +{ s+ e# ks+
+&be#T. d\T } #se y[q|&T d+
$T d\qT *dysT. eTL >e yTT+>q
eTTKeT u$+q $wj* #]+# neX+ y]
e+&~. +{ s+ sT se&+ nH~ #]
40
|+ +&=#T n< deTjT+ d\ eT< +&

ke d++< n~ +|d+~ n n+T+<yT.
n+<T ss\ jT+\qT $jdT+&&+ e\
y{ ]|sY #sTT+#&+ nH n<q| XeT L& d\|
| & T T q~ n+T+<y T . n+< T X e TqT Z + #
|]s\+{ deTse++> $j+#&+ ]>~
d$Tw> y&q|&. @ T++ |H n+f d
|H y{ $j>+, ]|sY e+{ = |qT\ u< |P]>
e+&L&<T n+T+<yT.
eTT+<T d$Tw s D , s j+rsD

B $|yq+s #H ne\+_+q esZ+. eTV\T
me] sTT+& y #dTH m+ $dT>T|{+# |qT\qT
d$Tw +<+ sV+q <X & eTq +&
eTT+<T+#TT+~ n~ &d+sY >TsTys+ sE.
yesD+ # #\> +&+~. N|sT, #\ |T=
n ej T d T \ | \ \ T }& T d T H s T . ] \T #
@sTTHsT. (C # # e> +~. m+<T+f
#H |\T |&T ke u<* m]q ysT.) s+&T
]fssTTq ]\ +<\T yTqT &T>TTHsTT. $T>
ysT {\qT T&TdTHsT. b&bsTTq \T|* u>T
#dq, ]bTq sTT* u>T #dq, +
=+<sT q >T+|\T> sT>TTHsT. yTT+ <X+
nk<sDyTq Je+ =Dd&TTq~. =+ eT+~
|]d e|j+#T= eT | y #s\T
=qkd T H s T . < ] = s T = b\T
HsT+THsT. <+ J+ | < d#+<+>
d$Tw> #ksT. <+{ bZq& s]d y] sT
rdTbsT. nsTT mesH y\ | m>=Z&TTH
< #j* { nqT >>u m> #ddH, y
jTTe +< m<Tse\d edT+~. M d#+<yTq
d$Tw | beTTKqT y >T]+| #d < y~ksT,
$eT]ksT.
$|e + $jTe++ >H |\ +& (yd) deTdqT
|]w]+#& #H dV+>H re+> w #d+~. n<
$<+> sTT+&qT {q rsT +{| d$Tw]+#&+
nH n+X >TsT+#T+~. k<sD+> sTT+&qT s+&T
eT&T T+u\T * # e+&>*> $<+>
]+#ysT. sTT+& n T+u\ d$Tw>
y&Te& = ><T\, k++> y&Te& =
qe+sY ` &d+sY 2012
><T\T e+&$. eTTK+> e+ >~ d$Tw> e+&~. e+

L& d$Tw>H e+&~. e+T\ y> ]<sT n
T+u\L e+ #dysT. ]<sT d\T, |sTw\
mesH e#T.
jy y+> nH Te+{ |C eTH y[q|&T
& +<+ eT |X\qT +{ | deTdqT m
|]w]+#T+THsH n+X+|H m|{+~. &
jTTe +<+ #|+~. eTq+ +{ |qT\
s+>+ j+rsDqT n_e~ #j*.
s T \T n+< T w # d T H s T . d \ qT y]
k+|<jT $<T\ qT+& $eTT #jT& j+rsD
d+ eTq+ y e+&L&<T. 15 @ + es $<T#
<T. >VA|sD\T e, X d+sD +<\T e.
eekjT dVs d+|* @ss& eqsT\T
TqT |P&&, sT\T esZ\T qT>=HsT. q |\*
b rdTbjTysT. |< |\\T ns\T ~<T+H
M] #dTHysT. e<T\T >e d++~+q d$Tw
|qT\ u< rdTHysT. e<VsD ]bsTTq \T
&+, &+ +{ |qT\T. \ \+ n+<]
d$Tw> e+ #ksT. #s+ y* +~. |{
@<H |< | #j\+f d$Tw> e+ #ksT.
T++ d u T \+< s +{ | d e q+>
|+#T+{sT. n+<Te\ | s ` us, us, y]
* < + & T \T, y] | \ \ T ` +{ s V D
b\T|+#T+{sT. |sTw&T \T&yT , e+
#jT&+, \T T&e&+, \qT &+, |\\ <\
T &+ e+{$ #dT+f, n~ L& e\+ ~ys
|sp #d+f, nqT m+ e+ eeT\T>
y&T q ns+ us> e+&&T.
>MTD eTV\ VA< VsT> eq esT
eT\+ u$T kesD ]q bs+ +~.
eTq+ eTT+<T #dqT>, bs eT+H d\T
sjT X> >T]+| b+<sT. T+ |]~ | u
||+#+ @ $<yTq nqTue+ , nDe>, eTq+>
+& us de\T #sTT+#Te&+ # dT\u+.
us >eTdT\+<] eTT+<T e{&, < sT\
es+> \& <s+ #k, sT* dMT]+#&
bs+ #k, b sT |&+ dV]+#&
d\ +<\qT d+|T{+ #k, yT eTT+<T \T
T&eq n #&T! us yTT+ >eT+ eT<T>
eq| & T , ys + < s y T qT y T # T q| & T \T
T&eqq&+ |P]> ys> e+T+~.
sjT X> d\T eTT+<T se&+ nH |]DeT+
+
y] VA< L& esT rdTe+~. esT

e+< n+^]+#+& yTT+&d e |+#&
jy y+> d\ = |<T\T HsTT. yTT<{
yTT> n us, us deTd* #]d n
es& |jTdT+~. |jT+ $|\yT, yT
y+H yTT+ T++ dVj sTT+~. n~ L&
< > Z ] y [ eTs< | P s + >H nsTTH < & + >
uke, keTy< & >TsT |Ty\
#|+~. n|{ $q+& nsT<q yTT+& |T+ b
uy\H |T y& yTT+ >eT+ n $eT]+#
+|sTTH <s yT eT<TdT+~. K] #s> yT
n @ D+HH $&*e>\<T.
yT+ |<q+> esZ bs+ bZq&+ e\H e
nDy eT* ns+ #dT>*>+. d\T> e
|]dT\qT esT>*>+.
d$Tw]+#*q +{ |qT yTT<{~ k<sD+>
e+|H. qT #H d$Tw uqX\\ # b<q
#s T . k< s D +> n s >s d $ Tw
u qX\\T+& $ . u qX\ ] \, y]
T+u\, y] dVT\T qe#T. uqX\
] T+u #+~q q |\\T *<+&T\ dVjT+
+&, d++> e bjTysT. nsTT |\\
$T |<\T mes sT dVjT|&ysT. |<esH
|\\qT eT |\ nqT> + |fysT.
n{ |\\ \Hb\q u< \T\< m+eeT
+& bsTT+~. uqX\\T e+{+{ b<qqT
>DjT+> Z+#sTT.
e+ |H d\T +& #d nH s |qT\T
& dMTw]+#&sTT. +& deTT<j\ eT< d$Tw
de\qT n+~+# = +<\T +&$. +<T | #d
]\T <jH +{+{ ] ]q #=\T,
k\T, T, >T+&\T }&q <TdT\T d]+ +<
y{ fysT. y{ ] n< sE> eTsTd{ sE>
#dysT. {q+<T y >T+&\, <s\ <sH
|< me> @MT rdTHysT <T. \T e&
d #jT& d$Tw +&\T L& +&$. Te+{
de\qT n+~+# +<\qT k< s D +> eTV
q&|ysT. +{ |qT\q e>, T+ bs\qT
HXq+ #j\H |T +{ me] T #dH >VD ##+
|qeT+~. m+<T+f T #dq y] de\T #jT&+,
y] d+ |yTq Vs jsT #jT&+, y
qe+sY` &d+sY 2012
41
eT+<T\T |+#&+ e+{ d+sD u< >VDT\

d++~++~>H |dT de+ e+~. n+<T
T+ duT\T y<T\ u]q |&+& q eTT+<T
C> #s\T rdTe&+ L& >VDT\ u<>H e+~.
yTT+> T+ s> |]sD u< d\<.
s> |]sD u<qT ke]d d\ >Z
us+ n+ sTT+ <T. #H < ]+~. &
e<> d\+{ &sT < ] &sT (&s
<>Zs D b+~q ]\T) |<eT u<qT
# | f y s T . n+ + f eTTK+> eTT+< T C> \ T
rdTHysT. bsX\ |\\ y<, q]+>
d++~+q d\qT H]+#ysT. yd$ \+ |\\T
+<\T> @s& >\, <eT\ e+{ y~s
\| jTT<+ |{+#ysT. \TT #dq y] sD
<TdT\T +& u be< #|ysT. y ]=]
m y<+ #dTy *d e+&~. \TT, {{dt,
&T| H=|+{ dT\uyTq s> ssD\T L& ysT
#jT>*>ysT. neds |]dT |<eT #jT+
L& y] *d e+&~.
n+<T | >V deTT<jT+ yT& jT{
e+&~. n& ed+# y] <sT eTT>TZ] &sT
beDyTq s> ssD, D#ysT.
D b+<ysT k<sD+> eJ >VDT e+&ysT.
MsT &s s+s d++<* * e+ d
#s+ neds+ s>T*, \T+Tq s>T* #dTH
ys T . s> T \ kq+ # s TT+# & + , y] u q+
rdTse&+, ysT $X+ b+< #dTe&+ e+{
u<\ M]y. n+<T |H yT& \T $]+~
{ MTsT yTqT #& s+&, yT #<Tee&
@yTH rdTs+& n+ MsT $$< $T{\
* j T C dys T . Tu]q | & q y] e+]>
e~jT&+ nH~ e+&~ <T.
y< ke]+#&+ e\ d\T ydTq
nqeds| us+ m+ Z+~.
{+> eTV\T k~+q n<T+

|T&< de+ < d|jH\ d+ d\qT
ke rdTe+~. n< deTjT+ n~
+{ | qT+& d\qT $eTT #jT<T. m+<T+f d\T
+{| =qk+#&+ nH~ < neds+. n~ d\qT
| d T X e TX | ] s D u< \ T # dys T >q,
u$wY nedseTjT XeTX , |+#y]>q
#dT+~. qT d\T +{| #jT&+ < neds+.
n+<T +{| y>+> #jT&+ d+ = jT+\qT
42
jsT #d+~. n+<T +{| #dH ke

e bZH $<+> w|t\qT sb+~++~. <
bT +{ e+H +{| @e+ ++ s+&
bZ H $< + >q neX + * d T q ~.
M+{ &T +{ | d\< nH ueC |+
bwdTq~. |H yTwHqT, |H dTqT, |H |
b& s Y q T y& T+ d u T \ d e Ts e + y T q
de\q+~+#&y T d J$q ks > |#s+ #jT &+
Te+{ ueC |+#&+ u>yT. ( edTe\
j sT #jT &+ |T&< eed q u|q T &
|k$+#&+ <T)
B | P ] > _ q +> # H +{ | qT+&
$eTTeTe ke bZq d\T, ke
n<T\T dw+#sT. n< deTjT+ ke
eT+ d+]+#Tq #q+ +{| qT+&
eT* eTT eT]+> $eTT #dTHsT.
$wjT+ eTq+ {+> <VsD #&e#T.
{+> nH~ #H n |< #eTTsT +. <<| 40
y\ eT+~ ]\T, k+ |DT\T, y] T+u\T
& ed+#$. #eTTsT ue\T, ||tqT, X~ s>s\T
=+ d $T+#> $T*q b+eT+ |
jT +& e+&~. 1962 | y|\ e\
#H n+{ d]> |+\T |+&<T. < <H
{ |{e* e+~. n+<Te\ b++ ]\
us\T eT Vs d =+ yTsT>T|sT#Te&
bs\, |\T>T\ |{\ XsTT+#THsT. +& <>Zs
Ls>jT\ \T |+#Te& u$T <Tq&+
yTT<\T|{sT.
wsTT neT n+{ d+| |&<\T<T. n~
e\+ * deTd * |]cs+ eyTq
y T u $++~. b]X$T b+ y T q {+> q T
b]X$T eekjT deTT<jT+> es\, n+<Td+
+sT ueTT\| jTT<+ |{+#\ yT u$++~.
q #q ds+<q yT bsT>Tq eq q\TZsT d\qT
|++~.
k sT\ d\V rdT= nsTT<T>TsT d\ =+
+sT u$T mqTHsT. nsTT y D
d e Td qT n~ > $ T+# e * e+~. y + < ] q
|\\THsT. H{ n& X d+sD +<\T e.
{ |\\ qT eT rd \ XsTT+#THsT. sE
<j H <T >&b s\q, +& ke, e+ b\qT,
>T&s, |\\qT, $H\q rdT= eTV\T
u eTT y s T . n & > T &s + y d e T |
qe+sY ` &d+sY 2012
bs+_+#sT. yTT<{ sE kjT+yT ujT+syTq

>* <Tes+ se&+ s+ y >T&s
|T= y&sT. nsTTq|{ eTsTd{sE <jT+
u$T e&+ yTT<\T|{sT. n eT&T sE\T y
eH eHsT. H\T> sE <jT+ sy eT+~
eTV\T, |<eT&T eT+~ |\\T y] <>Z] e#sT.
y wsTT neT >* <Tes+ eq sE s
MT >T]+ yT+ # +<q |&+. de+ eT+
d+ d\, |\\, #*, >* m~]dT+f eTqyTy
y # > eT+# + MT< | & T H+. y | | + #
esTdTHsT. y #dTq | eTqeT #jT>\+
n +#+. n+<T e#X+ nHsT. ys+
* eT]+ u$T ysT. |\\ d+sD u<
d$Tw<bsTT+~. sT |\\+<] #dT+f $T
y+ | #dysT. n d+es+ ysT <<|
ysTT \ ;H |+&+#sT.
eTsTd{ d+es+ wsTT neT eTs e+< eT+~ d\qT
rdT= eT]=+ u$T k>T e& jT]+~.
k] ysT eTqT eTT d+|T{+ #dTe& =+
deTjT+ rdTHsT. ysT eT deT, eT s
sujT T+u\ deT eTT | #d b++
s+&T e+<\ eT{ +&qT ]+#sT. X d+sD
+<, bsX\q @ssTHsT. X d+sD
+<+ deTdqT dT\u+>H |]w]+#sT. +{
=f*, eT+#* b>T #d n+<yTq qT |+
d#+<+> eTT+<T=q \, neTeT\ d+sD
|\* +#sT. MsT H\=*q bsX\ nusTT\L,
nesTT\ L L & d $ Tw +{ | q T\ $w j T +
b<$TyTq D +&\, d\T |T |{sT. T D,
#|\ ]|sT dT\T L& sV+#ysT. d+es+
yTT<{ |+qT qju Vs |+&+#sT.
d\ dH n+{ ><T. y |C
uqX\q, +{ |qT\T #jT& d$Tw esYc|\q,
=> eq &s $dyTq s> dy eedqT
@s]#sT. s \+ s&j\T, #|\T, H\,
|]#s, $& u>\ qT+& <q+ e]& jT+\ es
$$< s\ |j>syTq edTe* e #d q
b \qT d + ]+#s T . V s
yTT<\T|{q M w eT+> n s+> $d]++~.
b++ s>>dT\T | |\+<s eTV\
w u>keTT\jsT.
{+> ET ]+#&+, e+, de\T, syD
e+{ d$Tw de\ <<| +>H +&$. \
+
<TD\T, #| \T j sT #dy j e|j +q

edTe\ (>T&, <s+, >T+&\T) K<T rdTHysT.
XeT e+ +. e +> +&& d
|<q sD+. @ |q || +#be&+
#d d\T eT <j |+#Te& <>\
b<T. eT | |]d es&+ <s | ]
J$ es d$Tw ], sjT bqT sV+#&
ysT <>\T #XsT n+T+~ &.
+{| > es&+

<|& de+ +{| > |]>D+#<T. n+<T
< >T]+| b>, | #jT&eTH, #dyH
de+ q#| @s&+~. $|yq+s #H
|]d e]+~. +{| d$Tw]+#&+ e\ deC
|j>|& XeT> < >T]+| e+~. d\T H\T>T
>&\ eT< #dq|&T q #| >Tsq |qT\T d$Tw
esY c| ]q| & T , | q T\ | < < y T
e]bsTT+~. ##+ $dT>T eT sTT+& ]q
k\qT {q d\T, n< | jTTer jTTe\
+<+ * #dTq|&T y] mTe+{ $dT> e+&~
<T. $T|&T ke bZ+THeTq
d+| y] +&~.
+{| | q #| be&+ #H jTTer
jTTe\T +{| eTTqT|{ m+ eeT s+
#dysT <T. < beTTKqT >T]+ esY c|
]> +{|qT U deTj d#+<+> bZHysT.
yTT+> +{|qT\ d$TwsD e\ d, |sTw\ eT<,
d\ eT< d++< esT\T #T #dTHsTT. ~
eJ >VDT\ J$* dTd+|q+ #d+~.
s jT> +{|qT\qT #d esY
c|\T L& sjT J$+ | s+>+ |P]>
bZH$.
+{| qT+& $eTT nsTTq d\T ke H
<T, k+d s+>+q #TsTq b bw+#sT.
eJ >VDT\T nH H +<\qT k|+#&+ B
<sq+.
T++ dV s+
ke]+#&+ k<+ +{|qT\qT T+
duT\+<s |+#Te&+ <s |]w]+#THsT. b
de+ d\T, usL, |\\ mH s\ de\T
#jTe* e#~. qq de+ us q
de\T #j\ @ |sTw& nqTHy&T <T. eT
|qT\T eTT #dTe& mTe+{ Hyw e+&~ <T
qe+sY` &d+sY 2012
43
d+eT |<\T n$ kbH\T

(> d+ sTysTT u>+)
sJy s>l
|<\ L& MT< s=s{ y< + n+ 2007
y.mdt.sY. bs+_+q s>l |< nsTT<
+&sTT. \ swH sT\Tq |\+<s |<+ +<
\_ b+<& nsT\T. M] |uT+ s>l sT\qT
C #dT+~. |<+ |]~ |dT+ 347 |uT,
|yT dT\T, 938 s\ y<T\T eksTT. n+f
s>l sT\T b+~q ysT 347 dT\H, 938
s\ y<T\ eyT #sTT+#T>\sT. sh+
eq 2.66 T+u\ >qT |uT \ |s+
2.33 T+u\ n+f 88 X+ T+u\ \
swH sT\THsTT. qT M+<] |<+ e]dT+~.
nsTT< |<+ +< |uT+ 3,500 T
KsT #d+~.
|<\ y<+ n+~+# $wjT+ eTq <X+ #
|TsyTq |]d e+~. |Cs>+ d+ |uT\T
|&TTq KsT $wjT+ 175 <X\qT |]o*+#> eTq
<X+ 171e kq+ e+~. d\ Crj 1.2
X+ eyT |uT+ |Cs>+ d+ KsT |&TTq~.
5.1 X+ KsT #d Hb, 4.29 X+ KsT #d
o\+, KsT 5.5 X+ KsT #d ee\T L&
eTq +f yTsT>Z eHsTT. <Xy|+> y< de\
neTq KsT 70 X, |\T eT CT\ qT+#
u]+#* edTq< >D+\T ddTHsTT. usrjT
>MTDT\qT |* || #dTq sTDus+ dTesT 40
X+ y< KsT\ n L& n<jTH\T #TTHsTT.
+<|<X sh+ L& |]d ++f _q+>
@MT<T. {e\ +< s> eT+XK sV+q
ds |s+ sh+ d y< de\T n+< Hu 5
63 \\ *+~. n+f yTT+ sh Hu 66

X |> |\ mTe+{ y<+ n+<&+ <T.
eTsy| Hwq V n+{ \ |s+ sh+
|\T y<+ d+ d+es 18 y\ sbjT\T
KsT |&TTHsT. +<T |uT+ 18 X+ eyT
u]dT+&>, 82 X+ us | u]dTHsT.
H|<+ |<\ e y< n+~+# |<+
me]HH f ]dT+~. |< neT\T #jT&
|uT+ s>l V sY dtqT @sT #d+~.
s>l dT f+&s <s |y{ ;e +|\ #T
|< |&TTq~. sT<sT |] ;e
|$Tj s+ e |$TjT+ { #d +|\
B u<qT n|dT+~. |dT+ ksY V n+& m&
qsH +| u<qT #|{+~. sT<sT
|] |$Tj s> l dT ;e +|
n|C|+~. s>T\ #dq y< >qT j dT\
;e +| _\T\T #*dT+~. > nsTT< s>l
Ks T # d q < T \T y < s> XK @&~ & { q T
$T+bjsTT. sh |uT+ |< |<| yd
b<$T y< eedqT $d]dTq< $eTs\T L&
e#sTT. s>l n~ b<q e&+ nH~ yT,
n~ |< |\|q |eTH n nqTe#?
s>l |<+ |]~ e# 347 dT 86
eyT dssT$. $T>e |yTy. |<\T k<sD+>
s=sT dT\ ysT. { |<\ Hs>\qT
keTT #dTH neX+ dT\ e> e+T+~.
|&T |uT+ |<+ <s s=s{ dT\
nTe+{ neX\qT *dTq~. |<+ |]~ 86
dssY <yUq\T eq|{ <qsTTH m+#TH neX\T
eq|&T, k<sD+> mesH |yT <yUq\H
m+#T+{sT. n~ y] | <T. dssT s+. n+<T
y]. n+<T J$ dV#sT\, |\\T n+<s |qT u>keT+ |+#Te&+ e\ T++q, de+q
d\ kqyT e]bsTT+~. y] kH => s+#Ty* e+~.
+{| ke]+#&+ e\ yTT+> ke, ], sjT, k+d s+>\T m+>H |u$+ njjT,
n$ >DjT+> n_e~ k~+#jT \Tk+~. B { d\T +{| LsTbe&+ nH~ d\ deC
L& m+ qw<jTy #H nqTue+ qT+ eTq eT]+> nseTeT+~.
q eTq <X+q +{| deTd| $|e eTV d+|\T re+> w #j*. |dT |]dq k<yTq+>
kesD d+ w #j*. n k<+ # +{| T+ duT\+keT+ #d w
#|{*.
(e# d+ e $<T\qT ke+ #jT&+ >T]+)
44
qe+sY ` &d+sY 2012
|<+ +< 40 X+ \T |uT dTH

s>\ |uT+ #TTH 10`15 X <&+
<T.
s>l sT\T b+~q ys+<] |] ;e +|
s>l dT |$TjT+ #*dT+~. nsTT sT\T b+~q
ys+<] |<+ |]~ e# y<T\T sbe#T.
{ sT\T b+~q|{ # eT+~ |<+ +<
y< <s+>H e+& neX+ e+~. < |uT+
;e +| #*+q |$TjT+ +f e KsTH
y<+ #sTT+#Te#T. n+f ;e +| dT #*+#
<+f, ;e +| dT\ #*+#~ e> e+&
neX+ e+~. +<q\ |s+ 70 X+ <T\T KsT
qsTT n&d{y #\qT $TqVsTT+#T= $T>
keTTqT s>l dT ;e +| y|dT #j*
e+T+~. +< q neT\T e& + < T .
BeT\+> |<+ |sT ;e +|\T e+<\
T keTT #dT+THsTT. n+ ddt #\T,
n&d{y #\ |] d+es 150`200
sbjT\T d+d\ |uT+ <sbj* e+T+~.
qT |<\ y<+ |sT s=sT d+d\ u\T
#Ls&yT |<+ yqTqTq \eT ns+ #dTe&+
|< w+ <T.
b s=s{ d+d\ KCH\T +| +|+~
|< \ eT+ y < + <=s T T +~ < n
d]|T+<e n+f, >T+& T\T, qsY, eT|+&\
y<T\T e+{ y{ s>l |]+#e#T sh+
me eT+~ eTsD\ sDeTeTq &+^, eT]j,
nks+, u<\T, $w s\T, jT, V#Y$ e+{
y<T\T s>l |]~ se. s=s{ dT
s>l e\+ |swq |]$T+ #XsT. &T\
d+ s=s{ dT\T neds+ |s wqT #dT H jT,
eT eTTK+> >sX\qT =\+# VdsMT |swqT
me> ]qT s|D\T e#sTT. neds+
|swqT #jT&+ msTT dT\ TuT
<qTq|&T neds+ nsTTq|{ = s\ |swqT
#jT&+ <T. |<+ +< n+~+q s
&T edT+~ qT = dT\T &T &H
n+~dTHsTT. |swH #j* eq|&T d++~
dT\T s>l dT de#s+ |+|e\d e+T+~.
dT, ;e +|\ qT+& <sCwH eq sH
|swH #j* e+T+~. eT uk{> e+&
|swq $es\qT dT\T dT y+H |+|THsTT.
uk{ q|&T e+ s+ #dTHsTT. <
ns=s de#s+ |+|THsTT. $es\T deT>+>
+
|\+<] e y< d<TbjT+ n+~+#&yT

<jT+> esZ<s\qT sb+~+#\ sT
2010 nsY 15 eT+~ |D[ d+|T+
$T{ @sT #d+~. n<jTq+ s $T{
q y~ eTTU+X\T:
> +<|<X, $TH&T, s, s,
*& =H
~s sc\T k+ <T\ s> |<\qT
bs+_+#sTT. M{ e<X+ eT+<. , = dT
b<$T, # dT ~rjT ksTT y< de\T L&
n+<&+ <T. W{ |w+ y<+ #jT&+ <T.
Bs\+> eT+<T\T e&+ <T.
<X s> d bsT>T <X\ b*d @
*eeTq+ u>
<T. HsT\ |P]ksTT {\T
yjT&+ eTq~ n&T>T kq+. <X+ n+<]
s>+ deq+> n+<&+ <T. d b\eTq
40 X+ eT+~ y< _\T\T #*+#+<T n|
#j* edTq~. 35 X+ eT+~ y< KsT\
sD+> |<\eTHsT.
+> ds|s #dTq
*eT+<s>T\TT\Zb|uTed+ Te
HsTT. 1980 s>T\
eT&=+T\ eT+<T\T |uTyT e+> ds|s
#jT>, 2004 H{ $ 9 X |&bjsTT.
W{ |w+ $u>+ e eT+<T\ ds|s 18
qT+ 5 X |&b sTT+~. k+ &T\ eT+<T\T
=Hy] X+ 41 qT+ 72 X+ |]+~.
| ] ks ;e n+~+#+<T
*|u<TX+y
T <T\T {sTT+#*. s>T\+<] e+>
eT+<T\T n+~+#*. 70 X+ <T\T b<$T
s> + d + {sTT+#*. < T \ d M T s D
<jT| |qT |+#*.
eedqT HXq+ #dTHsTT.
*{;e, M{|<\T|s>
q |{*. s> ;e |<\T
ned s y T q n de\qT, nB y T T + Hu
n+~+#&+ <T.
+< jTsY #\qT
*ed\T+~#jkTsT<TTT. s>
<+ y<+ nedsyTq ysT L&
+<\ y&+ <T. <T\ dMTsD jTsY
#\T d]<T.
s> ;e (jTV#Yd) |<+
*u>ks
+> <X+ bsT\T n+<] e+> n s\
y< de\ n+<*. +<T u>+ ysT, |yT
dT\ de\T $j+#Ty\qTH y] HsT>
&T #*+#*.
qe+sY` &d+sY 2012
45
be&+ e\ =ksT, dT s+ e\ eT] =ksT

nqTeTT\T \d+ neTHsTT. > s>T\ |]d
$w$T+ bTq~. < n<qT> dT\T y+H
|swH #j*. b bD\ eTT|. s>l +<
| s w H # j T & nqTeT sy\+f #
\deTeT+~. < qeTTe<T. &T +&. |swH
#sTT+#T+& n s>T\ T+;\qT ujT|{ keTT
#dT+THsTT. y~ ssD e+{ KsT\T L&
|<+ edTq|{ = dT\T M{ ed\T
#dTHsTT. |swq s n KsT\qT s>T
u]+#* edTq~. eT+<T\T ys =qTy* edTq~.
|\+<] e y< d<Tbj\T n+~+#&yT
<jT+> esZ<s\qT sb+~+#\ sT 2010
nsY 15 eT+~ |D[ d+|T+ $T{
@sT #d+~. s>l d+ n<jTq+ #dq $T{
| < + e\ | u T d T | T \ < T \ =s
m<TssTT+<, b<$T y<+ s >TssTT+<...
+ |\T s\T> $eT]++~.
C |uT |< |\ s>+ | @ e+
X~ eH s>XKqT |{w|], |uT dT|T
ks\T yTsT>T|s#&+, y{ d+K |+#&+ #j*.
s> l e\q | u T y < s + > + eT]+
\Vq|&TT+&> s=sT y< s+>+ eT]+ \+
|+E+Tq~. B{ |uT X~ |\ s>+
| < s=s{ s+> de #jT&+ |H n dw+>
ns+ #dTe#T.
+~seT
sh+ 2009 H{ n+<] +&T, >T&d\T
sc$wsD n |{+ H{ eTTKeT+ ymdt sXKsY
s& 2006 yT 7q s+>s& u&+|V& >eT+
+~seT (+{>f& He &e\|tyT+{ H ss
@]j dt n+& y & eTT| @]j dt ) | < +
bs+_+#&T.
L&T, >T& s |\ n+ eXyTq~ .
C Hu \ |s+ sh+ 46 \\ T+u\
k+ +&T e. +<T 32.2 \\ T+u\T |
+& +& >T&dH, s& |q >Hk\ &sH
T\T yBdTHsT. { n+<] +&T nH |<+
|< |* m+>H ]dT+<q&+ mTe+{ d+<V+
<T. ~ |P]> sh |uT |<eT #|& M<T.
+< >MTD_e~ XK +~s ydt jq |<
neT\T#dTq~. |<+ +< +< |uT+ sc
@{ 2 \\ 75 y\ +&qT eT+psT #j* e+T+~.
B d+ KsT |f <T\qT eT d + e
46
<s +&T {keT n|{ ymdt |b~+#&T. n{

+~s ydt jq +< e# <T\ sh |uT+
eT] = <T\qT C&+ sb+~+q< +~seT
|<+. |uT+ |<\ \T Te& 30,950
sbjT\qT d_&> dT+~. B &T> 20 y\
sbjT\T n|> dT+~. k<sDyTq +{
\ qT+& s+&T \\ sbjTH KsT neT+~. qT
|uT+ # d_&, sTD+ \T Te& |<\
@ e+ #\<. nsTTq|{ |uT+ #d kj
eT s\ c =+ C&+#, ++ nb db
# k , + y | \T | & k+ \T nH \ qT
HsysTy\qTq &T>TJe\T m+ eT+~.
n+<T |<+ +< +&T b+<&+ d+ m+<s
|<\T <sUdT #dTHsT. =* s#+& seT+
<<| 25 \\ T+u\T, eT* s#+& seT+
<<| 15 \\ T+u\T +& d+ <sUdT\T
#dTHsT. <sUdT #dTq y] 20 \\ eT+~
ns T \ T> | u T + * +~. M{ bT s # +&
seT+ d++<+ +& <<| eTs 40 \\
+&qT |uT+ eT+psT #d+~. \\ |\T +&
d+ m<TsT#dT+&> 38 \\ +&T {+qT>
|uT+ |{++~. nsTT 2011 e] y\Te&q
+{\sY n+& &sY qs y~ |s+ n|{
|PssTTq +&T e\+ @&T \\ 52 y\T eyT 31
\\ +& d>+ nd\T yTT< <T. $T> d>+
$$< <X eHsTT. B { |uT+ \T
#TTq<H~ dweTeTq~.
> |<+ +< +&T eT+psq |<\T |&TTq
|\T mHH. \+ |sT | |&+<H, n+{
|sT d]> <H, swH sT &|{ nH, +<q\qT
$T+ +{ $ds+ |]+<H _\T\T #*+#+&
n~sT\T dsTTdTHsT. B eT\+> L& \\
d+K +&T + bs+u+ L& <T. >V
sDXU eT+ + esY 17\\ 25y\ 024 +&T
+ bs+u H#T< |H&T. nsTT
bs + u + b e& s D \qT \ T= y{
|]w]+#& <T\T bs+u+ +&q T sT \
~ #j\ |uT+ ssTT++~. ~ e+f
=+eT+~ s _\T edT+<H X nb db #d
\T T, s _\T s, n| rs esZ+ qs
V\ b\&TTHsT. |< s+>s&
u&+|V& >eT+ bs+_+q|&T yTTyTT<{ |{qT
=|* seT#+<jT #sT. \T & _\T d+
n~sT\ #T ]q seT#+<jT sH _\T
qe+sY ` &d+sY 2012
edT+<H X n| #d \T TH&T. s _\T

s, n| rs V #dTH&T. +~seT |<+
eT &qT dT+< X|& |< T+u\T eq
n+&qT THsTT.
|< nsTq |<\T + |\T |&TT+f
s>dt HjT\L, ss\L e+ |<+ dT\
|+ |+&dTq~. +&qT eT+psT #d n~s+
+#] eT+ |uT+ n+>{+~. B +>dt b
y] \_ #Ls |<+> e]+~~. |*+> m+
eT+~ nqsT\T, nsT\T> e] \_ b+<>, eTs+
eT+~ u>dt |s +&qT b+<sT. |uT+ sV+q
ds 12.88 \\ u>dt +&T eqT *+< sT&T
eT+ |{+#&T. nsTT d+KqT Zd 2.77 \\
u>dt +&T eqT M{ sD+ |s 260 sbjT\T
sjT HjT\, dV >|\, |\T& *Zq
esZ\ CT bsTTqT d+es+ qe] |uT+
|{++~. b ysTT |> sbjT\T
eHj y \T #| |]d nsTT<>
n~sT\T eHs |yT |]X<q jT|&+~.
+~seT |<+ sT>TTq n$| nd+; #s
]q|&T e s+... e w+! e qq y
+&T #T+{+. @+ #ks #dT+& n d>TZ>
eT+ bsks~ dy $ds&T.
n |<\ eH |< |\ mTe+{ \_
# L s +~s e T b\ \ e + u & T \_
#LsTTq~. |<\ m+ #dqT> #|e&
|<+ neX+ *dT+~. | |uT+ | ueT\T
*dT+~. eT b y] ]+> |jH\T *+
eT yqT \uTe& e|j>|&TT+~.
sJy d>V
|< |\ +&T n+ +~seT |< |yX|{q
y.mdt.sY. eT< s> |\ d+ 2007 sJy d>V
|<+ |yX|{&T. k m\ d+<s+> m>Te, ~>Te
eT< s> esZ\qT Te& |yX|{q |<$T~.
94 eTTb*{\ |]~ 17,866 sbjT\ KsT
85,961 +&qT ]keT |uT+ |{++~. |<+
+< +&qT b+< \_<sT\ +{ <s 25 X+
ssTTr \_dT+~. C Hu \ |s+ sh+ 46
\\ T+u\ k+ +&T e. +<T +~seT
|< nsT\T eT< s> T+u\T nH+. 25
X+ ssTTr nH~ me]HH ]+# $wjTyT. n+<T
|<+ +< +&T b+<&+ d+ 1.74 \\ <sUdT\T
e#sTT. <sUdT<sT\T yTT<f eT&T qT+& nsTT<T
y\T <seT {* e+T+~.
+
+&T ]+# u<qT >V sD eT+&* e+&

+<|<X sJy d>V s=swH *$Tf& |]
| d+dqT |uT+ @sT #d+~. ~ |\T $eTs\
sDyT+~. >V sD eT+&* sh+ n |<q
|D\ ueTT\T eHsTT. qT < ueTT\qT
=> d]+#*q neds+ e+&~ <T. n+ <T
>V sD eT+&*, nqTueeTTq +sT, Tq
d+B e+{sT. yM sJy d>V s=swH
*$Tf & u eTT\T =q& + bT d +~
deTLsTy* e+~. deTjT+ ]jT md{
+ e+&&+ $|yTq <s\ ueTT\T =H*
e+~. & |uT+ L& ueTT\ yb]> nes+
m, $|yTq <s\ d+d ueTT\T n$T+~.
q>s\ ys d ks\T # L& ms+ {
qT+& H\T>T sbjT\ |+ n$T+~.
sD+> |<+ +< ]+q +&T u> K<sTT
bjsTT. 25 X+ ssTTr b+~q|{ =qT>\T<sT\T
jT{ es{ <s\ +f +& me #*+#*
edTq~. B \ 74 y\ T+u\T <sUdT
#dTq|{ |{ d+ 5 y\ eT+~ L& +&qT
=q& eTT+<T s<T. nH T+u\T eTT {q
<seYqT yq rdTe& |jTdTHsTT. (
<seY\ eT\+> <<| 90 sbjT\T |uT
U eTjsTT.) B eT\+> =\T bs+_+q
16,663 +& sD+ |d eTT+<T k>&+ <T.
n+<Te\ d+ 5,034 +&qT yTT< |P] #d y{
n$Tq sH $T> +& C* by\ |uT+
ssTT++~.
eT< s> |\ |jq+ d+ n |uT+
|#s+ #dTq|{ |<+ ]jT md{ ybsT\
me> |jH\qT u{+~. eTTb*{ |]~
k+ \T eq|{ k+ \T eTs eTTb*{
|]~ |<+ <s \T b+<e#H +<q L&
|<+ e+~. B{ +&T y] +&T
deTLs\H \+ +f +& =qT>qT bV+
|T&<s, ybsT\ |jH\T uf \yT
eTTKyTq~.
|\ d+e @ |uT\, bsyT+ b\T
T& eq~ 65 @+& d+ us #] eTq
ns+ #sTTdH e+~. |\ d+eT+ | b\esZ\
@ e+ X~ eH y] eT* deTd\ |]cs
w #d |jT+ #ksTT. eT* deTd\qT @ e+
|{+#T+&, y{ |]cs+ d+ bs&TTq |\|,
e<e\| re nDyqT |jd eTsy| eT
qe+sY` &d+sY 2012
47
mH+s | V!
|C <e\qT, +<q\qT nD#& |uT+
yTT<{qT+& s+< neT\T#d, bssT\qT,
+<qsT\qT | mH+sT, |t V\T
#dTq~. |\ eT* deTd\qT |]w]+#& <T\T
| C bs{\qT nDy H | ] w ]+| p d T q ~.
| mH+sT #jT& eTT+<T e# LsTq
bdT n~sT\ nH ssTTr\T, nysT\T, ]ysT\T
sTTd |uT+ mH+sqT jT<#> =qkdTq~.
eTV\| jd& <& #d, HsT\qT &|t #d
#+|, <=+>H\, V\ #d reyTq |C es
>Tsq =+ eT+~ | mH+sT #d, eT V\
k~s *+#Te& bdT\T |jTdTHsT.
n+<T u>+>H |dT+ >V+& J> eq
dse+HjTT\T 2000 d+es+ s, >T+sT
\ md> u<\T #|{q sT H\\ 19eT+~
mH+s |] Ves&T.
| \T, | C k$T y< T \T +{ |
mH +s e s + > bs& T T Hs T . s
(1974`75) ]q yT& eZdt | mH+sT
yTT<\T= mH | mH+s, | V\,
bdT n#s\ es+> bs&T, HjT$#sD
]| <w\qT +#\H &e+& #dTHsT. bs{\
|*+>H s eZdtqT V#dq n~sT\
|&+~. ssTT|* | mH+sY| HjT$#sD
usZe $TwH @s&+~. >TsY TksH |
mH+sY u<Tq bdT n~sT\ |&+~.
| mH+s b\&qy]| dT qy<T #j\

+<|<X VsT rsT +~. bs{\ e\H bdT\T
V#dq m+<s $|esT\ eT<V\ bdT esyT
]+~. bs{\ =+eT+~ V\ ss\T,
|Ck$T y<T\T $Xw w #dTHsT. Te+{ w
sD+>H sT&q md dse+HjTT\T 2000
d + e s + # d q 19 | mH +s 16
mH +s T e T, M{ V T q 16 eT+~
T+u\, T+u nsTT<T \\ sbjT\
#=|q qw|]Vs+ #*+#\ CrjT eqe V\
#sH (mHm#YsYd) ddt u\wH rsT #b&T. eqe
V \ s s , Hj T y~ _. # + < X K sY ]| q
HjTbs+ eT\+> rsT y\Te&+~.
nsTT e | mH+s * #|q|{
qw | ] V s + H d ] | & + | <w d
se+HjTT\T mTe+{ yjTbe&+ |\,
|Ck$Ty<T\T re+> es+#*q $wjT+.
bdT n~] HsdT& y#|&+ |dT |]d
$jTyT nsTTq|{ n~ eyT d]b<T. HsdTq
bd T \ \ T L & | & *. n| & $# \$& >
=qk>TTq | mH+sT =~XyTH >TZyTTK+
|f neX+ e+T+~. |\T, |Ck$T y<T\T,
V\ ss\T, HjTy<T\T eT]+ |T<\> bs&
dse+HjTT\T dV $$< | mH+s,
|t V\, n#s\ sDyTq n~sT\
|& |C <e\qT #|{*.
d+dsD |<+ u>+> sE d+eT |< |{dTHsTT. eT <|&, nDy eTTU eTTdT>T>q,
|\qT bs{\ qT+& |<] |{+#&, |uT\| |\T Tq ueT\qT *| e+#& d+eT
|<\qT e|j+#T+THsTT. <eT b+ md u>+> |<* neT\T #d, | N*
dTHsTT. n< deTjT+ |< |\ d+eT+ eTTdT>T, b\ b\, s=sT d+d\ |jH\qT HsysTdTHsTT.
n$ eT]+> |+bwdTHsTT.
+L |<\ |uT9+ {sTTdTq <T\T me] CT qT+& edTHsTT? sh+ $$< d+eT
|<\ 26y\ sbjT\T KsT #dTH+. |qT\T yjTT<+f m |qT\T yjT+& |< neT\T
#k+? nH& eT< eTTKeT+ sDY esY s&. |qTy <\, s=s{ d+d\ yksqT+f bsbf.
keq |\T =qT>\T #d edTe\|, $j+#TH de\| $|+> |qT\T |+ |\ T\qT eT]+
us+> esTsT. |\ qT+& =\>={q keTT =+ u> |<\ {sTTd |C d+eT+ n+THsT
b\\T.
qT b\\ d+eT |<\ >V+, yTq |C d+e bT |& |C sC k~+#Te&+
d+ |\+ bsT esZ+ |{* e+~.
48
qe+sY ` &d+sY 2012
bs{\T ` ||Tq ` du\T

<+&sD+
<D jTH ||Tq
2012 >dt ` d|+sY\ <+&sD+ <D
jTH = ||TH s+< #s\T ]>sTT.
<D dsY &$H >dT 7q C>TsT>=+& @]j
ud>& qT+& k]H>& bdT +| swH rdTy
q u \>\ yT{&sY yVH |mJ@ \>\T
|* yXsTT. |*y n+<T |jDdTq <sT
u\T eTsD+#sT. s yqT edTq u
\>\L |mJ@ \>\L q&TeT \T\T ]>sTT.
|Tq s+&T dH e>CqT, 60 {\T |mJ@
\>\ kBqeTjsTT. >dT 14q ud>& +|
qT+& e |PdTu >eT+| <& #d ] yq bdT
\>\| |mJ@ <& #d+~. <& u bdT
#bj&T. >dt 19q + @]j dsY>&
dMT|+ >=\|* ds+#Y eT&+ keqT |mJ@
\>\T K+ #XsTT. eT&+ ke dE&T+ #]
>=\|* #TT|\Tq n >e\| ]q <&T\
H+ eV+#&T. n+<T |C XTe eT\+
#*+#TH&T. d|+sY 19q + @]j >s
bdT +| dMT|+ V*b& sD> eq
bd T \| | m J @ <& # j T > bd T
eTsD+#&T. eTs= bdT >jT|&&T. d|+sY 25q
dTe +<+ bdT\| |mJ@ \>\T #dq
<& dsY|m|t #+~q bdT #b>, eTs=
bdT >jT|&&T. d|+sY 29q Hy& mdm|t
+| #+~q V*b& dMT|+ >d sT>TTq
bdT\| |mJ@ #dq <& <sT dmm|t yH\T
>jT|&sT.
<s &$H >dt 6q eT*+>sY @]j eT+&<
dMT|+ bHsY sY|PsY s&T| dsY|m|t |jDdTq
yTH |P|t yVH |*yXsT. s \T\T
sT| |mJ@ n&H nsTT+~. n&H neTq
\>\, yTH |P|t yVq+ yq\ y{sY d|
eq \>\ ns>+ d| re+> \T\T ]>sTT.
sD+> |mJm \>\T, |\T&T >jT|&q
bdT\qT #+| jTT<\qT kBq+ #dT+& ]{{
e* e+~. |Tq dsY|m|t bdT #b>,
nsTT<T>TsT bdT\T >jT|&sT.
+
|eT dsY &$H d|+sY 27q eT<& @]j

e|* ys| d+ dsY|m|t \>\| |mJ@ <&
#d bdTqT >jT|], bdT <>ZsTq
mdtmsYqT, ysYdt d{qT kBq+ #dT+~.
s+ <+
pH 28q k]H>& XT \>\T k+q

esD+& n+<] *dq<. esD+&qT nH
dq |\T re+> K+&+#sT. |\T sdq se\T
#|{sT. nsTTq|{ seTDYd+> dssY s> p
16q k]H>& dMT|+ dsY|m|t #+~q 204e
(u) u{*jTH +| @sT#d+~. y+H
k]H> &, => &, sE|+, b >e\| eTsk]
<& #d nH eT+~ |\qT $#DsV+> ={sT.
|\TesT eTV\| n#s+ #XsT. =+eT+~ |\qT
|T= ud>& bdTdwH rdTy[ V+d\T
|{sT. nsY 2q u u{*jTH #+~q \>\T
>MTD eTV\qT |T= e{|* >eT dMT|+
| mH +sY *# + bs T . k]H > &
esD+& b\&q|{ qT+& H{ esL ud>&,
k]H>& dMT| >e\| bdT\ <&T\T s+s+
sT>TH eHsTT. ;u+&qT T ud>&
dMT| >e\ |\T eT >e\qT e~* e\dbTHsT.
>dt 12q <s &$H +>s| { @]j #+~q
|P nH eTV yT& d+ ><|PsY y>
Hbss de#s+ yTs bdT\T yTqT nsdT #XsT.
dwH nH s\T> V+d\T |{ s C\T
|+bsT.
>dt 14q <s &$H e#Y @]j #+~q
eT&+ >+> (csY), y{ eTT\T nH <sT @]j
ksTT yT&qT Hss de#s+ yTs ><|PsY `
jYT|PsY Hwq Vy|qTq <H|+ >eT dMTbq
bdT\T nsdT #XsT. M] bdT\T <<| H
|~VqT sE\ bT neT+> s+~+, $|yTq
V +d \ > T ]# d n sY 3q > < | P sY
+bsTTqT> #|+#sT.
b =+\+ |#d +{ y[bsTTq eT&+
<y nH eJ |H e+&sYqT +<|<X #s
d+ n>dt 2q bdT\T nsdT#XsT. nsTT yTqT
byT& n&$ |TqT n<\T #T ;C|PsY
MT&j m<T |yX|{sT.
qe+sY` &d+sY 2012
49
d|+sY 12q <s &$H b{* >eT+| bdT\T

<&#d eTT>TZsT >MTDT\qT |T[ C\T |{sT.
d|+sY 22q |eT dsY &$H Hwq bsY
@]j H*eT&T>T >eT dMT|+ n&$ >]\
d++~+q &+|qT bdT\T <+d+ #XsT.
d|+sY 27 qT+& 30 esL >+>\sT @]j
|\T >e\T bdT <&T\ >TsjsTT. >+>\sT,
beTT\yjT, ;C|PsY, eTT]HsY, e|* bdT dwq
qT+& jT]q bdT, dsY|m|t, mdm|t \>\T
d+jTT+> <&T\T sV+#sT. <&T H+&,
|<s, |PdTHsT, eTTs+>, s*, &, neHsT
>e\T ;u >TsjsTT. <&T\ eq
bdT\| s*, neHsT >e\ dMT|+ |mJ@
\>\T <&T\T #XsTT. <&T bdT \>\
mTe+{ qw+ y{\b>, bdT\T |j+q yssY
w e\q q\T>TsT $Twj duT\T >jT|&sT.
s|{ &$H
eT<bq w< e<eT+

Hsj T D| { ]q s +> bs{ <
rjT& |uT + |qTTq nH u>+> eT<
] |yX|{ |\qT eTT eTT+#\H~ {. bdT
sD \+> eq HsjTD|{, +<T>+ {q |y{
+{ s T ;s T , u+B\ bT ks neT\T
sT|THsT. 2009 eTT+<T HsjTD|{, +<T>+
+<\T> ks j ]>~. 2009 qe] y~
eT+~ | \T ~ * ks{ \ qT, c| \qT < +d +
#jT&+ ks +<sTT+~. >+ \\ sbjT\
u\qT ]+q +{sT bdT\ n+& 2010 qT+&
] eT<+ c|\qT bs+_+#sT. \+|PsY, sjT>&
| D \ qT+& yV H |< y T T + rd T =
neTTTHsT.
+<T>+ u >Z&, q>+, o&, +,
k]|* e+{ = >e HT ks, ;sT, u+B
$#\$&> neT\T sT>TTHsTT. $|e+ |sT
q&TdTq nsTH, |&eT\ eTTs #+~q #d eT*j
d+|T + | #dT q >e*$. |& e T eT< T >e
+{sT ks jsT #d neTTTHsT. ks neTTTq
>e\qT eysTTd T s V >e\T> bd T \T
u$ks, <&T\T s>e |&eT d>TZ> #T ks
neT\qT bVdTq~. < ||\+> \+#\T
rdT+Tq~. ks +{ssTTq k+&, |& ~s
ybsT\T ks neT\ <sH ~yd\ ueTT\qT
CXsT.
50
#d eT*j ~yd d+|T+, $|e ~yd eTV

d+|T+, bdsT, uqsT, Vs+> du\ <s eT< w<
|\T|qT rdTsTT. |\T| u>+> +<T>+ u
+u]|{, ={u& |+#sTTr\ |\T eTT+<T esd
\& ks bs+ bs+_+#sT. ys+ sE\T 700
eT+~ |\T (400 eTV\T, 300 |sTw\T), d+|T
duT\T sp e<jT+ deyXyT, s+&T +<\T>
$&bsTT sE d+ H\T>T >e\ yysT.
>e\ |\ ks e\ *> qc\qT $e]d, ks
<+d+ #d, |\ ks +< |f u<#ysT.
sjT>& +<+ qT+& yVH\ <s sT>TTq
u\+ ds|sqT n&THsT. eT&TksT |d J|,
, s+&T y{sT u\qT, n+<T u <+d+
#XsT. ksY|* >eT+ 500 \ u <+d+ #XsT.
d+\ sEq ]> ks ybs L& n&THsT.
|\T + re+> esdTq|{ u +<\
dH& ybsT\T <s> neT\T kdTHsT. bdT\
n+& |uTyT =qkdTq dH& ybs +<T
|{ + #\ | u T & e +& # j \ d + | T +
s s TT++~. Hsj T D| { nsTT< T y \ eT+~,
+<T>+ m$T~ y\ eT+~ }s+| ]| ;&z
yTyTTs+&+ #sT. eT<+ DyT +<T |{\ eT<+
ybsT\qT V#]+#sT.
|< |u+q+ k>TTq ks bs+ ~yd
T+u\ m+ esT rdTe+~. |{ es
k++> ksqT e+&T= >&+ n\yTq |\T
d#+<+> ks eHjT&+ y] #H |r.
bs+, |H >\ +< b++ bsr|s+, eTe
eT+&\ |\| L& |uy yd+~. \+|PsY,
sj T > & b+\ | \T L & bs{\
<T\TTHsT. eT V\T, d+dT\qT b&Te&,
eT yTq n_e~ ++> eq |uT <+d+
# j T & , eTT # d T q bs+ * d sy\
HsjTD|{ ~yd\T dTHsT.
..&T. &$H
uk$T + y+s& K+
..& &$H =>&+`qs+| @]j $T{
|]~ b\+# eT+&\+ |u Yq>sY (s&> &+) >e
#+~q uk$T, + y+s& nsY 16q |mm
K+ #d+~.
+ y+s& (45) eT >eT+q, |]ds
>eq ~ydT\T k>T#dT+Tq <<| 150
qe+sY ` &d+sY 2012
TeT\ yDT>bse d+dsD

1970\ qT+& H\T>T <Xu\ bT $|y<e $$< sb dV]+q
yT<$ + $qeT+> CVsT #TTq~. jTq T+ duT\ |>&
kqTu *jTCdTq~.
|eTTK $<y, kVr|jTT&T, +< $X$<\jT +]+> X\
eJ |b TeT\ yDT>bse 2011 d|+sY 21q qTeTXsT. s
> jTq neTsY y~ u<|&TTHsT.
yDT>b se c |T+k\b+ 1928 |e] 29q |{sT.
H& +]+> X\ _f, Ks>|PsY { m+f #d +<
jTe]{ n<|\T> #ssT. sTy nyT] m+f #d ] m.jTT.
#] +]+> X\ |b> u<\T #|{sT. $jTy& d<s +]+>
X\, @\sT dsY +]+> X\\ eek| |b>qT, HsT
\jT +]+> X\ |b>q yDT>bse eeV]+#sT.
yeT| sjT n_e> VTy~> jTq mH ke, kV sb\ u>+ |+#THsT.
\T>T kV eT\T| |q oo ww|P] dHq d+|T+ (1970) \ u<T&> eeV]+#sT. oo
J HsjTDse, |+ sese, s$Xd, #s+&sE ~sT\ dV+> yT*>&T. $|e s#sTT\
d+|, $|e kV<e, $|e |C d+|\L nH s\ #jTq+~+#sT. $XK bsV\ d+|T+,
us Hd de+, $XK |*+ kd{ #jT\ yqT<qT> eHsT. 1975 meTs sTy $jTy&
+<+> |#d eT +{ <>Zs ys+ ys+ kVr$TT\ >w sV+#sT. e]+ s|q |sH eT<Td<q
se s& VAeT+ s|q s$|P& y+{~ eT< ]q #] #s y&ssY> eeV]+#sT.
|C d+|\ eT& y~ n<\T> eeV]+#ysT. s& $<sT\ dV+>, dV+> e+&ysT.
#sT\sTT e+& L& $qjT+> HsTH due+ * e+&ysT.
q uj $<sT\ e|j>s+ +< yT& X\ n+<Cj\ ssT.
ms\ u$T $T+#T= ~ydT\qT u$T qT+&
]$TydH&T. nHj >Tsq ~ydT\T sT L
d+|T+> @s& X+jTT+> |\T sb +<q\T
#XsT. eT HjT+ #j\ n~sT\ $|\T
#dTHsT. nsTTq|{ |uT+ uk$T eT<T>
e+&, nsdT\T, <&T\ |\qT uj+<q\
>T]#d+~. n+ +& bs{\ HjT+
eVdTq ys s$ nH d+|T HjT&| y+s & >+&\T
2011 yT 29q <& #XsT. <& nqT dV >
eTsD+#& u$+ $&|{ y[bjsT.
=q }| ] eq s $ , | \T y < + n+~+
+#THsT. <<| H\T>T d+es\ qT+&
X+jTT+> bs&q|{, u$T ~ydT
<&T\ >TsHsT. |uT+ eydTq |CkeT+, nM
V \ # + +{ $ m+ y B qT+&
\ e Te T q~. $d y k ]q | \T u k$T
y+s& K+ #j\ sTHsT. |\ &e+&
yTs |mm uk$T y+s& nsY 16q
+
Ve]+~. B y+s& |& $s>&sTT+< |\T

}|] |\THsT.
HbssY, eJ < duTs\T K+
=>&+`qs+| @]j $T{ |]~ >T+&\

eT+&\+ kjTq|* (=eTT>&+) >e #+~q eJ
< duTs\T y>usTTq nqdjT (ds)qT |mm
nsY 6q K+ #d+~. 2006 es <duTs\T>
#]q nqdjT nHs> sD\ 2008 bdT\
ds+&sY nsTT+~. s qT+& b d++<\
e+H HssY> e]+~. 2012 |e] 20q <+
y sTT+{ edTq $wjT+ bdT\ de#s+
n+~++~. yT de#s+| <s|& bdT\T #dq
eT <& <e+&sY yT& d+>q (mdmyT)
neTsT&T nsTTH&T.
<& sDeTsTTq nqdjTqT nsY 6q <+
K+ #d yT T+ duT\qT V#]++~. #s
$|e <VQ\ V#] nsTT+~.
qe+sY` &d+sY 2012

51
s|+
$|e $<] <eT bs+u&T, ssTT|* neTsMsT&T
ds|H HsH se d+dsD du

q V<jT+ HsH |d$wsD
p 25, 2012 T<ys+ kjT++ 6.00 VsYu> |dt u, V<su<
$|e $<] <eT+, $|y<eT+ \yTq, nsTDsTDyTq d
ssTT|* eTMsT\~. meTs |{+q H\sE\ 1975 p 24`25 s
yT< ssTT|* n&e\ | mH+sY ]+~. meTs N{s
qsV+ y+>se |uT bdT\T ds|H HsHse, \+ eTTsyVH
s&, =*X{ q+<se, eq|] dT<sY\qT # { * #+bsT. HsH
es+> q +]+> $<]. eTTsyVH s&, es+> V<sY
$<]. q+<se qs+| pjTsY $<]. <XsTT| #+~q
dT<sY |< s> #<Te | es+> >sTTH es{ | #dT+&y&T.
q\T>TsT yT< $|e s+> e<eT sD+ e+&> bdT\T |T=
mH+sY |] *#+bsT.
meTs mydq s sT+& $T{ w e\ ssTT|* V+& d$es+>, k<s\ dV |\
*d+~. |< mTq kq |C+<q e\ |uT + dd t ew useZ HjTq HjT$#sD $TwHq T jT$T++~.
s |uT+ |P]+> $TwH |#jT d *+q|{ ssTT|* mH+sY T< n, n~
bdT\T e<X|Ps+> #dq V+& n jT|&+~. ssTT|* neTsT\ MT< q] _&\ >TZ<,
d+, y y\ s+> y*, dT+{ dT b\T swy|+> dT|d<eTjsTT. meTs mydq
H{ qT+ b e +< yTT<\sTTq 1985`89 s+<+& < kq $dyTq |Cd+|\
sb\, bsV\ <eT+ ssTT|* neTsMsT\ >T]+ |< mTq |#s+ ]+~. ssTT|*
neTsT\ d] y~ eT+~ eC |sDq n+~++~.
q\T>TsT neTsMsT\ HjT&T ds|H HsH (1950`1975) us |& |C <eT| $\Tyq
ysd |D|#Tq j<T&T. sy < ejTdT MsyTq #]qT ]+ neTsT&j&T. q
+]+> $<] <e ]+, n_e~ #X&T. s& $<] d+|T+ @s&&+ \b bw+#&T.
$<] s+>+ qT+ s+> <eT sD s*y[q yT< =* $|y<eT ;C\T H{&T. <=+>
m<TsT\T\ eTsD+H, m+<s+<] |sD> * #] sD+ u>eTj&T. $<] <eT ss>,
>] < HjT&> HsH w H\T>| nsTTH jTq n+~+q d] #\ $X\yTq~. meTs
V >Tsq s *{ q +]+> $<] sH ><, sH V+\ q |&\ +& #s
y]jTsY #dq |jT\T <Xy|+> |#syTq|&T HsH >< L& < deq+> b#Ts+ e+~.
s& $<] d+|T+ sD eTT+<T kq $<] e<eT sD w HsH b e\ s& $<]
jTTeq d+|\ sb\ HsH + d]+#TH dJe d nj&T.
HsH J$+, w, d] s *jTCd \+ u\+ qT+ | mH+sY < jTq
dV+> yT*q, |]Tq dVT\ qT+, jTq >T]+ de#s+ n#sTTq |d\ qT+, |\ qT+
52
qe+sY ` &d+sY 2012
yT& +\ y+ k$T d+dsD du

>T+sT e<eT+ qT+& <$+q yT& +\ y+ k$T (ds+)
n+#\+#\T> m<T>T H{ || ysY +< |<X sh $T{ df]jT{ duT &j &T.
sT| eTV e<eT sD w #dT+&q +< sZHsY yT& |< bT
yT& +\ y+ k$T 1994 d|+sY 24q bdT\ | mH+sY
neTsT&j&T.
yT& +\ y+k$T |< T++ |{, ]&> | #d
$|y<eT+y| ]+#&&T. <|& esZ\ bs&T, msC+&qT deTTq+>
m | { & T . e T+ n s d s TT1990 e] $& T < \ sTT ] e< eT+
eTyTeTj&T. n< d+es+ yT ]q #] es+> sTL du\ sVD
<T>T] @s&q dHV $T{ s<]> e+& du\qT $jTe++ #jT&+
|eTTK b bw+#&T. s <D k q $T{ s<]> mj&T.
e<eT+ \b bw+q jTq n+<] n_eH $Xw+> #s>= |q,
b XDTq #]b eTT<yX&T.
jTq d+dsD d|+sY 29q >T+sT n+u<sY ueH du ]+~. $|y_eqT\T m+<s du
VssTT jTq |>& y[ n]+#sT. jTq C|\qT |+#THsT. +\ eT*sTq se n<q ]q
du sY.&.m|t n<\T yT& esesse H{ ke |]dT\T ` ]esZ sC~s+ nH n+X+|
ks|Hd+ #XsT.
d]+q $es\ qV<jT+ CHsH |d+ jssTT+~. HsH dV#sT\qT, $TT\qT, |]#jTdT\qT
*d H\T>T <Xu\ yqT{ C|\qT $ rd HsH J$, #sDqT |q]]+#& ]q |jT+
|d+. HsHqT e>+> |]#jT+ #jT&+ eyT <T, jTq J$, w, d] #], ke,
sjT H|<+ b+<T|s d s+s+ =qk+#& |d+. HsH e <, 1970\
=*sE $|e sj\ |u$yTq jTq +{ y~ eT+~ $<] jTTeqT\ X jTq
d+eT, eTsDq+s+ L& jTq d] ]b |D *dTq< #|& |d+. HsHqT
|C <eT+ ]+, bD>+ #jT& L& |s|+qTe+{ ke, sj] |]dT, <
n+q ~>C]q |]dT H\= eq eseq+ HsH J$ eT k] >TsT #d $<] jTTeqT\
jTq d] n+~+#&+ dyT |d+, |d$wsD, d+dsD du. CHsH J$, bs ><qT
ns<+ #dq q V<jT+ HsH |d ssTT|* d ~q+ d+<s+> $w]+#T+<+ s+&.
ssTT|* neTsMsT\qT d+d]+#T+<+ s+&. n+<s VT.
V <su<,
p 15, 2012
ds|H CHsH se yTy]jT dt

HsH $TT\T
p 25q HsH $TT\T <s+ yT& HsH d+dsD du $jTe++> ]+~. du

|\TesT e\T yT& HsH eT nqT+<, dT\q, jTq H\=*q <s\q, q&|q bs{\q,
H{ =qk>TTq bs ysd \T#THsT.
+
qe+sY` &d+sY 2012
53
(y q T |J s T ysTT...)
bdT n~], eTs q\T>TsT yqT >jT|&sT.
;VsY >jT u<sY, &TeT]j n&e
sE dsY|m|t, u \>\| |m@ k+q
deTs\ eTT>TZsT dsY|m|t bdT\T #e>, 15 eT+~
>jT|&sT.
@z_ & B +Twt (=+&`*yT\ s&T)
_mdtm|t e+&+{, e| e+&+{, d, mdt\T
eTsD+#>, <sT _mdtm|t yqT re+> >jT|&sT.
n\+>b& ;{|t (s|{) |\T&T <sT zmdtm|t
bdT\T eTsD+#>, eTs <sT re+> >jT|&sT.
&X <s|+> +Twt (+<e) eTT>TZsT bdT\T
#e>, eTT>TZsT >jT|&sT. s \+>D H{
+Twt <sT bdT\T >jT|&>, eTs s+&T #s\
<sT eTTKyTq HbssT KeTjsT.
M{ bT> $$< >]Cq ]q nH d+
jqT, s jTT<#s\ |C+q w #+<
sY (mdt , eT\H ]), bs+ e+a (@mdt ,
qTyb&), ~|t esY dH (@mdt, +sY), n|q
(mdt_ V& dT, $XK) e+{ bdT n~sT\T,
bdT\T, ndd+{ bdT\T(mdt|z), VA+>sT\T
K e Tj s T . y | m @ \>\T X T eqT
|]# nH #s\ b\&sTT. $<+> yTT+
d+es \+ |m@ sV+q <&T |{
esL e+< eT+~ (_C 26 eT+~, & 57 eT+~,
@z_ 11 eT+~, & X q\T> T s T ) bd T \T
eTsD+#>, 170 eT+~ (_C 69 eT+~, & 82
eT+~, @z_ 11 eT+~, &X eTT>TZsT) |>
>jT|&sT. y] e< qT+ 26 jTT<\qT |m@
Vd>+ #dT+~.
s #s\ V<sYc yT (>&s*), n+ysY
(>&s*), |eH esY u$ (>&s*), Jy kHd
(|eT d+|tTu+), XsyT (u\+^sY) e+{ sjT
HjT\T, U e+J, sjT+ dqT, @eT \#T, &T+>
d{ , s+ , q >{ e+{ | C + q
dE&T+, +{ eTT d+|TH HjT\T, >+&\T,
+ nH eT+~ HbssT, |C es +{sT,
>eT ds+#Y\T, sT\T eT{>]#sT. <+&sD+
=+&>y +<+ #rdt>& sw eT+ +{|
|m@ jH {+ Ms+> <& #d dL]{
>sTqT K+ #d+~. @z_ m+m@ H V,
54
<+&sD+ sY n b MTqH\qT |m@

\>\T +B\T> |Te&+ <s, e+<~ eT+~
k<sD ~yd\qT C Tq +<, sw |uT\
{\ $<H* m+&>{sTT.
<Xy|+> $$< >]Cq s+sjT+> ]q
|m@ >] #s\ e\ XTe eT] \>\qT >]
CH b+ yV]+#*q d, q \>\qT $X\
b+\ $+B]+#*q d H&&T. |*+>
yTs XT<& \Te]+#&+ |mJ@ $jT+
k~++~.
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< X + =qk> T T q $| y < e\qT, C $eTT
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+
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qe+sY` &d+sY 2012
55
qe+sY - &d +sY 2012
12e y]e+ d+<s+>

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X+, eTVwt, eTTs[\ neTs ~qyTq &d+sY 2q, |C $eTT >] dq (|m@) $s$++~. 2012
&d+sY 2 H{ |mJ@ |H+& +&sTT.
n+ |r|T due+ *q us b\esZ\T key<T\, |+ nyT] key<T\ |P]
n+&, esZ<s+, dVjT dVs\ =qkdTq <Xy| VQeTTK <& |swH ^HV+{ s+&e <X
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|CjTT< $j\qT b&Te&, b, |mJ@qT, >]CH\ yTT\q, \<=+Tq qq
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$d]+|CjT& sT>TTq w |mJ@ u>keT+ \yTq~. eT+ m+<s b, |mJ@ j<T\T
eT bD* DbjT+> n]d eTq <X $|e #]qT eT]+ >u]+ #dTHsT. d+<s+>
neTsMsT\+<] $qeT+> y\T n]<+. y] XjT k<q |mJ@qT eT]+> |s>$T+|CkeT
| #<+.
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|uy yXsTT.
<+&sD+ +HsY <Vq+&| ]> d_ $#sDqT sTesT #d+<T sT>TTq * VsZ+
#jT&+ d+, | $#sDqT n&Te&+ d+ jT e+& e+&sT s+ ds, # q+<\ yVq+|
>=sY>=+& e< |mJ@ #dq +Twt (dT), ds n& #e> # q+<, @mdt| eT&$\T re+> >jT|&sT.
|dt{ e< dsY|m|t, u \>\ HjYT| sV+q kVk| u +Twt (>&s*) 13 eT+~ u
e+&\T eTsD+#>, 27 eT+~ >jT|&sT. s>T +Twt (+sY) q\T>TsT _mdtm|t yqT eTsD+#>,
<T>TsT >jT|&sT. s+<T H{ +Twt (<+y&) sT>TsT dmdtm|t yqT eTsD+#sT. <D dsY
&$H |< &, q & >e\qT <+d+ #d \+ ]q XT @]jT |swHqT |m@, |C
$Twj \>\T Ms ||Tq <s $|\+ #XsTT. _C| m+m@ eTVwt >>, ;C|PsY sY\
HjYT| #dq kVk|yTq +Twt, #* +Twt (<+y&), +>sY|{ +Twt (<+y&)\T XTeqT
\es|]#sTT.
sas+& s>& e< yTH|P|t yVq+| ]q MsyTq +Twt (>&y) 13 eT+~ bdT\T eTsD+#>,
<sT bdT\T re+> >jT|&sT. Ks+ T+^ +Twt (VsY) @mdt dV eTT>TZsT bdT\T eTsD+#sT.
\usY nM b++ XT V*|sY| |m@ kVk|+> #dq <& (VsY) <sT u e+&\T
eTsD+#sT. #y kH +Twt (>&y) @&T>TsT bdT\T >jT|&sT |t# +Twt (<Hu<) $T
dT yTq bdT eTsD+#>, 12 eT+~ >jT|&sT. mHV#Y`2| +Twt (VsY) bdT
eTsD+#>, 15 eT+~ >jT|&sT. u=u +Twt (|eT d+|tTuyT) <sT dsY|m|t yqT #e>,
($T> ~ 54e |J...)
56
qe+sY ` &d+sY 2012

Kranti Nov Dec 2012

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