أساسيات تقنية التبرد و التكييف

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
ã¹]<gè…‚jÖ]æ<ËÖ]<Üé×Ãj×Ö<íÚ^ÃÖ]<í‰‰ö¹]
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬
 ١١١
    ١١١  ‫א‬
  ‫א‬‫א‬  
 W،،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ،‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  ‫א‬        ،‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬  
‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬    ،  
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
     ‫א‬  ‫א‬   ،‫א‬   
 K‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬

??‫א‬‫א‬?‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬?

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬      
    ١١١  ‫א‬
  ‫א‬‫א‬  
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W
W EF‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬K?E
 F‫א‬‫א‬?‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K
 K?EF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬?‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
K‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬
‫א‬
١
 ‫א‬‫א‬   ١١١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،١٩١٨‫א‬K
 ‫א‬‫א‬
١٩٢٧‫א‬KK  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ Kelvinator 
 W‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫ א‬J
K‫א‬،، J
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬F‫א‬،‫א‬ J
KKKK‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬ J
 KKKK‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬ J
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬–‫א‬‫؛‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ -
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ -
 K‫א‬‫ א‬-
،‫א‬
 ‫א‬،‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬(p-h) ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬(COP)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
-١-
 ‫א‬‫א‬   ١١١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬p-h‫א‬‫א‬ •
K‫א‬‫א‬ •
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ (p-h)‫א‬ •
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫• א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •
 ‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬ •
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K٪١٠٠‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 K١٤
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 ‫א‬‫א‬   ١١١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K solids ‫א‬ -
Kliquids‫א‬ -
Kgases‫א‬‫ א‬-
(liquids)‫א‬‫א‬incompressible   ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬    ‫א‬‫א‬relatively incompressible‫א‬
 W‫א‬
 pV = mRT       
 W
 p = {Pa}‫א‬
 V={ m3}‫א‬
m ={ kg}‫א‬
 T= {K}‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 R={J/kg K}‫א‬
-٣-
 ‫א‬‫א‬   ١١١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ melting‫א‬ ‫א‬–‫א‬
‫א‬ boiling‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬–‫א‬
‫א‬ condensation‫א‬ ‫א‬–‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ freezing‫א‬ ‫א‬–‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬WE١–١F

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

T (°C )
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬




 
100°C

(v g − v f )
vf vg v(m3 / kg )
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬WE١–١F
‫א‬‫א‬E ‫א‬F ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬(latent heat) ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
thermometer
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
-٤-
 ‫א‬‫א‬   ١١١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
 
‫א‬
101.325 kPa
100°C ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬WE٢–١F

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E
 ‫א‬F‫א‬
‫א‬
 ، superheating ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

  107°C ‫א‬‫א‬ 107°C ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K 100°C ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
، ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ subcooling ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 95°C ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 K 100°C ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 5°C

-٥-
 ‫א‬‫א‬   ١١١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
Ep-h diagramF
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
T-s‫א‬‫א‬p-h‫א‬
  (T-s diagrams )‫א‬J  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 WEF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬–‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬K
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬–
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K

 ‫א‬‫א‬KE + F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬–
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
   (latent heat of vaporization) ‫א‬
 K‫א‬

‫א‬
H

‫א‬ h

 ‫א‬‫א‬WE٣–١F
-٦-
 ‫א‬‫א‬   ١١١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  
 W p − h 
W ( p = c) ‫א‬ J ١
K (bar ) ‫א‬‫א‬ (log p) ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
W (h = c) ‫א‬ J ٢
 K (kJ / kg ) ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

p
‫ﺨﻁﻭﻁ ﺜﺒﻭﺕ ﺍﻹﻨﺜﺎﻟﺒﻲ‬
 ‫א‬

‫א‬
‫א‬ h

p-h‫א‬‫א‬WE٤–١F
-٧-
 ‫א‬‫א‬   ١١١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  
W (kJ / kgK )  ( s = c) ‫א‬ J ٣

 K‫א‬‫א‬ (diagonally) ‫א‬

p
‫א‬
 

 
‫א‬

 
S =c
‫א‬ h

(s = c)‫א‬WE٥–١F
-٨-
 ‫א‬‫א‬   ١١١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  
W (T = c) ‫א‬‫א‬ J ٤
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K °C ‫א‬‫א‬
T=c
p
T=c
T=c
50
50°C
T=
‫א‬
c
20
50
20°C
0
20
0°C
‫ﺨﻁﻭﻁ ﺜﺒﻭﺕ ﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ‬
0
‫א‬ h
 ‫א‬‫א‬WE٦–١F

-٩-
 ‫א‬‫א‬   ١١١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  
W (v = c) ‫א‬‫א‬ J ٥

 K‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K l / kg  m 3 / kg 
p
v=c
‫ﺜ‬ ‫ﻁ‬‫ﺨﻁﻭ‬
‫ﻭ‬‫ﺒ‬
‫ﺠ‬‫ﺤ‬ ‫ﺕ ﺍﻟ‬
‫ﻡﺍ‬
‫ﻲ‬ ‫ﻟﻨﻭﻋ‬
‫א‬
‫א‬ h
 ‫א‬‫א‬WE٧–١F

-١٠-
 ‫א‬‫א‬   ١١١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  
 W dryness fraction (x ) ‫א‬ J ٦

K
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬K‫א‬
 ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  K dryness fraction (x ) ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬L‫א‬ = ‫א‬
mv
 x= 
m
 W
 x W‫א‬
 mv W‫א‬
 m W‫א‬
 E 0 ≤ x ≤ 1 F
 x = 1   ‫א‬‫א‬ x = 0 ‫א‬
،‫א‬ 10% ‫א‬ x = 0.10 

 ‫א‬ 
  x = 0.90   ‫א‬
 ‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 90% 
p
‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬

0
x=
‫ﺨ‬
‫ﻁﻭ‬
x =1
‫ﻁﻤ‬
‫ﻌ ﺎﻤ‬
‫ل ﺍﻟ‬
‫ﺠﻔ‬
‫ﺎﻑ‬
‫א‬
 h
 ‫א‬WE٨–١F
-١١-
 ‫א‬‫א‬   ١١١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  
‫א‬‫א‬(R134a) ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
R134a‫א‬p-hWE٩–١F

 K‫א‬Ep-hF‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
 WEF‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
 K °C ‫א‬
  bar ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬
 v′ ‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬
 l / kg E v ′′ ‫א‬
‫א‬ h′ ‫א‬F‫א‬
 kJ / kg E h′′ 
 kJ / kg  L = h ′′ − h ′  (L) ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬


-١٢-
 ‫א‬‫א‬   ١١١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 T {°C} p{bar} v ′(l / kg} v ′′(l / kg} h ′{kJ / kg} h ′′{kJ / kg} L{kJ / kg}
-26 1.020 0.726 188.56 166.35 381.71 215.37
-25 1.067 0.728 180.67 167.59 382.34 214.75
-24 1.116 0.730 173.18 168.84 382.97 214.13
‫א‬‫א‬WE٢–١F
 
‫א‬‫א‬ (s ) ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬EF‫א‬‫א‬
W١
F  20°C ‫א‬E x = 0 F  (R11) 
 WK 0 °C ‫א‬E‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K
 50°C ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K
K 0 °C ‫א‬E‫א‬F

 W‫א‬
W T = 20°C ‫א‬‫א‬ (R11) ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K
 p1 = 0.889 bar h2 = 217.26 kJ / kg 
 ‫א‬‫א‬
  (1) ‫א‬‫א‬   K
WE١٠–١F (2) ‫א‬ 0 °C ‫א‬
-١٣-
 ‫א‬‫א‬   ١١١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  
p R 11
50
1′ 50°C
‫א‬
20
50
1 20°C
0
20
0°C
2 2′
0
‫א‬ h
 E١F p − h WE١٠–١F

 W
 p1 = 0.400 bar ‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬ (x) ‫א‬

 x = h − h′ x
h′′ − h′
hx = 217.26 kJ / kg    W
h ′′ = 390.63 kJ / kg
 h ′ = 200.00 kJ / kg
 W
217.26 − 200.00
x= = 0.09     
390.63 − 200.00
 (x = 0.10)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W 50°C ‫א‬‫א‬ K 
 p1 = 2.379 bar  h1 = 244.61 kJ / kg 
-١٤-
 ‫א‬‫א‬   ١١١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  
  x = 0.25 ‫א‬ (x) ‫א‬‫א‬

 W (x) ‫א‬
244.61 − 200.00
 x= = 0.23
390.63 − 200.00
 W٢
 ( x = 1)  − 20°C ‫א‬ (R717) ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬K100°C ‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
 p − h ‫א‬
p R 717
100°C
c
s=
‫א‬
− 20°C
1
‫א‬ h
 E٢F p − h ‫א‬WE١١–١F
 K‫א‬ (2) ‫א‬‫א‬ (1) ‫א‬‫א‬E١١–١F‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 v 2 = 0.178 m 3 / kg p 2 = 10 bar h2 = 1680 kJ / kg 
-١٥-
 ‫א‬‫א‬   ١١١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  
 W٣
،K s = 1.75kJ / kgK   h = 450kJ / kg  (R12) ‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E x = 0 F‫א‬‫א‬
KE‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬ p1 ، v1 ، T1 K 
KE‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬ T2 ، h2  K
W‫א‬
 s = 1.95 kJ / kgK 
   h = 450 kJ / kg ‫א‬  (1) ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K
 K
 ‫א‬‫א‬، (1) ‫א‬‫א‬
 p1 = 8 bar  v1 = 0.028 m 3 / kg  T1 = 80°C

 W، x = 0 ‫א‬،‫א‬ K
 h2 = 230 kJ / kg  T2 = 32°C
-١٦-
 ‫א‬‫א‬   ١١١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  
 ‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ g

  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ g
K‫א‬
W‫א‬ g
  ⇔  ⇔ 

‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬EF g
KEsaturation temperature‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ g
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ،‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬ g
KE x F‫א‬
‫א‬(x-0) ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ g
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬(x=1)‫א‬
‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ g
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬W  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬Ep-hF  ‫א‬‫א‬ g
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
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 ‫א‬‫א‬   ١١١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  
 
W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ p − h ‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ E١

 Temperature Pr essure v h s
‫א‬ °C bar m 3 / kg kJ / kg kJ / kgK
R11 60 1.85
R 22 450 1.90
R 717 4 0 .5
R502 0.12 400
R134a 30 2 .5
 
W‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬  E٢

 Temperature Pressure v′  v ′′ h′ h ′′
‫א‬ °C  bar l / kg l / kg kJ / kg kJ / kg
R 22 50
R 22 2.455
R 717 − 20
R 717 17.346
R134a
R134a

W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬ E٣
 K R502 ، R717 ، R 22 ، R12 ، R11 ، R134a ‫א‬
 x = 1  x = 0 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬ ( L) ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 (s = c) ‫א‬
 
  s = 1.76 kJ / kgK   T = 0°C  ( R134a)  ‫א‬ E٤
K‫א‬ v ‫א‬‫א‬، h ‫א‬ 10bar 
‫א‬، T = −40°C ‫א‬ x = 0.2  ( R717)   E٥
WK 7 K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
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 ‫א‬‫א‬   ١١١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  
K‫א‬‫א‬ v ‫א‬‫א‬، h ‫ א‬K

K‫א‬ v ‫א‬‫א‬، h ‫א‬، T ‫א‬‫א‬ K
W‫א‬، R22 ‫א‬ p − h ‫א‬ E٦

F   20 °C  ‫א‬ x = 0   K
W p − h ‫א‬‫א‬K − 20 °C ‫א‬E h = c ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
 ( x = 1)  − 20 °C ‫א‬‫א‬ K
W p − h ‫א‬‫א‬K 40 °C  ‫א‬ ( S = c) ‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
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 ‫א‬‫א‬   ١١١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  
 ‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
Vapor Compression Cycle
EsinkF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
K  ‫א‬KEsourceF ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬   K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 .(refrigerantsF

-٢٠-
 ‫א‬‫א‬   ١١١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬


Condenser
3 2

 Compressor
Expansion
valve
4

Evaporator
 ‫א‬(flow diagram)‫א‬WE١٢–١F
 W‫א‬
:(compressor) ‫ א‬K
‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KKKKK‫א‬‫א‬
-٢١-
 ‫א‬‫א‬   ١١١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  
: (Condenser)‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 

‫א‬KE Tcond > Tenv 
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬F
 KEF‫א‬
W(expansion valve)‫א‬‫א‬ K


 ‫א‬WE١٣–١F
‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬E throttling
 ‫א‬‫א‬ 

 (Evaporator)‫ א‬K
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
-٢٢-
 ‫א‬‫א‬   ١١١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  
 Simple Vapor Compression Cycle (VCC) ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬Rankine Cycle.‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 Process 1-2: Isentropic Compression (S=c)‫א‬ 1 → 2 ‫א‬
‫א‬ (x=1)‫א‬ ‫א‬

(1)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ E‫א‬F
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K
 KE2‫א‬F‫א‬
 W(2)(1)‫א‬
 Wc = m& ( h2 − h1 ) 
 W
Wc = {kW } ‫א‬
 h1 = {kJ / kg} (1)‫א‬‫א‬

  h2 = {kJ / kg} (2)‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J
E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 2 → 3 ‫א‬
Process 2-3 Heat Rejection to hot
 region (@ P=c )
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬(3)(2)‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬
 K ‫א‬(3)‫א‬‫א‬

 W(Qc)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
  Qc = m& (h2 − h3 )
 Qc = {kW } ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 h3 = {kJ / kg} E3F‫א‬‫א‬
 h2 = {kJ / kg} (2)‫א‬‫א‬
-٢٣-
 ‫א‬‫א‬   ١١١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  
E‫א‬
Process 3-4 Throttling Process (@  F‫א‬‫א‬ 3 → 4 ‫א‬
 h=c)
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 3 → 4 ‫א‬K(4)
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬،
 W‫א‬
 h4 = h3
Process 3-4 Heat addition at cold E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 4 → 1 ‫א‬
 region (@ P=c)
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬ 4 → 1 ‫א‬‫א‬
K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬F
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬KE1‫א‬F
 WE‫א‬F

 Qe = m& ( h1 − h4 )
 Qe = {kW } ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 h1 = {kJ / kg} (1)‫א‬‫א‬
  h4 = {kJ / kg} E٤F‫א‬‫א‬
-٢٤-
 ‫א‬‫א‬   ١١١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  
3 p=c
pc 2
c
h=c
S=
‫א‬
pe p=c
4 1
RE wc
h3 = h4 ‫א‬ h1 h2 h
 ‫א‬‫א‬(state diagram)‫א‬WE١٤–١F

 W‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬
st
1 Law Analysis Key Relation Component Process
Wc = m& ( h2 − h1 )   S 2 = S1 compressor‫א‬ 1-2
Qc = m& (h2 − h3 )  p3 = p 2  Condenser‫א‬ 2-3
h4 = h3 h4 = h3  expansion valve‫א‬ 3-4

Qe = m& ( h1 − h4 )  p4 = p1  evaporator‫א‬ 4-1
 ‫א‬‫א‬WE٣–١F


-٢٥-
 ‫א‬‫א‬   ١١١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬ x ‫א‬
 1 1
 _ 2
 0 3
‫א‬‫א‬ 0 ≤ x ≤1 4
‫א‬‫א‬WE٤–١F

 Performance of VCC ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 Refrigeration effect (RE)‫א‬‫א‬J 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
(1)(4)
 ‫א‬‫א‬ K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 RE = h2 − h1
 Input Work (Wc)‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 Wc = m& ∆h 
 W( WcF‫א‬‫א‬
 Wc = m& ( h2 − h1 ) 
 Evaporator load (Qe)‫א‬
(kW) ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬E‫א‬F(cooling load) ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
-٢٦-
 ‫א‬‫א‬   ١١١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  
(24 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،288000 BTUE‫א‬F‫؛‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬12000 BTU/h‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬hours)
 (Ton of Refrigeration, T.R.)
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬(QeF‫א‬
 Qe = m& ( h2 − h4 ) 
 (COP ) ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
(Coefficient of Performance, COP) ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
Qe RE h1 − h4
 COP = = = 
Wc wc h2 − h1
  (m& ) ‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ (m& ) ‫א‬
Qe
 m& =       
RE
 W
 Qe = ‫א‬
 RE = ‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
Qe
‫א‬ (V& )  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬، E m& = F‫א‬‫א‬
RE
 W‫א‬ (v1 ) ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 V& = m& v1
F η v (reciprocating)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 WE‫א‬F‫א‬ (V&s ) ‫א‬‫א‬E85%65%
V& m& v1
 V&s = =
ηv ηv
-٢٧-
 ‫א‬‫א‬   ١١١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  
 
١
 − 20°C  ‫א‬‫א‬،  R134a 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K 30°C ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬، 1kg / s ‫א‬‫א‬K ( x = 1)  
(qc ) ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٢ ( wc ) ‫א‬ K١
(COP) ‫א‬‫א‬ K٤ ( RE ) ‫א‬‫א‬ K٣

3 p=c
pc 2
c
h=c
S=
‫א‬
pe p=c
4 1
RE wc
h3 = h4 ‫א‬ h1 h2 h

 WE١٥–١F

h1 = 385.48 kJ / kg
h2 = 417 kJ / kg
-٢٨-
 ‫א‬‫א‬   ١١١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  
W‫א‬
wc = h2 − h1 = 417 − 385.48 = 31.52 kJ / kg
 W (qc ) ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
qc = h2 − h3 = 417.00 − 241.63 = 175.37kJ / kg
 W (RE ) ‫א‬‫א‬
RE = h1 − h4 = h1 − h3 = 385.48 − 241.63 = 143.85kJ / kg 
 W (COP ) ‫א‬‫א‬
RE 143.85 kJ / kg
 COP = = = 4.56 
wc 31.52 kJ / kg
 ٢
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K. 25 TR   R134a 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K 1.00MPa  0.25MPa
 hp  kW 
 K80%‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
3 p=c
pc 2
c
h=c
S=
‫א‬
pe p=c
4 1
RE wc
h3 = h4 ‫א‬ h1 h2 h
 E١٦–١F
-٢٩-
 ‫א‬‫א‬   ١١١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  
 P4 = P1 = 0.25 MPa, P2 = P3 = 1.00 MPa

 W 1,2 & 3 ‫א‬‫א‬ P − h 
h3 = h4 = 256 kJ / kg h2 = 426 kJ / kg h1 = 396 kJ / kg 
 RE = h1 − h4 = 396 − 256 = 140 kJ / kg  W ( RE ) ‫א‬
Qe 25 × 3.5
 m& = = = 0.625 kg / s W (m& ) ‫א‬
RE 140
 W (Wc ) ‫א‬
Wc = m& (h2 − h1 ) = 0.625(426 − 396)
 = 18.75 kW
18.75
= = 25.13 hp
0.746
 η v = 80 % = 0.80 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 Ep-h‫א‬F v1 = 80 L / kg = 0.080 m 3 / kg (1)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
mv1 0.625 × 0.080
 V&s = = = 0.0625 m 3 / s ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬∴
ηv 0.80
‫א‬‫א‬(hermetic)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬
 ‫(؛‬irreversible) ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬(12)
 (isentropic efficiency)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
-٣٠-
 ‫א‬‫א‬   ١١١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  
pc 3 p=c 2 2′
 ‫א‬
c
h=c
S=

pe p=c
4 1
RE wc
h3 = h4 ‫א‬ h1 h2 h2′ h
 E١٧–١F
 
 WE η s F‫א‬‫א‬
h2 − h1
 ηs = <1
h2′ − h1

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

p p
3 p=c 2′ 3 p=c
pc 2 pc 2
pc ′ 3′
2′
c
h=c
h=c
S=
 ‫א‬
‫א‬
4′
c
1′
S=
4′

pe ′
pe p=c pe p=c
4 1 4′ 4 1
‫א‬ h ‫א‬ h
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬WE١٨–١F
-٣١-
 ‫א‬‫א‬   ١١١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  
 ( pe′ ) ‫א‬ ( pe ) ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E١٨–١F‫א‬

 (RE ) 
 ‫א‬
  ( pc′ ) ‫א‬ ( pc ) ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

  (COP) ‫א‬‫א‬ (Wc ) ‫א‬
 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ (m& ) ‫א‬
 (Tc ) ‫א‬ (Te ) ‫א‬E١٩–١F‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ (COP) ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
COP
o C
0
Tc
=3
Tc
=
T C
40
c
=
o
30
o
0
=4
C
oC
T c
Te Te
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬WE١٩–١F

 (Wc ) 
 ‫א‬  (Tc ) 
 ‫א‬ (Te ) ‫א‬‫א‬
 K (COP) ‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬ E١F
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
 R11‫א‬ 50 °C 
COP wc RE TE
J kJ / kg kJ / kg °C
5.35 28.23 151.16 10
4.05 36.37 146.02 0
2.63 51.65 135.74 -20
E٥–١F
-٣٢-
 ‫א‬‫א‬   ١١١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  
 E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬ E٢F
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
 R11‫א‬ 50 °C 
COP wc RE TC
J kJ / kg kJ / kg °C
2.63 51.65 135.74 50
3.48  41.65 145.03 40
4.58  33.65 154.16 30
E٦–١F
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  E7‫א‬1‫א‬F 5K  ‫א‬‫א‬
 E5‫א‬3‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬

3 2
Condenser

Compressor
‫א‬
Heat
exchanger

Expansion
valve 1

4
 Evaporator

-٣٣-
 ‫א‬‫א‬   ١١١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  
 W
‫א‬‫א‬KR11 32°C ,  − 15°C ‫א‬
 ‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ، 7 K  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K kW ‫א‬

p
5 3
2
6 1
4
 WE٢١–١F
 W‫א‬
 WE1234‫א‬F -
  Te = −15°C  R11‫א‬
 h1 = 382.92 kJ / kg 
 h2 = 417 kJ / kg (2)‫א‬ p − h ‫א‬
 (T3 = 32°C ) (3)‫א‬ p − h ‫א‬
 h3 = h4 = 228 kJ / kg 
 RE = h1 − h4 ‫א‬‫א‬
 = 382.92 − 228 = 154.92 kJ / kg 

-٣٤-
 ‫א‬‫א‬   ١١١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  
 wc = h2 − h1 kg‫א‬

= 417 − 382.92 = 34.08 kJ / kg 
RE 154.92
 COP = = = 4.55 ‫א‬‫א‬
wc 34.08
 E1256‫א‬F 7 K ‫א‬
 T5 = 32 − 7 = 25°C ‫א‬‫א‬
 W 6  5 ‫א‬ p − h 

 h5 = h6 = 222 kJ / kg 
 RE ′ = h1 − h6 ‫א‬‫א‬
= 382.92 − 222 = 160.92 kJ / kg 
RE ′ 160.92
 COP ′ = = = 4.72 ‫א‬‫א‬
wc 34.08
 m& = e = 1 ‫א‬
Q
RE ′ 160.92
 = 6.2 × 10 −3 kg / kg = 6.2 g / kg 
 ‫א‬‫א‬ (COP′ f COP) ‫א‬‫א‬ ( RE′ f RE ) ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W

 W
  R 22 ‫א‬‫א‬
1kg / s  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬ 11.88bar  2.455bar
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫ א‬-
‫א‬ 7 K ‫א‬‫ א‬-
 W‫א‬
-٣٥-
 ‫א‬‫א‬   ١١١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  
p
3
2
8
1 7
4
 WE٢٢–١F

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 11.88 bar  2.455 bar 
 ‫א‬
 K R 22 ‫א‬ 30°C ,  − 20°C 
 W‫א‬‫א‬J
  Te = −20°C  R 22 ‫א‬‫א‬
 h1 = 397.07 kJ / kg 
 h2 = 437.0 kJ / kg (2)‫א‬ p − h ‫א‬
  Tc = 30°C  R 22 ‫א‬‫א‬

 h3 = h4 = 236.70 kJ / kg 
 RE = h1 − h4 ‫א‬‫א‬
 = 397.07 − 236.70 = 160.37 kJ / kg 

 wc = h2 − h1 kg‫א‬

= 437.0 − 397.07 = 39.93 kJ / kg 
RE 160.37
 COP = = = 4.016 ‫א‬‫א‬
wc 39.93
 W 7 K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
-٣٦-
 ‫א‬‫א‬   ١١١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  
‫א‬ T 7 = −13°C ‫א‬‫א‬ (7) ‫א‬ T7 = −20 + 7 = −13°C 
‫א‬ ( 7 ) ‫א‬‫א‬ (8) ‫א‬ 2.455 bar

 K p − h  11.88 bar
 W‫א‬ (7 − 8) ‫א‬
 h 7 = 400 kJ / kg  h8 = 443 kJ / kg 

  RE ′ = h7 − h4 ‫א‬‫א‬
 = 400.0 − 236.7 = 163.3 kJ / kg 
 wc =h 8 − h7 kg‫א‬
= 443 − 400 = 43kJ / kg 

RE ′ 163.3
 COP′ = = = 3.798 ‫א‬‫א‬
wc′ 43
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ( RE ′ f RE )  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K ( COP ′ < COP )
-٣٧-
 ‫א‬‫א‬   ١١١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
p
10
5 3
2
4 1
6 8
7
9
 ‫א‬WE٢٣–١F

‫א‬(78910-11-56)‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬(1234)‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،(89)‫א‬، (68) ‫א‬،(11-5)‫א‬W ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K(10-11)‫א‬
K
 n (polytropic)  (9-10)‫א‬‫א‬ 
 K‫א‬
 EF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ (10 − 20 kPa) ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K1K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

-٣٨-
 ‫א‬‫א‬   ١١١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  
 ‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J
(x=1) ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬-
 K(x=0) ‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J
 E‫א‬F‫א‬G
 E‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬G
 E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬G
 E‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬G
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J
-٣٩-
 ‫א‬‫א‬   ١١١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  
 
K 50°C 
 ‫א‬‫א‬ −10°C  ‫א‬‫א‬K  ( R 22)  J ١
‫א‬‫א‬KE
  F‫א‬‫א‬
K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬
  K (COP) ‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
 5.3 × 103 kJ / min ‫א‬.(R134a)‫א‬-7°C٢
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K 32°C ‫א‬‫א‬
 K (COP) ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ -
K 30°C  24°C ‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬ -
E c p water
= 4.18 kJ / kgK F‫א‬
،R22 − 20°C ‫א‬ ٣

7 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 40°C 70 kW‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬،‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬
 ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 50°C ,  − 20°C ‫א‬(R717) ٤
‫א‬
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K
K ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬ ،‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
 K kW ‫א‬
F − 4°C ‫א‬W  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ٥
‫א‬‫א‬KR12‫א‬،E
 F 45°C ،E
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 ‫א‬‫א‬   ١١١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K1 m 3 / hr ‫א‬‫א‬K 37°C  24.5°C 

 W‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬
 ‫א‬
 ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 11.669 bar، 2.2634 bar (R717)‫א‬٦
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬1 kg/s
 K‫א‬‫א‬(i)
‫א‬‫א‬
  ‫א‬  10 K  ‫א‬‫א‬J (ii)
 K‫א‬
‫א‬K 40 °C  − 10 °C R12 ٧
‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬ 60 °C 
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬، ‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬1 kg/s‫א‬
 21.5 bar  5 bar R22‫א‬‫א‬٨
 85 °C 
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
2 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
 ‫א‬K‫א‬[
 ٠ [ 2 T.R ] 
‫א‬K 30 °C  5 °C ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 0.80 kg/s ‫א‬٩
‫א‬‫א‬ 14.7 bar ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬،12 K‫א‬
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 ‫א‬‫א‬   ١١١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  
 K‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
kJ
 E c p = 1.005 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F
kg K

-٤٢-
 ‫א‬‫א‬   ١١١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  
 Refrigerants‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬

 ، ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ،
 ‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K
 KNon-poisonous -
.Non-explosive -
KNon-corrosive‫א‬ -
KNon-flammable  -
K‫א‬ -
K‫א‬ -
KEF‫א‬ -
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ -
K‫א‬‫א‬ -
K‫א‬–– ‫א‬ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬ -
K‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ -
 kg ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ -
K‫א‬
‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬-
K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬E
 ‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
 K 30°C  −15°C ‫א‬
 W‫א‬
-٤٣-
 ‫א‬‫א‬   ١١١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  
KE‫א‬–‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬WGroup I‫א‬‫ א‬-

R-502، R-22، R-12W
R-R-40 (Methyl chloride)، WGroup II‫א‬‫א‬ -

764 (Sulfur dioxide)
R-170 
  ،‫א‬‫א‬  WGroup II  ‫א‬‫א‬ -
R-290 (Propane)(Ethane)

 W‫א‬
WPrimary Refrigerants‫א‬‫א‬ K١
PRIMARY ‫א‬‫א‬ R-502 R-12،R-12‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬REFRIGERANTS
 :Secondary Refrigerants‫א‬‫א‬ K٢
،‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬(methyalcohol) ‫א‬،‫א‬،(brines)‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬

 Identifying Primary Refrigerants ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬(R)‫א‬‫א‬
 K(ASHRAE)‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 WE‫א‬F‫א‬
،‫א‬EChlorofluorocarbons CFCs F‫א‬ K١
KR114 ‫ و‬R12 ، R11WKEF‫א‬‫א‬
EHydrochlorofluorocarbons or HCFCs)
 ‫א‬ K٢
. R-22 or R-123WK‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬
 Hydrofluorocarbons or HFCs 
‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ K٣
. R-134aW،‫א‬
 KW K٤
-٤٤-
 ‫א‬‫א‬   ١١١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 Flurocarbons :‫א‬ K١
 ١J ‫א‬‫א‬Z‫א‬‫א‬
 ١H‫א‬‫א‬Z  ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬R22, …., R11‫א‬
 ١Z١HZ‫א‬‫א‬
 ١J ‫א‬‫א‬Z‫א‬‫א‬
 ١J ‫א‬‫א‬Z  ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬Z  ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬Z  ‫א‬‫א‬

 W١
 Dichlorofluromethane 12١٢
 ١Z١HZ‫א‬‫א‬
 Z١J ١Z‫א‬‫א‬
 ٢Z‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬
F
F C Cl
Cl
 R12
 ٢Z‫א‬‫א‬∴
 CCl 2 F2  R12‫א‬‫א‬
-٤٥-
 ‫א‬‫א‬   ١١١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  
 W٢
 Monochlorofuromethane R22 ٢٢
 ١Z١HZ‫א‬‫א‬
 ١Z١J ٢Z‫א‬‫א‬
 ٢Z‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬
F
F C Cl
 R22
 ١Z‫א‬‫א‬∴
 CHClF2  R12‫א‬‫א‬

 W٣
 Trichloromonofluromethane R11 ١١
 ١Z١HZ‫א‬‫א‬
 Z١J ١Z‫א‬‫א‬
 ١Z‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬
Cl
F C Cl
Cl
 R11
 ٣Z‫א‬‫א‬∴
 CCl3 F ١١‫א‬‫א‬

-٤٦-
 ‫א‬‫א‬   ١١١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  
 (‫ )א‬HFC
 W
  (CF3CH 2 F ) Tetrafluroethane‫א‬
 ١Z١J ٢Z١J ‫א‬‫א‬Z ‫א‬‫א‬
 ٣Z١H٢Z١H‫א‬‫א‬Z ‫א‬‫א‬
 ٤Z‫א‬‫א‬Z ‫א‬‫א‬
 -
‫א‬ -
F H
F C C F
F H
R134a

R134a (CF3CH 2 F ) ‫א‬ -

 Inorganic Refrigerants ‫א‬‫א‬
 R(700+mwt)700H‫א‬

 WE١F
 NH 3 E‫א‬F‫א‬
 ١٧Z٣H١٤‫א‬‫א‬
 R 717  ‫א‬

 WE٢F
 CO 2 ‫א‬
 ٤٤Z١٦×٢H١٢Z  ‫א‬‫א‬
 R 744 ‫א‬
-٤٧-
 ‫א‬‫א‬   ١١١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  
 WE٣F
 H 2 O ‫א‬
 ١٨Z٢H١٦Z‫א‬‫א‬
 R 718 ‫א‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ 
 ‫א‬‫א‬E١–١FK ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬
R11  (CCl 3 F ) Trichloromonofluoromethane  Orange
 R12  (CCl 2 F2 ) Dichlorodifluoromethane  White
R13  (CClF3 ) Monochlorotrifluoromethane  Pale Blue
R134a  (CF3CH 2 F )  Tetrafluroethane  Purple‫א‬
R22  (CHClF2 ) Monochlorodifluoromethane  Green
R40  (CH 3 Cl ) Monochlorotrifluoromethane 

R502 (48.8%R22+ 51.2%R115) - Orchid
 R717  ( NH 3 ) Ammonia Silver
‫א‬‫א‬WE٧–١F

 W‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
-٤٨-
 ‫א‬‫א‬   ١١١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  
 Thermodynamic Properties ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 Temperature & Pressure‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬(boiling point)‫א‬

 ‫א‬  (°C ) ‫א‬

R11 23.7
R12 -29.4
R13 -81.4
R134a -26.1
R22 -40.8
R40 -11.8
R502 -46.0
R717 -33.0
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬WE٨–١F

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J R13‫א‬
 ‫א‬
 K
 J Cascade systems‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬(v)‫א‬‫א‬،(p)‫א‬(T) ‫א‬‫א‬R134a
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ (h)‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
T {°C} p{bar} v ′(l / kg} v ′′(l / kg} h ′{kJ / kg} h ′′{kJ / kg} L{kJ / kg}
-26 1.020 0.726 188.56 166.35 381.71 215.37
-25 1.067 0.728 180.67 167.59 382.34 214.75
-24 1.116 0.730 173.18 168.84 382.97 214.13
R134a ‫ﺑﻌﺾ ﻣﻦ ﺟﺪول وﺳﻴﻂ اﻟﺘﺒﺮﻳﺪ‬WE٩–١F

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
-٤٩-
 ‫א‬‫א‬   ١١١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  
Specific volume (v)‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬J 
   −15°C ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J (x=1)

 ‫א‬  (l / kg ) ‫א‬‫א‬
R11 766.73
R12 91.45
R13 -
R40 279.3
R134a 120.15
R22 77.70
R502 50.02
R717 507.9
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬WE١٠–١F

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬  ◊‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ∗‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬

(kJ / kg ) (kJ / kg ) (kg / min/ kW )
R11 195.30 156.73 0.383
R12 159.55 117.16 0.512
R134a 208.29 146.96 0.408
R22 217.00 162.47 0.369
R40 ‫ـ‬ 349.058 0.172
R502 156.61 104.39 0.575
R717 1311.3 1104.68 0.054
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬WE١١–١F
  30°C  −15°C ‫א‬‫∗א‬
  − 15°C ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬◊

-٥٠-
 ‫א‬‫א‬   ١١١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  
 Physical Properties ‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W Oil Miscibility‫א‬‫א‬ J 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬K
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬ ‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬
R11 
R12  
R13  
R40 
R134a 
R22 
R717  
‫א‬‫א‬WE١٢–١F

-٥١-
 ‫א‬‫א‬   ١١١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  
 WOdor‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬
R11 slightly ethereal 
R12 slightly ethereal
R717 pungent
‫א‬‫א‬WE١٣–١F

 W(safety)‫א‬
E ‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬
R11  
R12  
R13  
R40  
R134a  
 R22  
R502  
R717  
‫א‬WE١٤–١F

-٥٢-
 ‫א‬‫א‬   ١١١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
R11  
 R12  
R40  
R134a  
 R22  
R502  
R717  
‫א‬‫א‬WE١٥–١F

 W‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ E‫א‬F‫א‬
‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬

 E
 ‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬، ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
W‫א‬ K١
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 W(ppm)
(ppm) (ppm)‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
15  5 R134a
100 30 R22
50 15 R502
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬WE١٦–١F
-٥٣-
 ‫א‬‫א‬   ١١١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  

 ‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬ K٢
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
R13B1 R502 R500 R22 R12 °C
2 40 48 120 1.7 -40
5 69 81 195 3.8 -20
10 115 129 308 8.3 0
 21 180 200 472 17 20
40 278 293 690 32 40
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬WE١٧–١F

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 WE‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬ 40MPa
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 80MPa  ‫א‬‫א‬ 180MPa 
 K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ -
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬ -
-٥٤-
 ‫א‬‫א‬   ١١١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬(Relief valve) -
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬(Check valve ) -
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  ،‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KE‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬–١
 KE‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬–٢
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬–٣

 –E‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬١
‫א‬ 
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬٢
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬F ‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬E‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٣
‫א‬
  ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬ K
 K‫א‬‫א‬
 How to Choose a Leak Detector? ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
ECFCs ‫א‬F‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬K‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫؛‬‫א‬
-٥٥-
 ‫א‬‫א‬   ١١١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  
K ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬

  ‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬ -
K‫א‬Wsystem size‫א‬ -
،‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬ -
KKKKKK‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫ א‬-
KW،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬ -

-٥٦-
 ‫א‬‫א‬   ١١١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
CCl3 F Trichloromonofluromethane R11 ١١‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬ 23.7°C  -

K -
K -
K‫א‬ -
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ -
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ -
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ -
KHalide torchEF‫א‬‫א‬ -
K‫א‬‫א‬ -
-
 (CCl 2 F2 ) Dichlorodifluoromethane R12‫א‬
K ‫א‬‫א‬ -
K − 29.4°C  -
K‫א‬، -
K  -
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ − 68°C ‫א‬ -

 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬
Halide torchEF‫א‬‫א‬ -
K‫א‬‫א‬ -
-
 (R134a)- (CF3CH 2 F ) Tetrafluroethane‫א‬
K R12 ‫א‬ HFC  -
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ -
K‫א‬‫א‬، -
K − 26.1°C  -
-٥٧-
 ‫א‬‫א‬   ١١١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  
K (ODP = 0) ‫א‬ -
KR12‫א‬‫א‬ -
K 25°C ‫א‬‫א‬ -
light blue‫א‬ -
K‫א‬‫א‬ -
K(molecular sieve)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬-
(silicone gel)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ -
‫א‬(florescent dyes)  ‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬ -
K‫א‬‫א‬KKK‫א‬
(CHClF2 ) Monochlorodifluoromethane (R22) E٢٢F‫א‬

− 40.8°C  -
، ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ -
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬١٢ -
K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ − 9°C ‫א‬‫א‬ -
Halide torchEF‫א‬‫א‬ -
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ -

 W١٢‫א‬٢٢‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬60% ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ -
 R22‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K١٢
KR12‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬60%
KR12‫א‬‫א‬R22‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ -

 R12‫א‬E‫א‬F ‫א‬‫א‬R22‫א‬ -
K‫א‬R22
-٥٨-
 ‫א‬‫א‬   ١١١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  
‫א‬‫א‬ − 40°C  − 29°C ‫א‬‫א‬ -

‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬R12R22‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬R12‫א‬
 ‫א‬ -
 K
 -
 R502  {CHClF2 + C 2 ClF5 }( R 22 + R115) E٥٠٢F‫א‬
KR11551.2% + R2248.8% -
K -
K‫א‬ -
KE − 51°C  − 18°C F‫א‬ -
K‫א‬‫א‬ -
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ -
K‫א‬‫א‬ − 46°C  -
KR22R12‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ -
(condensing R12‫א‬R22‫א‬ -
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬pressure)
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ -
٢٢ ‫א‬
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ -
K(R22)
K‫א‬(orchid)‫א‬ -
 R717( NH 3 FE‫א‬F‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬ -
K‫א‬  -
K -
K‫א‬ -
-٥٩-
 ‫א‬‫א‬   ١١١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  
‫א‬
 kg‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ -
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬ − 33°C  -
K ‫א‬‫א‬R22R12E‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬ -
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ -
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬–‫א‬ -
K‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ -

SO2 ( R 764) ‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ -
K -
١٩٢٠ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ -
K١٩٣٠
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ (CH 3Cl − R 40) ‫א‬‫ א‬-
K‫א‬‫א‬ −10°C  -
K‫א‬‫א‬ -
‫א‬ ( H 2 SO3 )  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ -
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ( H 2 SO 4)


 (CO2 − R744) ‫א‬
K -
K -
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ -
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬ -
-٦٠-
 ‫א‬‫א‬   ١١١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬ -
‫א‬ (−56.6°C ) 
 ‫א‬‫א‬ − 78.7°C  -
KEF‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬ ،
 ‫א‬ -
K
 CH 3 Cl − R 40 ‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬ − 23.7°C  -

K -
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ -
K
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬ -
K‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ -
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ -
K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬E F ‫א‬‫א‬ -
K‫א‬‫א‬


-٦١-
 ‫א‬‫א‬   ١١١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  R134a,R22
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ R134a,R22,R502
‫א‬‫א‬  R134a
gryogenic‫א‬ R13,R502
‫א‬‫א‬  R22,R500
J ‫א‬‫א‬ R134a,R22
J ‫א‬‫א‬ R11,R134a.R22
J ‫א‬‫א‬ R11,R134a
‫א‬‫א‬ R22,CO2(SOLID)
‫א‬‫א‬ N2
‫א‬‫א‬ R11
‫א‬ CO2,N2
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬، R11
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬WE١٨–١F

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬





-٦٢-
 ‫א‬‫א‬   ١١١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬

R11 Centrifugal  200-2000TR–
‫א‬‫א‬
Centrifugal
‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
R12 Reciprocating‫א‬
‫א‬
Rotary‫א‬
‫א‬KK‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
Reciprocating‫א‬ ،‫א‬،‫א‬
R22
Centrifugal ،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
50 Hz‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 −90°C –‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 −90°C –‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
R113 Centrifugal
 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬WE١٩–١F
-٦٣-
 ‫א‬‫א‬   ١١١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
0°C ‫א‬‫א‬ -
50 °C ‫א‬‫א‬ -


 ‫א‬   
‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬ (r =
pc
pe
) ‫א‬ ( p c , bar ) ‫א‬ (COP ) ‫א‬‫א‬
 3
(kJ / m )
R11 CCl 3 F 443 5.9 2.4 5.53
R21 CHFCl 2 636 5.68 4.0 4.64

R22 CHCl 2 F 3671 3.88 19.3 5.14
R114 C 2 Cl 2 F7 784 5.06 4.5 4.61
R717 NH 3 42.75 4.96 20.6 5.53
‫א‬‫א‬WE٢٠–١F

 Secondary Refrigerants ‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬(methyalcohol) ‫א‬،‫א‬،(brines)‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬ -
K (c p = 4.18kJ / kg ) ‫א‬‫א‬ -
K‫א‬ -
K  -

-٦٤-
 ‫א‬‫א‬   ١١١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  
 ‫א‬(CFCs)‫א‬
 UV − β radiation ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W UV − β radiation 
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ -
K‫א‬ -
K‫א‬ -
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ -
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ -
٢٠J ١٥‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬

 W‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬WE٢٤–١F

C+Cl2+F2‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ E١
K‫א‬‫ א‬E٢
KE‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬ E٣
K Cl2O ‫א‬ (O3 ) ‫ א‬E٤
K Cl2O ‫א‬‫א‬ E٥
-٦٥-
 ‫א‬‫א‬   ١١١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  
K Cl2 + O2 ‫א‬ E٦
‫א‬ 3Cl2 + O3 = 3Cl2O 
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
((ODP) ozone depletion potential)‫א‬
 ‫א‬ 
 ‫א‬ 
 W
R=22‫א‬ODP=0.5 R=11‫א‬ODP=1 -
(Global ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ -
Wwarming Potential, GWP)
 GWP= 1 for CO2
GWP=0.05 for CFCs

 Montreal Protocol ‫א‬‫א‬
(CFCs)‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬

 W
1986-2000‫א‬R12,R11‫א‬‫ א‬-
W‫א‬‫א‬(CFCs)‫א‬‫א‬ -
 KR222015-2030 -
K‫א‬‫א‬ -
K2005‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬-
KR134a‫א‬‫א‬ -
K‫א‬ -
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 ‫א‬‫א‬   ١١١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  
 Alternative Refrigerants‫א‬‫א‬
(HCFCs)(HFCs)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
   
   ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬
R12 R134a
 E‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ R 407c
R22
 ‫א‬ ( R 32 + R125 + R134a )
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ R 410a
 ‫א‬‫א‬ 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ( R 32 + R125)
R 413 A
  ‫א‬‫א‬ R12
( R 218 + R134a + R 600 A)
R 417 a
  ‫א‬‫א‬ R22 
( R134a + R600a )
 ‫א‬‫א‬WE٢١–١F

(greenhouse effect)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
 WHCs‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫؛‬
 Ammonia ( NH 3 ) R717‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KGWP=0ODP=0‫א‬K‫א‬
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 ‫א‬‫א‬   ١١١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  
 Carbon dioxide (CO2 ) − R 744 ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬GWPODP=0‫א‬
‫א‬(low energy efficiency)‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ (Tcritical = 31.3 °C )


 Air (R729)‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 Water (H2O) – R718‫א‬

  (T > 0 °C ) ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
(specific vapor volume)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K(Lithium Bromide)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K‫א‬
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 ‫א‬‫א‬   ١١١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  
 Brines‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ 
 ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
Calcium chloride(CaCl2) ‫א‬ -
 −17°C ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
Sodium Chloride(NaCl)‫א‬ -
 − 21°C ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
(Antifreeze solutions)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
Glycerine‫א‬J Alcohol‫א‬J
Propylene Glycol ‫א‬J Ethylene Glycol ‫א‬J
-٦٩-
 ‫א‬‫א‬   ١١١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  
 ‫א‬
 ‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬ -
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ -
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
W‫א‬ -
(CFC's)‫א‬ ♦
(HCFC's)‫א‬ ♦
(HFC's)‫א‬ ♦
 ♦
‫א‬‫א‬ ♦
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ♦

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬700‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬،ASHRAE -
XYZ‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬K
Y ‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬Z‫א‬،R

 X‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ -
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ -
K(EPA)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ -
-٧٠-
 ‫א‬‫א‬   ١١١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  
 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬E١
W E٢
R12  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬R22  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ E
K‫א‬
KR12‫א‬‫א‬R22 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ E

‫א‬‫א‬ R11‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ E

KR12
KR12‫א‬‫א‬R22‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ E

K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬E
K(CFCs)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬E٣
KR-22‫א‬‫א‬ E٤
W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬E٥
 R-502, R-11, R-12, R-22, R-717 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ E٦
 R744 , R40, R502, R134a, R123 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ E٧
 R12 , R11, R22, R134a 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬E٨
R717, R11, R502, R134a, R718
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬E٩
R11 E
 R-12 E 
 R-717 E

R502 E

‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ E١٠

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
-٧١-
 ‫א‬‫א‬   ١١١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫ א‬E١١
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
R11 E
 R-12 E 
 R-717 E
R-502 E

Brine Solution ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ E١٢
 ‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ E١٣
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬E١٤
 ‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ E١٥
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬E١٦
 ‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ E١٧
-٧٢-
 ‫א‬‫א‬   ١١١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬،p-h

 K‫א‬‫א‬ K٢  K‫א‬‫א‬ K١
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٤  K‫א‬ K٣

 W‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٢  K‫א‬ K١

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬(p-h)
 W
 K‫א‬ K٢  K‫א‬‫ א‬K١

R11‫א‬، 50 °C  0 °C ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬p-h‫א‬‫א‬K36.5 kW‫א‬
 W

 K‫א‬ K٢  K‫ א‬K١

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٤  K‫א‬ K٣

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫ ؛‬40 °C  − 20 °C R134a
‫א‬‫א‬ K‫א‬ 70 °C ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ،‫א‬
 ‫א‬ J ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
 K
-٧٣-
 ‫א‬‫א‬   ١١١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
R718،R744،R134a،R11،R22
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
R717،R134a،R11،R22
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
p
‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬
‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
O

 
  ( x) ‫א‬K١
 K (m) ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  (mv ) ‫א‬ = ‫א‬
mv
 x=
m
-٧٤-
 ‫א‬‫א‬   ١١١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  
 (COP ) ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K٢
 K ( wc ) ‫א‬ ( RE ) ‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬ (Qe ) ‫א‬ (COP) ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K (Wc ) ‫א‬
RE Qe
 COP = =
wc Wc
p
5 3
2
6 1
4

 ‫א‬  ‫א‬
RE RE‫א‬‫א‬
Wc Wc‫א‬
-٧٥-
 ‫א‬‫א‬   ١١١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  
3 p=c
pc 2
c
h=c
S=
‫א‬
pe p=c
4 1
RE wc
h3 = h4 ‫א‬ h1 h2 h

، 50 °C  0 °C ‫א‬R11‫א‬(p-h) 
 WE41F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
h1 = 391 kJ / kg h2 = 423 kJ / kg

h3 = h4 = 245 kJ / kg
 (RE)‫א‬‫א‬K١
RE = h1 − h4
 
= 391 − 245 = 146 kJ / kg
 (m& ) ‫א‬K٢
Qe
m& =
 RE 
36.5
= = 0.25 kg / s
146
 K (Wc ) ‫א‬K٣
Wc = m& (h2 − h1 )
  
= 0.25 × (423 − 391) = 8 Kw
 (COP)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K٤
-٧٦-
 ‫א‬‫א‬   ١١١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  
Qe
COP =
Wc
 
36.5
= = 4.56
8
 ،‫א‬(p-h)
h1 = 385.5 kJ / kg h2 = 422 kJ / kg

h2′ = 429 kJ / kg h3 = h4 = 256 kJ / kg
 (RE)‫א‬‫א‬
RE = h1 − h4
 
= 385.5 − 256 = 129.5 kJ / kg
 (m& ) ‫א‬
Qe
m& =
 RE 
1
= = 0.0077 kg / s / kW
129.5
 (Wc ) kW‫א‬‫א‬
Wc = m& (h2′ − h1 )
 
= 0.0077 × (429 − 385.5) = 0.336 kW / kW

pc 3 p=c 2 2′
 ‫א‬
c
h=c
S=

pe p=c
4 1
RE wc
h3 = h4 ‫א‬ h1 h2 h2′ h

-٧٧-
 ‫א‬‫א‬   ١١١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  
 (COP) ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
Qe
COP =
Wc

1
= = 2.98
0.336
h1 − h4
COP =
h2′ − h1
 ‫أو‬
385.5 − 256 129.5
= = = 2.98
429 − 385.5 43.5
 (η isent ) ‫א‬‫א‬
h2 − h1
η isent =
h2′ − h1
 
422 − 385.5
= × 100 = 84%
429 − 385.5
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 J
 J
 J
 ‫א‬J
‫א‬‫א‬J

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬ -
‫א‬ -
 -
‫א‬ -

 kg‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ -
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬ − 33°C  -
-٧٨-
 ‫א‬‫א‬   ١١١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  
K‫א‬‫א‬R22R12‫א‬ -
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ -
K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬–‫א‬ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
 CHClF2 R22
 CClF2 R11
 CF 3CH 2 F R134a
 CO2 R744
 H 2O R718
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
  R22
  R11
 ‫א‬ R134a
  R717


 ‫א‬(CFCs)‫א‬J 
-٧٩-
 ‫א‬‫א‬   ١١١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  
،٢٠J ١٥‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬
W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E١
 C+Cl2+F2
 K‫א‬‫א‬E٢
 KE O3 ‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬E٣
 K Cl2O ‫א‬ (O3 ) ‫א‬E٤
K Cl2O ‫א‬‫א‬E٥
K Cl2 + O2 ‫א‬E٦
  3Cl2 + O3 = 3Cl2O 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬KKKKK‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬
-٨٠-
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬
‫א‬
٢
 ‫א‬‫א‬   ١١١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬1500 ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
(Air Conditioning)  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬Stuart Cramer‫א‬1906
‫א‬‫א‬1911K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ Carrier
‫א‬(Psychrometric Chart )‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
E
 F‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K(1924)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬KK‫א‬،‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬K
 ‫א‬KE‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
EF،(steady state)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K
‫א‬‫א‬
K
-٨١-
 ‫א‬‫א‬   ١١١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫• א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •
KEF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K٪١٠٠‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 K١٤
-٨٢-
 ‫א‬‫א‬   ١١١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  
 Psychrometry‫א‬
 
،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬،‫א‬
 K‫א‬KK‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬ ،
 K‫א‬
Psychrometry ‫א‬
K
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 Atmospheric air ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬K
Dry air‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،E F78%K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬1%،21%،
Moist air‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 Properties of Humid Air‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬
 pV = mRT
-٨٣-
 ‫א‬‫א‬   ١١١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  
 W

Daltons Law‫א‬‫א‬
 p = pa + pv
 W
 p = ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 p a = ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 p v = ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 (Specific Humidity ω ) ‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬1 kg‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
mv
 ω=
ma
 W
 mv = kg‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 m a = kg‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
p vVv
 mv = ‫א‬
R v Tv
pV
 m a = a a ‫א‬‫א‬
R a Ta
m pV RT
 ω = v = v v × a a ‫א‬‫א‬
m a R v Tv p a V a
 ‫א‬
 Vmixture = Va = Vv 
 Tmixture = Ta = Tv 
m v p v Ra
 ω= = × ‫א‬‫א‬
m a Rv p a
 W‫א‬‫א‬EpF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 p = p a + p v 
-٨٤-
 ‫א‬‫א‬   ١١١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  
 p a = p − p v 
Ra R 18
 = × = 0.622 W
Rv 28.9 R
 W‫א‬‫א‬
mv pv
 ω= = 0.622
ma p − pv
 KE p v F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ p v  ‫א‬‫א‬ ،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
 Relative Humidity(RH)‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
10 g / m3 20 g / m3
22°C ‫ﻏﺭﻓﺔ ﻋﻨﺩ‬ 22°C ‫ﻏﺭﻓﺔ ﻋﻨﺩ‬
RH=50% RH=100%
 ‫א‬‫א‬WE١–٢F

K 22°C ‫א‬10 g / m 3 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 20 g / m 3 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W
10
 RH = = 0.50 = 50%
20
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
-٨٥-
 ‫א‬‫א‬   ١١١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  
10 g / m3 25.6 g / m3
27°C ‫ﻏﺮﻓﺔ ﻋﻨﺪ‬ 27°C ‫ﻏﺮﻓﺔ ﻋﻨﺪ‬
RH=39% RH=100%
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬WE٢–٢F

 25.6 g / m 3  ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬  27°C 
‫א‬ 10 g / m 3 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬، 20 g / m 3 
 W‫א‬
10
 RH = = 0.39 = 39%
25.6
 W‫א‬
mv
 RH =
mg
‫ ؛‬pv ‫א‬ p g T‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
pv
 0 ≤ RH ≤ 1  RH =
pg
 h = ha + ωh fg = c p T + ωh fg ‫א‬‫א‬

 Dry Bulb Temperature (db)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

-٨٦-
 ‫א‬‫א‬   ١١١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  
 Wet Bulb Temperature (wb)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬K
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K 
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ (adiabatic saturation temperature)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K
‫א‬‫א‬(wb)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬(db)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬(sling psychrometer)

 ‫א‬WE٣–٢F

-٨٧-
 ‫א‬‫א‬   ١١١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  
 W‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬
 W ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ -
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬(db)‫א‬

‫ﺧﻄﻮط ﺛﺒﻮت درﺟﺔ اﻟﺤﺮارة اﻟﺠﺎﻓﺔ‬
‫زﻳﺎدة درﺟﺔ اﻟﺤﺮارة‬


 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬WE٤–٢F
(wb)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ -
‫زﻳ‬
‫د‬ ‫ﺎدة‬
‫ﺔ‬ ‫رﺟ‬ ‫ﻃﺒﺔ‬
‫اﻟﺮ‬
‫ا‬‫ﺮ‬‫اﻟﺤ‬ ‫ارة‬
‫رة‬ ‫ﺤﺮ‬
‫ﺔ اﻟ‬
‫رﺟ‬
‫تد‬
‫ﺛﺒﻮ‬
‫ﻮط‬
‫ﺧﻄ‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬WE٥–٢F


-٨٨-
 ‫א‬‫א‬   ١١١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  
 (RH)‫א‬‫א‬
0%
10
%
50
%
20
 K‫א‬‫א‬WE٦–٢F
E ω F‫א‬‫ א‬-
E‫א‬F‫א‬ kg / kg ‫א‬‫א‬
 g / kg ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬kg‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K
 ‫א‬‫א‬WE٧–٢F

-٨٩-
 ‫א‬‫א‬   ١١١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  
 (v) ‫א‬‫ א‬-

 K‫א‬‫א‬ m 3 / kg 
90
0.
e
m
olu
v 5
c
ifi
8
0.
ec
Sp
0
0.8
0.75
 ‫א‬‫א‬WE٨–٢F
( h) ‫א‬ -
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬ K‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬
120
90
60
20 120
90
20 60
 K‫א‬WE٩–٢F

-٩٠-
 ‫א‬‫א‬   ١١١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  
Dew point‫א‬ -
‫ﺍﺘ‬
‫ﺠﺎﻩ‬
‫ﺯﻴ‬
‫ﺎﺩﺓ‬
‫ﺭ‬‫ﺤﺭﺍ‬
‫ﺓﺩ‬
‫ﺔ‬ ‫ﺭﺠ‬
‫ﺩ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻨ‬
‫ﻯ‬
 ‫א‬WE١٠–٢F
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬K‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 K‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
 

 ‫א‬‫א‬   ‫א‬
 
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬
 
‫א‬
 ‫א‬ 

‫א‬


‫א‬



‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬WE١١–٢F
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
-٩١-
 ‫א‬‫א‬   ١١١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  
 W٢
K dp ‫א‬ RH ‫א‬‫א‬K 24°C( wb )  32°C( db ) ‫א‬
24°C
50%
20.4°C
A
32°C
 WE١٢–٢F
 K‫א‬‫א‬ 32°C  -
K 32°C ‫א‬‫ א‬-
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 24°C ‫א‬‫א‬ -
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ -
K‫א‬‫א‬EAF‫א‬ -
E RH = 50% F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬-
،‫א‬EAF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫؛‬E dp F
 ‫א‬ -
E dp = 20.4 0 C F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
W٣
 KE wb F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ RH = 60%  23°C( db ) ‫א‬
 W‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬ 23 °C ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ -
K RH = 60% ‫א‬‫א‬
wb = 18 °C ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ -

-٩٢-
 ‫א‬‫א‬   ١١١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  
W٤
‫א‬E ω F‫א‬‫א‬K v = 0.89 m  35 °C( db ) ‫א‬ 
3
kg
 KE h F
 W‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 35 °C  -
K v = 0.89 m 
3
kg
K  ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬ -
K ‫א‬0.0130.012‫א‬
 v = 0.89 m  35 °C( db ) ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
3
kg
 ω = 0.0122 kgH 2O ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬0.012‫א‬‫א‬
kgair

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬WF
E‫א‬‫א‬2‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ -
K h = 67kJ / kg ‫א‬‫א‬
-٩٣-
 ‫א‬‫א‬   ١١١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  
W٥
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K RH = 50 %  22 °C( db ) ‫א‬
 K dp  h ، v ، ω ، wb
 W‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 22 °C ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J
W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K RH = 50% ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬
 db  wb  RH  ω  v  h  dp
kgH 2O m3
 0
C  0
C  % kgair kg kJ / kg  0
C
22 15.6 50 0.0084 0.847 43.5 11.4
WE١–٢F


-٩٤-
 ‫א‬‫א‬   ١١١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  
Psychrometric Processes‫א‬‫א‬
 Sensible Heating or Cooling ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
E F‫א‬EF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬KE‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
ω
A B
‫א‬‫א‬
B A

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ db
 ‫א‬‫א‬WE١٣–٢F

ω
A + B
‫א‬
‫א‬
A B


 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ db

 ‫א‬‫א‬WE١٤–٢F
-٩٥-
 ‫א‬‫א‬   ١١١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬ 
 dp  h  v  ω  RH  wb  db
 ←  ↓  ↓  ←  ↑  ↓  ↓ ‫א‬‫א‬
 ←  ↑  ↑  ←  ↓  ↑  ↑ ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬WE٢–٢F
  = ↓ = ↑،‫א‬ = ←W
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 Q = m& ( h2 − h1 )
 Q = m& c p ∆T 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W
  m& = E‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ = F‫א‬‫א‬
 c p = 1.006 kJ / kgK       ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 E cpa = 1.0 kJ / kgK ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F
 ∆T = {K } ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
W٦
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 1.5 m 3 / s ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K 20°C ‫א‬ 21°C( db ), 15°C( wb )
 85°C ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ( cp water
= 4.18 kJ / kgK ) ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K 75°C
 W‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 h A = 41.5kJ / kg  h B = 61.5kJ / kg 
 v A = 0.844m 3 / kg
-٩٦-
 ‫א‬‫א‬   ١١١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  
V& 1 .5
  m& a = = = 1.78kg / s  (m& a ) ‫א‬‫א‬
v A 0.844
ω
A + B
 ‫א‬‫א‬
15 oC
A B

∆T = 20°C
21oC db
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 WE١٥–٢F
 
 (Qcc ) ‫א‬‫א‬
 Qcc = m& (h B − h A ) = 1.78(61.5 − 41.5) = 35.6kW 
 Qcc = m& a c p ∆T 
 = 1.78 × 1.0 × 20 = 35.6 kw 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬ (m& w ) ‫א‬
 (35.6 kW)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬Z‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 m& w c p water∆
∆Tw = 35.6 
35.6
 m& w = 
cp × ∆Tw
water ×
35.6
 m& w = = 0.85kg / s 
4.18 × 10
-٩٧-
 ‫א‬‫א‬   ١١١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  
 Evaporative Cooling ‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬ (adiabatic processF‫א‬
 ‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ -
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ -
 K‫א‬‫א‬ -
E‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
 ،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫ـ‬ ω
A B
‫א‬‫א‬
C
B
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ db

 ‫א‬‫א‬WE١٦–٢F
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬ 
 dp  h  v  ω RH  wb  db
 ↑  ←  ↓  ↑  ↑  ↓  ↓ ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬WE٣–٢F

،C‫א‬A‫א‬100%‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
saturation efficiency (η s ) ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬KB‫א‬‫א‬
 K90%80%‫א‬
-٩٨-
 ‫א‬‫א‬   ١١١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  
T A − TB
 ηs =
T A − TC
w A − wB
 = 
w A − wC
 W٧
3
‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬310C(wb)450C(db)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 15 m 
s
 W‫א‬،90%‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ -
‫א‬ -
wB − w A
 ηs = 
wC − w A
 wA= 0.0226 kg ‫א‬

kg
kg
 WC=0.028
kg
wB − 0.0226
 0 .9 = 
0.0289 − 0.0226
kg
 wB  = 0.02827
kg
 B‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
T A − TB
 ηs = 
T A − TC
45 − TB
 0.90 = 
45 − 32.5

0
 TB=33.75 C
 B ‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 Steam injection‫א‬
-٩٩-
 ‫א‬‫א‬   ١١١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  
ω
A B
 ‫א‬
 ‫א‬
B
A
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ db

Steam supply

 ‫א‬WE١٧–٢F

  ،،‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬KE١٧٢‫א‬F‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬
 W٨
 150kg  1kg  RH = 50%  210 C (db) ‫א‬ 100 0 C 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
kg
 w1 = 0.0079 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
kg
1 kg
 ∆w = = 0.0067 ‫א‬‫א‬
150 kg
 w2 = w1 + ∆w ‫א‬‫א‬
kg
 = 0.0079 + 0.0067 = 0.0146 
kg
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
 W‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬Z‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 Qair = ma c p ∆Ta ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
-١٠٠-
 ‫א‬‫א‬   ١١١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  
 = 1.006(t − 21) 

 Qv = mv c pv ∆t v ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 = 0.0067 × 1.972(100 − t ) 

 0.2°C ‫א‬ t = 22.2°C  Q v  Q air 

 Cooling &dehumidification ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ -
‫א‬‫א‬ 
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬
ω
A B
‫א‬
A ‫א‬
ADP
B


‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ db
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬WE١٨–٢F


 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬KC‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬–‫א‬‫א‬– ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬(ADP)‫א‬‫א‬،C‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 AC ‫א‬B‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
-١٠١-
 ‫א‬‫א‬   ١١١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  
 ‫א‬(contact factor)‫א‬AC‫א‬AB‫א‬،‫א‬

 η ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
AB
 η= 
AC
 W‫א‬‫א‬
T A − TB
 η= 
T A − TC
 W٩
‫א‬16 0
 ‫א‬32 0C(db), 22 0C(wb)‫א‬
C
‫א‬‫א‬K5 0C‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬ 1kg ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬-

ω
22
‫א‬
 ‫א‬
1
ADP
2


5 16 32
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ db
 WE١٩–٢F

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬(1)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
db1= 32 0C, wb1=22 0C , RH1=40%, w1 =0.0123 kg/kg ,
h1=63.7 hJ/kg ,v1=0.882 m3/kg dp1=17.2 0C
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬(2)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 J Db2= 16 0C, wb2=13.2 0C , RH2=73%, w2 =0.0083 kg/kg ,
h2=37 hJ/kg ,v2=0.83 m3/kg dp2=11.2 0C
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ -
-١٠٢-
 ‫א‬‫א‬   ١١١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  
T1 − T2 32 − 16
 η= =
T1 − T ADP 32 − 5
16
 η= = 0.59(59%)
27
 (m& w ) ‫א‬ -
 m& w = m& a ( w1 − w 2 )
 m& w = 1(0.0123 − 0.0083) × 3600

 =14.4 kg/hr =14.4 L/hr/kg
 (Qcc)‫א‬ -
 Qcc = m& a (h1 − h2 ) 
= (63.7-37) = 26.7 kW /kg

 Adiabatic Mixing ‫א‬‫א‬
 
E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ (AHU)K‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬( m2)(m1)‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬
 (3)‫א‬‫א‬(m3)‫א‬
-١٠٣-
 ‫א‬‫א‬   ١١١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  
ω
1 m1
m3
3 1
‫א‬‫א‬
m2
2
3
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ db

 ‫א‬‫א‬WE٢٠–٢F
W‫א‬ -
m1 + m2 = m3 
‫א‬
  m1 w1 + m2 w2 = m3 w3 
 W‫א‬
 m1 h1 + m2 h2 = m3 h3 
 W‫א‬‫א‬
m1 w3 − w2
 m2
=
w1 − w3

m1 h3 − h2
 = 
m2 h1 − h3
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ (1) – (2) ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬(3)‫א‬
 K(m2)(m1)‫א‬‫א‬

 W(3)‫א‬
m1T1 + m2T2
 T3 =
m1 + m2
-١٠٤-
 ‫א‬‫א‬   ١١١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  
m1h1 + m2 h2
 h3 =
m1 + m2
m w + m2 w2
 w3 = 1 1
m1 + m2
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 K‫א‬

 W١٠
 ‫א‬
  ‫א‬ 60 °C (db),32 °C ( wb)  ‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬2 kg،3 kg‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K 5°C (db) ,0.5 °C ( wb)
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
 32°C ( wb)  60 °C (db) _(1)‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 0.5°C ( wb)  5°C (db) _(2)‫א‬
 (3) ‫א‬3:2(2)(1)‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 T3 (db) = 38.5°C  w3 = 0.0118 kg kg  h3 = 69 kJ kg
 ‫א‬(3)‫א‬W
m1T1 + m2T2
 T3 =
m1 + m2
3 × 60 + 2 × 5
 ‫א‬ T3 = = 38°C 
3+ 2
 W١١
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 2m 3 s −1  − 1°C (db),100% RH ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 1m 3 s −1
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K 22°C ,50% RH 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫؛‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬_
  − 1°C (db),100% RH _(1)‫א‬
 v1 = 0.774 m 3 kg 
  22°C ,50% RH _(2)‫א‬
 v2 = 0.847 m 3 kg 
-١٠٥-
 ‫א‬‫א‬   ١١١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  
1
 m& 1 = = 1.291kg s  (m& 1 ) ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
0.774
2
 m& 2 = = 2.361 kg s  ( m& 2 ) ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
0.847
 m& 3 = m& 1 + m& 2 = 1.291 + 2.361 = 3.652 kg s E m& 3 ‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬
 W(3)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
m& 1T1 + m& 2T2 1.291× (−1) + 2.361× 22
(3) ‫א‬ T3 = = = 13.87°C
m& 1 + m& 2 3.652
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
 ( RH ) 3 = 65%  w3 = 0.0066 kg kg 
 h3 = 30.5 kJ kg  v3 = 0.822 m 3 kg 
 Supply Air Conditions‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EFE‫א‬F‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬room total cooling load (RTCL)‫א‬‫א‬
 Sensible heat(Qs) ‫א‬١
‫א‬EF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KK‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 Qs = m& a × c p × ∆T 
 W
 m& a = {kg / s} ‫א‬‫א‬
 c p = {kJ / kgK } ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ∆T = {°C} ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 Latent heat(Ql) ‫א‬٢

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 Ql = m& a × h fg × ∆w = m& a × ∆h 
-١٠٦-
 ‫א‬‫א‬   ١١١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  
 W
 h fg = {kJ / kg} ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ∆w = {kg / kg} ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ∆h = {kJ / kg} ‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W١٢
‫א‬‫א‬K Ql = 6.4kW  Qs = 16kW 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 Qs = m& a × c p × ∆t ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
Qs 16
 TR − TS = = = 10.6°C ∴
m& a × c p 1.5 × 1.006
 TR − TS = 10.6°C 
 TS = 25 − 10.6 = 14.4°C ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 Ql = m& a × h fg × ∆w W‫א‬
Ql
 ∆ω = w R − w S = 
m& a × h fg
  h fg = 2500 kJ kg ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
Ql 6.4
 ∆ω = w R − w S = = = 0.0017 kg kg
m& a × h fg 1.5 × 2500
 W‫א‬‫א‬ w R = 0.012 kg kg 
  ωS = ωR − ∆ω = 0.0102 − 0.0017 = 0.0085 kg kg 
(S)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
 1.5kg / s  25°C (db),50% RH ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
-١٠٧-
 ‫א‬‫א‬   ١١١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  

‫א‬ (S)‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬  (m& ) ( db) ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ (ω ) ‫א‬‫א‬
kg s  °C  kg kg
S1 1.5 14.4 0.0085
S2 2.5 18.6 0.0092
S3 3.0 19.7 0.0093
S4 3.5 20.5 0.0095
 WE٤–٢F
 ‫א‬‫א‬
R
S1
S3
S2
S4
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ db
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬WE٢١–٢F

 S1 , S2 , S3 , S4 , R ‫א‬ (S)‫א‬‫א‬
 Sensible heat factor (SHF) ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 Room Sensible Heat Ratio line (RSHR) ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 Sensible heat factor (SHF)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 Wsensible heat factor (SHF)‫א‬
-١٠٨-
 ‫א‬‫א‬   ١١١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  
Qs Qs
 SHF = =
Qt Qs + Ql
KS‫א‬‫א‬ER‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬(SHF)‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬


 W١٣
‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬K 8KW 
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 9°c ‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 R @ 24°C (db),50% RH –R‫א‬–‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J
 Ql = 2kW  Qs = 8kW J 

 Qt = Qs + Ql = 8 + 2 = 10kW 
Qs 8
 SHF = = = 0.80 ∴
Qt 10
‫؛‬‫א‬‫א‬R‫א‬‫א‬S‫א‬ 9°C J 
 15°C (db) R 9°C R‫א‬‫א‬
 KSHF=0.80‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬–‫א‬ -
R‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬،SHF‫א‬‫ א‬-
S 15°C (db) ‫א‬‫א‬
 (15°C (db),13°C ) KS‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬-
 Basic Air Conditioning Cycle ‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬K
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬، ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬L ‫א‬،‫א‬ K
 ‫א‬
-١٠٩-
 ‫א‬‫א‬   ١١١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  
open air conditioning ‫א‬K‫א‬KKK‫א‬‫א‬
 KEcycle)
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 
R
O M
 
J
 WE٢٢–٢F

O
 ‫א‬‫א‬
M
ADP R
S
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ db
‫ﻋﻤﻠﻴ ﺔ ﺗﻜﻴﻴ ﻒ ه ﻮاء ﻧﻤﻮذﺟﻴ ﺔ‬


 WE٢٣–٢F

-١١٠-
 ‫א‬‫א‬   ١١١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬R‫א‬M‫א‬
75%‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬M‫א‬KO
M E
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬25%E  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬
 KR‫א‬‫א‬25%
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬M
 ‫א‬
M‫א‬ 36°C (db) ‫א‬‫א‬ 24°C (db) ‫א‬‫א‬(db)
 W
mO TO + m R TR
 TM =
mO + m R
0.25 × 36 + 0.75 × 24
 TM = = 27°C (db)
0.25 + 0.75
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬η = 100%   ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬E‫א‬‫א‬FADP‫א‬‫א‬
(SHF)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 S‫א‬K
 ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
 K(ADP)M‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬

-١١١-
 ‫א‬‫א‬   ١١١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  
 
 21%78%‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬-
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ -
KK‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ -
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬-
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ -
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬-
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬1 kg‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬E‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
(db)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
(wb)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
(RH)‫א‬‫א‬
E ω )‫א‬‫א‬
(v ) ‫א‬‫ א‬
( h)
‫א‬
 Dew point‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ -
K‫א‬

-١١٢-
 ‫א‬‫א‬   ١١١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  
W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫♦ א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬ -
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ -
E‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ -
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬ -
‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ -
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬(SHF)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ♦
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
-١١٣-
 ‫א‬‫א‬   ١١١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ١
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬
 db  wb  RH  ω  v  h  dp
kgH 2O
 0
C  0
C  % kgair m 3 / kg kJ / k  0
C
22 0.010
16 45
 20 11
21 0.0134
20 0.0084
80 15
30 0.88
50 90
0.86 50
25 0.015

‫א‬‫א‬K 10 °C  ‫א‬ 30°C (db), w = 0.0102kg / kg ‫א‬J ٢
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  = (↓) ، = (↑) ، = (←) W‫א‬
 ‫א‬ db wb RH w v h dp

 15°C (db)   ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 16kg / s EF‫א‬J ٣
 K‫א‬‫א‬K15°C ‫א‬ 0.005kg H 2O / kg
‫א‬ 200kg / hr EF

 ‫א‬٤
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K 20°C (db),50% RH 
 45 °C( db ) , 30 °C ( wb ) ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  1.5 m 3 / s J ٥
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬KEF‫א‬
 K‫א‬ J ٢     ‫א‬١
-١١٤-
 ‫א‬‫א‬   ١١١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  
 30 ° C ( db ), w = 0 . 0102 kg / kg  ‫א‬ 1.5m 3 / s J ٦

‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K 5 °C   ‫א‬‫א‬K 10 °C ( db ) ‫א‬
 W‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬
 30°C (db), 24°C ( wb) ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬L٣F 720 m 3 / min J ٧
 K15°C (db),90% RH  W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
 KL/ hr‫א‬‫א‬

 37°C (db)  12°C (db),20% RH ‫א‬J ٨
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K RH = 90%
 K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ 38°C (db)  45°C (db),25°C (wb) ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 0.5m 3 / s J ٩
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ، 90% 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 0.2kg / s  35°C (db),30°C (wb) ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 2kg / s  ١٠
 KK‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬. 10 °C , 100 RH 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 15kg / s  40°C (db),25°C (wb) ‫א‬‫א‬ 10kg / s J ١١
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K 20°C (db),50% RH
 K‫א‬III‫א‬‫א‬II‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬I
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K 4°C (db),50% RH 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬. 24°C (db),50% RH  ١٢
40 %‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K60 %E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 0.8kg / s EAHUF ‫א‬–١٣
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K 24°C (db), 50% ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 2.4kg / s  40°C (db), 28°C ( wb)
-١١٥-
 ‫א‬‫א‬   ١١١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  
‫א‬‫א‬K ADP = 8°C ‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬η = 80% ‫א‬
 ‫א‬ 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬1.5kg / s ،‫א‬١٤
K 20°C (db), 50% RH ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 4.5kg / s  − 4°C (db), 80% RH F
‫א‬‫א‬K19°C (db)  35°C (db) ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬ 
 ‫א‬ 
K 20°C (db), 100% RH  32°C (db), 28°C ( wb) ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬1.0m 3 / s  ١٥
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
(R)‫א‬‫א‬(S)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ١٦
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K ∆T = 9 K
 SHF = 80% ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬i
 5°C (db), 50% RH ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ii
1.5 kW ‫א‬‫א‬14 kW‫א‬ 21°C (db), 50% RH J ١٧
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K12°C ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K6 kW‫א‬‫א‬54 kW‫א‬‫א‬J ١٨

K10°C  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬. 25°C (db), 50% RH ‫א‬‫א‬
 W
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
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 ‫א‬‫א‬   ١١١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  
2850 L/s 32°C (db),23°C ( wb) ‫א‬540 L/s،‫א‬١٩

‫א‬K90 % RH‫א‬‫א‬. 24°C (db),50% RH ‫א‬‫א‬
 WK70 %‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ii‫א‬‫א‬I
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬ivK‫א‬iii

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬J ٢٠
 W‫א‬‫א‬K 5kg / s ‫א‬‫א‬0.70
 24°C (db), 50% RH ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 40°C (db),10% RH ‫א‬‫א‬
 0.008 kg / kg ( dry air )‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 . 60% RH ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 1/3 ‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬E
 ‫א‬E
 ‫א‬E

‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬J ٢١
 W‫א‬‫א‬ 5kg / s ‫א‬‫א‬0.90‫א‬
  24°C (db),50% RH ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  4°C (db),0°C ( wb) ‫א‬‫א‬
  34°C (db) ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 1 : 3E‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬L‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬
 W‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 E‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬

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 ‫א‬‫א‬   ١١١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 950 L/s 
  ٢٢
‫א‬‫א‬K 27°C (db),45% RH ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 35°C (db),25°C ( wb) ‫א‬
 WK90 %‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬0.8‫א‬
 ‫א‬ii ‫א‬I
 KL/hr ‫א‬iii
‫א‬‫א‬. 24°C (db),50% RH ‫א‬‫א‬5.5 kW‫א‬٢٣
K1/3‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K 35°C (db),27°C ( wb)  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬10°C   ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
 W‫א‬K15°C (db) ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬I
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ii
 K‫א‬iv ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬iii


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 ‫א‬‫א‬   ١١١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
THERMAL LOADS
 Human Thermal Comfort‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
KPerspiration slows downK
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W Fanger ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬KK‫א‬‫א‬
 Q& = ±Q& skin ± Q& respiration 
 = (±Q& C ± Q& R ± Q& E ) skin + (Q& C ± Q& E ) respiration 
‫א‬ (Q& skin ) ‫א‬‫א‬(-) (+)‫א‬
‫א‬  (Q& E ) ‫א‬ (Q& R ) ‫א‬ (Q& C ) ‫א‬ (Q& respiration )

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
metabolic heat ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 generation
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 WK‫א‬‫א‬
 (dry bulb temperature)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬–
 (mean radiant temperature)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
-١١٩-
 ‫א‬‫א‬   ١١١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  
 (relative humidity)‫א‬
 (air velocity)‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬
 (clothes insulation)‫א‬‫א‬
 (level of activity)‫א‬
 (db) ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬E F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬F‫א‬
K
 ‫א‬‫א‬ 30 − 36′′ ‫א‬E‫א‬F
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬Effective Temperature‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E100% F
 K15-25 fpm‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬68 0F(20 0C)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬
 %  °F  °C
10 78  25.6
20 76 24.4
30 75 23.9
40 74 23.3
50 73 22.8
60 72  22.2
70 71 21.7
80 70  21.1
E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬WE٥–٢F
-١٢٠-
 ‫א‬‫א‬   ١١١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬71 0F (22 0C) ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬
%  0
F  0
C
25 80 26.7
30 79 26.1
40 78 25.6
50 77 25.0
60 75 23.9
70 74 23.3
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬WE٦–٢F
E F

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬comfort zone‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬
re
e rtu
em
p RH
Humidity Ratio
t %
lb 60
t bu
we
% RH
30
[ 21.2°C] [ 26.7°C]
 dry bulb temperature

 ‫א‬‫א‬WE٢٤–٢F

-١٢١-
 ‫א‬‫א‬   ١١١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  
 ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ 30 ft / min (ASHRAE)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
K‫א‬ 30 ft / min 
 WMean radiant temperature‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 (relative humidity)‫א‬
 EF‫א‬‫א‬
W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 (clothes insulation)‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،EF‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 E‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬E‫א‬F‫א‬
 (level of activity)‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬115 W‫א‬87 W
‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬K 440 W‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬K1000 ppm
 ‫א‬،‫א‬
 (Indoor Air Quality, IAQ)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
-١٢٢-
 ‫א‬‫א‬   ١١١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  
 Thermal Load Calculation‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ W  -
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W
  -
K‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬
 W‫א‬
 W External loads 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬–‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬- i
 Wall loads‫א‬‫א‬
Solar gains OR Sun Loads‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬-ii

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J
‫א‬Infiltration Load‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬-iii
 KVentilation Load.‫א‬
 WInternal Loads ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬ -
‫א‬‫א‬ -
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ -
‫ و‬Sensible Loads (Qs )   ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 Latent Loads (Ql ) 
-١٢٣-
 ‫א‬‫א‬   ١١١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 Qw ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J 
K Qrad ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J
 Qi ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J
  Qv ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J
 Qm ‫א‬J
W‫א‬ QT ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
QT = Qrad + Qi ± Qw ± Qv ± Qm
 E F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ QT > 0 
 EF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ QT < 0 
 Design Conditions ‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ،‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬97.5%‫א‬
 W Outdoor Design Conditions‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 dry-bulb temperature (db) 43°C a
wet-bulb temperature (wb) 26°C b-
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬
-١٢٤-
 ‫א‬‫א‬   ١١١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  

dry-bulb temperature ( db) 3°C a-
wet-bulb temperature ( wb) 0°C b-

hr Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May Jun.
db wb db wb db wb db wb db wb db wb
1 15.38 12.44 17.00 14.22 20.33 17.28 22.89 18.61 25.67 20.56 27.33 21.61
2 14.44 12.06 16.11 13.89 19.44 17.00 22.00 18.33 24.78 20.06 26.44 21.38
3 13.72 11.83 15.39 13.61 18.72 16.72 21.28 18.11 24.06 19.83 25.72 21.17
4 13.17 11.61 14.83 13.39 18.17 16.56 20.72 17.89 23.50 19.67 25.17 21.00
5 13.00 11.50 14.67 13.33 18.00 16.50 20.56 17.89 23.33 19.61 25.00 20.94
6 13.33 11.67 15.00 13.44 18.33 16.61 20.89 17.94 23.67 19.72 25.33 21.06
7 14.22 12.00 15.89 13.78 19.22 16.89 21.78 18.28 24.56 20.00 26.22 21.28
8 15.83 12.67 17.50 14.39 20.83 17.44 23.39 18.78 26.17 20.44 27.83 21.78
9 18.17 13.50 19.83 15.22 23.17 18.17 25.72 19.44 28.50 21.11 30.17 22.39
10 20.83 14.50 22.50 16.17 25.83 19.00 28.39 20.28 31.17 21.89 32.83 23.11
11 23.83 15.56 25.50 17.17 28.83 19.49 31.39 21.11 34.17 22.67 35.83 23.83
12 26.67 16.56 28.33 18.06 31.67 20.72 34.22 21.89 37.00 23.39 38.67 24.56
13 28.83 17.28 30.50 18.72 33.83 21.33 36.39 22.50 39.17 23.94 40.83 25.11
14 30.22 17.72 31.89 19.17 35.22 21.72 37.78 22.83 40.56 24.33 42.22 25.44
15 30.78 17.89 32.44 19.33 35.78 21.89 38.33 23.00 41.11 24.44 42.78 25.56
16 30.22 17.72 31.89 19.17 35.22 21.72 37.78 22.83 40.56 24.33 42.22 25.44
17 29.00 17.33 30.76 18.78 34.00 21.39 36.11 22.56 38.89 24.00 41.00 25.17
18 27.06 16.67 28.72 18.17 32.06 20.83 34.61 22.00 37.39 23.50 39.06 24.67
19 24.72 15.89 26.39 17.44 29.72 20.22 32.28 21.39 35.06 22.89 36.72 24.11
20 22.44 15.11 24.11 16.67 27.44 19.50 30.00 20.72 32.78 22.28 34.44 23.50
21 20.44 14.39 22.11 16.00 25.44 18.89 28.00 20.17 30.78 21.78 32.44 23.00
22 18.67 13.72 20.33 15.39 23.67 18.33 26.22 19.61 29.00 21.28 30.67 22.50
23 17.28 13.22 18.94 14.94 22.28 17.89 24.83 19.22 27.61 20.89 29.28 22.17
24 16.22 12.78 17.89 14.50 21.22 17.56 23.78 18.89 26.56 20.56 28.22 21.83
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬WE٧–٢F
RIYADH COOLING DESIGN TEMPERATURE PROFILE

-١٢٥-
 ‫א‬‫א‬   ١١١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  

hr July August Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec.
db wb db wb db wb db wb db wb db wb
1 27.09 21.61 27.89 21.61 26.44 20.56 24.00 19.00 19.78 16.89 16.44 13.78
2 27.00 21.39 27.00 21.39 25.56 20.33 23.11 18.72 18.89 16.56 15.56 13.44
3 26.28 21.17 26.28 21.17 24.83 20.11 22.39 18.50 18.17 16.33 14.83 13.17
4 25.72 21.00 25.72 21.00 24.28 19.94 21.83 18.33 17.61 16.17 14.82 13.00
5 25.56 20.94 25.56 20.44 24.11 19.89 21.67 18.28 17.44 16.11 14.11 12.94
6 25.89 21.05 25.89 21.05 24.44 20.00 22.00 18.39 17.78 16.22 14.44 13.06
7 26.78 21.28 26.78 21.28 25.33 20.24 22.89 18.67 18.67 16.50 15.33 13.38
8 28.39 21.78 28.39 21.78 26.94 20.72 24.50 19.17 20.28 17.06 16.94 14.00
9 30.72 22.79 30.72 22.39 29.28 21.39 26.83 19.83 22.61 17.78 19.28 14.83
10 33.39 23.11 33.39 23.11 31.94 22.11 29.05 20.61 25.28 18.67 21.94 15.78
11 36.39 23.89 36.39 23.89 34.94 22.89 32.50 21.50 28.27 19.56 24.94 16.78
12 39.22 24.56 39.22 24.56 37.78 23.67 35.33 22.22 31.11 20.39 27.78 17.72
13 41.39 25.11 41.39 25.11 39.94 24.17 37.50 22.83 33.28 21.00 29.94 18.39
14 42.78 25.44 42.78 25.44 41.33 24.56 38.89 23.22 34.67 21.39 31.33 18.83
15 43.33 25.56 43.33 25.66 41.89 24.67 39.44 23.33 35.22 21.56 31.89 19.00
16 42.78 25.44 42.78 25.44 41.33 24.56 38.89 23.22 34.67 21.39 31.33 18.83
17 41.56 25.17 41.56 25.17 40.11 24.22 39.67 22.89 33.44 21.06 30.11 18.44
18 39.61 24.67 39.61 24.67 38.17 23.72 35.72 22.33 31.50 20.50 28.17 17.83
19 37.28 24.11 37.28 24.11 35.83 23.17 33.39 21.72 29.17 19.83 25.83 17.11
20 35.00 23.50 35.00 23.50 33.56 22.56 31.11 21.11 26.89 19.17 23.56 16.33
21 33.00 23.00 33.00 23.00 31.56 22.00 29.11 20.50 24.89 18.50 21.56 15.61
22 31.22 22.56 31.22 22.56 29.78 21.50 27.33 20.00 23.11 17.94 19.78 15.00
23 29.83 22.17 29.83 22.17 28.39 21.11 25.94 19.61 21.72 17.50 18.39 14.50
24 28.78 21.83 28.78 21.83 27.33 20.83 24.89 19.28 20.67 17.17 17.33 14.11
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬WE٨–٢F
RIYADH COOLING DESIGN TEMPERATURE PROFILE
 :Indoor Design Conditions‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  
 a : 23.5°C → 25.5°C ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
b : 40 RH → 60 RH ‫א‬‫א‬J
 
 a : 21.5°C → 23.5°C ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 b : 20 RH → 30 RH ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬٧ ٢،٦ ٢‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 (Comfort Zones) ‫א‬‫א‬
-١٢٦-
 ‫א‬‫א‬   ١١١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  
Cooling Load Calculations ‫א‬

 WInitial Design Consideration‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬،‫א‬
 Building Characteristics ‫א‬
E F‫א‬‫א‬
 building configuration‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬KK‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
 Escheduling‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬

 Space Heat Gains & Space Cooling Load‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
(time interval)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
 Space Cooling Load ‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 (Qw ) ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
(air-air ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬(steady state)
‫א‬(unsteady state)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،temperature)
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
(thermal  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،
 mass)
(decrement factor, f)‫א‬(time lag ,Φ)
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
-١٢٧-
 ‫א‬‫א‬   ١١١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
 W‫א‬(air-to-air temperature)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 (
Qw = ΣU × A × To − Ti )
 
 Ti = {°C} ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 To = {°C} ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  A = {m 2 } ‫א‬KKK‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  U = {W m 2 K } ‫א‬KKKK‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬ (U )  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ (ho ) ‫א‬‫א‬ (hi )  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬E٨٢F‫א‬
h{W / m 2 K }  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
10    ‫א‬
6    ‫א‬
8  E‫א‬F  ‫א‬‫א‬
34  ‫א‬ 6.7 m/s‫א‬
23
 ‫א‬  3.4 m/s‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬WE٩–٢F

 ‫א‬‫א‬ (U ) ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
1 1 1 x
 = + +∑
U ho hi k
 W
 x = {m} ‫א‬
  k = {W / mK} ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 {W / mK } ‫א‬k‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬E٩ ٢F‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

-١٢٨-
 ‫א‬‫א‬   ١١١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  
k = {W / mK }  ‫א‬
0.72 (common brick)
1.30 (Face brick)‫א‬
1.72 (Concrete)
1.10 (Tiles)
1.80 (Stone)
0.72 (Cement plaster)
0.80 (Gypsum plaster)
0.16 (Hard wood)
0.12 (Soft wood)
1.72 (Sand)
0.036 (Cork)
0.036 (Glass wool)
0.040 (Polystyrene)
0.023 (Polyurethane)
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬WE١٠–٢F

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 (insulants)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬

-١٢٩-
 ‫א‬‫א‬   ١١١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  
 W١
‫א‬‫א‬ U ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ h0 = 20 W / m2 K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K hi = 10 W / m2 K
(5 mm) (400 mm) (50 mm) (5 mm)
‫ﻤﻭﻨﺔ ﺠﺒﺴﻴﺔ‬
‫ﻁﻭﺏ ﻋﺎﺩﻱ‬
‫ﺼﻭﻑ ﺯﺠﺎﺠﻲ‬
‫ﻤﻭﻨﺔ ﺠﺒﺴﻴﺔ‬

 WE٢٥–٢F
x x1 x 2 x3 x 4
 ∑ = + + + W‫א‬
k k1 k 2 k 3 k 4
 x2 = 400 mm = 0.400 m  x1 = x 4 = 5 mm = 0.005 m 
  x3 = 50mm = 0.050m 
  k1 = k4 = 0.80 W / mK E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬
  k2 = 0.72 W / mK  E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬
  k3 = 0.036 W / mK E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬
 ∑ x = 0 . 005 + 0 . 400 + 0 . 050 + 0 . 005 = 1 . 957 
k 0 . 800 0 . 72 0 . 036 0 . 800
1 1 1 x
 = + +∑ 
U ho hi k
 =
1
+ + 1.957 = 2.107 
1
20 10
1
 ∴U = = 0.475 W / m 2 K 
2.107
 Sol-air Temperture‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
-١٣٠-
 ‫א‬‫א‬   ١١١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 (Two ) ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 Tw = To + (αI ) / h0 
o
 ∆Ts = Tw − To 
o
 W
 (
I = W / m2 ) ‫א‬‫א‬
 ho = [W / m K ]‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
2
 α = ‫א‬‫א‬
 ∆Ts = {K } ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ∆Ts = Tw − To = (αI ) / h0 
o
‫ﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺴﻁﺢ‬ T

‫ﺍﻟﺨﺎﺭﺠﻲ ﻨﺘﻴﺠﺔ ﺍﻟﺸﻤﺱ‬ W
O
‫ﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺴﻁﺢ‬
T
O ‫ﺍﻟﺩﺍﺨﻠﻲ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺘﺞ ﻤﻥ‬
‫ﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻬﻭﺍﺀ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺸﻤﺱ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺨﺎﺭﺠﻲ‬ T
WR
‫ﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻐﺭﻓﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺩﺍﺨﻠﻲ‬
T
R
‫ﻜﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﻘﻠﺔ‬

‫ﺨﻼل ﺍﻟﺠﺩﺭﺍﻥ‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬WE٢٦–٢F
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K (TW O
f TO ) TO ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ TW
O
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬
 Qsun = Σ(UA∆Ts ) 
-١٣١-
 ‫א‬‫א‬   ١١١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  
 W
 A = {m 2 } ‫א‬‫א‬
 U = {W m 2 K } ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
α ‫א‬
0.70 – 0.55 
0.5 –0.4 
0.5 –0.3 
o.9 –0.8 ‫א‬
0.65 
0.9 
 ‫א‬WE١١–٢F
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 Qw = AU (Two − Ti ) 
 W
W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ (I ) ‫א‬‫א‬
-١٣٢-
 ‫א‬‫א‬   ١١١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  
‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬  W S E N
 HOR.
645.6 610.10 727.3 610.10 82.6  
760.1 680.9 622.9 691.3 92.10  ‫א‬
846.1 719.7 424.3 7222.7 104.0  
881.8 708.1 258.5 708.4 114.7  
884.3 679.7 158.3 685.10 131.1  
875.1 655.4 139.0 664.2 166.1  
868.2 660.4 100.1 662.0 131.1  
860.9 682.9 249.4 674.3 119.8 
824.4 698.6 448.9 823.7 107.8  
749.3 663.6 609.1 646.3 95.8 
646.3 587.9 720.7 592.7 83.9  
596.5 756.6 756.6 570.9 77.6  
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬WE١٢–٢F
(W m 2 ) ‫א‬
-١٣٣-
 ‫א‬‫א‬   ١١١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  
‫א‬‫ א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬

 HOR.  W S E N Hour
0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0000
0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0100
0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0200
0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0300
0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0400
0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0500
0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0600
111.0 24.3 267.0 489.9 24.3 0700
339.2 55.5 529.0 707.4 55.5 0800
532.8 77.6 688.8 649.4 77.6 0900
672.1 92.7 791.9 479.2 92.7 1000
747.1 103.4 845.2 251.3 100.9 1100
752.5 2150.0 849.0 104.7 101.5 1200
687.6 448.6 802.9 94.6 94.6 1300
557.0 629.6 707.1 80.4 80.4 1400
370.4 709.3 556.7 59.3 59.3 1500
145.3 556.4 317.8 29.6 29.6 1600
0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 1700
0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 1800
0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 1900
0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 2000
0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 2100
0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 2200
0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 2300
(W m 2 ) ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬WE١٣–٢F
-١٣٤-
 ‫א‬‫א‬   ١١١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  
‫א‬‫ א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬

 HOR.  W S E N Hour
0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0000
0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0100
0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0200
0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0300
0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0400
1.9 1.0 1.0 12.3 5.3 0500
199.6 50.4 50.4 564.0 197.0 0600
431.6 86.1 89.8 761.6 216.3 0700
636.9 112.5 120.4 766.4 181.6 0800
809.2 132.4 149.1 662.7 143.8 0900
928.4 146.0 211.8 489.6 154.8 1000
989.9 159.2 244.9 276.5 160.5 1100
988.9 218.3 244.3 158.9 160.5 1200
926.2 494.3 210.6 145.6 154.8 1300
805.5 666.1 147.2 132.1 143.4 1400
635.2 767.9 119.8 122.2 182.8 1500
426.2 759.4 88.9 85.4 216.6 1600
193.6 555.2 49.2 49.2 194.8 1700
1.0 6.6 0.3 0.0 0.0 1800
0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 1900
0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 2000
0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 2100
0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 2200
0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 2300
(W m 2 ) ‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬WE١٤–٢F
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
KE١٣ ٢‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KK‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬ 
-١٣٥-
 ‫א‬‫א‬   ١١١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
.(air-air temperature)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W٢
 2m × 1.5m ‫א‬ 6 m × 4 m × 3 m 
 W (Qw ) ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K1.5m × 1.2m ‫א‬
 40°C (db),30°C ( wb) ‫א‬‫א‬J
 24°C (db),50% RH ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J

 27°C (db) ‫א‬‫א‬J
 48°C (db) ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J 
 W (U ) ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 2.4 W m 2 K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J
 0.6 W m 2 K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J
 2.0 W m 2 K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J
 5 .6 W m 2 K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J
 W‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
Qw ∆T A U  ‫א‬
W °C m2 W m2 K
1981.4 16 51.6 2.4 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

96.0 16 3.0 2.0  ‫א‬
483.8 16 5.4 5.6  ‫א‬
1382.4 24 24 2.4  ‫א‬
43.2 03 24 0.6  ‫א‬
3986.8  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
٢WE١٥–٢F
 Qw = 3986.8 W = 3.987 kW ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

-١٣٦-
 ‫א‬‫א‬   ١١١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  
 (Qrad ) ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬
 ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬


‫א‬

‫א‬
‫א‬
  
 ‫א‬ 
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬  
‫ א‬‫א א‬
‫א‬
‫א‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬
 
 ‫א א‬
‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬WE٢٧–٢F
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬H‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬H‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬Z‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
Qrad = A × I × (SC )
 W
 Qrad = [kW ] ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 (
I = W / m2 ) ‫א‬‫א‬
 SC = [None ] ‫א‬
-١٣٧-
 ‫א‬‫א‬   ١١١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ 
W‫א‬ 0.64 0.83
 0.57 0.69
 0.33 0.40
W‫א‬ 0.57 0.88
 0.34 0.40
 ‫א‬WE١٦–٢F
F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬‫א‬
 KK‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
-١٣٨-
 ‫א‬‫א‬   ١١١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  
‫א‬

‫א‬
 
‫ א‬ 

 
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬WE٢٨–٢F

 W (Qv ) ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
(building ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K(infiltration)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ quality)
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K
‫א‬20%K
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
-١٣٩-
 ‫א‬‫א‬   ١١١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 3600 ÷E‫א‬‫א‬×‫א‬FZ {m3 / s} ‫א‬WW‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬
 ‫א‬K
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬
0.25‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬K
 ‫א‬،‫א‬،
 0.50K
‫א‬K( Crack method)‫א‬ (V& )  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  (∆p) ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬(A)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 V& = AC∆p n 
 W
 A=‫א‬‫א‬
 C= ‫א‬‫א‬
 ∆p =‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 n= 0.4 p n f 1.0 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬E١٦ ٢FK‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E١٧J ٢F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
L/s/m  ‫א‬
0.36  EF
1.00  EF
0.72  
1.70  K
1.44  K
0.50  ‫א‬–
‫א‬‫א‬WE١٧–٢F
 K‫א‬3.35 m/s‫א‬‫א‬W
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
-١٤٠-
 ‫א‬‫א‬   ١١١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  

 (L/s)‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
     ‫א‬
 
565 85 13  ‫א‬‫א‬
330 165 45 (2.73m × 0.92m) 
236 35 5 (2.00m × 0.76m) 
330 64 9 (2.13m × 0.92m) 
660 85 38 (2.13m × 1.84m) 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬WE١٨–٢F
 ‫א‬3.35 m/s‫א‬‫א‬W

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 Qvs ‫א‬١
V&
 Qvs = c p (Ti − To ) 
v o air
 W
 [
V& = m 3 / s ]‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 vo = [m / kg ]‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
3
c p air = [1.006 kJ / kgK ] ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

ii
 (Q )J ٢
vl
Qv =
l
V
( )
ω − ω o × h fg
vo i
 ωo = [kg water / kg air ] ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W

 ωi = [kg water / kg air ] ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
-١٤١-
 ‫א‬‫א‬   ١١١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  
 h fg = [2254 kJ / kg ] ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ (Qv ) ‫א‬‫א‬

V
Qv = Qvs + Qvl = ∆h 
vo
 ∆h = [kJ / kg ] ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W
‫א‬(N)‫א‬L ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬ (Qv ) ‫א‬‫א‬
N × V × ∆h
 Qv = 
3600 × vo
 W
 V [ ]‫א‬‫א‬
= m3
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 (ACH)‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬
 (ACH)‫א‬‫א‬١
 ‫א‬×‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬Z‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
٢F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 :(ACH)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E١٨
-١٤٢-
 ‫א‬‫א‬   ١١١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  
(ACH)‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬
6-10  –
3-4  
4-6  
4-6  
5-10  
6  
6  
20 ––
 (ACH)‫א‬‫א‬WE١٩–٢F
 ‫א‬٢
 ‫א‬×‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬Z‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
 W‫א‬E١٩٢F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
-١٤٣-
 ‫א‬‫א‬   ١١١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  
(L/s)‫א‬
‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬
9.5 7  
7.5 5  
7.0 5  
3.5 2.5  
5.0 3.5  
14 12  
14.0 12.0  
24.0 14.0  ‫א‬
12.5 7.5  
10.0 7.5  
6.0 3.5  
5.0 2.5  
‫א‬WE٢٠–٢F
 W٣
،‫א‬‫א‬ 24°C (db), 50% RH  8 m × 6 m × 3m  ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ACH=5،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 40°C ( db ),26°C ( wb ) ‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬
hO
 


hN
26
‫ﺣﻤﻞ س‬
‫ﻣﺤ‬
‫ﺴﻮ‬
hR
O
R
N
24 40
 WE٢٩–٢F
-١٤٤-
 ‫א‬‫א‬   ١١١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  

 hR = 48.5 kJ / kg hO = 75.0kJ / kg hN = 65.0kJ / g
 v0 = 0.908 m3 / kg

 V × ACH ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬∴
V& =
3600
 (8 × 6 × 3) × 5
V& =
3600
 V& = 0.2 m / s
3
 V&
= 0.22 kg / s ‫א‬‫א‬
0.2
m& = =
v0 0.908
 Qv = m& (hN − hR ) ‫א‬‫א‬

s
 
Qv s = 0.22 (65 − 48.5) = 3.63 kW
 Qvl = m& (h0 − h N ) ‫א‬‫א‬

 Qvl = 0.22 (75 − 65) = 2.2 kW 
Qv = Qvs + Qvl
 ‫א‬
 Qv = 3.63 + 2.2 = 5.83 kW 
 
 Qv = m& (ho − hR ) ‫א‬
 Qv = 0.22 (75.0 − 48.5) = 5.83 kW

 (QL ) ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 Q L = N × P × F × (DF ) 
 W
 N = ‫א‬
 P = [W ] ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
 F = (‫א‬F‫א‬
=1.25 -1.30 for florescent lamps
= 1.0 for bulb lamps
DF = ‫א‬
-١٤٥-
 ‫א‬‫א‬   ١١١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬25- 30%‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KE‫א‬F‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
(W / m 2 ) ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬
 60  
45  
40  –‫א‬
20  ––
17  
15  –
‫א‬WE٢١–٢F

-١٤٦-
 ‫א‬‫א‬   ١١١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  
 W٤
20100 W 50‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K40 W
 W‫א‬
 Qlight = ( N1 P1 ) bulb + (1.25 N 2 P2 ) flourescent 
  = 50 × 100 + 1.25 × 20 × 40 
  = 5000 + 1000 = 6000 W = 6 kW 
 W٥

 ‫א‬
 ‫א‬K‫א‬ 50 m 2 ‫א‬
 W‫א‬
 K100 W‫א‬J
 K40 W‫א‬J
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬
 40 W / m 2 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
 (I)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 I = 50 × 40 = 2000 W 
 W(N1)‫א‬‫א‬،100 W‫א‬‫א‬
2000
 N1 = = 20 
100
 2000W ‫א‬
 (N2)‫א‬‫א‬، 40 W‫א‬‫א‬
2000
 N2 = = 50 
40
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 Qlight = (1.25 N 2 P2 ) flourescent 
 = 1.25 × 50 × 40 = 2500 W 
-١٤٧-
 ‫א‬‫א‬   ١١١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  
 Heat of Occupants ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ (37 0 C )‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  ‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬metabolic rate‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
  
97 31 66    
117 45 72 J J  
132 59 73 J J   ‫א‬
 132 59 73   ‫א‬‫א‬
146 73 73    
162 81 81    
220 139 81    ‫א‬
220 139 81    
292 204 88   ‫א‬
425 255 170    ‫א‬
425 255 170    ‫א‬
(w)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬WE٢٢–٢F
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 Q p = n × q p × (D.F .)
s s
-١٤٨-
 ‫א‬‫א‬   ١١١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 Q p = n × q p × (D.F .)
L L
 W
 n = ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬( Diversity Factor ) ‫א‬
K DF.=  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

  q ps =  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 q pL =   ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ٦
100‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 (DF=1)‫א‬K‫א‬
 W‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 q = 229 W  q l = 139 W  q s = 81 W
 Q p = 100 × 81 = 8100 W
s
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 Q pl = 100 × 139 = 13900 W ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 Q p = 100 × 220 = 22000 W = 22.0 kW ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 Q p = Q p + Q p ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
s l
 Q p = 8100 + 13900 = 22000 W = 22.0 kW
-١٤٩-
 ‫א‬‫א‬   ١١١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  
 ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬
0.85 – 0.70 0.90 – 0.70 
0.50 – 0.30 0.60 - 0.40 
1.00 – 0.90 0.80–0.90 
0.90 – 0.80 0.85–o.95 
‫א‬WE٢٣–٢F
 Heat of Equipment‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬KK‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬ (QE ) ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 QE = ∑ (1 − η )E 
 W
E =‫א‬‫א‬
 η =‫א‬
 ٧
0.5 kW2 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 .70%
 W‫א‬
 QE = ∑ (1 − η )E 
 = 2 × (1 − 0.7) × 0.5 = 0.30 kW 
 (Qm ) ‫א‬ 

L ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬،
 K‫א‬،‫א‬

-١٥٠-
 ‫א‬‫א‬   ١١١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  
 W٨
‫א‬ 26°C (db),50%RH  4.5m × 3.0m × 3.0m ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬، 43 °C ( db ), 26 °C ( wb ) ‫א‬
‫א‬K‫א‬ 1.6 W / m K 1.6 W / m K ،1.6 W / m K ،1.35 W / m K ، 6.42 W / m K ‫א‬‫א‬
2 2 2 2 2
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 8°C E‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K3 m2‫א‬‫א‬4 m2‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬K10 L/s‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K 355 W / m2 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K12°C
‫א‬72 W‫א‬ 360 W
 K‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬45 W
4.5 m
N
3m
‫ﺸﺒﺎﻙ ﺯﺠﺎﺠﻲ‬ ‫ﺸﺒﺎﻙ ﺯﺠﺎﺠﻲ‬

‫ﺒﺎﺏ‬
 WE٣٠–٢F
 W‫א‬
 Qw = 1438.86W = 1.439kW E٣٢٢F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬H‫א‬‫א‬Z‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 Qrad = A × I × (SC ) ‫א‬‫א‬
 SC = 0.83 ‫א‬‫א‬
 Qrad = A × I × (SC )
 = 4 × 355 × 0.83 = 1178.6 W 

 Qsun = Σ(UA∆Ts ) ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 Qsun = (UA∆Ts ) ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬∴
-١٥١-
 ‫א‬‫א‬   ١١١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  
=
 = 1.35 × 6.5 × 12 = 105.3 W 

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 Qsol = 1178.6 + 105.3 = 1283.9 W = 1.284 kW 
 QL = N × P × F ‫א‬
 = 4 × 60 × 1.25 = 300W = 0.300kW 
 Q p = n × q p × (D.F .) ‫א‬‫א‬
s s
 = 3 × 72 × 1 = 216 W 
 Q p = n × q p × (D.F .) ‫א‬‫א‬
L L
 = 3 × 45 × 1 = 135 W 
 Q p = Q ps + Q pl ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 = 216 + 135 = 351W = 0.351kW 
 W‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 h0 = 81 kJ / kg  v o = 0.916 m3 / kg ‫א‬‫א‬
  h i = 58 kJ / kg ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  V& = 3 × 10 = 30 L / s = 0.030 m3 / s ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

& 0.030
  m& = V = = 0.033 kg / s ‫א‬‫א‬
vo 0.916
 Qv = m& (ho − hi ) ‫א‬
 = 0.033(81 − 58) = 0.759 kW 
 Q R = Qw + Qsol + Ql + Q p + Qv  (Q R ) ‫א‬‫א‬
 = 1.439 + 1.284 + 0.300 + 0.351 + 0.759 = 4.133 kW 
-١٥٢-
 ‫א‬‫א‬   ١١١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  

 Qw = ∑ UA(To − Ti ) ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 Qw{W }  (To − Ti )  A(m 2 ) U {W / m 2 K } 

109.35 9 9.0 1.35  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
109.35 9 9.0 1.35  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
149.175 17 6.5 1.35  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
164.025 9 13.5 1.35  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
436.56 17 4.0 6.42  ‫א‬‫א‬
81.6 17 3.0 1.6  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
194.4 9 13.50 1.6  ‫א‬
194.4 9 13.50 1.6  ‫א‬
1438.86
 WE٢٤–٢F

-١٥٣-
 ‫א‬‫א‬   ١١١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  
 Heating Load Calculation ‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
 ‫א‬KK‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
KE ho F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬F ‫א‬ ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 15 o C ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬J

 (adiabatic conditions )
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،(SHF)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
Qs Qs
 SHF = = 
QT Qs + Ql
 W
 Qs = {W } ‫א‬‫א‬
 Ql = {W } ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 QT = {W } ‫א‬‫א‬
-١٥٤-
 ‫א‬‫א‬   ١١١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
W‫א‬‫א‬
W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
W‫א‬
W‫א‬
W‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 W٩
‫א‬K 24°C (db),50% RH ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬3 4.25m‫א‬24m‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K 2m × 2.5m
 U = 0.7 W / m K ‫א‬‫ א‬
2
U = 0.5 W / m 2 K ‫א‬
U = 3.2 W / m 2 K ‫א‬‫א‬
U = 1.6 W / m 2 K ‫א‬‫א‬
 100‫א‬J
‫א‬45 W‫א‬72 W‫א‬‫א‬J
 
 5 L/s‫א‬J

10 W/m2‫א‬J
،‫א‬‫א‬، 10°C (db),6°C (db)   ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
-١٥٥-
 ‫א‬‫א‬   ١١١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  
18
28
24

 WE٣١–٢F

 W‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
=
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 Qw = ∑ UA(To − Ti ) ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 E٢٤٢‫א‬F (Qw ) ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 Qw = −10713.5 W = −10.714 kW 
 QL = 10 × 28 × 18 ‫א‬
 
= 5040W = 5.040kW
 Q p = n × q p × (D.F .) ‫א‬‫א‬
s s
 = 100 × 72 × 1 = 7200W = 7.200 kW 

 Qp = n × q p
L L
× (D.F .) ‫א‬‫א‬
-١٥٦-
 ‫א‬‫א‬   ١١١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  
 = 100 × 45 × 1 = 4500 W = 4.500 kW 

 Q p = Q ps + Q pl ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 = 7200 + 4500 = 11700 W = 11.700 kW 

 Qw {W }  (To − Ti )  A(m 2 ) U {W / m 2 K } 
-749.7 -14 76.5 0.7  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
-749.7 -14 76.5 0.7  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
-957.95 -14 8.5 0.7  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
-83.3 -14 102 0.7  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
-4569.6 -14 102 3.2 E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬
-33.6 -14 15 1.6  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
-3528 -14 504 0.5  ‫א‬
-10713.5 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
٩WE٢٥–٢F
 W‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
RH
%
50
hR
hN
hO
R
6
O N
10 24
 ٩WE٣٢–٢F

-١٥٧-
 ‫א‬‫א‬   ١١١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  
 hR = 48.5 kJ / kg  v o = 0.807 m3 / kg ‫א‬‫א‬
  hO = 20.5 kJ / kg  hN = 34.5 kJ / kg ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 V& = 5 × 100 = 0500 L / s = 0.500m 3 / s ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

V& 0.500
  m& = = = 0.62kg / s ‫א‬‫א‬
v o 0.807
  Qv s = m& (hO − h N ) ‫א‬‫א‬
  = 0.62(20.5 − 34.5) = −8.680kW 
  Qv l = m& (h N − h R ) ‫א‬‫א‬
  = 0.62(34.5 − 48.5) = −8.680 kW 
 Qv = m& (hO − hR ) 
 = 0.62(20.5 − 48.5) = −17.36 kW 
 Q v = Qv s + Qvl 
 = −8.680 + −8.680 = −17.36 kW 

  (Q R T ) ‫א‬‫א‬
(kW) (kW)

Q Rl Q Rs
 -10.714 (Qw ) ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 5.040 (Q L ) ‫א‬
4.500 7.200 (Q p ) ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 -8.680 -8.680 (Qv ) ‫א‬
-4.180 -7.154 (Q R T ) ‫א‬‫א‬
٩WE٢٦–٢F

 Q RT = Q Rs + Q Rl ‫א‬‫א‬
= -7.154 -4.180=-11.334 kW
QRS − 7.154
  SHF = = = 0.63 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
QRT − 11.334
-١٥٨-
 ‫א‬‫א‬   ١١١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  
 ‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬J
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬L‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬K
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
double-glazing‫א‬ ‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
-١٥٩-
 ‫א‬‫א‬   ١١١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  
 
 ‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J ١
 ‫؟‬‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬–٢
 1m × 2m  U = 0.57W / m 2 K ‫א‬ 4m × 3m –٣
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K1.5m × 0.75m   U = 1.6W / m K 

 ‫א‬
2
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬KU = 3.2W / m 2 K ‫א‬
 K ∆T = 16 K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬KACH=2‫א‬‫א‬ 8m × 6m × 3m –٤
 K‫א‬
‫א‬K 60 W / m 2 ‫א‬، 8m × 6m  J ٥
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬40 W
 
‫א‬3 m‫א‬8 m10 m ‫א‬٦
24 oC ‫א‬‫א‬K1.5 m2‫א‬3 m2

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K24 oC‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 40 oC‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 27 oC‫א‬‫א‬
 7 oC‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 3 oC‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W( U )‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 2.4 W/ m2 K‫א‬‫א‬
 0.6W/ m2 K‫א‬
 2.0W/ m2 K‫א‬
 5.6W/ m2 K ‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 300 W/m2‫א‬‫א‬
 200 W/m2‫א‬‫א‬
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 ‫א‬‫א‬   ١١١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  
F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KE‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
10
Room @ 24 C
o
o
8
Room @ 24 C
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬J ٧
 24°C (db),50% RH ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J
 35°C (db),26°C ( wb) ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J
 30‫א‬J 
 400 W‫א‬J
 3 m‫א‬‫א‬J
W21.2m × 3m  6‫א‬J
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬1.5m × 1.2m ‫א‬‫א‬1.5m × 3m

‫א‬‫א‬ 30°C (db)  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J
 24°C (db) ‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J
U = 1.6 W / m 2 K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •
U = 2.5 W / m 2 K E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •
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 ‫א‬‫א‬   ١١١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  
U = 1.5 W / m 2 K ‫א‬‫א‬ •
U = 3.2 W / m 2 K ‫א‬‫א‬ •
U = 1.8 W / m 2 K ‫א‬‫א‬ •
.‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ 10°C (db),6°C (db) ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 K‫א‬‫א‬
12 m
N ‫ ﺸﺒﺎﻙ ﺯﺠﺎﺠﻲ‬2
‫ﺒﺎﺏ‬
18 m
‫ ﺸﺒﺎﻙ ﺯﺠﺎﺠﻲ‬4
‫ﺒﺎﺏ‬
-١٦٢-
 ‫א‬‫א‬   ١١١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬E×F‫א‬E3F
 EF20 %80 %‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E
 EF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E
 EF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬E
‫א‬‫א‬ 12 °C (db),10°C ( wb)  35°C (db), 30% RH ‫א‬E
 EF
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E
 EF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E
 ‫א‬‫א‬ 12 °C ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬، 12 °C ,10°C ‫א‬E
 EF 10°C ‫א‬
 EF‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E
 EF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E
 EF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ E
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬ (AHU)‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬40%‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬60% K80%‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬40 kW
 W‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
 25°C (db), 50% RH ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 10 °C (db), 6 °C ( wb) ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 35 °C (db) ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬(i)
 ‫א‬ (ii)
 ‫א‬(iii)
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
-١٦٣-
 ‫א‬‫א‬   ١١١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  
 3 m × 2 m 
 2، 6 m × 5 m × 3 m 
‫א‬‫א‬10‫א‬KE‫א‬‫א‬F1.5 m × 2 m ‫א‬
16‫א‬K132 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 25°C (db), 50% RH ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬KACH=2‫א‬‫א‬K50 W
 K 26 °C (db) ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K10 °C (db), 6 °C ( wb) ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J
1.6 W m 2 K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ♦
3.2 W m 2 K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ♦
1.8 W m 2 K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ♦
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬
 ‫א‬
 K‫א‬
6

250C (db) , 50% RH

26 0C (db), 50% RH
5


-١٦٤-
 ‫א‬‫א‬   ١١١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  
W‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬E×F‫א‬E3F
 E×F20 %80 %‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E
 E×F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E
 E3F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E
‫א‬ 12 °C (db),10°C ( wb)  35°C (db), 30% RH ‫א‬E
 E 3F
 KE×F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E
 E3F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E
 10°C ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 12 °C ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬، 12 °C ,10°C ‫א‬E
 E×F
 E3F‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E
 E×F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E
 E3F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
m& O TO + m& R TR
TM =
m& O + m& R
0.4 × 10 + 0.6 × 25
=
0 .4 + 0 .6
= 16 °C
 16 °C M‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬RO‫א‬M‫א‬
 35 °C ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬FS‫א‬R‫א‬0.8SHF
 E‫א‬‫א‬
-١٦٥-
 ‫א‬‫א‬   ١١١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  
R
N
S
M
O
10 16 25 35

   MN ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ NS ‫א‬
 W‫א‬
 :‫א‬‫א‬
hs = 58.5 kJ / kg hN = 39.5 kJ / kg

w N = 0.0092 kg / kg wM = 0.0065 kg / kg
 (m& ) ‫א‬‫א‬
Qs
m& =
c p × ∆T

40
= = 4 kg / s
1 × 10
 (Qhc ) ‫א‬
Qhc = m& ∆h = m& (hS − hN )
 = 4 × (58.5 − 39.5)
= 76 kW

 (m& w ) ‫א‬
-١٦٦-
 ‫א‬‫א‬   ١١١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  
m& w = 3600m& ( wN − wM )
 = 3600 × 4 × (0.0092 − 0.0065) 
= 38.88 L / hr

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
6

250C (db) , 50% RH
26 0C (db), 50% RH
5

N

-١٦٧-
 ‫א‬‫א‬   ١١١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 Qw = ∑ AU∆T W‫א‬
 ∆T = To − Ti 
 Qw  Qw  ∆T  U  A 
 W  W  °C W / m2 K  m2  ‫א‬L‫א‬
      ‫א‬‫א‬
 -360 -15 1.6 15  ‫א‬
 19.2 01  1.6 12  ‫א‬
 -288 -15  1.6 12  ‫א‬
  -288  -15  1.6 12  ‫א‬
-916.8     
      ‫א‬‫א‬
  -288  -15  3.2  6  ‫א‬
  -288  -15  3.2 6  ‫א‬
-576     
      ‫א‬‫א‬
-81   -15 1.8 3  ‫א‬
-1573.8     

 Qw = 1573.8W ≈ 1.574 kW ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 (Q p ) ‫א‬
Qp = N × q p
 = 10 × 132
= 1320 W =1.320 kW

(QL ) ‫א‬
QL = N × F × P
 = 16 × 1.25 × 50
= 1000 W = 1.000 kW
 (Qv ) ‫א‬
-١٦٨-
 ‫א‬‫א‬   ١١١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  
V = 6× 5× 3
 ‫א‬
= 90 m 3
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 v0 = 0.806 m 3 / kg E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 hR = 50.5 kJ / kg hO = 20 kJ / kg ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 (m& ) ‫א‬‫א‬
V
m& =
3600vO
90
 = 
3600 × 0.806
= 0.031 kg / s


 ‫א‬
Qv = m& (hO − hR )
 = 0.031(20 − 50.5) 
= −0.9455 kW
 E‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F
-١٦٩-
 ‫א‬   ١١١  ‫א‬
  ‫א‬‫א‬  
-١٧١-
 ‫א‬   ١١١  ‫א‬
  ‫א‬‫א‬  
-١٧٢-
 ‫א‬   ١١١  ‫א‬
  ‫א‬‫א‬  
 ‫א‬‫א‬
R
S1
S3
S2
S4
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ db

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬WE21–2F
-١٧٣-
 ‫א‬   ١١١  ‫א‬
  ‫א‬‫א‬  
-١٧٤-
 ‫א‬   ١١١  ‫א‬
  ‫א‬‫א‬  
-١٧٥-
 ‫א‬   ١١١  ‫א‬
  ‫א‬‫א‬  
-١٧٦-
 ‫א‬   ١١١  ‫א‬
  ‫א‬‫א‬  
-١٧٧-
 ‫א‬‫א‬   ١١١  ‫א‬
  ‫א‬‫א‬  
 REFERENCES
 ‫א‬ 
E
 J  ‫א‬‫א‬F١٩٨٧،  K .١
 ‫א‬،‫א‬J ‫א‬
E J  ‫א‬‫א‬F١٩٨٧،K .٢
 ‫א‬،‫א‬J ‫א‬
E ‫א‬F١٩٨٣،K .٣
 ‫א‬،‫א‬J ‫א‬
E    ‫א‬F١٩٨٣،K .٤
 ‫א‬،‫א‬J ‫א‬
١٩٨٥،‫א‬‫א‬KK ،KK .٥
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F
 K‫א‬،‫א‬
V. Paul Lang,1987 "Principles of Air Conditioning", 4th .٦
Edition , Delmar.
Roy J.Dossat,1997"Principles of Refrigeration",4th .٧
Edition, Prentice Hall, Upper Saddle River, New Jersey,
Columbus, Ohio
T.D. Eastop & A.McConkey, 1996 "Applied .٨
Thermodynamics for Engineering Technologist" 5th
Edition, Longman.
Edward G. Pita, 1998 "Air Conditioning Principles And .٩
Systems" 3rd. Edition, Prentice Hall, New Jersey,
Columbus, Ohio.
Edward G. Pita, 1981 "Air Conditioning Principles And .١٠
Systems: An Energy Approach" 3rd. Edition, John Willey
& Sons, Inc.
W. P Jones, 1997 "Air Conditioning Applications And .١١
Design" 2nd Edition, John Willey & Sons, Inc. New
York-Toronto.
Whitman. Johnson & Tomczyk, 2000 "Refrigeration And .١٢
Air Conditioning Technology" 4th Edition, Delmar.
Althouse. Turnquist. Bracciano, 1996 "Modern .١٣
-١٧٨-
 ‫א‬‫א‬   ١١١  ‫א‬
  ‫א‬‫א‬  
Refrigeration And Air Conditioning" The Goodheart-

Willcox Company, Inc.
Faye & Parker, 1994 "Heating, Ventilating And Air .١٤
Conditioning" Analysis & Design. 4th Edition, , John
Willey & Sons, Inc.
Shan. K. Wang, 1994 "Handbook Of Air Conditioning .١٥
And Refrigeration" McGraw-Hill.
William C. Whitman, William M. Johnson, .١٦
1988"Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Technology ,
Concepts, Procedures and Troubleshooting Techniques",
Revised Edition, Delmar.
-١٧٩-
    ١١١  ‫א‬
  ‫א‬‫א‬  

Mass flow rate kg / s m&  ‫א‬

mass kg m  ‫א‬
Condensed water kg / s m& w ‫א‬L‫א‬
Air mass flow rateِ kg / s m& a  ‫א‬‫א‬
Total pressure Pa p  ‫א‬
Pressure difference Pa ∆p  ‫א‬
Air pressure Pa pa  ‫א‬‫א‬
Vapor pressure Pa pv  ‫א‬
Evaporator pressure Pa pe  ‫א‬
Condenser pressure Pa pc  ‫א‬
Universal gas constant J Kmole − kg R  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
Specific Gas constant J kgK R  ‫א‬‫א‬
Specific heat J kgK cp  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
Compression work W Wc  ‫א‬
Evaporator load W Qe  ‫א‬
Cooling coil capacity W Qcc  ‫א‬
Heating coil capacity W Qhc  ‫א‬
Condenser heat  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
W Qc
transfer
Sensible heat load W Qs  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
latent heat load W Ql  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
Refrigeration effect J kg RE  ‫א‬‫א‬
Coefficient of  ‫א‬‫א‬
- COP
performance
Air vlome m3 Va  ‫א‬‫א‬
Vapor volume m3 Vv  ‫א‬
-١٨٠-
    ١١١  ‫א‬
  ‫א‬‫א‬  
Air temperature K Ta  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

Vapor temperature K Tv  ‫א‬‫א‬
Dry bulb temperature °C Tdb ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
Wet bulb temperture °C Twb  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
Relative humidity % RH  ‫א‬‫א‬
Specific humidity kg kg ω  ‫א‬‫א‬
Total load W Qt  ‫א‬‫א‬
Ton of Refrigeration TR TR  ‫א‬
Wall gains
(conductive heat W Qc  E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬
gains)
Radiation load W Qr  ‫א‬
Heat gains from Qp  ‫א‬
W
people
Heat gains from lghts W Ql  ‫א‬
Ventilation load W Qv  ‫א‬
Heat gains from  ‫א‬
W Qe
equipment
Miscellaneous loads W Qm  
Specific heat factor - SHF  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
Overall heat transfer W m2 K U ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
coefficient
Room or space ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
°C TR
temperature  ‫א‬
Internal temperature °C Ti  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
Outside temperature °C To  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
Supply air
°C TS  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
temperature
Temperature  ‫א‬‫א‬
°C ∆T
difference
Radiation intensity W m2 I  ‫א‬
-١٨١-
    ١١١  ‫א‬
  ‫א‬‫א‬  
Absorptivity factor - α  ‫א‬

Internal heat transfer W m2 K  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
hi
coefficient
External heat transfer W m2 K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
ho
coefficient
Enthalpy kJ kg h  ‫א‬
Shading coefficient - SC  ‫א‬
Ventilation load -  ‫א‬‫א‬
W Qvs
sensible
Ventilation load -  ‫א‬‫א‬
W Qvl
latent
Specific volume@ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
m 3 kg vo
outside conditions  ‫א‬
Latent heat of kJ kg  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
h fg
vaporization
volume m3 V  ‫א‬
Discharge (volume  ‫א‬‫א‬
m 3 s −1 Q
flow rate)
number - n, N  
Lamps factor - F  ‫א‬
Diversity factor - DF  ‫א‬
efficiency - η  ‫א‬
Saturation efficiency - ηs  ‫א‬
Contact factor - η  ‫א‬‫א‬
Air change per hour hr −1 ACH  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
Entropy J / kgK S, s  ‫א‬
Cooling load W CL  ‫א‬
Dryness factor - x  ‫א‬
Horsepower hp hp  ‫א‬
-١٨٢-
 ‫א‬   ١١١  ‫א‬
  ‫א‬‫א‬  
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬
١  ‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
١  
٣  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
١٧  
١٨  
٢٠  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
٢١  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
٢٣  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
٢٦  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
٢٨  
٣٩  ‫א‬
٤٠  
٤٣  ‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
٤٤  ‫א‬‫א‬
٦٣  ‫א‬‫א‬
٦٤  ‫א‬‫א‬
٦٥  ‫א‬‫א‬
٦٧  ‫א‬‫א‬
٦٩  ‫א‬‫א‬
٧٠  ‫א‬
٧١  
٧٣  ‫א‬‫א‬
٨١  EF‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
٨١  
٨٣  ‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
٩٥  ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬   ١١١  ‫א‬
  ‫א‬‫א‬  
١٢٠  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
١٢٤  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
١٢٥  ‫א‬
١٢٨  ‫א‬
١٥٥  ‫א‬
١٦٠  ‫א‬
١٦١  
١٧١  ‫א‬
١٧٨  ‫א‬‫א‬
١٨١  


 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬
GOTEVOT appreciates the financial support provided by BAE SYSTEMS

أساسيات تقنية التبرد و التكييف

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أساسيات تقنية التبرد و التكييف

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 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

W (kJ / kgK )  ( s = c) ‫א‬ J ٣

 W dryness fraction (x ) ‫א‬ J ٦

 kJ / kg  L = h ′′ − h ′  (L) ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 

‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬ (x) ‫א‬

  x = 0.25 ‫א‬ (x) ‫א‬‫א‬

  ⇔  ⇔ 

‫א‬ °C bar m 3 / kg kJ / kg kJ / kgK

K‫א‬‫א‬ v ‫א‬‫א‬، h ‫ א‬K

W‫א‬، R22 ‫א‬ p − h ‫א‬ E٦

W(expansion valve)‫א‬‫א‬ K

 Simple Vapor Compression Cycle (VCC) ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬ (x=1)‫א‬ ‫א‬

 h1 = {kJ / kg} (1)‫א‬‫א‬

Qc = m& (h2 − h3 )  p3 = p 2  Condenser‫א‬ 2-3

h4 = h3 h4 = h3  expansion valve‫א‬ 3-4

(24 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،288000 BTUE‫א‬F‫؛‬‫א‬

 P4 = P1 = 0.25 MPa, P2 = P3 = 1.00 MPa

 ( pe′ ) ‫א‬ ( pe ) ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E١٨–١F‫א‬

 (T3 = 32°C ) (3)‫א‬ p − h ‫א‬

 = 382.92 − 228 = 154.92 kJ / kg 

 W 6  5 ‫א‬ p − h 

  Tc = 30°C  R 22 ‫א‬‫א‬

 = 397.07 − 236.70 = 160.37 kJ / kg 

‫א‬ T 7 = −13°C ‫א‬‫א‬ (7) ‫א‬ T7 = −20 + 7 = −13°C 

‫א‬ ( 7 ) ‫א‬‫א‬ (8) ‫א‬ 2.455 bar

= 443 − 400 = 43kJ / kg 

،R22 − 20°C ‫א‬ ٣

R-R-40 (Methyl chloride)، WGroup II‫א‬‫א‬ -

 R12  (CCl 2 F2 ) Dichlorodifluoromethane  White

R13  (CClF3 ) Monochlorotrifluoromethane  Pale Blue

R134a  (CF3CH 2 F )  Tetrafluroethane  Purple‫א‬

R22  (CHClF2 ) Monochlorodifluoromethane  Green

R40  (CH 3 Cl ) Monochlorotrifluoromethane 

 R717  ( NH 3 ) Ammonia Silver

 Thermodynamic Properties ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬  (°C ) ‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

Specific volume (v)‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬  ◊‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ∗‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬

 Physical Properties ‫א‬‫א‬

R12 slightly ethereal

R22 slightly ethereal

R502 slightly ethereal

100 30 R22

50 15 R502

K ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬

K‫א‬‫א‬ 23.7°C  -

(CHClF2 ) Monochlorodifluoromethane (R22) E٢٢F‫א‬

K‫א‬‫א‬ − 23.7°C  -

J ‫א‬‫א‬ R134a,R22

J ‫א‬‫א‬ R11,R134a.R22

J ‫א‬‫א‬ R11,R134a

‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬

R21 CHFCl 2 636 5.68 4.0 4.64

R717 NH 3 42.75 4.96 20.6 5.53

٢٠J ١٥‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬

(greenhouse effect)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،

 Carbon dioxide (CO2 ) − R 744 ‫א‬

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ (Tcritical = 31.3 °C )

 K(Lithium Bromide)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K‫א‬

R11‫א‬، 50 °C  0 °C ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 kJ / kg  L = h ′′ − h ′  (L) ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬