tvif;&eH@ *sme,f trSw(

f 3)? {jyDv 2009 ckep

S f

aemfZ;kd
jyifopftawG;tac:tajccH
vlrv
_ @l tzG@J tpnf;t,ltq
vlr_vl@tzGJ@tpnf; civil society ESifh ywfoufI acwfopfEdkifiHa&; tawG;
tac:e,fy,fwGif tajccHt,ltq ESpf&yf&Sd.? yxrt,ltqwpf&yfrSm aps;uGuf
rsufESmpmudk rlvtajccHðyo!fh zGifhqdk&Sif;vif;r_jzpfonf? t*FvdyfvlrsKd; EdkifiHa&;
oabmw&m;ynm&Sif *|efavmhcf. a&;om;wifjycsufrsm;t& vlr_vl@tzGJ@tpnf;
qdkonfrSm vlom;wdk@. ukefxkwfvkyfr_/ zvS,fr_/ pm;oHk;r_jzpfpOfwGif jyifyoufa&mufr_
uif;pGmjzifh ud,k yf ikd Of ya'orsm;twdik ;f jzpfay:aeo!fh tjyeftvSef v_y&f mS ;aqmif¶u
G rf _
rsm;tm;vHk;udk qdkvdkonf? TzGifhqdkr_rSm t*Fvdyf-tar&duef vpfb&,f0g'wGif vlr_
vl@tzGJ@tpnf;ESifhywfoufI aomhcsufusaom t,ltqjzpfonf? xdk@a=umifh
yk*~vdue,fy,fwpf&yfjzpfonfh vlr_vl@tzGJ@tpnf;tm; EdkifiHawmfpGufzufr_rS uif;
vGwfap&ef twwfEdkifqHk;umuG,f&ef vdktyfonf[k qdk=uonf? 'kwd,t,ltqrSm
rGefwuf(p)usLŒESifh tvufZENm;awmhcfAD;vf ponfh jyifopftawG;tac:q&mrsm;.
a&;om;wifjycsufrsm;tay: tajcðyay:xGufvmjcif;jzpfonf[k tawG;tac:rsm;
ordkif;wGif qdk=uonf? t*Fvdyf-tar&dueft,ltqESifh tjrifuGJjym;onf? xdkuJhodk@
jyifopftpOftvmtawG;tac:rS qif;oufvmonfh t,ltqt& vlr_vl@tzGJ@
tpnf;tm; aps;uGufe,fy,ftjzpf r±_jrifay? tenf;ESifhtrsm;qdkovdk EdkifiHawmf.
trSDtcdkuif;+yD; wnf&Sdaeonfh apwemh0efxrf; toif;tyif;rsm;/ vGwfvyfaom
tpnf;t&Hk;rsm;. tpkta0;tjzpf ,lqonf? Tt,ltqt& vlr_vl@tzGJ@tpnf;
tm; EdkifiHawmf.qef@usifbuftjzpf owfrSwfjcif;r&Sday? A[dktpdk;&ESifh tjcm;tm%m
qHkcsufrsm;t=um; tm;r#ajcwpf&yftjzpf wnf&Sdaejcif;jzpfonf[k qdkonf? ,if;odk@
rwl u G J j ym;onf h tajccH t ,l t qES p f & yf t euf jyif o pf t pOf t vmvuf a wG @ rS
qif;oufvm+yD; 18 &mpkwGif pwifvmcJhaom 'kwd,t,ltqtm; ,ckpmpkwGif
avhvmwifjyoGm;ygrnf? xdkodk@wifjy&mwGif tawG;tac:ordkif;wGif vlr_vl@tzGJ@tpnf;
t,ltqaemufcHESifhywfoufI xif&Sm;onfh rGefwuf(p)usLΠESifh tvufZENm;
awmhcfAD;vfwdk@ uJhodk@aom tawG;tac: '\eq&mrsm;. a&;om;wifjycsufrsm;ESifh
xdktcsdefumv EdkifiHa&;aemufcHrsm;udk qufpyfwifjyoGm;rnf jzpfonf?

4
trSw(
f 3)? {jyDv 2009 ckep
S f tvif;&eH@ *sme,f
rGefwuf(p)usLΠESifh Oya'rsm;. 0dnmOf (Montesquieu & "Esprit des lois")

tawG;tac:oabmw&m;ordkif;wGif vlr_vl@tzGJ@tpnf;ESifhywfoufI
jyifopftpOftvmt,ltqudk avhvmrnfqdkygu rGefwuf(p)usLŒESifh ol. emrnf
ausmf usrf;wpfapmifjzpfonfh 1748 ckESpfxkwf ‘Oya'rsm;. 0d^mOf’ The Sprit of the
Laws (1748) udk aemufa=umif;jyefajc&mcH&ef vdt k yfayvdrrhf nf? od@k aomf rGew f uf(p)
usLΠtaejzifh xdktcsdefu vlr_vl@tzGJ@tpnf; civil society [lonfh a0g[m&udk oHk;E_ef;
wifjycJhjcif; r[kwfay? aemifwGif vlr_vl@tzGJ@tpnf;t,ltq. tajccHjzpfvmonfh
tdkif'D,mopfw&yfudk olu wifjycJhjcif;jzpfonf? ,if;rSm EdkifiHawmfwpf&yfwGif “=um;cH
qufoG,fonfh tm%mtaqmuftHkrsm;” intermediary powers . ta&;ygr_tm;
wifjycJhjcif;jzpf+yD;/ rif;qdk;rif;npfrsm;/ tºuGif;rJhtm%mydkifbk&ifrsm;ESifhywfoufI
tajccHum pOf;pm;vmcJhjcif;jzpfonf? tpOftvm t&pPwdkw,foabmw&m;t&
rif;qdk;rif;npfrsm; odk@r[kwf tvGeftu|H tºuGif;rJhtm%musifhoHk;r_rsm;rSm bk&if
wpfyg;csif;pD. yk*~dKvfa&;tay:tajccHIjzpf&aom tusifhysufr_wpf&yftjzpfom ,lq
onf? odk@aomf rGefwuf(p)usLŒ.tqdkt& tkyfpdk;olwdkif;onf Oya'pnf;rsOf;rsm;u
cGiðhf yxm;onhf twdik ;f twmxufausmv f eG I
f ‚if;wd@k . tm%mudu k sio hf ;kH &ef t+rJwap
óud;yrf;wwf=uonf? tkyfpdk;olwpfOD;wnf;. tkyfcsKyfr_wGif w&m;Oya'pdk;rdk;a&;udk
xdef;odrf;Edkif&eftwGuf wenf;tm;jzifh Oya'ESifhtnD tkyfcsKyfap&eftwGuf pnf;rsOf;
abmifowfrSwfr_rsm;/ taqmufttHkqdkif&m e,fy,ftuef@towfrsm; vdktyfonf?
jyifopfEdkifiHuJhodk@ Oa&mybk&ifpepfEdkifiHrsm;wGifwnf&Sdaom rSL;rsKd;rwfEG,f txuf
wef;v$m nobility rSm tkyfpdk;oltm; obm0t& xdef;csKyfuef@owfr_ðyonfh taqmuf
ttHkrsm;jzpfonf? odk@&mwGif rSL;rsKd;rwfEG,ftxufwef;v$mrsm;u bk&ifxHrS tcsKyf
tjcmtm%mudk Oya't& cGJa0usifhoHk;ydkifcGifh&Sdjcif; r[kwfay? rSL;rsKd;rwfEG,f txuf
wef;v$mrSm =um;cHtm%mtaqmufttHkw&yfjzpf+yD; EdkifiHa&;ESifh tkyfcsKyfa&;tm%m
tvHk;pHkydkifqdkifonfhbk&if. vufatmufcHomjzpfonf? =um;cHtm%mtaqmufttHk
rsm;onf tm%mpD;qif;onfhvrf;a=umif;udk =um;cHaqmif¶Gufay;&efjzpfonf[lI
rGefwuf(p)usLŒu qdkonf? ol. tqdkyg tuef@towfjzifh tm%mydkifbk&ifpepfyHkpH
wGif vufatmufcHtm%mtaqmufttHkwpf&yftm; pepfwusvnfywfapjcif;jzifh
vGwfvyfr_ liberty udk xdef;odrf;umuG,fxm;onf? =um;cHtaqmufttHkrsm;u
A[dktpdk;& (bk&ifhtm%m) udk tuef@towfðyEdkifonfrSm ‚if;wdk@taejzifh tm%mudk
cGJa0&,lxm;jcif;a=umifh r[kwfay? ‚if;wdk@a=umifh tm%musifhoHk;r_udk tvG,fwul
rjzpfapbJ/ ydkrdkcufcJapI jzpfonf? rGefwuf(p)usLŒ. tqdkt& bk&ifpepfw&yfwGif

5
tvif;&eH@ *sme,f trSw(
f 3)? {jyDv 2009 ckep
S f

vGwfvyfr_udkxdef;odrf;umuG,f&ef vlr_a&;t& tqifhtwef;cGJjcm;r_ (qdkvdkonfrSm

txufwef;v$mvlwef;pm;wpf&yf) vdktyfonf? odk@rSom tqdkyg “=um;cHtm%m
taqmufttHk” jzifh rif;usifhw&m;ESifhrnDaom tkyfpdk;ol. tºuGif;rJhtm%mudk
uef@owfEdkifrSmjzpf+yD; vGwfvyfr_udk xdef;odrf;Edkifayvdrfhrnf?

jyifopfawmfvSefa&;ESifh rGefwuf(p)usLŒ.t,ltqtay:oabmxm;

vGwfvyfr_udk xdef;odrf;&ef vdktyfcsufwpf&yftjzpf rSL;rsKd;rwfEG,f txuf

wef;v$mrsm;tm; tumtuG,fðycJhonfh rGefwuf(p)usLŒ. bk&ifpepfyHkpHt,ltqrSm
18 &mpk. 'kwd,&mpk0ufwav#mufvHk;wGif twdkif;twmwpfcktxd us,fus,f
jyef@jyef@ =oZmv$rf;rdk;cJhonf? vl0D 15 ESifh vl0D 16 bk&ifrsm;vufxuf tºuGif;rJh oufOD;
qHydkifusifhoHk;r_tm; qef@usifonfh tiftm;aumif;vmaom twdkuftcHv_yf&Sm;r_rsm;
wGif rGefwuf(p)usLŒ. =um;cHtm%mtaqmufttHkrsm;vdktyfjcif;t,ltqudk
udkifpGJolrsm; trsm;tjym;&SdcJhonf? odk@aomf 1789 ckESpf jyifopfawmfvSefa&;
t&S d e f t jrif h q H k ; umvwG i f rG e f w uf ( p)usLŒ. t&pP w d k c &uf w pf vpf b &,f 0 g'
aristocratic liberalism tm; acwfaemufusaeaom t,ltqtjzpf jrifvmcJh
=uonf? xdktajctaerSonf awmfvSefa&;umvtwGif; usrf;¶kd;&DywfbvDuef0g'
(orwpepfvdkvm;onfh0g') classical republicanism ausmf=um;vmr_ESifhtwl
rGefwuf(p)usLŒ. t&pPwdkc&ufwpf vpfb&,f0g'tm; rkef;wD;qef@usifr_rsm; }uD;
xGm;vmcJhonf? awmfvSefa&;orm;rsm;u t&pPwdkca&pDvlwef;pm; (rSL;rsKd;rwfEG,f
txufwef;v$mrsm;) tm; vGwfvyfr_twGufvdktyfcsuftjzpf vufrcHonfhtjyif
xdkvlwef;pm;tm; EdkifiHa&; vlr_a&; =oZmtm%mudk toHk;ðyzdESdyfolrsm;tjzpf owf
rSwfvmcJh=uonf?

rnfodk@yifqdkapumrl rGefwuf(p)usLŒ. t,ltqrSm vHk;0uG,faysmufoGm;

jcif; r&SdcJhay? orw*dk%f;om;rsm;. wdkuf¶dkuf'Drdkua&pD prf;oyfusifhoHk;r_ ratmifjrif
o!fhtcg vGwfvyfr_udk umuG,fapmifha&SmufEdkifrnfh tjcm;enf;vrf;rsm;udk &SmazG
vm=uonf? vGwfajrmufr_[lonf “yk*~vdutrSDtcdkuif;r_udk +idrf;csrf;pGmcHpm;&jcif;”
jzpf+yD;/ xdktajctaeudk udk,fpm;ðytaqmufttHkrsm;u umuG,fxdef;odrf;&rnf
[laom t,ltqudk awmfvSefa&;vGefumv oabmw&m;a&;q&mrsm;u em;vnf
vufcHvm=uonf? TwGif rGefwuf(p)usLŒ. t,ltqyHkpHudk jzpfEdkifacs&Sdaom tjcm;
enf;vrf;wpf&yftjzpf jyefvnfpOf;pm;vm=uonf? jyifopfawmfvSefa&;vGefumv

6
trSw(
f 3)? {jyDv 2009 ckep
S f tvif;&eH@ *sme,f
EdkifiHa&;tawG;tac:wGif t&pPwdkc&ufwpf vpfb&,f0g' ododomom jyefvnf
0ifa&mufvmjcif;jzpfonf?

1814 ckESpfwGif bk&ifpepfudk jyefvnf toufoGif;cJh+yD;aemuf rGefwuf(p)

usLŒ. tjrifudk jyefvnftoHk;ðyolrsm;rSm bk&ifh*dk%f;om;rsm; jzpf=uonf? jyifopfwGif
vGwfvyfr_udk xdef;odrf;apmifha&Smufa&;onf a'oE W&tvdkuf txufwef;v$mrsm;
nobility tm; jyefvnfxlaxmifEdkifr_tay: wnfaeonf[k bk&ifh*dk%f;om;rsm;u
,Hk=unf=uonf? xdkuJhodk@aom t&pPwdkc&ufwpf vlwef;pm;wpf&yf r&SdcJhv#if tkyfpdk;
olrSm rif;usifh0wfESifhtnD tkyfcsKyfjcif;r&SdyJ rif;qdk;tjzpf tvdktavsmuf ajymif;vJ
oGm;rnfjzpf+yD;/ jyifopfawmfvSefa&;umvtwGif; }uHKcJh&aom rif;rJhtajctaeodk@
qdkufa&mufvdrfhrnf[k ,lq=uonf?

t&pPwdkc&ufwpf vpfb&,ft,ltq

jyefvnfwnfaqmufa&;umvwav#mufvHk;wGif bk&ifh*dk%f;om;rsm;.
EdkifiHa&;vkyfief;pOfrsm;rSm twdkuftcHvpfb&,frsm;. jyif;jyif;xefxef a0zefxdk;ESufr_
rsm;jzifh &ifqdkifcJh&onf? vpfb&,ftawG;tac:ynm&Sifrsm;ESifh EdkifiHa&;orm;rsm;u
t&pPwdkc&ufwpfjyefvnftoufoGif;a&;udk rnfodk@r# rjzpfEdkifa=umif;/ 18 &mpkESifh
awmfvSefa&;umvrsm;twGif; zGH@+zdK;vmaom vlr_ajymif;vJa&;oabmw&m;rsm;tm;
udk;um;+yD; jyifopfvl@tzGJ@tpnf;onf tqifhwpfckodk@ jzpfay:wdk;wufvm+yDjzpfI
wenf;tm;jzifh 'Drdkua&pDvl@tzGJ@tpnf;wpf&yfqDodk@ wufvSrf;ae+yDjzpfI bk&ifh*dk%f;
om;rsm;yHkoGif;&ef óud;pm;aeaom vl@tzGJ@tpnf;rsKd; r[kwfawmha=umif; axmufjy
jiif;ckefcJh=uonf?

vpfb&,frsm;taejzifh bk&ifh*dk%f;om;rsm;. t,ltqtay: xdkuJhodk@

a0zefaxmufjycJ=h uaomfvnf; ‚if;wd@k u, kd w f ikd o
f nfyif rGew
f uf(p)usLŒ. =oZmv$r;f rd;k
r_rS vGwfajrmufEdkifpGrf;r&Sd=uay? qef@usifbuf bk&ifh*dk%f;om;rsm;uJhodk@yif ‚if;wdk@
onfvnf; rif;usifhw&m;ESifhtnD tkyfcsKyfjcif;r&Sdonfh rif;qdk;rif;npfrsKd;udk tum
tuG,rf hJ &ifqikd &f rnfth a&;tm; &ifav;cJ=h uonf? xdak =umifyh if awmfveS af &;vGeu f mv
jyifopfwiG f vGwv f yfru
_ kd xde;f odr;f apmifah &Smufrnfh txufvm$ vlwef;pm;wpf&yf elite
wnf&&dS ef (tpOftvmt& wnf&cdS ahJ om ajrydik &f iS f rSL;rsK;d rwfE, G tf xufwef;v$mrsK;d udk
qdkvdkjcif;r[kwf) vdktyfa=umif; vpfb&,ftrsm;tjym;u ajymqdkvm=uonf?

7
tvif;&eH@ *sme,f trSw(
f 3)? {jyDv 2009 ckep
S f

TuJo h @kd vdt

k yfcsuEf iS yhf wfoufI xdtk csed u f =oZmv$r;f rd;k cJo
h rl mS Edik if aH &;ESihf
ordkif;ynm&Sif bm&ef@wf Barante jzpfonf? bm&ef@wfrSmvnf; rGefwuf(p)usLŒtm;
tvGefw&mrS =unfndKav;pm;oljzpfonf? rGefwuf(p)usLŒ. t,ltqrsm; txl;
ojzifh rif;qdk;rif;npf ESifh ywfoufaom oHk;oyfcsufrsm;tay: axmufcHoljzpfonf?
tu,fI EdkifiHom;wpfOD;csif;tm; woD;wjcm; txD;wnf;&Sdaeapygu olwdk@. tcGifh
ta&;rsm; rqHk;±_H;ap&ef umuG,frnfhol uif;rJhaeayvdrfhrnf? tcGifhta&;rsm; csdK;azguf
jcif;tm; ckcHumuG,f&efESifh y&rf;ywm r+idrfroufjzpfr_rS tpdk;&tm; tumtuG,f
ay;&ef Om%ftajrmftjrif&adS om vGwv f yfonfh Edik if o
H m;rsm;. txufwef;v$mwpf&yf
vdktyfonf? odk@jzpfI vlr_a&;txufwef;v$mopfwpf&yf ay:xGef;&ef vdktyfae+yD;/
A[dkcsKyfudkifr_tm%mav#mhcsjcif; decentralization u jyifopfwGif ,if;odk@aom
vlwef;pm;tv$mopfwpf&yfudk arG;zGm;vdrfhrnf[k bm&ef@wf u wifjycJhonf?

A[dkcsKyfudkifr_tm%mav#mhcsjcif;tm; vlr_jyefvnfpkpnf;a&;twGuf
ud&d,mwpf&yftjzpf bm&ef@wfu rlvu pdwf0ifpm;jcif; jzpfonf? ol. wifjycsufrSm
ydkrdkaumif;rGefaom pDrHtkyfcsKyfa&;pepfwpf&yf jzpfay:vma&;r#om &nf¶G,fjcif; r[kwf
ay? EdkifiHom;rsm;t=um; pnf;&Hk;pkzGJ@r_ pdwf"gwf the spirit of association between
citizens udk tm;ay;jcif;jzifh ydkrdkaumif;rGefpGm pkpnf;wnfaqmufxm;onfh vl@
tzGJ@tpnf;wpf&yf jzpfay:vmap&ef &nf¶G,fjcif;jzpfonf? trsm;jynfol. vlr_
tusdK;pD;yGm;udk OD;xdyfyefqif&ef jzpfonf? a'oE W&qdkif&mtkyfcsKyfa&;rSL;rsm;tm;
vGwfvyfpGma¶G;aumufjcif;jzifh vlxkuvnf; xdkolwdk@udk rdrdwdk@. acgif;aqmifrsm;tjzpf
todtrSwfðyvufcHvmrnf? xdka'oE W&tkyfcsKyfolrsm;rSm vlwef;pm;tv$mwpf&yf
jzpfvmjcif;a=umifh xdkuJhodk@ A[dkcsKyfudkifr_tm%mav#mhcsjcif;u txufv$mvlwef;pm;
opfwpf&yfudk ay:xGef;vmapvdrfhrnf? tqdkyg a¶G;aumufcH tkyfcsKyfa&;vlwef;pm;rSm
wdk;wufaom vlr_txufwef;v$mtjzpf tkyfpdk;ol bk&ifESifh tkyfcsKyfcHjynfolwdk@t=um;
qufoG,faygif;ul;onfh =um;cHwpfck jzpfvmrnf? vl@tzGJ@tpnf;twGif; vlr_tqifh
twef; ydkrdkjrifhrm;vmap+yD; EdkifiHa&;pepfwGif ae&may;jcif;jzifh ‚if;txufwef;v$m
vlwef;pm;opfrSm tkyfpdk;olbk&iftwGuf *k%fxl;aqmif opPmcHrsm; jzpfvm+yD;/ wcsdef
wnf;wGif tkyfpdk;ol. A[dktm%mtvGeftu|H usifhoHk;r_tE W&m,fudk umuG,fum
trsKd;om;vGwfvyfr_ national liberty udk xdef;odrf;apmifha&Smufolrsm; jzpfvmvdrfhrnf
[k bm&ef@wfu a&;om;wifjycJhonf?

8
trSw(
f 3)? {jyDv 2009 ckep
S f tvif;&eH@ *sme,f
jyifopfwGif vGwfvyfr_ESifh wnf+idrfr_udk xdef;odrf;apmifha&Smuf&eftwGuf
txuf v $ m vl w ef ; pm;wpf & yf vd k t yf o nf [ l a om bm&ef @ wf . tqd k ð ycsuf u d k
vpf b &,f r sm;u vuf c H c J h = uonf ? A[d k c sKyf u d k i f r _ t m%mav#mh c sjcif ; u Ed k i f i H .
“'Drdkua&pD” odk@r[kwf blZGmtpdwftydkif;xJrS obm0t&yif txufwef;v$m
wpf&yfudk ay:xGef;vmapvdrfhrnf? tqdkyg t&pPwdkca&pDvlwef;pm;opfu rif;qdk;rsm;
ESifh rif;rJhtajctaersm;rS uif;a0;aprnf? odk@rSom tkyfcsKyfa&;pnf;rsOf; the Charter
t& xlaxmifxm;aom tpdk;& &Sifoefa&;udk tmrcHEdkifrnfjzpfonf? TonfrSm
awmfvSefa&;vGefumv jyifopfEdkifiHa&;tawG;tac:wGif acwfpm;cJhaom t&pPwdk
c&ufwpf vpfb&,ft,ltqyif jzpfonf?

awmhcfAD;vf ESifh t&pPwdkc&ufwpfvpfb&,f0g''Drdkua&pDtoGifajymif;jcif;

bk&ifh*dk%f;om;rsm;todkif;t0dkif;wGif }uD;jyif;vm+yD; aemifwGif vpfb&,f

wpfOD;jzpfvmonfh tvufZENm; awmhcfAD;vf Alexis de Tocqueville rSm jyifopf
awmfvSefa&;vGef jyefvnfwnfaqmufa&;umvaESmif;ydkif; &ifqdkifae&aom t"du
jy\emrsm;ESifh tajzrsm;udk az:xkwfwifjycJholjzpfonf? ol. xif&Sm;aom usrf;
jzpfonfh ‘tar&dum;&Sd 'Drdkua&pD’ Democracy in America rSm ,cif vpfb&,f0g'D
wdk@. t,ltqrsm;tm; xif[yfum jyifopfvl@tzGJ@tpnf;. vufawG@rsm;/ ol.
tar&dum;tajctae avhvmcsufrsm;ESifh aygif;pyfI a&;om;ðypkcJhjcif;jzpfonf?

jyefvnfwnfaqmufa&;umv tjcm;vpfb&,frsm;uJhodk@yif ydkI 'Drdkua&pD

usaom vl@tzGJ@tpnf;opfwpf&yfqDodk@ jzpfay:wdk;wufa&;vkyfief;pOfrSm aemufjyef
vSnfh&ef rjzpfEdkif[k awmhcfAD;vf u ,Hk=unfonf? odk@aomf t&pPwdkca&pD vlwef;pm;
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9
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10
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11
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&nf!$ef;

de Dijn, Annelien (2007): Civil Society in the History of Ideas: The French
Tradition, Discussion Paper Nr. SP IV 2007-401, Social Science Research
Centre Berlin (WZB).

Taylor, Charles (1991): "Civil Society in the Western Tradition" in Ethel Groffier
and Raymond Klibansky (eds.), The notion of tolerance and human rights:
Essays in honour of Raymond Klibansky, Ontario.

Alagappa, Muthiah (2004): "Civil Society and Political Change: An Analytical

Framework" in Muthiah Alagappa (ed.), Civil Society and Political Change in
Asia: Expanding and Contracting Democratic Space, Stanford University
Press, Stanford, California.

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