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vlr_vl@tzGJ@tpnf; civil society ESifh ywfoufI acwfopfEdkifiHa&; tawG;
tac:e,fy,fwGif tajccHt,ltq ESpf&yf&Sd.? yxrt,ltqwpf&yfrSm aps;uGuf
rsufESmpmudk rlvtajccHðyo!fh zGifhqdk&Sif;vif;r_jzpfonf? t*FvdyfvlrsKd; EdkifiHa&;
oabmw&m;ynm&Sif *|efavmhcf. a&;om;wifjycsufrsm;t& vlr_vl@tzGJ@tpnf;
qdkonfrSm vlom;wdk@. ukefxkwfvkyfr_/ zvS,fr_/ pm;oHk;r_jzpfpOfwGif jyifyoufa&mufr_
uif;pGmjzifh ud,k yf ikd Of ya'orsm;twdik ;f jzpfay:aeo!fh tjyeftvSef v_y&f mS ;aqmif¶u
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rsm;tm;vHk;udk qdkvdkonf? TzGifhqdkr_rSm t*Fvdyf-tar&duef vpfb&,f0g'wGif vlr_
vl@tzGJ@tpnf;ESifhywfoufI aomhcsufusaom t,ltqjzpfonf? xdk@a=umifh
yk*~vdue,fy,fwpf&yfjzpfonfh vlr_vl@tzGJ@tpnf;tm; EdkifiHawmfpGufzufr_rS uif;
vGwfap&ef twwfEdkifqHk;umuG,f&ef vdktyfonf[k qdk=uonf? 'kwd,t,ltqrSm
rGefwuf(p)usLŒESifh tvufZENm;awmhcfAD;vf ponfh jyifopftawG;tac:q&mrsm;.
a&;om;wifjycsufrsm;tay: tajcðyay:xGufvmjcif;jzpfonf[k tawG;tac:rsm;
ordkif;wGif qdk=uonf? t*Fvdyf-tar&dueft,ltqESifh tjrifuGJjym;onf? xdkuJhodk@
jyifopftpOftvmtawG;tac:rS qif;oufvmonfh t,ltqt& vlr_vl@tzGJ@
tpnf;tm; aps;uGufe,fy,ftjzpf r±_jrifay? tenf;ESifhtrsm;qdkovdk EdkifiHawmf.
trSDtcdkuif;+yD; wnf&Sdaeonfh apwemh0efxrf; toif;tyif;rsm;/ vGwfvyfaom
tpnf;t&Hk;rsm;. tpkta0;tjzpf ,lqonf? Tt,ltqt& vlr_vl@tzGJ@tpnf;
tm; EdkifiHawmf.qef@usifbuftjzpf owfrSwfjcif;r&Sday? A[dktpdk;&ESifh tjcm;tm%m
qHkcsufrsm;t=um; tm;r#ajcwpf&yftjzpf wnf&Sdaejcif;jzpfonf[k qdkonf? ,if;odk@
rwl u G J j ym;onf h tajccH t ,l t qES p f & yf t euf jyif o pf t pOf t vmvuf a wG @ rS
qif;oufvm+yD; 18 &mpkwGif pwifvmcJhaom 'kwd,t,ltqtm; ,ckpmpkwGif
avhvmwifjyoGm;ygrnf? xdkodk@wifjy&mwGif tawG;tac:ordkif;wGif vlr_vl@tzGJ@tpnf;
t,ltqaemufcHESifhywfoufI xif&Sm;onfh rGefwuf(p)usLŒ ESifh tvufZENm;
awmhcfAD;vfwdk@ uJhodk@aom tawG;tac: '\eq&mrsm;. a&;om;wifjycsufrsm;ESifh
xdktcsdefumv EdkifiHa&;aemufcHrsm;udk qufpyfwifjyoGm;rnf jzpfonf?
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trSw(
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S f tvif;&eH@ *sme,f
rGefwuf(p)usLŒ ESifh Oya'rsm;. 0dnmOf (Montesquieu & "Esprit des lois")
tawG;tac:oabmw&m;ordkif;wGif vlr_vl@tzGJ@tpnf;ESifhywfoufI
jyifopftpOftvmt,ltqudk avhvmrnfqdkygu rGefwuf(p)usLŒESifh ol. emrnf
ausmf usrf;wpfapmifjzpfonfh 1748 ckESpfxkwf ‘Oya'rsm;. 0d^mOf’ The Sprit of the
Laws (1748) udk aemufa=umif;jyefajc&mcH&ef vdt k yfayvdrrhf nf? od@k aomf rGew f uf(p)
usLŒ taejzifh xdktcsdefu vlr_vl@tzGJ@tpnf; civil society [lonfh a0g[m&udk oHk;E_ef;
wifjycJhjcif; r[kwfay? aemifwGif vlr_vl@tzGJ@tpnf;t,ltq. tajccHjzpfvmonfh
tdkif'D,mopfw&yfudk olu wifjycJhjcif;jzpfonf? ,if;rSm EdkifiHawmfwpf&yfwGif “=um;cH
qufoG,fonfh tm%mtaqmuftHkrsm;” intermediary powers . ta&;ygr_tm;
wifjycJhjcif;jzpf+yD;/ rif;qdk;rif;npfrsm;/ tºuGif;rJhtm%mydkifbk&ifrsm;ESifhywfoufI
tajccHum pOf;pm;vmcJhjcif;jzpfonf? tpOftvm t&pPwdkw,foabmw&m;t&
rif;qdk;rif;npfrsm; odk@r[kwf tvGeftu|H tºuGif;rJhtm%musifhoHk;r_rsm;rSm bk&if
wpfyg;csif;pD. yk*~dKvfa&;tay:tajccHIjzpf&aom tusifhysufr_wpf&yftjzpfom ,lq
onf? odk@aomf rGefwuf(p)usLŒ.tqdkt& tkyfpdk;olwdkif;onf Oya'pnf;rsOf;rsm;u
cGiðhf yxm;onhf twdik ;f twmxufausmv f eG I
f ‚if;wd@k . tm%mudu k sio hf ;kH &ef t+rJwap
óud;yrf;wwf=uonf? tkyfpdk;olwpfOD;wnf;. tkyfcsKyfr_wGif w&m;Oya'pdk;rdk;a&;udk
xdef;odrf;Edkif&eftwGuf wenf;tm;jzifh Oya'ESifhtnD tkyfcsKyfap&eftwGuf pnf;rsOf;
abmifowfrSwfr_rsm;/ taqmufttHkqdkif&m e,fy,ftuef@towfrsm; vdktyfonf?
jyifopfEdkifiHuJhodk@ Oa&mybk&ifpepfEdkifiHrsm;wGifwnf&Sdaom rSL;rsKd;rwfEG,f txuf
wef;v$m nobility rSm tkyfpdk;oltm; obm0t& xdef;csKyfuef@owfr_ðyonfh taqmuf
ttHkrsm;jzpfonf? odk@&mwGif rSL;rsKd;rwfEG,ftxufwef;v$mrsm;u bk&ifxHrS tcsKyf
tjcmtm%mudk Oya't& cGJa0usifhoHk;ydkifcGifh&Sdjcif; r[kwfay? rSL;rsKd;rwfEG,f txuf
wef;v$mrSm =um;cHtm%mtaqmufttHkw&yfjzpf+yD; EdkifiHa&;ESifh tkyfcsKyfa&;tm%m
tvHk;pHkydkifqdkifonfhbk&if. vufatmufcHomjzpfonf? =um;cHtm%mtaqmufttHk
rsm;onf tm%mpD;qif;onfhvrf;a=umif;udk =um;cHaqmif¶Gufay;&efjzpfonf[lI
rGefwuf(p)usLŒu qdkonf? ol. tqdkyg tuef@towfjzifh tm%mydkifbk&ifpepfyHkpH
wGif vufatmufcHtm%mtaqmufttHkwpf&yftm; pepfwusvnfywfapjcif;jzifh
vGwfvyfr_ liberty udk xdef;odrf;umuG,fxm;onf? =um;cHtaqmufttHkrsm;u
A[dktpdk;& (bk&ifhtm%m) udk tuef@towfðyEdkifonfrSm ‚if;wdk@taejzifh tm%mudk
cGJa0&,lxm;jcif;a=umifh r[kwfay? ‚if;wdk@a=umifh tm%musifhoHk;r_udk tvG,fwul
rjzpfapbJ/ ydkrdkcufcJapI jzpfonf? rGefwuf(p)usLŒ. tqdkt& bk&ifpepfw&yfwGif
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jyifopfawmfvSefa&;ESifh rGefwuf(p)usLŒ.t,ltqtay:oabmxm;
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trSw(
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EdkifiHa&;tawG;tac:wGif t&pPwdkc&ufwpf vpfb&,f0g' ododomom jyefvnf
0ifa&mufvmjcif;jzpfonf?
t&pPwdkc&ufwpf vpfb&,ft,ltq
jyefvnfwnfaqmufa&;umvwav#mufvHk;wGif bk&ifh*dk%f;om;rsm;.
EdkifiHa&;vkyfief;pOfrsm;rSm twdkuftcHvpfb&,frsm;. jyif;jyif;xefxef a0zefxdk;ESufr_
rsm;jzifh &ifqdkifcJh&onf? vpfb&,ftawG;tac:ynm&Sifrsm;ESifh EdkifiHa&;orm;rsm;u
t&pPwdkc&ufwpfjyefvnftoufoGif;a&;udk rnfodk@r# rjzpfEdkifa=umif;/ 18 &mpkESifh
awmfvSefa&;umvrsm;twGif; zGH@+zdK;vmaom vlr_ajymif;vJa&;oabmw&m;rsm;tm;
udk;um;+yD; jyifopfvl@tzGJ@tpnf;onf tqifhwpfckodk@ jzpfay:wdk;wufvm+yDjzpfI
wenf;tm;jzifh 'Drdkua&pDvl@tzGJ@tpnf;wpf&yfqDodk@ wufvSrf;ae+yDjzpfI bk&ifh*dk%f;
om;rsm;yHkoGif;&ef óud;pm;aeaom vl@tzGJ@tpnf;rsKd; r[kwfawmha=umif; axmufjy
jiif;ckefcJh=uonf?
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tvif;&eH@ *sme,f trSw(
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A[dkcsKyfudkifr_tm%mav#mhcsjcif;tm; vlr_jyefvnfpkpnf;a&;twGuf
ud&d,mwpf&yftjzpf bm&ef@wfu rlvu pdwf0ifpm;jcif; jzpfonf? ol. wifjycsufrSm
ydkrdkaumif;rGefaom pDrHtkyfcsKyfa&;pepfwpf&yf jzpfay:vma&;r#om &nf¶G,fjcif; r[kwf
ay? EdkifiHom;rsm;t=um; pnf;&Hk;pkzGJ@r_ pdwf"gwf the spirit of association between
citizens udk tm;ay;jcif;jzifh ydkrdkaumif;rGefpGm pkpnf;wnfaqmufxm;onfh vl@
tzGJ@tpnf;wpf&yf jzpfay:vmap&ef &nf¶G,fjcif;jzpfonf? trsm;jynfol. vlr_
tusdK;pD;yGm;udk OD;xdyfyefqif&ef jzpfonf? a'oE W&qdkif&mtkyfcsKyfa&;rSL;rsm;tm;
vGwfvyfpGma¶G;aumufjcif;jzifh vlxkuvnf; xdkolwdk@udk rdrdwdk@. acgif;aqmifrsm;tjzpf
todtrSwfðyvufcHvmrnf? xdka'oE W&tkyfcsKyfolrsm;rSm vlwef;pm;tv$mwpf&yf
jzpfvmjcif;a=umifh xdkuJhodk@ A[dkcsKyfudkifr_tm%mav#mhcsjcif;u txufv$mvlwef;pm;
opfwpf&yfudk ay:xGef;vmapvdrfhrnf? tqdkyg a¶G;aumufcH tkyfcsKyfa&;vlwef;pm;rSm
wdk;wufaom vlr_txufwef;v$mtjzpf tkyfpdk;ol bk&ifESifh tkyfcsKyfcHjynfolwdk@t=um;
qufoG,faygif;ul;onfh =um;cHwpfck jzpfvmrnf? vl@tzGJ@tpnf;twGif; vlr_tqifh
twef; ydkrdkjrifhrm;vmap+yD; EdkifiHa&;pepfwGif ae&may;jcif;jzifh ‚if;txufwef;v$m
vlwef;pm;opfrSm tkyfpdk;olbk&iftwGuf *k%fxl;aqmif opPmcHrsm; jzpfvm+yD;/ wcsdef
wnf;wGif tkyfpdk;ol. A[dktm%mtvGeftu|H usifhoHk;r_tE W&m,fudk umuG,fum
trsKd;om;vGwfvyfr_ national liberty udk xdef;odrf;apmifha&Smufolrsm; jzpfvmvdrfhrnf
[k bm&ef@wfu a&;om;wifjycJhonf?
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jyifopfwGif vGwfvyfr_ESifh wnf+idrfr_udk xdef;odrf;apmifha&Smuf&eftwGuf
txuf v $ m vl w ef ; pm;wpf & yf vd k t yf o nf [ l a om bm&ef @ wf . tqd k ð ycsuf u d k
vpf b &,f r sm;u vuf c H c J h = uonf ? A[d k c sKyf u d k i f r _ t m%mav#mh c sjcif ; u Ed k i f i H .
“'Drdkua&pD” odk@r[kwf blZGmtpdwftydkif;xJrS obm0t&yif txufwef;v$m
wpf&yfudk ay:xGef;vmapvdrfhrnf? tqdkyg t&pPwdkca&pDvlwef;pm;opfu rif;qdk;rsm;
ESifh rif;rJhtajctaersm;rS uif;a0;aprnf? odk@rSom tkyfcsKyfa&;pnf;rsOf; the Charter
t& xlaxmifxm;aom tpdk;& &Sifoefa&;udk tmrcHEdkifrnfjzpfonf? TonfrSm
awmfvSefa&;vGefumv jyifopfEdkifiHa&;tawG;tac:wGif acwfpm;cJhaom t&pPwdk
c&ufwpf vpfb&,ft,ltqyif jzpfonf?
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tvif;&eH@ *sme,f trSw(
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rlvtajccHt& tm;enf;aecsdefwGifaomfvnf;aumif;/ EdkifiHawmf. vkyfydkifcGifhudk
uef@owfEdkifor# uef@owfxm;v#ifaomfvnf;aumif; vGwfvyfr_udk umuG,f apmifh
a&SmufEdkifrnf[k Oa&myom;wdk@u ,Hk=unf=uonf? qef@usifbuftm;jzifh tar&dum;
wGifrl vl@tzGJ@tpnf;. tcGifhta&;rsm;u tzGJ@tpnf;0ifrsm;tay: ausmfvGefaer_udk
vufc=H uonf? tm%mESiyhf wfoufIvnf; ‚if;.tajccHru l kd xdyg;jcif; rðyay? od@k aomf
tm%musifhoHk;r_tydkif;wGifrl jzef@usuf cGJjcm;xm;onf? TuJhodk@ Ed_if;,SOfavhvm
r_rSwqifh awmhcfAD;vfu tpdk;&rif;wdk@. tusifhysufjcpm;r_udk xdef;csKyfwm;qD;&ef
a&S;,cifu txufwef;v$mrSL;rwfrsKd;EG,frsm;. vkyfief;aqmifwmrsm;udk a'oE W&
tkyfcsKyfa&;taqmufttHkrsm;/ toif;tyif;tpnf;t&Hk;rsm;u tvm;wl vkyfaqmif
EdkifpGrf;&SdyHkudk ol. ‘'Drdkua&pD ('kwd,wGJ)’ wGif &Sif;vif;wifjycJhonf? awmhcfAD;vfu
apwem0efxrf;tzGJ@tpnf;rsm;udk rGefwuf(p)usLŒ. pum;twdkif; “omrefEdkifiHom;
jynfolawGjzifh ,m,DpkzGJ@xm;onfh 'kwd,taqmufttHkrsm;” tjzpf az:!$ef;cJhonf?
‚if;tzGJ@tpnf;rsm;u EdkifiHom;rsm;. vGwfvyfr_udk ydkI vHk+cHKr_&Sdap+yD;/ olwdk@. wef;wl
nDr#cGifhrsm;udk xdyg;jcif;vnf; r&Sday? Todk@ t&pPwdkca&pD &Sd&ef rvdkyJ vGwfvyfr_udk
xdef;odrf;umuG,fEdkifa=umif; awmhcfAD;vfu wifjycJhonf?
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tvif;&eH@ *sme,f trSw(
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de Dijn, Annelien (2007): Civil Society in the History of Ideas: The French
Tradition, Discussion Paper Nr. SP IV 2007-401, Social Science Research
Centre Berlin (WZB).
Taylor, Charles (1991): "Civil Society in the Western Tradition" in Ethel Groffier
and Raymond Klibansky (eds.), The notion of tolerance and human rights:
Essays in honour of Raymond Klibansky, Ontario.
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