Laboratory findings

-adrenaline decreased: (1) cur. -agranulocytosis: (1) sulfa. -albumin-globulin ratio inverted:(1) beryl. -alkalosis:(1) cortiso. -bacteria -blood acidosis:(1) sulfa. alpha globulin increased:(1) x-ray. calcium decrease(=hypocalcemia/milk fever);(1) nat-f. increased(=hypercalcemia):(1) beryl. actinomycosis:(2) sulfa. thymol. coccidioidomycosis:(1) thymol. colon bacillius:(1) sulfa. Ducreys bacillus:(1) sulfa. gonococci:(2) guat. sulfa. gram-negative:(1) sulfa. haemophilus inflluenzae(1) sulfa. meningococcus:(1) sulfa. pneunococcus:(1) sulfa. staphylococcus:(1) sulfa. streptococcus:(1) sulfa. streptococcus:(4) ail. arn. chir-fl. sul-ac. decreased:(1) pitu-p. increased:(1) allox.

-Infectious disease -basal metabolism rate

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cholesterol decreased(=hypocholesterolemia):(1) cortico. increased (=hyperlipidemia):(22) all-s. aur. calc. calc-f. Chel. chin. Chion.chol. chr-ac. colch. cortiso.ferr-i. Hydr. Lec. med. nux-v. perh-mal. Tarax. thuj. Thyreotr. Vanad. zing.

glucose decreased:(1) gluca. increased suddenly:(1) allox. iron decreased:(2) ferr-p. nat-m.

kalium(=potassium) magnesium natrium(=sodium) oxygen decreased:(4) aspidin. carb-v. graph. trinit. increased:(1) vanad.

phosphorus

-cholorides decreased:(1) cortiso. -CO2 combining power decreased:(1) sulfa. -corpuscles; red -erythrocytes decreased:(10) acetan. benzol. calc-ar. irid-met.lec. mang-act. nat-n. plb. trinit.zinc. increased:(2) cortico. lat-m.

-polycyathemia:(6) cean. cob-n. cortico. lach. phos. x-ray. -accompanied by spleen; enlarged and tender:(1) CEAN. increased:(7) cortiso. lyc. morph. op. phos. pic-ac. ser-ang. P-R interval prolonged:(1) stroph-s -creatinine -electrocardiograph -enzyme, sulfhydryl, inactivated:(1) x-ray. -esinophiles temporarily increased:(1) cortico. -gastric secretion increased:(1) hist. -hemoglobin decreased:(4) calc-ar. ferr-p. lec. z-ray. increased:(3) cob-n. loxo-lae. vanad. increased chronic:(1) med. -leukocytes

-histiocytes

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decreased:(5) des-ac. influ. streptoc. sulfa. x-ray. increased:(12) antip. Bar-i. bar-m. benzol. cortico. ergot. hist. lat-m. nat-m. tub. vanad. x-ray. heteophil:(1) x-ray. neutrophil:(1) cortico.

-lymphocytes decreased:(1) cortico. -methemoglobinemia:(1) sulfa. -nitro balance negative:(1) cortiso. -plasma cells increased:(1) beryl. -platelets decreased:(2) penic. x-ray. -thrombocytopenia; idiopathic:(2) cortico. cortiso. (decreased in the number in blood platelets) -choronic:(1) chlorpr. -potassium level reduced:(2) cortico. cortiso. decreased:(5) hist. lat-m. nat-f. rauw. thymol. increased:(6) convo-s. cortico. cyt-l. lat-m. pitu-p. rauw. elevated:(1) beryl. decreased:(1) allox. increased:(4) beryl. cob-n. cortico. v-a-b. pitu. tocoph. elevated:(2) lat-m. x-ray. urea decreased:(2) allox. sulfa. increased:(1) carc. -Vessel constricte:(1) pitu-p. -x-ray Bones absorption:(3) cadm-met. cortico. cortiso. hardening:(1) nat-f. -pressure

-protein; total -sedimentation rate

-sperm count -spinal fluid pressure -sulfhemoglobinemia

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Acetanilidum GENERALS - LABORATORY findings - erythrocytes - decreased Alloxanum GENERALS - LABORATORY findings - basal metabolism rate - increased GENERALS - LABORATORY findings - sedimentation rate - decreased GENERALS - LABORATORY findings - sulfhemoglobinemia - urea - decreased Antipyrinum GENERALS - LABORATORY findings - leukocytes - increased Aspidospermium GENERALS - LABORATORY findings - blood - oxygen - decreased Baryta iodata GENERALS - LABORATORY findings - leukocytes - increased Baryta muriatica GENERALS - LABORATORY findings - leukocytes - increased Benzolum GENERALS - LABORATORY findings - erythrocytes - decreased GENERALS - LABORATORY findings - leukocytes - increased Beryllium metallicum GENERALS - LABORATORY findings - albumin-globulin ratio inverted GENERALS - LABORATORY findings - blood - calcium - increased GENERALS - LABORATORY findings - plasma cells increased GENERALS - LABORATORY findings - protein; total - elevated GENERALS - LABORATORY findings - sedimentation rate - increased Cadmium metallicum GENERALS - LABORATORY findings - x-ray - Bones - absorption

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Calcarea arsenicosa GENERALS - LABORATORY findings - erythrocytes - decreased GENERALS - LABORATORY findings - hemoglobin - decreased Carbo vegetabilis GENERALS - LABORATORY findings - blood - oxygen - decreased Carcinosinum GENERALS - LABORATORY findings - sulfhemoglobinemia - urea - increased Cobaltum nitricum GENERALS - LABORATORY findings - hemoglobin - increased GENERALS - LABORATORY findings - sedimentation rate - increased Convolvulus stans GENERALS - LABORATORY findings - pressure - increased Corticotropinum GENERALS - LABORATORY findings - blood - cholesterol decreased GENERALS - LABORATORY findings - eosinophiles temporarily increased GENERALS - LABORATORY findings - erythrocytes - increased GENERALS - LABORATORY findings - leukocytes - increased GENERALS - LABORATORY findings - leukocytes - increased - neutrophil GENERALS - LABORATORY findings - lymphocytes - decreased GENERALS - LABORATORY findings - potassium level - reduced GENERALS - LABORATORY findings - pressure - increased GENERALS - LABORATORY findings - sedimentation rate - increased GENERALS - LABORATORY findings - x-ray - Bones - absorption Cortisonum GENERALS - LABORATORY findings - alkalosis GENERALS - LABORATORY findings - chlorides decreased GENERALS - LABORATORY findings - creatinine - increased GENERALS - LABORATORY findings - nitro balance negative GENERALS - LABORATORY findings - potassium level - reduced GENERALS - LABORATORY findings - x-ray - Bones - absorptio

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Curare GENERALS - LABORATORY findings - adrenaline - decreased Cytisus laburnum GENERALS - LABORATORY findings - pressure - increased Desoxyribonucleicum acidum GENERALS - LABORATORY findings - leukocytes - decreased Ergotinum GENERALS - LABORATORY findings - leukocytes - increased Ferrum phosphoricum GENERALS - LABORATORY findings - hemoglobin - decreased Graphites GENERALS - LABORATORY findings - blood - oxygen - decreased Guatteria gaumeri GENERALS - LABORATORY findings - bacteria - gonococci Histaminum GENERALS - LABORATORY findings - gastric secretion increased GENERALS - LABORATORY findings - leukocytes - increased GENERALS - LABORATORY findings - pressure - decreased Influenzinum GENERALS - LABORATORY findings - leukocytes - decreased Iridium metallicum GENERALS - LABORATORY findings - erythrocytes - decreased

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Latrodectus mactans GENERALS - LABORATORY findings - leukocytes - increased GENERALS - LABORATORY findings - pressure - decreased GENERALS - LABORATORY findings - pressure - increased GENERALS - LABORATORY findings - spinal fluid pressure - elevated Lecithinum GENERALS - LABORATORY findings - erythrocytes - decreased GENERALS - LABORATORY findings - hemoglobin - decreased Manganum aceticum GENERALS - LABORATORY findings - erythrocytes - decreased Medorrhinum GENERALS - LABORATORY findings - histiocytes - increased - chronic Natrium fluoratum GENERALS - LABORATORY findings - blood - calcium - decreased GENERALS - LABORATORY findings - pressure - decreased GENERALS - LABORATORY findings - x-ray - Bones - hardening GENERALS - LABORATORY findings - x-ray - Trabeculation Natrium muriaticum GENERALS - LABORATORY findings - leukocytes - increased Natrium nitricum GENERALS - LABORATORY findings - erythrocytes - decreased Penicillinum GENERALS - LABORATORY findings - platelets - decreased Pituitaria posterior (old abbr.) GENERALS - LABORATORY findings - sperm count - low

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Pituitaria posterior GENERALS - LABORATORY findings - basal metabolism rate - decreased GENERALS - LABORATORY findings - pressure - increased GENERALS - LABORATORY findings - sulfhemoglobinemia - Vessels constricted Plumbum metallicum GENERALS - LABORATORY findings - erythrocytes - decreased Rauwolfia serpentina GENERALS - LABORATORY findings - pressure - decreased GENERALS - LABORATORY findings - pressure - increased Streptococcinum GENERALS - LABORATORY findings - leukocytes - decreased Strophanthus sarmentosus GENERALS - LABORATORY findings - electrocardiograph - p-R interval prolonged Sulfanilamidum GENERALS - LABORATORY findings - agranulocytosis GENERALS - LABORATORY findings - bacteria - actinomycosis GENERALS - LABORATORY findings - bacteria - colon bacillus GENERALS - LABORATORY findings - bacteria - ducrey's bacillus GENERALS - LABORATORY findings - bacteria - dysenteriae GENERALS - LABORATORY findings - bacteria - friedlnder's bacillus GENERALS - LABORATORY findings - bacteria - gonococci GENERALS - LABORATORY findings - bacteria - gram-negative GENERALS - LABORATORY findings - bacteria - hemophilus influenzae GENERALS - LABORATORY findings - bacteria - meningococcus GENERALS - LABORATORY findings - bacteria - pneumococcus GENERALS - LABORATORY findings - bacteria - staphylococcus GENERALS - LABORATORY findings - bacteria - streptococcus GENERALS - LABORATORY findings - blood - acidosis GENERALS - LABORATORY findings - cO2 combining powder decreased GENERALS - LABORATORY findings - leukocytes - decreased

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GENERALS - LABORATORY findings - methemoglobinemia GENERALS - LABORATORY findings - sulfhemoglobinemia - urea - decreased Thymolum GENERALS - LABORATORY findings - bacteria - actinomycosis GENERALS - LABORATORY findings - bacteria - coccidioidomycosis GENERALS - LABORATORY findings - pressure - decreased Tocopherolum GENERALS - LABORATORY findings - sperm count - low Trinitrotoluenum GENERALS - LABORATORY findings - blood - oxygen - decreased GENERALS - LABORATORY findings - erythrocytes - decreased Tuberculinum bovinum Kent GENERALS - LABORATORY findings - leukocytes - increased Vaccin attnu bili GENERALS - LABORATORY findings - sedimentation rate - increased Vanadium metallicum GENERALS - LABORATORY findings - blood - oxygen - increased GENERALS - LABORATORY findings - hemoglobin - increased GENERALS - LABORATORY findings - leukocytes - increased X-ray GENERALS - LABORATORY findings - blood - alpha globulin increased GENERALS - LABORATORY findings - enzyme, sulfhydryl, inactivated GENERALS - LABORATORY findings - hemoglobin - decreased GENERALS - LABORATORY findings - leukocytes - decreased GENERALS - LABORATORY findings - leukocytes - increased GENERALS - LABORATORY findings - leukocytes - increased - heterophil GENERALS - LABORATORY findings - platelets - decreased GENERALS - LABORATORY findings - spinal fluid pressure - elevated

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Zincum metallicum GENERALS - LABORATORY findings - erythrocytes - decreased

Creatinine Measurement of the GLOMULAR FILTRATION RATE(GFR) is necessary to define the exact level of renal function. The use of creatinine clearande is dependent on the fact that daily production of creatinine (principally from muscle cells) is remarkably constant and little affected by protein intake. Given these observations, creaatinine clearance is a reasonably accurate measure of GFR in those situations in which it is most required-normal or near normal renal functiion. Where urine collections are difficult or deemed inaccurate, the GFR may be measured by the single injection of compounds such as EDTA, DPTA, or iothalamate, their excretion being primarily by glomerular filtration. Following intravenous injection of the compound, three blood samples are obtained at 2, 3 and 4 hours (or rather longer intervals id the patient is oedematous or if renal failure is suspected). The GFR may then be calculated from the slope of the exponential fall in blood level of the compound.

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What is Creatinine? Creatinine (from the Greek ''kreas'', flesh) is a break-down product of creatine phosphate in muscle, and is usually produced at a fairly constant rate by the body (depending on muscle mass). Chemically, creatinine is a spontaneously formed cyclic derivative of creatine. Creatinine is chiefly filtered out of the blood by the kidneys, though a small amount is actively secreted by the kidneys into the urine. There is little-to-no tubular reabsorption of creatinine. If the filtering of the kidney is deficient, blood levels rise. Therefore, creatinine levels in blood and urine may be used to calculate the creatinine clearance (CrCl), which reflects the glomerular filtration rate (GFR). The GFR is clinically important because it is a measurement of renal function. However, in cases of severe renal dysfunction, the creatinine clearance rate will be "overestimated" because the active secretion of creatinine will account for a larger fraction of the total creatinine cleared. Ketoacids, cimetidine and trimethoprim reduce creatinine tubular secretion and therefore increase the accuracy of the GFR estimate, particularly in severe renal dysfunction. (In the absence of secretion, creatinine behaves like inulin.) A more complete estimation of renal function can be made when interpreting the blood (plasma) concentration of creatinine along with that of urea. BUN-to-creatinine ratio (the ratio of urea to creatinine) can indicate other problems besides those intrinsic to the kidney; for example, a urea level raised out of proportion to the creatinine may indicate a pre-renal problem such as volume depletion. Men tend to have higher levels of creatinine because they generally have more skeletal muscle mass than women. Vegetarians have been shown to have lower creatinine levels.

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Homeopathic Remedy DNA

Homeopathic Journal :: Volume: 4, Issue: 8, Jun 2011 (General Article Author : Dr. B.S. Suvarna, B.A., D.I. (HOM.), M.I.H., Ph.D. (ITALY, GOLD MEDALIST), PGDPC (psychotherapy&counseling) View Profile Theme) - from Homeorizon.com Updated: Jul 03, 2011

There are a number of homoeopathic medicines which have been partially proved but have much clinical importance; Carcinosin is one of such medicines which had fragmentary proving but it was Dr.Donald M.Foubister who by his intense clinical studies brought out the carcinosin drug picture. Now carcinosin is used as one of the constitutional medicines through out the world. Spectacular cures have been obtained by judicial use of carcinosin and the credit goes to Dr.D.M.Foubister. DNA is a less known homoeopathic medicine but having wide clinical applications. Deoxyribonucleic [ DNA ] is the fundamental genetic material of all the cells. DNA was proved by Dr. O.A.Julian of Paris from 1970 to1972. DNA has great utility in paediatric practice. I find this medicine mostly getting indicated in adolescence and in early adulthood.I have also used this medicine for a few middle aged men whose behavior is like that of adolescents. The DNA children and adolescents are mentally idiotic but sexually precocious. They are nervous and emotionally unstable .Comprehension is difficult. They confuse one subject with the other and hence they are mostly backward in schools and colleges. Though they are mentally backward physically they are restless, they want to be occupied always. They do not want to be idle, but because of their mental backwardness, they are unable to accomplish their works. This failure inhibits them and makes them turn inwards. In short DNA people are 'DUAL PERSONALITY'. People-on one side having desire to work, to conquer easily but on the other side idiotic, sluggish and resentful. This double personality reflects in their sexuality also. They are sexually precocious and tend to seduce. But their unstable, hypersensitive, irritable attitude results in failure in their relation with the mates. This failure leads into a reserved attitude, they want to get isolated leading to a state of onanism. The DNA people are anxious with out any reason. They are highly irritable and vexed of worldly affairs, asking questions like "what is the use of doing this or that?
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These people are subjected to headaches - usually throbbing pain in frontal and temporal regions, left sided headache over the orbit (by movement) by lying, after a short sleep and closing the eyes, head ache with urge to pass stool which does not relieve the headache. Difficulty in seeing distant objects, extreme ocular fatigue, shining points before the eyes which disappear by closing the eyes. Gums bleed when brushing the teeth, white coated tongue.Sensation of a splinter in the throat.Hunger pangs between meals. pain in the epigastrium and gastric distension > by food. Tendency to constipation with dry, hard stools, exacerbated flatulence and borborygmus .and in stomach. Tendency to diarrhoea after meals. Head ache and nausea after drinking wine. In both sexes, libido is usually increased and sometimes decreased, erotic dreams, menses: late, scanty, stops after half day and then begins after two days with yellowish leucorrhoea in the interval, pain in the left shoulder -great pain when raising the arm above the head < by movement, In cold and damp weather, humidity, pain in the metacarpophalangeal joint of the right thumb, habitual manual awkwardness. Restless sleep with lascivious dreams. irresistible desire for sleep on the bed. grts up out of bed in the middle of the night and stands up after a sensation of shock or of being drowned. Eczema, alopecia,folliculitis, psoriasis, herpes and varicose ulcers are some of the skin manifestations. eruption of the margins of the arms with burning and oozing. The use of DNA helps to increase the appetite and to put on weight. Aggravation : By movement, by wine Amelioration : By rest, lying on darkness, closing eyes, cold weather To sum up, the DNA child or adolescent is a grumbler, rushed than sluggish, pleasant than unpleasant, often sensual, seducer and idiot The clinical indications are numerous going from mongolism, to oilgophrenia. GENERALITIES-MIND

General hypersensitivity i.e., asthenia. general well being, feels on top form in the morning, but extremely irritable.with general feeling of discomfort in the morning which makes him bad tempered, nervous disposition, needs to work and to finish everything undertaken during the day, does not want to be idle, but on the other side difficulty in assembling thoughts, poor powers of concentration, hence impossible for him to work, periods of dual personality.

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Head : Pulsating headache < by movement lying down with hands under the nape of the neck. headache with urge to pass stool which does not relieve the headache.

Mouth : gums bleed when brushing the teeth. Tongue white coated which can not be easily cleaned, sensitive gums. Stomach, Intestine, Abdomen : Hunger pangs between meals, pain in the epigastrium , gastric distension, not> by food, tendency to constipation with dry, hard stools, flatulence and rumbling, burning in oesphagus and in stomach. Tendency to diarrhoea after meals with flatulence.

Circulatory System : nocturnal, recurring cramps in calves. Throat : splinter like feeling in the throat < morning on waking < 6pm raw feeling of a foreign body, especially on the left side >by cold water and by swallowing.

Eyes : Difficulty in seeing distant objects .extreme ocular fatigue. Urinary :Sometimes scanty and yellow ; sometimes copious and pale. Genitalia : libido increased - some times decreased, erotic dreams. Locomotor : pain in left shoulder < movement < cold and damp : humidity. Skin : Eczema, psoriasis, alopecia, seborrhea, folliculitis, of thighs, marginal anal eczematous rash with burning and oozing Mod : < from movement > from rest, lying in the dark, laterality: leftside

Comparisons : The following medicines are closely related to DNA : Aethusa cynapium : is related to DNA in idiocy in children, in capacity to think, confusion and poor school performance. The DNA idiocy is a genetical one where as, aetusa idiocy is due to a faulty calcium metabalism as evidenced by intolerance of milk, indigestion of teething children and epileptic spasm, complete absence of thirst is a positive diagnostic feature of aeuthusa. Baryata carbonica : is also related to DNA in idiotic children, Baryata carb child is mentally and physically dwarfish - this is a normal one - usually due to hypothyroid state. baryata carb is related to DNA in alopecia also. Medorrhinum : children are also dwarfs with a history of sycosis in parents. Igntia is also similar to DNA in emotional instability. Ignatia is quick to perceive, intelligent and mild in disposition where as DNA is slow in grasping difficulty in concentration. Idiotic and irritable. Ignatia is the remedy of great contradictions and DNA also has some elements of this. Pulsatilla : is another medicine similar to DNA in emotional instability, pulsatilla is mild and DNA have the symptom - late scanty menses with the intermittent flow - in common.

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Arsenicum album : is related to DNA in mental restlessness. arsenic album restlessness is associated with fastidiousness, with an attempt to achieve perfection, where as DNA is physically restless and mentally backward. Kali Brom : is closely related to DNA both are mostly indicated for children and in adolescents. They find difficulty in getting on well at school. they are dull and apparently lacking in intelligence. Lycopodium : is opposite of DNA as lycopodium people are mentally developed but physically weak, Lycopodium and DNA are similar in their action on gastro intestinal tract. Hunger pangs between meals, pain in epigastrium, gastric distension burning in oesophagus and stomach and diaorhea after eating, but the key note symptom 'good appetite, but a few mouthfuls fill up to the throat is characterstic of lycopodium. both the symptoms -increased sexual desire are covered by both lycopodium and DNA, lycopodium is similar to DNA in its emotional instability also. Anacardium : is another important remedy for 'dual personality ' he feels as if having two wills. one commanding him to do what the other forbids. He is highly forgetful and to cover up this he becomes a bit fastidious (foubister). He also becomes highly irritable and malicious. Natrum muriaticum : is related to DNA in headache relieved by sleep, natrum mur also gets indicated in some types of mental retardation where the child is slow in learning to talk.and the child craves for salt. Phosphorus : is also related to DNA in headache relieved by sleep. phosphorus is also closely related to DNA in its sexual precocity. phosphorus children and adolescents are highly active ; ambicious and very affectionate. They need love and they easily reciprocate it. Sanguinaria : is also related to DNA headache mostly relieved by sleep. Sanguinaria headache is mostly right sided and DNA headache is mostly left sided. sanguinaria headache is associated with urge to pass stool but no relief from defecation. Lachesis : is a left sided remedy like DNA, lachesis patients are loquacious, suspicious and jealous - these characters are not observed in DNA patients. Both lachesis and DNA patients are sensitive both mentally and physically. Psorinum : is akin to DNA in skin affections and in hunger pangs between meals. Antium crud : has the symptoms thickly white coated tongue, both antium crud DNA are cross and peevish. NOTE :- As DNA is not yet fully proved and as we have not got enough clinical verifications, readers who get opportunity to use this medicine, are requested and the results to the author.This will help us to get a wider drug picture of DNA.

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Diabetes Mellitus: Homeopathic Perspective

Ajit Kulkarni
Hpathy Ezine, August, 2012 | August 12, 2012

Dr. Ajit Kulkarni discusses homeopathys role in the management of diabetes, using totality of symptoms, individualization, clinico-pathological and miasmatic correlations. He presents many concepts along with illustrative cases. Presented at the European Congress of Homeopathy, Riga, Latvia, May, 2011 If someone wishes for good health, one must first ask oneself if he is ready to do away with the reasons for his illness. Only then is it possible to help him. Hippocrates This sentence truly applies to a patient of Diabetes mellitus who is finding it increasingly difficult to do away with the reasons for his illness, given the changes in life style, the abundance of denatured food, stress and strain of modern life and the eddy around which he has to revolve himself! Introduction Diabetes Mellitus is a heterogeneous chronic metabolic disorder characterized by hyperglycemia resulting from a defect in Insulin action and or deficiency of Insulin secretion. It is a systemic and multi-faceted condition that affects each cell in the body and also the mind. Diabetes mellitus is a syndrome ubiquitous and dynamic. The prevalence of diabetes in adults was 4 percent worldwide; this means that over 143 million persons are now affected. It is projected that disease prevalence will be 5.4 percent by the year 2025, with a global diabetic population reaching to 300 million. WHO predicts that India will have the largest number of diabetics, around 80.9 million, by 2030. Worldwide, every ten seconds, at least one person dies from diabetes and its complications (Siegel & Narayan, 2008). In view of the alarming rise of diabetes, the holistic therapy of homeopathy should not lag behind and every effort should be made to utilize its benefits for the sake of ailing humanity. The questions that baffle a conscientious homeopath are What is diabetes? Is diabetes-increased blood sugar or is it vascular changes? Which is the cause and which is the effect? Is it inherited? Is it psychosomatic? What role do emotions play? What role does life style plays? What should the diet be? Are diabetic pills to be lauded or banned? Is insulin therapy as dramatic as it was made out to be? Is mere control of blood sugar level, a real solution? Research findings in conventional medicine put toward the limitations and side effects of hypoglycemic agents, insulin therapy, zinc overdose and also side effects of sweeteners. A homeopath should know their side effects as he is confronted with people who are consuming these agents. Artificial sweeteners such as Saccharin, Aspartame, Acesulfame potassium,
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Sucralose, and Neotame, Cyclamate, Fructose, Sorbitol, Fructofiber, and Civiocid are often used and some of them are found to be carcinogenic. Oral hypoglycemic agents were clinically tried in America. They put 205 patients on placebo and 205 patients on the pills for an eight-year period. Heart attacks were three times more frequent in the experimental group, than in those on placebos. It is said that increased BSL leads to heart attacks, but researchers found that the very pills which control the sugar, cause heart attacks. Dr. Manu Kothari, one of the distinguished physicians of India, writes, We seem to know that there is diabetes and there are anti-diabetic drugs. But I think we are kidding! Diabetes is a multi faceted problem. Protein metabolism is disturbed, fat metabolism is disturbed, sugar metabolism is disturbed, arterial health is disturbed. At the moment we have only one parameter, glucose level. So we give a drug to bring the glucose to the doctors desired level, not necessarily to the patients comfort. And you call it curing diabetes, treating diabetes! Youre kidding. Dr. Manu Kothari points out thatDM is not a specific disease pathology, but the innate program of an individual that embraces protein, fat & carbohydrate metabolisms.As a parallel event, DM controls the course of a wide variety of tissues, esppecially blood vessels, either primarily and /or as a consequence of the metabolic, vascular and nervous personality of an individual. For this very reason, its course and cure are unknown and shall remain so. On this background, the success of homeopathy has to be measured in terms of maintaining blood sugar level, prevention and management of complications Macrovascular / Microvascular / Neuropathic, and their consequences in multiple vital organs. The role of Constitutional, Intercurrent and organ remedies and the importance of miasmatic assessment in the clinical stages of complications should become mainstay of homeopathic management. The homeopathic approach towards each patient is essentially holistic and more so in DM. The Seven Factors and Homeopathic Remedies The following seven factors are implicated in the etio-pathogenesis of Diabetes mellitus, according to The American Diabetes Association: A new etiologic classification system for diabetes mellitus is listed below with corresponding prominent homeopathic remedies. 1. Genetic defects of -cell function or in insulin action:Desoxyribonucleicum acidum (DNA), Nosodes: Carcinocinum, Medorrhinum, Tuberculinum, Syphilinum 2. DM resulting from diseases of exocrine pancreas: Ars alb, Bar mur, Calc ars, Carb an, Carb veg, Conium, Hydrastis, Iodum, Iris ver, Kali bich, Kali iod, Merc sol, Nat sulph, Nux vom, Pancreatinum, Parathyreoidinum, Phosphorus, Uranium nitricum 3. DM resulting from endocrinopathies: Bar-carb, Carcinocinum, Pituitaria posterior, Corticotropinum (ACTH), Cortisonum (Cortisone and Corticoids), Adrenalinum, Iodides, Ferrums, Nat-mur, Sepia, Thyroidinum, Phosphorus 4. Drug/Chemical induced: Agaricus, Agnus cast, Arsenic album, Bryonia, Camphor, Carbn-sulph., Carb-veg, China off, Coffea, Corticotropinum, Cortisonum, Hydrastis can, Kali-iod, Lachesis, Laurocerasus, Mag-sulph, Nat-mur, Nit acid, Nux vomica, Opium, Phos-acid, Pulsatilla, Secale cor, Sulphur, Thuja, Thyroidinum

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5. Infections: Carcinocinum, Medorrhinum, Tuberculinum, Syphilinum, Silicea, Parotidinum, Penicillinum, Streptococcinum, Staphylococcinum 6. Gestational DM (GDM):Lacticum acidum, Helonias, Sulphur 7. Immune-mediated diabetes: The role of constitutional therapeutics and the remedies as listed under no.1. Factor 1 Most genetic defects in insulin action involve the insulin receptor. The metabolic consequences of these defects range from modest hyperglycemia to severe diabetes. Although the constitutional remedy approach has to be underscored here, the use of intercurrent remedies must be emphasized. Diabetes has also been regarded as an autoimmune disease and the role of DNA has been increasingly observed in genetic and autoimmune disorders. P. Robbins who did a wonderful proving of DNA suggests, This remedy would be good for genetic damage. Bladder urination urging to urinate frequent and scorbutic gums are reliable proving symptoms of DNA. Family history of serious diseases and past history of multiple infections (like Carcinocinum) are key indicators for selecting DNA. I recall a case of Juvenile Diabetes with non-healing ulcer on the dorsum of the leg, where the best indicated remedies failed to act, but a dose of DNA 200 healed the wound. The Nosodes, the multi-polychrests, assume a very important place in clinical practice. A nosode is a blend of the disease-potential and the host-response; hence, it represents the dynamic potential of germ, host and their inter-action to become a powerful and complex healing force to meet the inveterate morbific conditions like DM. The incidence of cancer is increasingly found in the family tree and in order to deal with the cancer miasm, which is responsible for bringing onto the fore a condition like diabetes, Carcinocinum must be used. In a case of diabetic ulcer with a history of cancer in the family, where the life and death issue was the prominent one, Crotalus horridus 10M, three hourly, during acute crisis, followed by Carcinosinum not only saved the amputation of the feet but has kept the patient alive and healthy until now (see photographs). Who can forget the inter-relation between tuberculosis and diabetes? A diabetic person is prone to infections and more to tubercle bacilli. Further, the emaciation which a DM patient exhibits is typically tubercular in nature as are also the many complications. Hence the intercurrent use of Tuberculinum helps a diabetic patient in many ways. A case of carbuncle that was being partially helped by Tarentula cubensis finally resolved under the action of Tuberculinum. Syphilinum, a representative of syphilitic miasm, is a major remedy that can be interpolated when a case manifests syphilitic miasmatic complications that carry a patient towards destruction. I remember a case of a young perverted psychotic with homosexual and incendiary impulses, addicted to narcotics and diagnosed as a juvenile diabetic, who presented with fistula-in-ano, that yielded finally to Syphilinum, when Fluoric acid did only lip service. Insulin is required in this group and no homoeopath should try to reduce it in an abrupt way. However, side effects of Insulin can be treated with homoeopathic remedies and Insulin in potentized form can be used. Apart from side effects like allergic reactions, thickening of skin, weight gain, peripheral oedema, lipodystrophy at injection sites, and IgG and IgM antibodies
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against insulin (I-G Insulin antibodies of high levels lead to immune-mediated Insulin resistance), new research suggests that Lantus, an artificial form of insulin, may increase the risk of developing cancer.Anotherstudy suggeststhatinsulin use increases the risk of colon cancer. Hence, Carcinocinum and Scirrhinum should assume a place in all diabetics who become insulin dependent.Hyperinsulinemia, a side effect of insulin, is known to cause vascular changes and it is suspected that at least some of the vascular complications in diabetics could also be due to insulin therapy. A point of note is that the long-term safety of Insulin analogues has not yet been established and there is growing evidence of mitogenic effects. Zinc plays a key role in the synthesis and action of insulin, both physiologically and in the pathologic state of diabetes. I must mention zinc toxicity. Excess of zinc may lead to copper deficiency and may also inhibit the anti-carcinogenic effect of selenium. The other toxic effects are electrolyte imbalance, respiratory distress, pulmonary fibrosis, intestinal bleeding, thrombocytopenia, hypotension, tubular necrosis with renal failure, pancreatitis, gastric ulcer, muscular Inco-ordination, dizziness, anemia, reduction in chemo-taxis, phagocytosis, and platelet aggregation. The relationship between diabetes, insulin and zinc (Zn) is complex with no clear cause and effect relationships. Since Zn plays a clear role in the synthesis, storage and secretion of insulin, as well as conformational integrity of insulin in the hexameric form, the decreased Zn, which affects the ability of the islet cell to produce and secrete insulin, might then compound the problem, particularly in Type 2 diabetes. Some researchers conclude that zinc atoms, not the insulin molecule itself, provide the switch-off signal from the beta cell to the alpha cell to initiate glucagon secretion during hypoglycemia. I recommend Zincum salts in homeopathy for the states of both deficiency and excess of zincum. Factor 2 Diseases that damage at least 60-70% of the pancreas (islet cells) can cause diabetes in any individual. Individuals with genetic risk factors for T2DM are more susceptible to developing diabetes from pancreatic damage. Trauma/pancreatectomy, Pancreatitis, Hemochromatosis, Cystic fibrosis and Neoplasia are implicated in DM. We have on our record a case of chronic pancreatitis where pain in abdomen was present at 3-4 am and it was associated with Type2 DM, and Kali bich helped the case not only in controlling blood sugar level but also in alleviating the pain and discomfort in the abdomen. Another case of chronic pancreatitis with uncontrolled diabetes, characterized by profound weakness and emaciation improved with Uraniumnitricum 30 given once daily for over 3 months. The following indications of Uran-nit. are worth mentioning.

Causes glycosuria and increased urine. Is known to produce nephritis, diabetes, degeneration of liver, high blood pressure and dropsy. Enormous appetite and thirst, yet the patient continues to emaciate. Debility, languor and tendency to ascites. Suited to DM originating in dyspepsia or assimilative derangements.

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Chronic pancreatitis (Ref. A Select Homoeopathic Materia Medica Part III and Repertory, unpublished)

Factor 3 Counter regulatory hormones (epinephrine, glucagons, cortisol and growth hormone) antagonize the action of insulin. Diabetes and insulin resistance are associated with a number of endocrine disorders of these hormones, like Acromegaly, Cushings syndrome, Glucagonoma etc., largely through their stated counter regulatory effects. The author has no experience in treating a case of diabetes with this cause. But a case can be cited where a patient developed Cushings syndrome and avascular necrosis of the head of the femur and diabetes due to prolonged systemic therapy with corticosteroids for Sarcoidosis. His chronic constitutional remedy was fished out as Magnesium muriaticum and intercurrents were Thyroidinum and Cortisone, for antidoting the crude steroids. These three remedies helped to tide over the crisis though the drug-induced pathologies were irreversible. Factor 4 Drug/Chemical induced There are numerous drugs that are associated with either diabetes or impaired glucose tolerance. They act either by decreasing insulin production and secretion, decreasing insulin sensitivity, or altering the ability of insulin to regulate metabolism. Drug/chemical induced DM is a cause of concern today and many culprits have been recognized: Nicotinic acid, Glucocorticoids, Thiazide diuretics, -adreneric agonists, Protease inhibitors, Pentamidine, Thyroid hormones, Alpha-interferon, Clozapine, Alloxan, Beta-blockers etc. Recent evidence suggests that even in normal doses the most frequently used ?-blocker Atenolol (Tenormin) carry an unacceptable risk of provoking type 2 diabetes. Numerous medications used to treat HIV infection have been associated with diabetes. The research study with the oral drug Avandia has revealed that it increased the risk of heart attacks by 43 percent and of death from heart problems by 64 percent Our homeopathic pharmacy should possess all tautopathic remedies to deal with diseases brought on by the drug miasm. Apart from the heavy metals that are indicated for chemical damage, I request our readers to focus on Carboneum sulph as it covers the causative elements and degenerating pathologies. A Select Homeopathic Materia Medica lists under Carbn-s., The jetset, addicts of alcohol, tobacco, narcotics; absorbing aluminium, lead (from cosmetics etc.) and other chemicals. Factor 5 Infections The host resistance to infection in diabetes and the influence of an acute infection upon the endocrinologic-metabolic status of the diabetic patient is an interesting study for a homeopath. Infection tends to occur with greater frequency and severity in diabetic patients than in nondiabetic. The occurrence of infection in a diabetic patient perpetuates a vicious cycle, in which infection results in uncontrolled hyperglycemia, which in turn causes further aggravation of
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infections. The WHO has included diabetes in its classification of secondary immunodeficiency diseases. The impairment of a wide range of functions in neutrophils and macrocytes (Macrophages) including chemotaxis and adherence phagocytosis and intracellular killing of microorganisms and also impairment in the movement of phagocytic cells are the factors that explain the increased susceptibility to infection. Homeopathically, it is the tubercular miasm which is chiefly responsible for host susceptibility in diabetes. Let us take an example of Silicea, our surgeons knife.Silicea is born with a defective mesenchymal system i.e. with loose, poorly functioning connective tissues. This affects the system in many ways as connective tissues play a vital role in metabolic, defensive and hemopoietic functions. Silicea is a Tuberculo-syphilitic remedy and is useful in many neuropathic and dermatological complications of diabetes. We have found it, as a very useful remedy in Juvenile diabetics who develop recurrent infections, are malnourished and dont put on weight. Parotidinum can be thought of when diabetes has developed after mumps. Dr. P. I. Tarkas mentions Medorrhinum for the same. People with diabetes, and those who use medications such as steroids, are at higher risk for invasive disease from group A streptococcal infections.I often make use of Streptococcinum in such cases. I would like to mention a case of urinary tract infection due to group B streptococcus in a pregnant lady, with gestational diabetes, who responded to Pyrogenium 1M, given six hourly for 4 days. Tuberculinum has been my sheet anchor in boosting the immunity against pyogenic infections. Factor 6 The statistics indicate that about one-third to one-half of women who have gestational diabetes will have it again in a later pregnancy. And up to 50 percent of women with gestational diabetes will develop diabetes at some point in the future. These cases need constitutional homoeopathic treatment and the repertory indicates three remedies Lacticum acidum, Helonias and Sulphur. About Helonias, there is an interesting rubric Sadness, diabetes, during. So the combination is sadness, diabetes and pregnancy. Allens Key Notes lists the following indications, Diabetes: first stages; urine profuse, clear, saccharine; lips dry, stick together; great thirst; restlessness; emaciation; irritable and melancholy. Albuminuria: acute or chronic; during pregnancy, with great weakness, languor, drowsiness; unusually tired, yet knows no reason. Pierce Willard in Plain Talks on Materia Medica with Comparisons writes, It produces depression both of the body and the mind; there is profound melancholia, with desire to be alone (Hale); they are irritable and fault-finding and intolerant of the least contradiction. When I treat modern women, I find a striking correspondence in Helonias. The IMP Factor: The Role of Emotions The role of emotional factors in the etiology of diabetes has been a source of debate. However, personality traits of diabetic patients have been studied and many researchers have noted similarities of configuration. The influence of emotional stress upon sugar metabolism has also been examined. Many investigators have observed definite connections and inferences go in
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favour of homeopathys holistic approach towards a patient of diabetes. To cite the recent research findings:lower than average blood glucose values at baseline were associated with higher scores for the personality domain of neuroticism and several specific traits including anxiety, angry hostility, depression, self-consciousness, and vulnerability but were associated with lower scores for the trait of altruism. It has often been assumed that patients who repeatedly go into acidosis despite careful efforts at regulation, suffer from metabolic eccentricities that make them react severely to slight changes in diet, insulin intake, exercise, or emotions. Susceptibility to infection may be held responsible. The importance of emotional disturbances has been appreciated, and the acidosis has, at times, been attributed directly to the effects of emotional factors upon the metabolic processes. Let me point out some cases of acidosis from my practice. A colleague of conventional therapy once referred a case. The case was interesting in the sense that the referred woman was admitted five times in his hospital for diabetic acidosis within a span of two months. Every time the relatives narrated the history that the patient and her husband were not on good terms and whenever big quarrels occurred, the patient went into metabolic acidosis. Natrum muriaticum, given on the basis of totality of symptoms not only stopped the recurrent episodes of acidosis but her susceptibility to infections was reduced. The blood sugar level also maintained at normal levels. Another case was of juvenile diabetes of a young chap of 21 years. He was diagnosed to have JDM at 14 years and was maintaining well on Inj. Insulin. A touchy, introverted, shy young man, for whom the home was as if hell; no love from parents, constant quarrels, father alcoholic, mother materialistic. He was harbouring resentment and feelings of abandonment and had to sustain the blow of divorce. His mother found a new man within a year and our patient was left alone. He got acquainted with a new girl friend and life became smooth with her. Alas, on one fine day she left him. This was the big assault. Since then infection, increase in blood sugar, acidosis and then hospitalization became a vicious cycle. Carcinocinum made him altogether a different man along with psychotherapeutic sessions. He was determined to find himself, to find his potential and to use the go in his life. The reasons for selection of Carc. were family history of cancer, increased susceptibility to infection, the chronic state taking on an acute, severe episode, and an intense abandoned feeling. Synthesis Repertory mentions Carc. under the rubric, Acidosis. The Personality characters in Diabetes Before we contemplate the personality characters, we must acknowledge the symbolic language of the pancreas. The pancreas is linked to the solar plexus that deals with emotions, wishes and intellectual activities. The pancreas represents the sweetness of life.According to human symbolic language of the pancreas- sweetness, love, the basic complex emotion, has a prominent role to play in diabetes. Diabetics are found to be more emotional and harbor many wishes for themselves and others. They tend to reproach themselves with discontentment of others. They spend much energy fulfilling the inner need of their emotions and there is associated inner sadness from an unrequited love. Juvenile diabetes may occur in those children who feel insufficiently acknowledged. In short, the problems of the pancreas stem from individuals not believing they deserve love. There is a huge inability to feel part of the whole and give and receive in a balanced way.

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Some deeper insights are needed to understand the concept of love in diabetes. Dont discard them as metaphysical. We have enough threadbare through islets of Langerhans, insulin deficiency and others. Notice that diabetics are alarmingly increasing in the world. The concept of love is central to understanding and managing diabetes. If we, as homeopaths, view ourselves as holistic prescribers, we cant brush aside the role of emotions and resolve the conundrum of diabetics. Sugar, Love and Diabetes Sugar is a material synonym for love and hence, it can be equated to love, and love is a sweet feeling for human beings. Not being able to metabolize sugar is an effect from not being able to get love. Just as diabetics cannot integrate sugar in the food, it is difficult for them to integrate or accept love. Diabetes is particularly related to feeling either a lack or an over abundance of sweetness in our lives. Glycosuria amounts to running out (failure) of love. Diabetics cant assimilate sugar; it passes straight through, to be excreted back out again. Behind the desire of diabetics to enjoy sweet things and their inability to assimilate and absorb them, stands an unsatisfied desire for love, along with an inability to accept love and absorb it unreservedly. In an adult, diabetes is often associated with obesity and this shows the link between overeating to make up for the lack of love or nourishment and an inability to receive love.While presenting the parallels between insulin in language (Latin word insula = island i.e. Islets of Langerhans) and characters of diabetics, Dr. Michael Lincoln, in Messages from the Body suggests that individuals with diabetes are islands unto themselves- i.e. from birth they learn to fend for themselves. Basically, they feel they have to rear themselves. Therefore, when theyre not able to find nurturance, relevance or validation from outside themselves, they become self-made. This process is likely to be traumatic, which reinforces a belief that theres no sweetness in life. Dr. Lincoln further adds that due to guilt feeling and lack of value, life loses its sweetness. This lack of sweetness and a deep longing for what might have been may cause malfunction of the pancreas, because the pancreas requires the emotion of joy to function properly. Diabetes leads to over-acidification of the whole body. Acid is a symbol of aggression. Diabetes depicts this aggression in the form of inflammations (-itis, the war) and destructive pathologies. The sugar level in our blood relates to the amount of sweetness and love in our lives and to the opposite, anger and sourness. There is always polarity between love and aggression, between sugar and acid. The body warns those without love become sour. Metabolic acidosis consequent to emotional excitement is a good example. Clinical Testing Based on the above-mentioned human symbolic language and the concept of love, the author found that out of 270 cases of mature onset diabetes, 206 cases (76.2 %) have, in one way or other, unresolved problems stemming from love. They represent the theme lack of love or affection. The author observes that in most of the patients love remains unused, accumulating and running as if sugar in the blood. In this study it was found that there is also resentment at having to take responsibility, a desire to be loved but not to give love, to be cared for without having to give. It was found that diabetics
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often feel emotionally isolated, unable to give of themselves, a kind of emotional selfishness. They demand to be loved without having to give back. Balance and stability is simply out of the question. Evolving the Therapeutic Index of Remedies In order to evolve the therapeutic index of polychrest remedies in diabetes, the following steps are listed. 1. Repertorize symptoms related to diabetes- clinical rubric of diabetes, common symptoms, universal complications of diabetes, the role of love in diabetes 2. Study of repertorization filter 3. Focusing on polychrest remedies 4. Evaluating the remedy data through Materia Medica and clinical experiences 5. Developing the therapeutic index in order of their importance in clinical practice and not necessarily on quantity of marks, the filter being used as an entry point more. The following symptoms are taken for repertorization. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. Diabetes mellitus Thirst, increased Appetite, increased Urine, profuse Weakness, diabetes, in Generalities, emaciation Generalities, obesity Arteriosclerosis Ailments from, disappointment in love

The purpose of the above selection of rubrics is to develop the totality of symptoms comprising mental generals (causative emotional modality), physical generals, physical particulars and pathological generals. The rubric emaciation is taken, as it is a complication of diabetes; obesity is taken, as it is the major cause of diabetes. There is no rubric like degeneration or sclerosis as a general one. Hence, arteriosclerosis was selected, as it is one of the major complications of DM that can affect many different organ systems, including the heart, lungs, brain, intestines, kidneys, and limbs. (Radar 10.5.003 software is used for Repertorization. The repertory used is Complete Repertory Basic).

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If we analyze the filter of forty leading remedies, twenty remedies are from the mineral kingdom, sixteen remedies are from the vegetable kingdom, and of animal remedies there are are three, and only one nosode, Medorrhinum. It is generally observed that mineral remedies are more often employed in diabetes. Plant remedies have their operational value due to the psychosomatic reflections in diabetes. Of course, there should be no rigid compartmentalization in selection of remedies on the concept of kingdoms. Applying Group Remedies to Diabetics Acids, Arsenicums, Ferrums, Phosphates, Sulphates, Mercs, Kalis, Carbons are the frequently indicated groups with their derivatives. Final choice of the remedies should be based on cation.anion bonding and the characteristics both ions represent. Symptoms of DM and those of the Acid group of remedies are strikingly similar viz. debility, profuse urination, increased appetite, emaciation, delayed wound healing, hemorrhages, tendency to ulceration etc. Phosphoric acid, Lactic acid, Sulphuric acid, Picric acid, Oxalic acid and Carbolic acid. are the chief remedies for DM. Phos-ac. accentuates on debility and numb state; Lac-ac. on rheumatic and gastric symptoms as concomitants; Sul-ac. on alcoholics, slow healing ulcerations, debility and gastric symptoms; Pic-ac. on muscular debility and neurasthenia; Carb-ac. on senile complications, putrescence and un-repairing states. Let us deal with Carbons. Carbons are in a twilight zone, between life and death due to decay and decomposition; they are in life but riding slowly towards death. They represent advanced pathologies like, ulcerations, gangrene, shock,
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hypoxic states of vital organs that alter the structure and function and make the system devitalized. Carbons are more indicated for vascular and neurological complications of DM. Based on the concept of love, I would like to emphasize the role of Natrum, Acid, Kali, Magnesium and Lac groups of remedies. Natrums are devastated by disappointment in love, Acids cant love as their mind set is much more materialistic, more involved with conflicts and aggression; Kalis get disturbed by their intimate bonds and also broken attachments while Magnesiums feel orphaned due to deprivation of love. Lacs sustain the feeling of being abandoned and being inferior. All these groups with their radicals suffer heavily from metabolic disturbances. If we study Phosphoric acid, an IMP remedy for diabetes, we find the theme of love being lost. Disappointment in love, profound grief and chagrin, make Phos-acid emotionally numb and blunted. He becomes severely apathetic and indifferent and cant reciprocate love; as if no sweetness is left; as if love has stagnated in the body and has remained unused; also debility and self-depreciation severely affect the concept of self-love in Phos-acid. The resulting negative, unloving thoughts and feelings feed both the subconscious and the conscious mind and a vicious cycle is set up. Acid in Phos ac. plays its role as to its destructive and degenerating pathologies. I must say few words about Sulphur. Insulin contains a large quantity of sulphur (3.31%), all of which is found in the form of cystine, which constitutes 12% of the total hormone weight. Insufficient sulphur may result in decreased insulin production. It is also possible that a lack of bio-available sulphur would make the cells so rigid and impermeable that they become unable to absorb sugar from the blood efficiently, leaving blood sugar levels elevated. I regard Sulphur as a basic remedy for diabetes. I use it as an intercurrent remedy in warm blooded diabetics, though its value as a chronic deep acting multi-miasmatic constitutional remedy is doubtless. Applying remedies to complications I would like the readers to note two research inferences 1. Experimental studies show that not all animals with drug induced hyperglycemia and insulin deficiency demonstrate renal glomerulosclerosis. 2. A variety of environmental factors can adversely affect the diabetic milieu and thus enhance the susceptibility to chronic complications in a subject with genetic predisposition. The former inference validates the point that not all is well even if blood sugar is controlled strictly and the latter validates the miasmatic theory of homeopathy. It is necessary to study Nicolas F. Wiernspergers report: Animal and human studies reported defects in small vessel constrictor reactivity in diabetes but also evidence for disturbances already present in nondiabetic, insulin resistant states. Clinico-pathological and miasmatic co-relations are essential for managing the complications of DM. Pathology is the accentuated and concentric energy of the disease that gets reflected at the tissue level. The mirrored reflection of pathology in our remedies chiefly comes from

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toxicological and clinical confirmation data. The complications in DM are chiefly due to tubercular and syphilitic miasms. Diabetic neuropathy Peripheral neuropathy is a common complication of diabetes and may appear as the first manifestation of the disease. It is likely to occur in even the mildest cases of diabetes. Anti-syphilitic remedies are noted here. Aurums, Mercs, Zincums, Phosphates, Kalis, Magnesiums, Cuprums, Strontiums, Plumbums etc. Ashwagandha mother tincture can be tried in neuropathy. A case of diabetic neuropathy where the patient was unable to sleep due to pain, tingling and numbness of legs was helped by Zincum sulph. One more case where burning of soles was the prominent symptom, got benefit from Medorrhinum. Diabetic nephropathy Diabetes mellitus is an important cause of end-stage renal failure (ESRF). Although classic diabetic nephropathy accounts for the majority of patients reaching ESRF, renovascular disease, which is frequent in such patients, plays an increasingly important role. The use of heavy metals, phosphates, aurums, coppers, and kalis are to be used more. I remember a case of diabetic nephropathy where a patient developed uremia, scanty urination, vomiting, delirium and convulsions. He was hospitalized and many diuretics were given. But seeing no progress, dialysis was recommended. It was at this stage that homeopathys help was sought for. I prescribed Cuprum arsenic LM1 daily three doses and he responded quickly. He was restored to consciousness, started passing urine and at least for few months, dialysis was not needed. Diabetic retinopathy Diabetic retinopathy is the result of microvascular retinal changes. Hyperglycemia-induced intramural pericyte death and thickening of the basement membrane lead to incompetence of the vascular walls. These damages change the formation of the blood-retinal barrier and also make the retinal blood vessels become more permeable. I had a case of Proliferative diabetic retinopathy (where blood vessels grow and there is lack of oxygen in the retina). I took hypoxia as an indication and decided to select a Carbon remedy. I found a good pathological correspondence under Naphthalinum. Boericke mentions, Marked affinity for the eye. It produces detachment of the retina; papillo-retinal infiltration; deposits in patches upon the retina; amblyopia and consecutive amaurosis; sparkling synchisis; soft cataract. Exudation in the retina, choroid and ciliary body. I put her on Naph. LM1 daily for over 2 months and it yielded partial but definite improvement. Impotency It is estimated that about 35-75% of men with diabetes will experience at least some degree of erectile dysfunction during their lifetime. Men with diabetes tend to develop erectile dysfunction 10 to 15 years earlier than men without diabetes. As men with diabetes age, erectile dysfunction becomes even more common.
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The frequently indicated remedies are Caladium, Lycopodium, Selenium, Phosphoric acid and Coca. I helped one patient of diabetes with Coca when Lycopodium helped only partially. The indications of Coca in this case were cold, `gone, relaxed feeling about the genitals and a sensation as if the penis were absent. Allen mentions in Key Notes and Characteristics with Comparisons, For persons who are wearing out under the physical and mental strain of a busy life; who suffer from exhausted nerves and brain. I often use this when there is a combination of melancholy, hypochondriasis, alcoholism, brain fag, stress of busy life, impotency and diabetes. Some useful research findings

Sedentary lifestyle increases levels of glucose in blood; even if one may not be diabetic. Care of gums helps control diabetes. Lack of ,or too much sleep, raises diabetes risk. Breastfeeding reduces mothers diabetes risk. The mothers stress triggers diabetes in kids. Reduced waistline lowers diabetes and heart risk. Diabetes & obesity are associated with TV viewing. Snoring could raise the risk of developing diabetes. Diabetes raises incidence of kidney stones. Spinal cord shrinks in diabetic neuropathy. Hepatitis C linked to type 2 diabetes. Diabetes reduces risk of prostate cancer. Psychotherapy helps control diabetes. Laughter cuts blood sugar level. Middle age diabetes may lead to dementia. Mothers of smaller babies at higher risk of diabetes. High blood levels of selenium are linked with diabetes in adults. As selenium has antioxidant properties, high levels of selenium in the body may prevent diabetes.

Conclusion Diabetes mellitus is the subject of a great many case management programs around the world, as it is a very prevalent disease with modifiable risk factors and severely disabling complications, potentially preventable with the aid of homeopathy. Diabetes is a constitutional condition and it requires constitutional treatment for its management. However, constitutional treatment doesnt mean treating the patient, throughout her life with a single remedy! The homoeopathic system of medicine is based on principles of individualization and susceptible constitutions. Although this article focusses on polychrest remedies, other remedies have their usefulness also, provided they are indicated according to the Law of Similars. In the larger perspective of management of diabetes, homeopathy has a definitive role to play. Its armamentarium is rich and the classical approach based on totality of symptoms, individualization and clinico-pathological and miasmatic co-relations will prove to be useful for the treatment of diabetic patients. In this paper many concepts are discussed and many research findings are presented along with some illustrative cases.
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At the end, I must mention that change of life style; yoga, diet modification and exercise are equally significant in the management of diabetes. They are symbiotic to the holistic application of homeopathy. Thank you, my readers, with a lot of sweets and love!

(I thank Dr. Marina Afanasieva, Head of the Organizing Committee, European Congress of Homoeopathy, Riga, Latvia for giving me permission to publish the article) References

A Select Homoeopathic Materia Medica, Part I and II, Dr. P. I. Tarkas and Dr. Ajit Kulkarni, B. Jain Publishers, New Delhi Kali Family with Special References to the Relationship of Remedies, Dr. Ajit Kulkarni, Indian Publishers and Periodicals Ltd., New Delhi Body Language and Homoeopathy, Dr. Ajit Kulkarni, B. Jain Publishers, New Delhi Pocket Manual of Materia Medica, William Boericke, B. Jain Publishers, New Delhi Key Notes and Characteristics with Comparisons, Allen, B. Jain Publishers, New Delhi Infection and Diabetes: The case for glucose control The American Journal of Medicine, Elliot, J. Rayfield, M.D. Mark J. Ault, M.D., Gerald T. Keusch, M.D., Milton J. Brothers, M.D., Charles Nechemias, M.D.Harry Smith, Ph.D. Emotional Factors in the Precipitation of Recurrent Diabetic Acidosis, Harold Rosen, M.D., Ph.D. and Theodore lidz, M.D. Zinc, Insulin and Diabetes, Arthur B. Chausmer, MD, PhD, FACN, The Spirit of Homeopathy, Rajan Sankaran, Homeopathic Medical Publishers, Mumbai Messages from the Body, Their Psychological Meaning, Dr. Michael J. Lincoln, Published by: Talking Hearts; 12th edition 2006 The Healing Power of Illness, Dethlefsen and Dahlke, Element Books, Inc 42 Broadway, Rockport, MA 01966, Reprint edition, 1995 Radar Software 10.5.003 Complete Repertory Basic, Roger Van Zandvoort

R.N.A in Paediatrics

Posted by Dr Dushyant Kamal Dhari on December 14, 2010 at 9:11am in Clinical Tips Back to Clinical Tips Discussions

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The young R.N.A is dynamic with periods of full activity, of optimism then suddenly depressive, feels out of sorts and physically over worn. He is often heedless, always aggressive. He does not know what he wants: what he has; does not suit him; what he wishes, he does not want any longer. He yells, he shouts, breaks everything, loses his temper over nothing, he hardly supports his family circle whom he persecutes literally by his insults. He is what one describes as a bad tempered child. He goes to bed late, he has a restless sleep with cries; he sleeps on his stomach. Awaking in the morning is brutal with cries, tears, howling, moaning and complaining of being worn out and stiff. He washes a little and badly. He is bulimic; he swallows his breakfast rapidly in order to complain afterwards of having a stomach ache. Sexually, is aggressive dominant, he (or she) wants to make love. From that, the incidences in mixed schools. The young girl will take the pill from the age of fifteen if no accident has occurred previously. A RNA may present a pregnancy short time after maturing or having sexual relationships even before. On the other hand, they are chilly persons, constipated with periods of diarrhea. This is the dysthyreosis according to our clinical definition or prescriptions. The manifestation of these states of agitation and aggressiveness may be a sentimental flight in the case of the young girl. In the case of the boy, the manifestation may be juvenile delinquency such as predations at school, violence acts in a dance-hall, armed violence, theft, rape even crime. Besides these serious forms, psychopathological modalities relating to simple disorders of behavior and character can be detected. To sum up: Pronounced aggressiveness and erotism typifies these adolescents. Clinically Epilepsy, character disorder, backwardness at school, even hebephrenia necessitate the prescription of RNA. Tags: R.N.A, child

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Is Homeopathy an Effective Cancer Treatment?

By Manfred Mueller MA DHM RSHom(NA) CCH | The American Homeopath Volume 18, 2012 Homeopathic drugs have proven biological action in cancer; in vitro and in vivo; in animals and humans; in the lower, as well as in the higher potencies. Cancer patients are faced with a lifeand-death decision when choosing their treatment. Since most conventional treatments continue to be associated with severe adverse and some- times fatal effects, while homeopathy has been found to be free from such effects, it would seem plausible and worthwhile, even urgent, to step up the research on, and even the provision of, homeopathic treatment of cancer and other diseases. For the present paper we have reviewed articles on homeopathic cancer treatment published during the last five years in peer-reviewed scientific journals. Homeopathic cancer treatment has great promise, given the exceptional safety of the treatment and the relatively frequent observation of beneficial clinical effects.2 However, in our last review we had noted a remarkable confusion among researchers on key concepts in homeopathy and we attributed this to editorial control. We also commented on the fact that virtually all studies of homeopathic cancer treatment are in reality investigating the effects of high potency drugs, not the efficacy of homeopathic treatment. This should be kept in mind when reading the present review.
By Manfred Mueller | The American Homeopath Volume 18, 2012

Introduction In a 2007 research review1 entitled The Evidence: Scientific Studies on Homeopathic Cancer Treatment published in The American Homeopath we concluded: homeopathic drugs have proven biological action in cancer; in vitro and in vivo; in animals and humans; in the lower, as well as in the higher potencies. Cancer patients are faced with a lifeand-death decision when choosing their treatment. Since most conventional treatments continue to be associated with severe adverse and sometimes fatal effects, while homeopathy has been found to be free from such effects, it would seem plausible and worthwhile, even urgent, to step up the research on, and even the provision of, homeopathic treatment of cancer and other diseases. For the present paper we have reviewed articles on homeopathic cancer treatment published during the last five years in peer-reviewed scientific journals. Homeopathic cancer treatment has great promise, given the exceptional safety of the treatment and the relatively frequent observation of beneficial clinical effects.2 However, in our last review we had noted a remarkable confusion among researchers on key concepts in homeopathy and we
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attributed this to editorial control. We also commented on the fact that virtually all studies of homeopathic cancer treatment are in reality investigating the effects of high potency drugs, not the efficacy of homeopathic treatment. This should be kept in mind when reading the present review. Difficulties with Homeopathic Cancer Research Within a month of the publication of our previous review, professor Edzard Ernst published an article3 that lamented the serious lack of randomized controlled trials (RCTs) on homeopathic cancer treatment, noting that all of the existing RCTs are in the realm of cancer palliation and supportive care. The paucity of RCTs in homeopathic cancer research is indeed troublesome. However it has a perfectly reasonable explanation that does not warrant homeopathy-bashing. In our last review we already commented on Ernsts and other researchers peculiar attitude, downplaying homeopathic research published in peer-reviewed scientific journals that support the position cited above. Ernst began his article with defamatory remarks on homeopathy and homeopathic practitioners. He went on to describe homeopathic potencies as dilutions above the Avogadro limit. (We discussed in detail the distinction between potentization and ordinary dilution in our review). Ernst failed to mention the fact that worldwide only about 25% of homeopathic potencies prescribed exceed the Avogadro limit.4 Yet he extended his criticisms of homeopathy automatically to the other 75%. He also failed to report on mounting scientific data showing the positive effects these potencies have in biological systems, including in humans. His predictable conclusion in the article was the implausibility of homeopathy and of homeopathic cancer treatment. Aside from the biased views espoused by the hired guns against CAM5 there are substantial reasons why human trials in homeopathic cancer research are rare. Clinical studies of cancer treatment with unproven therapies such as homeopathy are expensive and are fraught with legal obstacles. In the United States, more than 30 states have enacted laws that severely restrict the use of unproven therapies in cancer.6 Institutional review boards face great pressure to assure the safety of their subjects and rarely approve clinical experimentation on cancer patients administering unproven therapies such as only homeopathic treatment. Meanwhile, government and professional organizations continue to endorse chemotherapy drugs, radiation and surgery as the sole approved treatment of cancer. This is surprising considering the significant potential harm and relative low efficacy of these treatments.7 Because of legal concerns, the majority of trials on homeopathic cancer treatment are conducted in the laboratory examining the effect of homeopathic drugs in vitro on cell lines, or in vivo by administering them to laboratory animals with induced cancers.8 This not implausibility explains the relative paucity of randomized controlled clinical trials in homeopathic cancer treatment. Best Case Series Program Homeopathic treatment of cancer is so effective that this fact can no longer be hidden from the public. More and more patients around the world are choosing homeopathic treatment,8-27 either
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complementary, or as an alternative, to conventional therapy. Studies have shown that when homeopathic cancer treatment is unavailable, patients obtain homeopathic remedies and attempt to treat themselves, or their families, even without proper training.28 In India, where homeopathy is a medical therapy sanctioned by the government, clinics report2 thousands of cancer patients are regularly being treated with homeopathy, and around one fifth are reported to have complete recession of tumors and other improvements under homeopathic treatment. One of these clinics2 has been conducting case studies that led to the publication of their treatment results. In 2008 researchers2 at the PBH Research Foundation (PBHRF) in Kolkata, West Bengal, India, published their findings from several case reports on treatment of lung and esophageal carcinoma patients they had submitted more than a decade earlier to the National Cancer Institute (NCI) Best Case Series (BCS) Program for review. The reports contained records including pathology and radiology reports for 14 patients with malignant tumors treated according to Banerjis protocol until there was complete regression of the tumors. The Banerji protocol deviates from the strictly homeopathic method in giving preference to homeopathic drugs that have shown efficacy in significant numbers of clinical cases and in state of the art evidence-based research for a given condition diagnosed by current medical technology28 rather than on strict individualization of symptom similarity as is the case in classical homeopathic prescribing. However, this approach could be justified in the case of cancer because of the relative lack of symptoms and the severity of the disorder, according to standard homeopathic theory.29 Conditions like cancer and tumors that are characterized by a paucity of symptoms were classified among the one-sided disorders by Samuel Hahnemann, the founder of homeopathy. A previous study Pathak et al.30 had found efficacy for the Banerji protocol in the treatment of patients suffering from glioma. Since 1991, the NCI has had a process for evaluating data from complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) practitioners that involves the same rigorous methods used in evaluating treatment responses with conventional medicine. This process, called the National Cancer Institute (NCI) Best Case Series (BCS) Program, provides an independent review of medical records, medical imaging and pathology materials from patients treated with unconventional cancer therapies.31 The Office of Cancer Complementary and Alternative Medicine (OCCAM) was established in October 1998 in order to coordinate and enhance the activities of the NCI in the arena of CAM. The Practice Assessment Program within OCCAM currently manages the NCI BCS Program.32,33 Through this program, staff from OCCAM work with CAM practitioners to identify appropriate, well-documented cases. The primary goal of this program is to obtain and review sufficient information to determine if NCI-initiated research on a specific intervention is warranted. According to the article by Banerji et al.2 the protocol for conducting this study was approved by the NCI Special Studies institutional review board and an application for approval of the project has been submitted to the Indian Council for Medical Research. Four of the cases submitted had independent confirmation of the diagnosis and radiographic response and were accepted as sufficient information for the NCI to initiate further investigation. Research on Homeopathic Potencies
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One recent unusual method to demonstrate effects of potentized drugs was demonstrated in a 2010 study.34 Professor Dr Wilfried Dimpfel from the Justus Liebig University in Giessen, Germany, showed that the impact of low-dosed (potentized) drugs can be observed on an EEG. Using one of the homeopathic drugs produced by the pharmaceutical company Heel as an example, he measured brain waves with the help of an electroencephalogram (EEG) to characterize the impact of the homeopathic drug. He examined its effects, compared it to other medications and created a differentiated profile. While this is the first time that an EEG has been used to demonstrate the effect from homeopathic drugs, Bell et al. had already used an EEG35 to identify homeopathic patients she called excellent responders to homeopathic treatment. Habitual attacks on homeopathy because of the use of some homeopathic drugs in dilutions so high that nothing remained of the starting materials may soon be a thing of the past. Chikramane et al.36 of the Department of Chemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Mumbai, Adi Shankaracharya Marg, Powai, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India studied extreme homeopathic dilutions from a nanoparticulate perspective. Homeopathic drugs in high potencies such as 30c and 200c involve huge dilution factors (10 and 10 respectively), which are many orders of magnitude greater than Avogadros number, so that theoretically there should be no measurable remnants of the starting materials. The researchers claimed that no hypothesis which predicts the retention of properties of starting materials had so far been proposed nor had any physical entity been shown to exist in these high potency medicines. Using market samples of metal-derived medicines from reputable manufacturers, they demonstrated for the first time by Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM), electron diffraction and chemical analysis by Inductively Coupled Plasma-Atomic Emission Spectroscopy (ICP-AES), the presence of physical entities retained in the form of nanoparticles of the starting metals and their aggregates in these extreme dilutions. Low Dose Therapy for Advanced Cancers The use of low doses of drugs is not such a far-fetched concept as it might appear. In fact, according to Jahangir Satti37 at the Department of Radiation Oncology, Albany Medical Center, in Albany, New York, it is on the rise around the world in the fight against serious diseases such as advanced cancers. In an article, Satti talked about a global trend towards an emerging lowdose therapy for advanced cancers a clear departure from the conventional use of maximum dose protocol. In analyzing the various approaches Satti found the small dose of the prescribed drug is frequently administered in a continuous fashion, at regular intervals (metronomic therapy), either as a standard treatment or as a maintenance therapy for a long time. He cautioned, however, that the new treatment method lacks any clear standard for drug doses, dose fractionation, repetition, frequency and duration of a treatment course for an individual patient. In his paper Satti reviewed literature about metronomic therapy and discussed hormesis; both phenomena occur in low dose ranges. Hormesis is the observation that toxins in low doses can protect against harmful doses of the same toxin. Satti called for better mathematical models, computer simulations, process optimization and clinical trials to fully exploit the potential of low dose metronomic therapy to cure chronic and complicated diseases, and for the development of protocols to standardize metronomic dosimetry in order to answer age old questions related to
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the dose, hormesis and homeopathy. He concluded that this new low-dose metronomic therapy will have far reaching effects in curing chronic diseases throughout the world. Anti-cancer Effects of Homeopathic Drugs in Laboratory Animals and Cell Cultures At the Amala Research Center, Kerala, India, Kumar et al.38 examined the anti-cancer and inhibitory effects of several potentized homeopathic remedies. The researchers used Nnitrosodiet41hylamine (NDEA) in rats to induce hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), a difficult form of cancer to treat, along with elevated liver marker enzymes. Additionally, they induced sarcomas in mice with 3-methylcholanthrene. They then administered concomitantly four remedies commonly used in the homeopathic treatment of cancer; Ruta graveolens, Hydrastis canadensis, Lycopodium clavatum and Thuja occidentalis in 200c potency. Homeopathic literature shows that homeopathic physicians had observed clinical effects in cancer of the liver from some of these remedies (with the exception of Ruta graveolens). The researchers also tested Ruta graveolens 200c and Phosphorus 1M a homeopathic drug that can be used for sarcoma in the 3-methylcholanthrene treated mice. Placebo was given to control groups. Preethi et al39 of the same group had previously tested Ruta graveolens 200c and the methanolic extract of Ruta graveolens. Preethi found it possessed antitumor activity against tumor cell induced ascites as well as solid tumors in mice, including Daltons Lymphoma ascites and Ehrlich carcinoma ascites. Pathak et al.30 showed in 2005 that Ruta graveolens 6c selectively induced cancer cell death in brain cancer cells and produced instability of telomeres. Sur et al.40 had previously found Lycopodium clavatum in potency to be hepatoprotective against CCl4 induced liver damage. Biswas et al.41 in 2004 and Pathak et al.42 in 2006 found that administration of Chelidonium majus and Lycopodium clavatum inhibited carcinogenesis induced by azo dye in rat liver. The investigators in Kumar et al. (2007) found that the potentized homeopathic drugs retarded tumor growth and significantly reduced the elevated marker enzyme levels as revealed by morphological, biochemical and histopathological evaluation. Out of the four drugs studied, Ruta graveolens 200c showed maximum inhibition of liver tumor development. Ruta graveolens 200c and Phosphorus 1M reduced the incidence of 3-methylcholanthrene-induced sarcomas and also increased the life span of mice harboring the tumors. The authors concluded that homeopathic drugs, at ultra low doses, may be able to decrease tumor induction by carcinogen administration. One might further conclude that treatment with these homeopathic remedies could potentially be useful in preventing the development of liver carcinoma and sarcoma in humans exposed to carcinogens such as those used in this study. In another trial, Amala researchers Sunila et al.43 reported on their investigations of the antitumor and antimetastatic activity of selected homeopathic medicines against transplanted tumors in mice. They found that Ruta graveolens 200c and Hydrastis canadensis 200c significantly increased the lifespan of Ehrlich Ascites Carcinoma and Daltons Lymphoma Ascites induced tumor-bearing animals. Moreover they found 95.6% and 95.8% reduction of solid tumor volume in Ruta graveolens 200c and Hydrastis canadensis 200c treated animals on the 31st day after
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tumor inoculation. Hydrastis canadensis 1M given orally significantly inhibited the growth of developed solid tumors produced by DLA cells and increased the lifespan of tumor-bearing animals. Some 9 out of 15 animals with developed tumors were tumor free after treatment with Hydrastis canadensis 1M. The investigators also found significant anti-metastatic activity in B16-F10 melanoma-bearing animals treated with Thuja occidentalis 1M, Hydrastis canadensis 1M and Lycopodium clavatum 1M. This was evident from the inhibition of lung tumor nodule formation, morphological and histopathological analysis of the lung and decreased levels of gamma-GT in serum, a cellular marker of proliferation. These findings support other observations that homeopathic preparations of Ruta graveolens and Hydrastis canadensis have significant antitumor activity. According to the authors, this gives biochemical evidence for the effectiveness of homeopathic medicines in inhibiting metastasis. A further trial44 by that group (Sunila et al. 2009) evaluated the cytotoxic activity of 30c and 200c potencies of ten dynamized medicines against Daltons Lymphoma Ascites, Ehrlichs Ascites Carcinoma, lung fibroblast (L929) and Chinese Hamster Ovary (CHO) cell lines and compared activity with their mother tinctures during short-term and long-term cell culture. They also evaluated the effect of dynamized medicines to induce apoptosis (apoptosis is cell-death, a natural event in all cancer cells) and studied how dynamized medicines affected genes expressed during apoptosis. Mother tinctures as well as some dynamized medicines showed significant cytotoxicity to cells during short and long-term incubation. A potentiated alcohol control did not produce any cytotoxicity at the concentrations studied. The researchers concluded that dynamized medicines inhibit CHO cell colony formation and thymidine uptake in L929 cells and Thuja occidentalis, Hydrastis canadensis and Carcinosinum in high potency induce apoptosis in DLA cells. They showed that Carcinosinum induced the expression of p53 (a tumor-suppressor protein) while Thuja occidentalis produced characteristic laddering pattern in agarose gel electrophoresis of DNA. According to the authors, these results indicate that dynamized medicines possess cytotoxic as well as apoptosis-inducing properties. Preethi et al.45 (2008) presented evidence on the genotoxic and clastogenic potential of an extract of Ruta graveolens and Ruta graveolens 200c. The scientists noted various types of chromosomal aberrations were in bone marrow cells after treatment. The percentage of abnormal cells in the extract-administered group was between 21% and 31% depending on body weight. The value for the Ruta graveolens 200c treated group was also elevated to 23% as compared to 3% for untreated animals. In addition, bone marrow cells had a higher incidence of micronuclei induction when treated with the extract and with Ruta graveolens 200c for 30 days. Administration of the extract over a period of 30 days also resulted in damage to cellular DNA as evidenced by significant comet formation of the bone marrow cells. The comet tail moment of the bone marrow cells increased from 4.5 to 50.2 after treatment with the extract. Administration of Ruta graveolens 200c for 5 consecutive days increased the tail moment to 11.7. The researchers concluded that Ruta graveolens extract and Ruta graveolens 200c may induce genotoxicity in animals.

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Preethi et al.46 studied the action of Ruta graveolens 200c, Carcinosinum 200c, Hydrastis canadensis 200c, Thuja occidentalis 200c, and Thuja occidentalis 1M for their ability to induce apoptosis as seen by morphology, DNA laddering, expression of genes related to apoptosis, and TUNEL assay. They also measured the effect of homeopathic medicines on apoptosis by microarray analysis and compared the activity of Ruta graveolens 200c with that of the mother tincture. Ruta graveolens 200c produced morphological changes in the Daltons lymphoma ascites tumor cells and induced DNA laddering. Carcinosinum 200c increased apoptotic gene p53 and Ruta graveolens 200c decreased anti-apoptotic gene Bcl2. Administration of potentiated homeopathic drugs to tumor-bearing mice induced TUNEL-positive cells in the tumor, showing increased apoptosis of tumor cells. Microarray analysis of cells treated with homeopathic drugs indicated that many enzymes related to apoptosis were increased by homeopathic drugs. The researchers concluded that apoptosis is one of the mechanisms of tumor reduction of homeopathic drugs. According to the scientists a comparison of potentized drugs with their mother tincture indicated that the potentized drugs have biological activity similar to that of their mother tincture in spite of ultra-dilution. Banerjee et al.,47 of the Kalyani group at the Cytogenetics and Molecular Biology Laboratory, University of Kalyani, India, examined the efficacy of the homeopathic drug Chelidonium majus 30c and 200c in ameliorating experimentally induced hepatic tumors and hepatotoxicity in rats. They randomized rats into six sub-groups: negative control; negative control+EtOH; positive control; positive control+EtOH group; Chelidonium majus 30c; Chelidonium majus 200c. They sacrificed the rats at day 30, 60, 90 and 120; and evaluated various toxicity biomarkers and pathological parameters, as well as employing gelatin zymography for determination of metalloproteinase activity and Western blot of p53 and Bcl-2 proteins. All analyses were observer blind. The researchers found that chronic feeding of p-dimethylaminoazobenzene (p-DAB) and phenobarbital (PB) elevated the levels of aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), gamma glutamyl transferase (GGT), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), triglyceride, cholesterol, creatinine and bilirubin and lowered the levels of glutathione (GSH), glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G-6-PD), catalase and HDL-cholesterol. There were statistically significant modulations of these parameters in the treated animals, compared to positive controls. In both treated groups, there was down-regulation of metalloproteinases, p53 and Bcl-2 proteins compared to over-expression in the positive control groups. The researchers found that both potencies of Chelidonium majus exhibited anti-tumor and anti-oxidative stress potential against artificially induced hepatic tumors and hepato-toxicity in rats. They concluded that more studies are warranted. Bhattacharyya et al.48 of the Kalyani group investigated an encapsulated plant extract of Gelsemium sempervirens poly (lactide-co-glycolide) nanoparticles capability to enhance cellular uptake and increase bioactivity. The group had previously demonstrated anticancer activity of crude EEGS (ethanolic extract of Gelsemium sempervirens) by in vitro studies on human HeLa cells. The analysis revealed that encapsulated EEGS was more potent than its un-encapsulated counterpart in inducing apoptosis of A375 cells (human malignant melanoma). The authors
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concluded that the non-toxic nano-extract had greater potential as an anticancer agent than the crude extract. Bhattacharjee et al.49 examined whether the homeopathic (potentized) drugs Natrum sulphuricum and Carcinosinum prevent azo dye-induced hepatocarcinogenesis in mice. They asked whether Carcinosinum 200c (Car-200) could provide additional ameliorative effect, if used intermittently with Natrum sulphuricum 30c (Nat Sulph-30) against hepatocarcinogenesis induced by chronic feeding of p-dimethylaminoazobenzene (p-DAB) and phenobarbital (PB) in mice. They divided the mice randomly into seven sub-groups: (i) normal untreated; (ii) normal + succussed alcohol; (iii) p-DAB (0.06%) + PB (0.05%); (iv) p-DAB + PB + succussed alcohol, (v) p-DAB + PB + Nat Sulph-30, (vi) p-DAB + PB + Car-200, and (vii) p-DAB + PB + Nat Sulph-30 + Car-200. The researchers sacrificed the animals at 30, 60, 90 and 120 days for assessment of genotoxicity through cytogenetic end-points like chromosome aberrations, micronuclei, mitotic index and sperm head anomaly and cytotoxicity through an assay of widely accepted biomarkers and pathophysiological parameters. Additionally, they conducted electron microscopic studies and gelatin zymography for matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) in the livers at 90 and 120 days. The results showed that administration of Natrum sulphuricum 30c alone and in combination with Carcinosinum 200c reduced the liver tumors with positive ultrastructural changes and in MMP expression, genotoxic parameters, lipid peroxidation, gamma-glutamyl transferase, lactate dehydrogenase, blood glucose, bilirubin, creatinine, urea and increased GSH, glucose-6phosphate dehydrogenasc, superoxide dismutase, catalase, glutathione reductase activities and hemoglobin, cholesterol, and albumin levels. They concluded that intermittent use of Carcinosinum 200c along with Natrum sulphuricum 30c yielded additional benefit against genotoxicity, cytotoxicity, hepatotoxicity and oxidative stress induced by the carcinogens during hepatocarcinogenesis, confirming observations by homeopathic clinicians. Another trial by this group, Pathak et al.50 found supportive evidence for the anti-cancer potential of homeopathic medicine against hepatocarcinogenesis in mice. They examined if Lycopodium clavatum 200c (Lyco-200), a homeopathic drug commonly used for the treatment of liver cancer, has demonstrable anti-cancer activities in mice while they are chronically fed carcinogens, pdimethylaminoazobenzene (p-DAB) and phenobarbital (PB) to induce liver cancer. The investigators chronically fed mice in five different groups for varying periods of time: group I: normal diet; group II: normal diet + alcohol 200; group III: p-DAB + PB; group IV: p-DAB + PB + alcohol 200 (vehicle of Lyco-200 being ethyl alcohol); group V: p-DAB + PB + Lyco-200. They sacrificed the mice at day 7, 15, 30, 60, 90 or 120, and assessed the following parameters: cytogenetic endpoints like chromosome aberrations, micronuclei, mitotic index and sperm-head anomaly; toxicity biomarkers like acid and alkaline phosphatases, alanine and aspartate amino transferase, glutathione reductase, succinate dehydrogenase and catalase activities, lipid peroxidation and reduced glutathione content. Additionally, the scientists made scans and transmission electron microscopic analyses of liver tissues at day 90 and 120, and immune-detection of p53 protein and performed gelatin zymography for matrix metalloproteinases in liver tissue. Furthermore, they conducted studies
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on blood glucose, hemoglobin and cholesterol, estradiol, testosterone and cortisol, and lymphocyte and hepatic cell viabilities. They analyzed physical properties of Lyco-200 and potentized alcohol 200 by using methods such as UV, Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), Fluorescence Spectroscopy, 1H-NMR and 13C-NMR (Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy). The scientists found that Lycopodium clavatum 200c reduced cytogenetic damages yielding positive modulations of all biochemical, pathological and other risk factors, cell viability and expression of p53 protein and matrix metalloproteinases as compared to controls. The recommended that studies be conducted on other mammals to further investigate the potential of Lycopodium clavatum 200c in liver cancer. Crude ethanolic extract of Thuja occidentalis (Cupressaceae) is used as homeopathic mother tincture to treat various ailments, particularly moles and certain cancerous tumors. It is also used in various other systems of traditional medicine for the treatment of cancer. A trial by Biswas et al.51 of the Kalyani group tested the anti-proliferative and apoptosisinducing properties of Thuja occidentalis and a thujone-rich fraction (TRF) separated from it. They evaluated the drugs for their possible anti-cancer potentials in the malignant melanoma cell line A375. On initial trial by S-diphenyltetrazolium bromide assay, both Thuja occidentalis mother tincture and TRF showed maximum cytotoxic effect on the A375 cell line while the other three principal fractions separated by chromatography had negligible or no such effect. They characterized and subjected TRF further assays to determine its anti-proliferative and apoptotic properties. TRF had a molecular formula of C10H16O and a molecular weight of 152. Exposure of TRF of Thuja occidentalis to A375 cells in vitro showed more cytotoxic, antiproliferative and apoptotic effects as compared with the mother tincture, but had minimal growth inhibitory responses when exposed to normal cells (peripheral blood mononuclear cell). Furthermore, both Thuja occidentalis and TRF caused a significant decrease in cell viability, induced inter-nucleosomal DNA fragmentation, mitochondrial transmembrane potential collapse, increase in ROS generation, and release of cytochrome c and caspase-3 activation, all of which are closely related to the induction of apoptosis in A375 cells. TRF showed and matched all the anti-cancer responses of the mother tincture of Thuja occidentalis and could be the main bioactive fraction. The authors concluded that the use of Thuja occidentalis extract against tumors in traditional medicines as well as in homeopathy has, therefore, a scientific basis. Khuda-Bukhsh et al.52 of the Kalyani group in collaboration with Dr Bellon of Boiron Laboratories, tested the hypothesis that suitable modulations of signal proteins could be one of the possible pathways of action of a highly diluted homeopathic drug, Secale cornutum 30c (Sec cor 30). It could successfully combat DMBA + croton oil induced skin papilloma in mice as evidenced by histological, cytogenetical, immunofluorescence, ELISA and immunoblot findings. The analysis of several signal proteins and pro-apoptotic proteins revealed that Secale cornutum 30c suitably modulated their expression levels along with amelioration of skin papilloma. There was reduction in genotoxic and DNA damage in bone marrow cells of Secale cornutum 30c-fed mice, as revealed from cytogenetic and Comet assays, and changes in histological features of skin papilloma. The study showed anti-cancer potential of Secale cornutum 30c against skin
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papilloma. According to the authors, this study also supports the hypothesis that potentized homeopathic drugs act at gene regulatory level. Polygala senega is extensively used in traditional systems of medicine against various lung diseases including cancer. In homeopathic clinical practice it has been used primarily for the treatment of pleurisy, hemoptysis, and occasionally for lung cancer. Paul et al.53 from the Kalyani group tested the anticancer potentials of ethanolic extract of roots of Polygala senega (Senega) in a mammalian model, treating mice, in vivo, chronically with benzo[a] pyrene and in vitro using lung adenocarcinoma cell line (A549). They deployed various parameters like cell viability assay, chromatin condensation studies with Hoechst 333258 staining, and maintained suitable controls. To gain an understanding of the possible signal transduction pathways, they studied expression of various signal proteins such as aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR), cytochrome P450 (CYP1A1), Bcl-2, proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA), Bax and caspase-3. Additionally, they made reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction analysis of AhR, p53, PCNA and b-actin (housekeeping) genes. They conducted immunohistochemical localization of PCNA proteins in vivo. Feeding the root extract of Polygala senega to mice (at the rate of 50 mg/kg and 100 mg/kg by weight) chronically treated with the carcinogen (50 mg/kg bw dissolved in olive oil) showed positive modulation in expression of signal proteins. The scientists observed up-regulation of apoptotic signals such as p53, caspase-3 and Bax, and down-regulation of AhR, cytochrome P450 (CYP1A1), Bcl-2 and PCNA. The addition of the root extract of Polygala senega (at doses of 50 g and 100 g) into culture medium containing A549 cells induced recovery of decreased cell viability and increased chromatin fragmentation (apoptosis). Therefore, according to the authors, the results of both in vivo and in vitro studies scientifically validate the potential use of Polygala senega as an anticancer agent, particularly against lung cancer, and provide important information potentially helpful in drug design. In addition to proving efficacy for certain cancer drugs, homeopathic cancer research can additionally help answer controversial questions remaining in clinical debate. The question whether two remedies administered in alternation can show additional benefits over only one remedy has been hotly debated among homeopathic clinicians. The following study found additional benefit when both remedies were used. Bhattacharjee et al.54 evaluated whether potentized Cholesterinum (Chol) intermittently used with another homeopathic remedy, Natrum sulphuricum (Nat-sulph) can provide additional benefits in combating hepatotoxicity generated by chronic feeding of carcinogens, pdimethylaminoazobenzene (p-DAB) and phenobarbital (PB). They categorized mice into subgroups: Group 1: normal untreated; Group 2: normal + alcohol vehicle (Alc); Group 3: 0.06% p-DAB + 0.05% PB; Group 4: p-DAB + PB + Alc; Group 5: p-DAB + PB + Nat Sulph-30; Group 6: p-DAB + PB + Chol-200; Group 7: p-DAB + PB + Nat Sulph-30 + Chol-200; Group 8: p-DAB + PB + Nat Sulph-200; Group 9: p-DAB + PB + Nat Sulph-200 + Chol-200. They assessed hepatotoxicity through biomarkers like aspartate and alanine aminotransferases (AST and ALT), acid and alkaline phosphatases (AcP and AlkP), reduced glutathione content (GSH), glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD), gamma glutamyl transferase (GGT), lactate
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dehydrogenase (LDH) and analysis of lipid peroxidation (LPO) at 30, 60, 90 and 120 days and assayed anti-oxidant biomarkers like superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), glutathione reductase (GR). They conducted electron microscopic studies (scanning and transmission) and gelatin zymography for matrix metalloproteinases were conducted in liver. Increased activities of AST, ALT, AcP, AlkP, GGT, LDH and LPO and decreased activities of G6PD, SOD, CAT, GR and GSH were positively modulated in intoxicated drug fed mice of Groups 5 through 9, but changes were more appreciable in Groups 7 and 9. Thus, combined homeopathic therapy provided additional benefits in combating hepatotoxicity. Chatterjee et al. 55 studied the clinical efficacy of an alternative cancer treatment Psorinum Therapy in treating stomach, gall bladder, pancreatic and liver cancers. The study was observational, open level and single arm. The participants eligibility criteria included histopathology/cytopathology confirmation of malignancy, inoperable tumor, and no prior chemotherapy or radiation therapy. The primary outcome measures of the study were (i) to assess the radiological tumor response and (ii) to find out how many participants survived at least 1 year, 2 years, 3 years, 4 years and finally 5 years after the beginning of the study considering each type of cancer. The researchers administered Psorinum 6x orally to all participants up to 0.02 ml/Kg body weight as a single dose in empty stomach per day for 2 years along with allopathic and homeopathic supportive care. 158 participants (42 of stomach, 40 of gall bladder, 44 of pancreatic, 32 of liver) were included in the final analysis of the study. Complete tumor response occurred in 28 (17.72%) cases and partial tumor response occurred in 56 (35.44%) cases. The researchers concluded that double-blind randomized controlled clinical trials should be conducted for further scientific exploration of this alternative cancer treatment. Frenkel et al.,56 in a collaboration of researchers at the Integrative Medicine Program, Department of Molecular Pathology, and the Department of Melanoma Medical Oncology, at The University of Texas M D Anderson Cancer Center, in Houston, Texas, studied four high potencies of homeopathic drugs commonly used in homeopathic practice for cancers (Carcinosinum, Phytolacca decandra, Conium maculatum and Thuja occidentalis) for cytotoxic effects against two human breast adenocarcinoma cell lines (MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231) and a cell line derived from immortalized normal human mammary epithelial cells (HMLE). Also collaborating were researchers from the PBH Research Foundation whose clinical protocol incorporates these four homeopathic drugs in breast cancer treatment. The Houston group found the drugs exerted preferential cytotoxic effects against the two breast cancer cell lines, causing cell cycle delay/arrest and apoptosis. These effects were accompanied by altered expression of the cell cycle regulatory proteins, including down-regulation of phosphorylated Rb and up-regulation of the CDK inhibitor p27, which according to the authors were likely responsible for the cell cycle delay/arrest as well as induction of the apoptotic cascade that manifested in the activation of caspase 7 and cleavage of PARP in the treated cells. The authors concluded that their findings demonstrate biological activity of homeopathic products when presented at ultra-diluted doses. The authors note that the patients who come to M D Andersons Integrative Medicine Clinic already use homeopathy or have a marked interest in integrating this treatment with their conventional therapies because the agents have no toxicity and are easy to use. They also report a
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growing interest in the Banerji protocol among patients at their clinic, even citing this fact as the impetus for the present study. This collaboration between researchers and clinicians shows that increasing treatment success in homeopathy can lead to additional research activity. Should the research yield significant positive results, it in turn can attract more patients to homeopathic therapy as well as stimulate further research. The researchers concluded that their findings should encourage further preclinical and animal investigation of these remedies as preventive and/or therapeutic treatments for breast cancer. In a review of homeopathic cancer research57 Dr Frenkel notes that the positive reports from the few laboratory experiments in cancer models that are mentioned in this review are indeed noteworthy. Appropriate clinical trials are still needed to investigate the use of homeopathy in cancer care. This conclusion implies that research is expected to show what the author has already admitted to be the case, that patients choose homeopathy, sometimes in addition and sometimes instead of conventional cancer treatment. This confirms our conclusion during this review, that the interest in homeopathy for cancer care is driven by patients, not by researchers. Melanoma is a particularly deadly form of cancer and the most rapidly expanding cancer in terms of worldwide incidence. Chemotherapeutic approaches to treat melanoma have shown relatively low efficacy. Among the numerous agents tested on melanoma, cytokines have attracted much attention over recent decades, in particular interferon-alpha (IFN-alpha). However, previous studies58 have found homeopathic drugs to be effective in the treatment of melanoma. Pascual-Carpe et al.59 of the Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Murcia University, in Murcia, Spain, analyzed the effects of INF-alpha and Lymphomyosot, a combination homeopathic remedy, administered individually or in combination, on the growth of B16F10 melanoma transplanted in C57BL/6J mice. The scientists performed two experiments using 72 young male mice treated with 1 x 10(6) B16F10 cells and with phosphate-buffered saline (I), INF-alpha (II), Lymphomyosot (III), and both INF-alpha and Lymphomyosot (IV). The researchers performed subsequent morphological and immunohistochemical studies. All treatments produced a reduction in tumor weight with significant differences in those treated with INF-alpha and Lymphomyosot. INF-alpha reduced the cell proliferation index and the spread of inflammatory infiltrates and produced an increase in the extent of intratumoral necrosis. An antitumor effect was demonstrated by both agents as was the cytotoxicity of INFalpha and the immune response-stimulating effect of Lymphomyosot. Guimares et al.59 of the Laboratrio de Pesquisa em Clulas Inflamatrias e Neoplsicas, tested a Brazilian complex homeopathic medication (CHM), used as an immune modulator, that has been recommended for patients with depressed immune systems. They studied the interaction of mouse lymph node lymphocytes, co-cultured in vitro with macrophages in the presence or absence of the CHM, with B16F10 melanoma cells. They found that lymphocytes co-cultured with macrophages in the presence of the CHM had greater anti-melanoma activity, reducing melanoma cell density and increasing the number of
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lysed tumor cells. There was also a higher proportion of activated (CD25+) lymphocytes with increased viability. Overall, lymphocytes activated by treatment destroyed growing cancer cells more effectively than control lymphocytes. They concluded that a co-culture of macrophages with lymphocytes in the presence of the CHM enhanced the anti-cancer performance of lymphocytes against a very aggressive lineage of melanoma cells. These results suggest that non-toxic therapies using CHMs are a promising alternative approach to the treatment of melanomas. In addition, according to the authors of the study, they are attractive combination-therapy candidates, which may enhance the efficacy of conventional medicines by improving the immune response against tumor cells. Guimares et al., researchers from the same Laboratrio de Pesquisa em Clulas Inflamatrias e Neoplsicas Depto de Biologia Celular, Setor de Cincias Biolgicas, and from the Federal University of Paran, in Curitiba, Brazil and from the Cell Biology Unit (CBU), Institut Pasteur de Montevideo (IPMon), Uruguay, described the in vitro inhibition of B16F10 cells invasion and the in vivo anti metastatic potential after treatment with a homeopathic drug by inhalation in the B16F10 lung metastasis model. Previous studies 60 in mice had demonstrated that a high diluted complex of the homeopathic drug Calcarea carbonica (M8) stimulated the tumoricidal response of activated lymphocytes against B16F10 melanoma cells in vitro. In the present trial they found that M8 had at least two functions, as inhibitor of cancer cell adhesion and invasion and as perlecan expression antagonist, which have a strong correlation with several metastatic, angiogenic and invasive factors in melanoma tumors. The authors concluded that this medication is a promising complementary non-toxic therapy candidate, which may enhance the efficacy of conventional medicines by improving the immune response against tumor cells or even inducing direct dormancy in malignances. Benkendorff et al.61 at the School of Biological Sciences, Flinders University, in Adelaide, Australia evaluated the in vitro bioactivity of egg mass extracts of the Australian muricid Dicathais orbita, in comparison to the homeopathic remedy Murex pupurea, against human carcinoma and lymphoma cells. The Murex remedy showed little biological activity against the majority of cell lines tested. In contrast, the Dicathais orbita egg extracts significantly decreased cell viability in the majority of carcinoma cell lines. Flow cytometry revealed these extracts induce necrosis in HT29 colorectal cancer cells, whereas apoptosis was induced in Jurkat cells. According to the authors these findings highlight the biomedical potential of Muricidae extracts in the development of a natural therapy for the treatment of neoplastic tumors and lymphomas. Smit et al.62 researchers at the Department of Anatomy, University of Pretoria, South Africa, reviewed immunomodulators with reference to the homeopathic product Canova. Immunomodulators are substances which modify the immunity of an individual to favor a particular immunological response. The researchers described immune response and the function of the immune response regulation process with special reference to cancer and autoimmune disease. Canova is a homeopathic product produced, according to the Hahnemannian homeopathic method, in Brazil. The article reviewed its role in cancer, bone marrow and hematopoiesis as well as macrophage and monocyte activation. Canova seemed to stabilize platelet morphology in human immunodeficiency virus/acquired immune deficiency syndrome (HIV/AIDS). The data suggested that the future of immunomodulators and homeopathic
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products, which appear to have an effect on the immune response, requires a better understanding of the relative need for immune activation versus immune modulation. The authors concluded that homeopathic products specifically need more attention by researchers. Mikhvetadze et al.63 investigated if different agents had any effect on ion transport of Ca2+ in tumor cells (Erlichs carcinomas). The researchers used various agents ionizing radiation, the antitumor preparation vinkristin and a homeopathic drug to stimulate phosphoric acid diluted at 10-14. They found that small doses of radiation always had a stimulating effect on ion transport even in combination with vinkristin, which separately always depressed it. Both, separately and in any combination, stimulated phosphoric acid, and always reinforced trans-membrane ion transport. They suggest a hypothesis on the participation of Ca2+ in the process of repairing tumor cells. At increasing Ca2+ concentrations in the environment a trans-membrane transport of this ion induces strengthening of adhesive properties of the cell. However, it is known that in tumors these properties are normally decreased. Apparently, in this case two contrary processes strengthening and decrease of adhesive properties take place pointing to the fact that reparative forces in tumor process had developed. Riede64 reported about a novel approach to tumor therapy with Amanita phalloides (death cap mushroom) for the treatment of leukemia, i.e. the stabilization of B-cell chronic lymphatic leukemia. The article explained the rationale for this treatment as follows: molecular events that cause tumor formation up-regulate a number of HOX genes, called switch genes, coding for RNA polymerase II transcription factors. Thus, in tumor cells, RNA polymerase II is more active than in other somatic cells. Amanita phalloides contains amanitin, capable of inhibiting RNA polymerase II. Partial inhibition with amanitin influences tumor cell but not normal cell activity. The scientists gave various homeopathic dilutions beginning with the second decimal potency of Amanita phalloides, to a patient with leukemia while monitoring the leukemic cell count. They found that while the former duplication time of leukemic cells was 21 months, within a period of 21 months the cell count was stabilized to around 10(5)/L. No leukemia-associated symptoms, liver damage, or continuous erythrocyte deprivation occurred. The report concluded that this novel approach to tumor therapy shows high potential to provide a gentle medical treatment. Research Methodologies and Mechanism of Action According to a review65 by Professor A R Khuda-Bukhsh, his group of researchers has used mice as a model for homeopathic research in relation to cytotoxicity, genotoxicity and carcinogenesis in their laboratory for the last three decades. Initially, they tested anti-radiation activities of several potentized homeopathic drugs against suitable controls by taking into consideration several cytogenetic endpoints. Subsequently, they tested anti-cytotoxic, anti-genotoxic and antioxidative stress effects of some homeopathic drugs against several chemical toxic metalloids and metal compounds. They then deployed modern techniques including Western blot, immunofluorescence, electron microscopy, UV-spectroscopy, HPLC, FTIR, NMR, RT-PCR, etc. to understand the possible mechanisms and pathways of action of potentized homeopathic drugs. Khuda-Bukhsh has proposed that one way by which potentized homeopathic drugs act is through regulatory action on gene expression.
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Bonamin et al.66 of the Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Biology, University Paulista, Brazil, conducted a systematic review of the animal models used in studies of high dilutions to analyze the methodological quality of papers and reported results, and to highlight key conceptual aspects of high dilution to suggest clues concerning putative mechanisms of action. The researchers identified papers for inclusion systematically from the Pubmed-Medline database, using homeopathy and animal as keywords. They included only original full papers in English published between January 1999 and June 2009, reviews, scientific reports, theses, older papers, papers extracted from Medline using similar keywords, and they also considered, for discussion only, papers about mixed commercial formulas and books. They identified 31 papers describing 33 experiments for the main analysis from a total of 89 items cited. Systematic analysis of the selected papers yielded evidence of some important intrinsic features of high dilution studies performed in animal models: a) methodological quality was generally adequate, some aspects could be improved; b) convergence between results and materia medica is seen in some studies, pointing to the possibility of a systematic study of the Similia principle, c) both isopathic and Similia models seem useful to understand some complex biological phenomena, such as parasite-host interactions, d) the effects of high dilutions seem to stimulate restoration of a stable state, as seen in several experimental models from both descriptive and mathematical points of view. Homeopathic Treatment For Adverse Effects From Conventional Cancer Therapy Kassab et al.67 of the Royal London Homoeopathic Hospital examined the effectiveness and safety of homeopathic drugs to prevent or treat adverse effects of cancer treatments. They report that homeopathic medicines are used by patients with cancer, often alongside conventional treatment. Conventional cancer treatments can cause considerable morbidity, and one of the reasons patients use homeopathic medicines is to help counter the adverse effects. The studys selection criteria were randomized controlled trials (RCTs) of homeopathic drugs in participants with a clinical or histological diagnosis of cancer where the intervention was aimed at preventing or treating symptoms associated with cancer treatments. All age groups, and all stages of disease were included. Two review authors independently assessed studies for inclusion and two review authors extracted data. Three review authors independently assessed trial quality using the Delphi List and the Cochrane Collaborations tool for assessing risk of bias. Disagreements were resolved by consensus. Where available, data were extracted for analysis. Eight controlled trials (seven placebo-controlled and one trial against an active treatment) with a total of 664 participants met the inclusion criteria. Three studied adverse effects of radiotherapy, three studied adverse effects of chemotherapy and two studied menopausal symptoms associated with breast cancer treatment. Two studies with low risk of bias demonstrated benefit: one with 254 participants demonstrated superiority of topical calendula over trolamine (a topical agent not containing corticosteroids) for prevention of radiotherapy-induced dermatitis, and another with 32 participants demonstrated superiority of Traumeel S (a proprietary complex homeopathic medicine) over placebo as a mouthwash for chemotherapy-induced stomatitis. Two other studies
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reported positive results, although the risk of bias was unclear, and four further studies reported negative results. No serious adverse effects or interactions were reported attributable to the homeopathic medicines used. The authors concluded that their review had found preliminary data in support of the efficacy of topical Calendula officinalis tincture for prophylaxis of acute dermatitis during radiotherapy and Traumeel S mouthwash in the treatment of chemotherapy-induced stomatitis, however they stated that the trials needed replicating. In addition, they deduced from the data that there is no convincing evidence for the efficacy of homeopathic drugs for other adverse effects of cancer treatments and that further research is required. Amala scientists, Sunila et al.68 examined the effects of Thuja occidentalis against damage induced by gamma radiation. Ionizing radiation is toxic to organisms since it induces deleterious structural changes in essential macromolecules. Agents that protect normal tissues against radiation damage can increase patient tolerance to radiotherapy. Several synthetic compounds have been found to provide good radiation protection in experimental animals, but their clinical utility is limited by their expensive cost and their toxicity on repeated administration. Drugs such as amifostine produce side effects such as nausea, vomiting, and hypotension. Therefore, there is a need to find nontoxic and less expensive drugs for clinical radioprotection. The trial showed a protective effect from an alcoholic extract of Thuja occidentalis in animals exposed to radiation. Whole-body exposure of Swiss albino mice to g-rays (6 Gy) reduced the total white blood cell count to 1900 cells/mm3 on the third day, which was elevated to 2050 cells/mm3 by the administration of alcoholic extract of Thuja occidentalis (5 mg/dose/animal, intraperitoneally). Six animals from each group were killed after 2, 7, and 11 days of irradiation to detect the bone marrow cellularity and radiation-induced toxicity. The number of bone marrow cells and a-esterase positive cells in control animals after 11 days was reduced to 12.2 106 cells/femur and 693.5/4000 cells, respectively. In Thuja occidentalis-treated animals, bone marrow cellularity was increased to 16.9 106 cells/femur and a-esterase positive cells were 940/4000 cells, a nearly normal level. Thuja occidentalis reduced the elevated levels of GPT and alkaline phosphatase in liver and serum after irradiation. Lipid peroxidation levels were also lowered in the irradiated animals treated with Thuja occidentalis. Hot flushes are common in women with a history of breast cancer. Hormonal therapies are known to reduce these symptoms but are not recommended in women with a history of breast cancer due to their potential adverse effects. The efficacy of non-hormonal therapies is still considered uncertain. To assess the efficacy of non-hormonal therapies in reducing hot flushes in women with a history of breast cancer, Rada et al.69 searched the Cochrane Breast Cancer Group Specialised Register, CENTRAL (The Cochrane Library), MEDLINE, EMBASE, LILACS, CINAHL, PsycINFO (August 2008) and WHO ICTRP Search Portal. They hand searched reference lists of reviews and included articles, reviewed conference proceedings and contacted experts. They included randomized controlled trials (RCTs) comparing non-hormonal therapies with placebo or no therapy for reducing hot flushes in women with a history of breast cancer. Two authors independently selected potentially relevant studies, decided upon their inclusion and extracted
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data on participant characteristics, interventions, outcomes and the risk of bias of included studies. Sixteen RCTs met inclusion criteria. The researchers included six studies on selective serotonin (SSRI) and serotonin-norepinephrine (SNRI) reuptake inhibitors, two on clonidine, one on gabapentin, two each on relaxation therapy and homeopathy, and one each on vitamin E, magnetic devices and acupuncture. The risk of bias of most studies was rated as low or moderate. Data on continuous outcomes were presented inconsistently among studies, which precluded the possibility of pooling the results. Three pharmacological treatments (SSRIs and SNRIs, clonidine and gabapentin) reduced the number and severity of hot flushes. One study assessing vitamin E did not show any beneficial effect. One of two studies on relaxation therapy showed a significant benefit. None of the other non-pharmacological therapies showed a significant benefit. Sideeffects were inconsistently reported. Clonidine, SSRIs and SNRIs, gabapentin and relaxation therapy showed a mild to moderate effect on reducing hot flushes in women with a history of breast cancer. Orellana Alvarellos et al.70 of the Center of Obstetrics and Gynecology, at Ginesia, Providencia, in Santiago de Chile, Chile, published a series of case reports to conduct a clinical evaluation of a complex homeopathic injection therapy in the management of pain in patients after breast cancer treatment. According to the authors, in breast cancer patients, post-treatment pain often appears after several months and strongly impairs health-related quality of life. Conventional methods of pain reduction (including procaine injections) are often ineffective. Injection therapy with Traumeel (Heel GmbH, Baden-Baden, Germany), a combination drug with analgesic properties used in homotoxicology a method deriving from homeopathy for treatment of pain and inflammation associated with trauma, was proposed for pain relief after breast cancer treatment. Nine patients still suffering from a high level of pain after breast cancer therapy despite use of postoperative treatment with conventional analgesics were invited to participate. A Traumeel and procaine injection was administered once a week for three to ten sessions. The level of pain was assessed by a pain score and physical and psychological status by a questionnaire before and directly after injection and again at follow-up visits after three and six months. After the last injection, all patients experienced a marked reduction of their level of pain on average from 7.6 1.5 to 2.4 1.4 points on a scale from 1 to 10 points. After a follow-up observational phase of three and 6 months, pain score ratings increased slightly again in some patients but remained consistently low in others. In any case, the ratings of pain levels did not reach the values assessed before the start of Traumeel injections. Similarly, health-related quality of life improved with this injection therapy. The perception of pain relief with Traumeel injection was high in eight of nine patients, reflecting an overall perceived positive outcome and tolerability of this treatment. The authors concluded that the case series represents a first encouraging approach to using this complex homeopathic injection for pain relief in breast cancer patients. Rostock M, et al.71 at the Tumor Biology Center at Albert Ludwigs University Freiburg, Germany, conducted a prospective observational study with cancer patients to find out whether
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homeopathic care was of benefit for cancer patients as a complementary treatment. They studied two differently treated cohorts: one cohort with patients under complementary homeopathic treatment (HG; n = 259), and one cohort with conventionally treated cancer patients (CG; n = 380). For a direct comparison, matched pairs of patients with the same tumor entity and comparable prognosis were to be formed. The main outcome parameter was: change of quality of life (FACT-G, FACIT-Sp) after 3 months. Secondary outcome parameters were change of quality of life (FACT-G, FACIT-Sp) after a year, as well as impairment by fatigue (MFI) and by anxiety and depression (HADS). The investigators observed an improvement of quality of life as well as a tendency of fatigue symptoms to decrease in cancer patients under complementary homeopathic treatment. They concluded it would take considerably larger samples to find matched pairs suitable for comparison in order to establish a definite causal relationship between these effects and homeopathic treatment. Following surgery for carcinoma of the breast, patients receive local radiotherapy. This can cause itching, which may be severe, in the area irradiated. The affected skin usually is dry, rough and red. Schlappack et al.72 at the Department of Radiotherapy and Radiobiology, at the University of Vienna, Austria, studied homeopathic treatment of radiation-induced itching in breast cancer patients. Twenty-five patients were treated homeopathically for radiation-induced itching. Fourteen patients developed itching during their course of post-operative radiation at 27 days median (range: 14-40 days). Eleven patients experienced itching in the radiation field after completion of treatment (median 21 days) after the end of their radiation treatment. The patients received a single dose of an individually selected homeopathic medicine in 30c potency in the clinic, on the basis of repertorization. Patients were asked to record a visual analogue scale (VAS) before prescription of the homeopathic medicine and at follow-up. Patients were evaluated at median 3 days (range: 1-27 days) after administration of the homeopathic drug. In total, 14 of 25 patients (56%) responded to the first medicine. Nine patients had a second medicine: seven responded. Altogether 21 of 25 (84%) patients were successfully treated. The following remedies were employed successfully: Fluoricum acidum 9/13, Rhus toxicodendron 3/5, Causticum 2/3, Ignatia amara 2/2, Psorinum 2/2, Gamma-ray 2/2 and Kali bichromicum 1/1. The VAS measurements before and after homeopathic treatment showed a reduction of the median value of 64mm (range: 20-100mm) to 34mm (median; range: 0-84mm). According to the authors, homeopathic treatment of radiation-induced itching appears quite successful. The most frequently indicated and most frequently effective medicine was Fluoricum acidum. They call for a new approach that allows greater understanding of the patient as a whole in the short time available in a busy clinic. Conclusion Laboratory studies in vitro and in vivo show that homeopathic drugs, in addition to having the capacity to reduce the size of tumors and to induce apoptosis, can induce protective and restorative effects. Additionally homeopathic treatment has shown effects when used as a complementary therapy for the effects of conventional cancer treatment. This confirms observations from our own clinical experience as well as that of others that when suitable
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remedies are selected according to individual indications as well as according to pathology and to cell-line indications and administered in the appropriate doses according to the standard principles of homeopathic posology, homeopathic treatment of cancer can be a highly effective therapy for all kinds of cancers and leukemia as well as for the harmful side effects of conventional treatment. More research is needed to corroborate these clinical observations. Homeopathy over almost two decades of its existence has developed more than four hundred remedies for cancer treatment. Only a small fraction have been subjected to scientific study so far. More homeopathic remedies need to be studied to establish if they have any significant action in cancer. Undoubtedly the next big step in homeopathic cancer research must be multiple comprehensive double-blinded, placebo-controlled, randomized clinical trials. To assess the effect of homeopathic treatment in clinical settings, volunteer adult patients who prefer to try homeopathic treatment instead of conventional therapy could be recruited, especially in cases for which no conventional therapy has been shown to be effective. Many of the researchers conducting studies cited here but not discussed on the growing interest in homeopathic cancer treatment have observed that patients are driving the demand for access to homeopathic and other alternative modes of cancer treatment. So long as existing cancer treatment is fraught with danger and low efficacy, it is urgent that the research on and the provision of quality homeopathic cancer treatment be made available for those who wish to try it. Bibliography Mueller M, The Evidence: Scientific Studies on Homeopathic Cancer Treatment. American Homeopath 2007; 13: Banerji P, Campbell DR, Banerji P. Cancer patients treated with the Banerji protocols utilising homoeopathic medicine: a Best Case Series Program of the National Cancer Institute USA. Oncol Rep. 2008 Jul;20(1):69-74. Ernst E, Homeopathy for cancer? Current Oncology 2007 14; 4:129-30 ECH General Assembly XVIII Symposium of GIRI. 2004 November 12-14 Scientific Report Walker M, Cultural Dwarfs and Junk Journalism. Slingshot Publications. 2008:26:39 The Office of Technology Assessment (OTA) Report on Unconventional Cancer Treatments. Chapter 10. Laws and Regulation affecting Unconventional Cancer Treatments. OTA 1990. Null G, Feldman M, Rasio D, Dean C. Death by Medicine. Praktikos Books. Mount Jackson VA. 2011:84-8 Thompson EA, Mathie RT, Baitson ES, Barron SJ, Berkovitz SR, Brands M, Fisher P, Kirby TM, Leckridge RW, Mercer SW, Nielsen HJ, Ratsey DH, Reilly D, Roniger H, Whitmarsh TE.

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Towards standard setting for patient-reported outcomes in the NHS homeopathic hospitals. Homeopathy. 2008 Jul;97(3):114-21. Lawsin C, DuHamel K, Itzkowitz SH, Brown K, Lim H, Thelemaque L, Jandorf L. Demographic, medical, and psychosocial correlates to CAM use among survivors of colorectal cancer. Support Care Cancer. 2007 May;15(5):557-64. Epub 2007 Jan 5. McCann LJ, Newell SJ. Survey of paediatric complementary and alternative medicine use in health and chronic illness. Arch Dis Child 2006;91:173174 Jeschke E, Ostermann T, Tabali M, Vollmar HC Krz M, Bockelbrink A, Witt CM, Willich SN, Matthes M. Pharmacotherapy of elderly patients in everyday anthroposophic medical practice: a prospective, multicenter observational study. BMC Geriatrics 2010, 10:48 McEachrane-Gross FP, Liebschutz J M, Berlowitz D. Use of selected complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) treatments in veterans with cancer or chronic pain: a cross-sectional survey. BMC Complementary and Alternative Medicine 2006, 6:34 Carlsson M, Arman M, Backman M, Ura F, Hatschek T, Hamrin E. A Five-year Follow-up of Quality of Life in Women with Breast Cancer in Anthroposophic and Conventional Care. Advance Access Publication 27 June 2006 eCAM 2006;3(4)523531 Simon L, Prebay D, Beretz A, Bagot JL, Lobstein A, Rubinstein I, Schraub S. Complementary and alternative medicines taken by cancer patients.[Article in French] Bull Cancer. 2007 May;94(5):483-8. Evans MA, Shaw AR, Sharp DJ, Thompson EA, Falk S, Turton P, Thompson T. Men with cancer: is their use of complementary and alternative medicine a response to needs unmet by conventional care? Eur J Cancer Care (Engl). 2007 Nov;16(6):517-25. Ritchie MR, Use of herbal supplements and nutritional supplements in the UK: what do we know about their pattern of usage? Proc Nutr Soc. 2007 Nov;66(4):479-82. Trger-Maury S, Tournigand C, Maindrault-Goebel F, Afchain P, de Gramont A, GarciaLarnicol ML, Gervais H, Louvet C. [Use of complementary medicine by cancer patients in a French oncology department]. [Article in French] Bull Cancer. 2007 Nov;94(11):1017-25. Hensel M, Zoz M, Ho AD. Complementary and alternative medicine in patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Support Care Cancer. 2009 Jan;17(1):47-52. Epub 2008 May 6. Johannessen H, von Bornemann Hjelmborg J, Pasquarelli E, Fiorentini G, Di Costanzos F, Miccinesi G. Prevalence in the use of complementary medicine among cancer patients in Tuscany, Italy. Tumori. 2008 May-Jun;94(3):406-10.

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Laengler A, Spix C, Seifert G, Gottschling S, Graf N, Kaatsch P. Complementary and alternative treatment methods in children with cancer: A population-based retrospective survey on the prevalence of use in Germany. Eur J Cancer. 2008 Oct;44(15):2233-40. Epub 2008 Sep 20. Saxe GA, Madlensky L, Kealey S, Wu DP, Freeman KL, Pierce JP. Disclosure to physicians of CAM use by breast cancer patients: findings from the Womens Healthy Eating and Living Study. Integr Cancer Ther. 2008 Sep;7(3):122-9 Guethlin C, Walach H, Naumann J, Bartsch HH, Rostock M. Characteristics of cancer patients using homeopathy compared with those in conventional care: a cross-sectional study. Ann Oncol. 2010 May;21(5):1094-9. Epub 2009 Oct 25. Clerici CA, Veneroni L, Giacon B, Mariani L, Fossati-Bellani F. Complementary and alternative medical therapies used by children with cancer treated at an Italian pediatric oncology unit. Pediatr Blood Cancer. 2009 Oct;53(4):599-604. Duleba K, Wysocki M, Styczyski J [Physicians attitudes towards complementary and alternative medicine in patients with cancer: preliminary report from pediatric and oncology centers]. [Article in Polish] Med Wieku Rozwoj. 2008 Oct-Dec;12(4 Pt 2):1148-54. Saxe GA, Madlensky L, Kealey S, Wu DP, Freeman KL, Pierce JP. Disclosure to physicians of CAM use by breast cancer patients: findings from the Womens Healthy Eating and Living Study. Integr Cancer Ther. 2008 Sep;7(3):122-9. Ben-Arye E, Ali-Shtayeh MS, Nejmi M, Schiff E, Hassan E, Mutafoglu K, Afifi FU, Jamous RM, Lev E, Silbermman M. Integrative oncology research in the Middle East: weaving traditional and complementary medicine in supportive care. Support Care Cancer. 2011 Mar 1. [Epub ahead of print] Thomas-Schoemann A, Alexandre J, Mongaret C, Azibi S, Dauphin A, Goldwasser F, Lemare F.[Use of antioxidant and other complementary medicine by patients treated by antitumor chemotherapy: a prospective study].[Article in French] Bull Cancer. 2011 Jun;98(6):645-53. doi: 10.1684/bdc.2011.1375. Banerji P, Banerji P. The Banerji Protocol A New Horizon In Medicine. The PBH Research Foundation. India. May 2007 Hahnemann S Organon of Medicine. Aphorisms 174-175; 205(a). Hahnemann, Christian Friedrich Samuel. Organon der Heilkunst. Textkritische Ausgabe der von Samuel Hahnemann frdie sechste Auflage vorgesehene Fassung. Bearbeitet, herausgegeben und mit einem Vorwort versehen von Joseph Schmidt.Karl Haug Verlag, Heidelberg. 1992 Pathak S, Multani A, Banerji P, Banerji P. Ruta 6 selectively indices cell death in brain cancer cells that proliferation in normal peripheral blood lymphocytes: A novel treatment for human brain cancer. Int J Onc. 2003; 23:975-982

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Hawkins MJ, Friedman MA. National Cancer Institutes evaluation of unconventional cancer treatments. J Natl Cancer Inst 84: 1699-1702, 1992. Lee CO Homeopathy in cancer care: Part II-Continuing the practice of like curing like. Clin J Oncol Nurs 2004;8:327-330. Lee CO. Translational research in cancer complementary and alternative medicine: the National Cancer Institutes Best Case Series Program. Clin J Oncol Nurs 2004;8:212-214. Dimpfel W, Roeska K, Seilheimer B. The ultra low dose combination medication ULDCM-310 triggers electro-encephalographic patterns in the rat brain in a dose and time dependent manner. Eur J Integr Med 2012 2;4:227228 Bell IR, Electroencephalopathic cordance patterns distinguish exceptional clinical responders with fibromyalgia to individualized homeopathic medicines. J Altern Complement Med 2004;10(2):285-199 Chikramane PS, Suresh AK, Bellare JR, Kane SG. Extreme homeopathic dilutions retain starting materials: A nanoparticulate perspective. Homeopathy. 2010 Oct;99(4):231-42. Satti J, The emerging low-dose therapy for advanced cancers. Dose-Response 2009;7:208220. Kumar KB, Sunila ES, Kuttan G, Preethi KC, Venugopal CN, Kuttan R. Inhibition of chemically induced carcinogenesis by drugs used in homeopathic medicine. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev. 2007 Jan-Mar;8(1):98-102. Preethi KC, Girija Kuttan , Ramadasan Kuttan. Antitumor activity of Ruta graveolens extract. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev 2006 7, 439-43. Sur RK, Samajdar K, Mitra S, Gole MK, Chakrabarthy BN. Hepatoprotective action of potentized Lycopodium clavatum L. Br Homeopath J 1990;79:1526. Biswas SJ, Pathak S, Bhattacharjee N, Das JK, Khuda-Bukhsh AR. Efficacy of the potentized homeopathic drug, Carcinosin 200, fed alone and in combination with another drug, Chelidonium 200, in amelioration of p-dimethylaminoazobenzene-induced hepatocarcinogenesis in mice. J Altern Complement Med. 2005 Oct; 11(5): 839-54. Pathak S, Das JK, Biswas SJ, et al. Protective potentials of a potentized homeopathic drug Lycopodium-30, in ameliorating azo dye induced hepatocarcinogenesis in mice. Mol Cell Biochem 2006 285:121-31. Sunila ES, Kuttan G, Preethi KC, Kuttan R. Effect of homeopathic medicines on transplanted tumors in mice. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev. 2007 Jul-Sep;8(3):390-4. Sunila ES, Kuttan R, Preethi KC, Kuttan G. Dynamized preparations in cell culture. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med. 2009 Jun;6(2):257-63. Epub 2007 Oct 3.
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Preethi KC, Nair CK, Kuttan R. Clastogenic potential of Ruta graveolens extract and a homeopathic preparation in mouse bone marrow cells. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev. 2008 OctDec;9(4):763-9. Preethi K, Ellanghiyil S, Kuttan G, Kuttan R. Induction of Apoptosis of Tumor Cells by Some Potentiated Homeopathic Drugs: Implications on Mechanism of Action. Integr Cancer Ther. 2011 Jul 19. [Epub ahead of print] Banerjee A, Pathak S, Biswas SJ, Roy-Karmakar S, Boujedaini N, Belon P, Khuda-Bukhsh AR. Chelidonium majus 30C and 200C in induced hepato-toxicity in rats. Homeopathy. 2010 Jul;99(3):167-76. Bhattacharyya SS, Paul S, Khuda-Bukhsh AR. Encapsulated plant extract (Gelsemium sempervirens) poly (lactide-co-glycolide) nanoparticles enhance cellular uptake and increase bioactivity in vitro. Exp Biol Med (Maywood). 2010 Jun;235(6):678-88. Bhattacharjee N, Banerjee P, Anisur RK. Homeopathic drugs Natrum sulphuricum and Carcinosin prevent azo dye-induced hepatocarcinogenesis in mice. Indian J Biochem Biophys. 2009 Aug;46(4):307-18. Pathak S, Bhattacharjee N,Das JK, Choudhury SC, Roy-Karmakar S,Banerjee P, Paul S, Banerjee A, Khuda-Bukhsh A.R. Supportive evidences for anti-cancerous potential of an alternative medicine in hepatocarcinogenesis of mice, Forsch Komplementrmed 2007 14;3:148156. Biswas R, Mandal SK, Dutta S, Bhattacharyya SS, Boujedaini N, Khuda-Bukhsh AR. ThujoneRich Fraction of Thuja occidentalis Demonstrates Major Anti-Cancer Potentials: Evidences from In Vitro Studies on A375 Cells. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med. 2011;2011:568148. Epub 2011 Feb 20. Khuda-Bukhsh AR, Bhattacharyya SS, Paul S, Dutta S, Boujedaini N, Belon P. Modulation of Signal Proteins: A Plausible Mechanism to Explain How a Potentized Drug Secale Cor 30C Diluted beyond Avogadros Limit Combats Skin Papilloma in Mice. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med. 2009 Jul 16. [Epub ahead of print] Paul S, Mandal SK, Bhattacharyya SS, Boujedaini N, Khuda-Bukhsh AR. In vitro and in vivo studies demonstrate anticancer property of root extract of Polygala senega. J Acupunct Meridian Stud. 2010 Sep;3(3):188-96. Bhattacharjee N, Khuda-Bukhsh AR. Can homeopathic Cholesterinum 200c used intermittently with Natrum sulphuricum 30c or 200c provide additional protective effects against hepatotoxicity induced by carcinogens in mice? An experimental probe. Prepublication manuscript sent by authors.

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Chatterjee A, Biswas J, Chatterjee A, Bhattacharya S, Mukhopadhyay B, Mandal S. Psorinum therapy in treating stomach, gall bladder, pancreatic, and liver cancers: a prospective clinical study. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med. 2011;2011:724743. Epub 2010 Dec 8. Frenkel M, Mishra BM, Sen S, Yang P, Pawlus A, Vence L, Leblanc A, Cohen L, Banerji P, Banerji P. Cytotoxic effects of ultra-diluted remedies on breast cancer cells. Int J Oncol. 2010 Feb;36(2):395-403. Frenkel M, Homeopathy in cancer care. Altern Ther Health Med. 2010 May-Jun;16(3):12-6. Pascual-Carpe F, Vicente-Ortega V, Campos-Aranda M, Yaez-Gascn J. In vivo treatment of melanoma (B16F10) with a homeopathic agent and with a cytokine (IFN-alpha). Oncol Res. 2006;16(5):211-6. Guimares FS, Abud AP, Oliveira SM, Oliveira CC, Csar B, Andrade LF, Donatti L, Gabardo J, Trindade ES, Buchi DF. Stimulation of lymphocyte anti-melanoma activity by co-cultured macrophages activated by complex homeopathic medication. BMC Cancer. 2009 Aug 22;9:293. Guimares FS, Andrade LF, Martins ST, Abud AP, Sene RV, Wanderer C, Tiscornia I, BollatiFogoln M, Buchi DF, Trindade ES. In vitro and in vivo anticancer properties of a Calcarea carbonica derivative complex (M8) treatment in a murine melanoma model. BMC Cancer. 2010 Mar 25;10:113. Benkendorff K, McIver CM, Abbott CA. Bioactivity of the Murex Homeopathic Remedy and of Extracts from an Australian Muricid Mollusc Against Human Cancer Cells. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med. 2009 Jun 2. [Epub ahead of print] Smit E, Oberholzer HM, Pretorius E. A review of immunomodulators with reference to Canova. Homeopathy. 2009 Jul;98(3):169-76. Mikhvetadze AV, Nadateshvili GG. Georgian Med News. 2006 Nov;(140):98-100. [Peculiarities of ion transport of calcium in tumor cells under conditions of irradiation by ionizing radiation, chemopreparations and homeopathic means].[Article in Russian] Riede I, Tumor therapy with Amanita phalloides (death cap): stabilization of B-cell chronic lymphatic leukemia. J Altern Complement Med. 2010 Oct;16(10):1129-32. Khuda-Bukhsh AR, Mice as a model for homeopathy research. Homeopathy. 2009 Oct;98(4):267-79. Bonamin LV, Endler PC. Animal models for studying homeopathy and high dilutions: conceptual critical review. Homeopathy. 2010 Jan;99(1):37-50. Kassab S, Cummings M, Berkovitz S, van Haselen R, Fisher P. Homeopathic medicines for adverse effects of cancer treatments. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2009 Apr 15;(2):CD004845.
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Sunila ES, Kuttan G. Protective Effect of Thuja occidentalis Against Radiation-Induced Toxicity in Mice Integr Cancer Ther 2005; 4; 322 Rada G, Capurro D, Pantoja T, Corbaln J, Moreno G, Letelier LM, Vera C. Non-hormonal interventions for hot flushes in women with a history of breast cancer. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2010 Sep 8;(9):CD004923. Orellana Alvarellos G, Ruiz de Viaspre Alvear P, Kaszkin-Bettag M. A series of case reports: clinical evaluation of a complex homeopathic injection therapy in the management of pain in patients after breast cancer treatment. Altern Ther Health Med 2010 Jan-Feb;16(1):54-9. Rostock M, Naumann J, Guethlin C, Guenther L, Bartsch HH, Walach H. Classical homeopathy in the treatment of cancer patientsa prospective observational study of two independent cohorts. BMC Cancer. 2011 Jan 17;11:19. Schlappack O, Homeopathic treatment of radiation-induced itching in breast cancer patients. A prospective observational study. Homeopathy. 2004 Oct;93(4):210-5.
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Impotency & Homoeopathy

Impotency means inability to perform normal sexual intercourse due to either premature ejaculation or failure to have or maintain satisfactory erection. This should not be confused with sterility. An impotent may be sterile or fertile, so also sterile man may be potent or impotent.

Penile erection and involuntary ejaculation of the semen depend on a reflex act at the sacral level. Two opposing nerves regulate the phenomenon of ejaculation. The reflex is under the control of automatic nervous system. Sympathetic nerves (L2 &3) through hypogastric nerve control the act of ejaculation; while parasympathetic nerves (S2, 3
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&4) through nervi erigentis control the erection. When the centre becomes hypersensitive or over sensitive, the premature ejaculation occurs. While physiological stimuli transmitted by the central nervous system from the higher centre and androgen secretion in conjunction with higher cerebral impulses govern libido. Impotence may result from organic or psychic disturbances. It may be complete or partial. It may be with normal or impaired libido. Organic or secondary impotence may be further divided:

Endocrine affections Neurological disturbances Toxic affections Atherosclerosis of the aorta and iliac arteries.

Endocrine affections or disorders may be due to eunachism, pituitary syndrome, hypopituitarism, dwarfism, Frohlichs syndrome, Cushings syndrome, acromegaly, gigantism, myxodema, Addisons disease, androgen deficiency, pigmentary cirrhosis, hypogonadism and absence of libido. Neurological disorders may be diabetic neuropathy, peripheral neuritis, medullary or spinal cord lesion, tabes dorsalis, general paralysis of the insane, trauma, Aorto-iliac endaterectomy or tumour of the spine, spina bifida, cauda equine, disseminated sclerosis, and blocking of sympathetic ganglia by drugs for hypertension. Toxic affections: Farmers who happen to handle chemicals, insecticides and pesticides are known to develop impotency. But it is reversible on suspension of work. Psychic impotence also called primary or functional may be due to:

Fear of inadequacy, Emotional conflicts, Faulty attitude towards sex, Fatigue, anxiety or convalescence, Guilty feeling, and Rejection by wife.

This group comprises of 90 percent cases of impotence, while the remaining 10 percent is due to organic lesions which are often obvious at sight. In psychic impotence, there is no harmony of the body and mind or the brain and mind. In all cases of impotence, a careful comprehensive and systemic examination to exclude organic lesions is of utmost importance. This also helps to gain confidence of the patient. Once this is done, one would be dealing mostly with common cases of psychological impotence. Premature ejaculation is most common especially when a male is worried, fatigued or apprehensive. When it occurs occasionally in between long periods of sexual relations,
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one need not worry about it. It may be taken as temporary set back. But when it occurs frequently and persistently, it ought to cause concern and needs an urgent attention. Premature ejaculation may be post-partus or ante-partus. In the former the involuntary ejaculation occurs immediately on intromission or very soon after that. In the latter, the more serious of the two, ejaculation occurs even before the penis is introduced into the vagina. Ejaculation may take place with semi-erect condition or without erection. Premature ejaculation is often due to hypersensitivity which may be due to:

Physical causes such as tight prepuce or extra sensitivity of the glans penis, Pathological causes such as inflammatory condition or congestion of the posterior urethra, or Emotional cause such as fear, guilt feeling or an intense desire or passion especially after prolonged separation.

In both forms of premature ejaculation, the female partner does not get an opportunity to achieve full satisfaction and orgasm. She naturally feels hurt and rejected. This finds itself in her behaviour, expression and talk. The male, being very touchy and sensitive of his potency, begins to feel inadequate, maladjusted and unhappy. He remains under constant tension and fear. This is the time when the wife has to be very tactful, considerate, and affectionate and refrain from remark and criticism. In fact she must do everything in her power to reassure him of his manliness and potency. This assurance must be by word, action, gesture and thought. In absence of her genuine co-operation, he is not likely to improve his functioning as a husband. A wife can be directly responsible for her husbands poor performance. A tactless wife who often nags her husband, who is sarcastic or caustic in her remarks, who is over-critical of his actions, which constantly argues or devalues her husband, is very likely to be neglected by her husband. Her attitude towards sex is shameful or her refusal to participate in certain sexual fore-play may have profound effect on his potency. In some cases, a mans impotency may be due to his anxiety about the past experiences such as masturbation, guilt feeling or due to his homosexual tendencies. Occasionally, a man may be impotent with his own wife but potent with other women. This is called relative impotency. In hypogonadism, if present from the puberty, the patient seldom complains of impotency because he has little or no libido. The same is true of cases of impotence due to generalized debility or convalescence following severe illness. When an organic neurologic lesion is present, the patient may complain of impotence and fail to achieve an erection. Impotence is a common complication of diabetes mellitus and hypertensive state. In actual practice, organic lesion count for about ten percent of cases of impotence; while the rest owe their condition to psychological factors. History of these cases is very important, in making the diagnosis. Early morning erection with full bladder or rectum is a good evidence of normal anatomical and physiological function. It has been noted that mean urinary testosterone level is significantly higher in psychogenic impotence than in constitutional impotence.

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TREATMENT: The treatment of impotency must be on the etiologic basis. To deal with various causes individually would be beyond the scope of this article. A physician has to identify the actual cause at the root and guide the patient and his wife towards correctness and adjustment, if the treatment has to be effective and successful. Any cause in the operation has to be found out and removed by appropriate measures. Most patients need reassurance and full cooperation from their wives and physicians. It must be impressed on every male that a man, at some time or other during his life, suffers from either want of erection or premature ejaculation or both, and that this does not mean that the condition is permanent. It should be regarded as temporary inconvenience, which passes of itself in majority of cases. It is a mistake to depend solely and immediately on drugs and their massive doses. The wifes role in reclaiming and rehabilitating her husbands manhood should not be belittle or made small. A good deal of success will depend on her sincere cooperation. Yet many wives are prone to be guilty in weakening and worsening their husbands sexual power. She must learn n ot to feel rejected or hurt because of his failure. She must build up his ego and at the same time her ability to arouse him. At times which may suit her partner, she must take initiative in love-making. The wife who shows undue shyness and is afraid to manifest of evidence of being aroused, is really uninviting to her husband. When she behaves in bed as she should, her husband is less likely to find himself impotent. In patients with hypogonadism, potency can be initiated and restored by giving androgen but this is not likely to influence his infertility. Neurological causes can seldom be treated effectively. Prognosis is generally poor except in cases of spinal compression, where timely surgery can be of great help. Mechano-therapy to help erection: Active and Passive Desensitization as suggested by Dr. J.H.Semen and Dr.J.Wolpe (U.S.A) respectively: In the former method, the wife is required to stimulate the male organ manually till he feels the sensation that precedes ejaculation. Repetition of this exercise or procedure day by day establishes a condition in which intense sexual stimulation is tolerated without ejaculation. Thus he learns to postpone precipitate ejaculation. In the latter method, the couple is to engage in sexual closeness without either expecting an intercourse. They indulge in only as much actively as the male can tolerate without anxiety. As there is no set goal he must reach or no level of sexual performance he must attain, his anxiety is considerably reduced. By repeating this procedure daily, he gradually becomes more and more relaxed and is able to indulge in more intense closeness and embrace without being least anxious. He thus learns to tolerate greater amount of stimulation without precipitate ejaculation. His sexual mechanism gets retrained to respond in the union without fear.
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Authors of these techniques of desensitization have successfully used these methods in their practice. CASES: A patient with psychic impotence could possibly help himself to relax and decrease the amount of tension by taking on himself a less active role during coitus. He can assign the active role to his female partner. One case of a young man who had indulged in the practice of masturbation merely for physical relief was brought to my attention. He married and no more than one week after the ceremony his bride came weeping to me asking for advice. She coded that the young husbands attempts at intercourse were revolting to her, as well as disturbing to her nervous system. Because she wished to have a family, she was crushed by grief at the predicament in which she found herself for she was in love with the man of her choice. Above everything else I recommended her to be patient, sympathetic and to do everything in her power to reassure him of her confidence. Both were nervous frightened and thrown into the deepest chagrin. Rest and emotional relaxation were needed and no attempts at intercourse should even be attempted for several weeks. Intimacy and affection and knowledge of each other were in this case the first essential. I advised the young woman that all the outgoing streams of affection and confidence should be strengthened before the final act of sex should be thought of again. The husband should of course make a determined effort to free himself of the pernicious habit which had caused this temporary tragedy and which had such a deleterious effect upon his nerve centers. The advice was followed along with a single dose of CONIUM 1M (ill effects of masturbation- Anac, Ph ac, Pic ac, Salix Nig, Staph) and within six months not only had this marriage been successfully consummated but a baby was on its way into the world. By a strict adherence to the simple rules advised and the wifes tactful sympathy complete potency was regained and with it an added ambition and mental understanding. Another case of impotence through masturbation was brought to my attention but in this case the young man indulged not merely for physical relief. His imagination was fired by feminine attire by magazine covers. HIS imagination had been perverted and fixed by the practice and he failed to break through the slavery of the habit. This man with a proper counseling session and along with a single dose of AGNUS CASTUS 1M (Perverted sexual desire Agn Cast, Nux Vom, Plat, Staph) is now perfectly normal & is a father of a sweet little girl. It reminds me of one more case of a 26 yrs old male who believed that he would be unable to perform normal sexual act as he was impotent. Therefore, his fiance should not suffer unnecessarily on account of him. He insisted on her forgetting him and to marry someone else. On medical examination it was found that there was nothing wrong with his sex organs and his fear had no organic cause. Thus it was clearly impotence of psychological origin. A dose of ONOSMODIUM 1M (Fear, impotence of

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Nat Mur, Onos, Pitu) along with a counseling session changed this young mans life. Thus Homoeopathy offers remarkable results in impotence or erectile dysfuntion cases, which may have arisen from both physical and psychological causes. Both, the mental as well as physical components of the disorder can be addressed using homoeopathic treatment. Homoeopathy offers almost 203 remedies for men suffering from erectile dysfunction (ED) or impotence. Unlike allopathic medicines, homoeopathic medicines are non toxic and non addictive. Homoeopathy doctors frequently treat patients suffering from anxiety, fear of failure to do sex, erectile dysfunction (ED) or impotence associated with stress and high blood pressure. Work stress, mid-life crisis and other issues affect men's health in various ways. Men facing the challenge of aging, retirement and finding new identities for themselves, find a particularly appropriate therapy in homoeopathy, which addresses them on mental, emotional and physical levels. When combines with benefits of good nutrition, exercise and relaxation, homoeopathy provides optimum support for such patients. Where the cause of impotence is with other system diseases and due to drug effects, there also homoeopathy provides better option.
REPERTORY OF MALE INFERTILITY

SYNTHESIS Male, Sterility: Agn, Alet, Aur.m, Bar. M., Bor, Caul, Cis.c, Con, Dam, Fil, Form, Goss, Graph, Gun.p, Helon, lod, Lapp, Mill, Nat M, Nat.p, Phos, Sabal., Sol. lyco, Sul.ac, Teucr, Wis, X-ray. These medicines are taken from four authors -Dr. J.H.Clarke -Dr.A.T.Bryant Dr.Jhar, and Dr.Stephenson -Dr.J,H.Clarke (c2): From A Clinical Repertory to the Dictionary of Materia Medica, Agn, Alet, Aur.m, Bar.m, Borx, Caul, Con, Dam, Fil, Form, Goss, Helon, lod, Lapp, Mill, Nat.m, Nat.p, Phos, Sabal, Sul.ac, Ther, Wies.. -These medicines are mentioned under the rubric sterility in Clinical repertory. But whether it is male or female is not specified. -The medicines seems more deviated to the female side on reference. -In Synthesis these medicines are seen added to the rubric - sterility in both the chapters, Male and Female. -So, medicines under the rubric are to be further studied clinically to come at a conclusion whether they are to be considered as valuable and reliable for the treatment of male sterility. SYNTHETIC REPERTORY Male Sterility: Sulfa, X-ray.
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Here the author reference for Sulfa is mentioned to Dr.O.A.Julians Materia Medica. REPERTORY TO THE HERINGS GUIDING SYMPTOMS OF OUR MATERIA MEDICA. Dr.K,B.KNERR. Male sexual Organs: Testicles: Sterility: Ferr. Dr. K.N.MATHUR DIABETES MELLITUS, ITS DIAGNOSIS AND TREATMENT, In the therapeutic part: Concomitants (of Diabetes Sterility: Aur.m.n, Aurm, Borx, Con, Graph, Helon, lod, Med, Nate, Nat.m, Phos, Thyr. (No specification- whether Male or Female) Dr. BERKLEY SQUIRE: A REPERTORY OF NOSODES AND SARCODES. Male Genital: Aspermatogenesis, Oligospermia : Lepr. Male Genital, Male Sterility, Impotence: Ambr, Bac.7, cortico, Lac.d, Lepr, Med, Psor, RNA, Syco, ThaI, X-ray. Dr. C. M. BOGER: SYNOPTIC KEY. Sexual Impulse: Sterility: Aur, Bor, Mere, Nat M, Phos. (No specification- whether Male or Female) Dr. RAUE.C.G. : SPECIAL PATHOLOGY AND DIAGNOSTICS WITH THERAPEUTIC HINTS. Under the section Impotence and Sterility, the medicines mentioned in therapeutic hints are Agar, Agn, Baryta, Calad, Eup.pur, Gels, Hamam, Helon ,Lyco, Nat.m, Nit.ac, Phos, Phytol, Selen, Stilling. CLARKE.J.H: A CLINICAL REPERTORY Sterility: Agn, Alet, Aur.m, Bar.m, Bor, Caul, Con, Fil, Gos, Iod, Nat.p, Pho, Sabal, Sul.ac, (Ther), Tur, Wis. Dr. RAI BAHADUR BISHAMBAR DAS: SELECT YOUR REMEDY Azoospermia: (Absence or diseased condition of spermatozoa in the semen) Chininum sulph, Conium, Damiana, lodium, Strychninum. DICTIONARY OF HOMOEOPATHIC MATERIA MEDICA. Clinical Repertory part by P Freche and M flaffen Sterility: Arg. Nit, Cobalt-nitr, Rauw serp, Sulfanil, Thyr.

Dr.J.N.SHINGHAL: QUICK BEDSIDE PRESCRIBER Sterility male: Agnus, Bufo,

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Nat.m, Phosphorus, Sel TOTAL MEDICINES: Agar, Agn, Alet, Ambr, Arg.m, Aur, Aurm, Aur.m.n, Bac.C, Bor, Bufo, Calad, Caul, Chin.s, Cis, Cobalt.nitr, Con, Cortico, Dam, Eup.pur, Ferr, FiI, Foll, Form, Gels, Goss, Graph, Gun.p, Hamam, Helon, lod, Lac d, Lapp, Lepr, Lyc. Med, Merc, Mill, Nat.c, Nat.m, Nat.p, Nep, Nit.ac, Phos, Phyt, Psor, Rauw.serp, RNA, Sabal, Selen., Sol.lyco, Still, Strych, Sul.ac, Sulfa, Syco, Thio, Ther, Thyr, Wies, X-ray.

Therapeutics: Agnus castus: This remedy may be helpful if problems with impotence develop after a man has led a life of intense and frequent sexual activity for many years. A cold sensation felt in the genitals is a strong indication for Agnus castus. People who need this remedy are often very anxious about their health and loss of abilities, and may have problems with memory and concentration. Argentum nitricum: This remedy may be helpful if a mans erection fails when sexual intercourse is attempted, especially if thinking about the problem makes it worse. People who need this remedy are often nervous and imaginative. A person who needs Argentum nitricum is usually warm-blooded, with cravings for both sweets and salt. Aurum Mur Natronatum: Psychogenic erectile dysfunction. It is useful when there is a decline of the sexual powers, with periodic seminal emission and feeble erection or complete impotency. The erections are weak and inefficient, patients with hypochondria, melancholia and suicidal intent. Bufo Rana: A remedy remembered for loss of erection due to involuntary emissions; discharge too quick, spasms during coition. Caladium: This remedy may be helpful to a man whose genitals are completely limp, despite having sexual interest. Nocturnal emissions can occur without an erection, even if dreams are not sex-related. A person who needs this remedy often craves tobacco. Causticum: This remedy may be indicated if physical pleasure during sex has diminished and sexual urges are reduced. The person feels tired and weak, and may experience memory loss, with a compulsive need to check things (to see that doors are locked, etc.) Prostate problems may be associated with impotence, and urine may be lost when the person coughs or sneezes. Conium Maculatum: Impotence, insufficient erections, and absence of erections. Want of energy in coition. Erections imperfect, and of too short duration. Easy emission of semen, even without firm erections. Dejection, after coition. Sometimes emission at
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mere presence of women. Lycopodium: People who need this remedy may have problems with erections because of worry, and can also be troubled by memory loss. They often lack selfconfidence (though some may overcompensate by acting egotistically). People who need this remedy often have digestive problems with gas and bloating, and an energy slump in the late afternoon and evening. Medorrhinum: Impotency after suppression of gonorrhoea. Emission during sleep. Semen watery, causing no stiffness of the linen. Pain, burning along urethra when semen discharges. Muira Puama: It is used as a tonic and aphrodisiac. Erectile dysfunction with weakness and depression are covered. Onosmodium: It is useful in priapiasm (penis is continually erect) and in cases of Psychic Impotency. Phosphoricum Acidum: A feeling of heaviness in glans especially when urinating. Absence of sexual desire. Neurasthenia after sexual intercourse. Weakness of sexual organs with onanism and little sexual desire. Frequent and very debilitating pollutions. Onanism. Discharge of semen while straining at stool. Sabal Serrulata: Discharge of prostatic fluid. Pain in back much aggravates after coitus. Drawing pains in spermatic cords ; shrunk testes. Penis shrunk and cold with urinary troubles. Hard erection, slight twisting chordee as if stretched from the root. Organs feel cold. Coitus painful at the time of emission. Sexual neurotics. Selenium metallicum: This remedy is often helpful to men who have diminished sexual ability, especially if the problem starts after a fever or exhausting illness. The person feels weak and exhausted, but interest is usually still present. Unusual hair-loss (body hair or eyebrows) can also suggest a need for Selenium. Staphysagria: Gentle-natured, quiet men with deep emotions may respond to this remedy. Problems with impotence often occur from embarrassment or shyness. People who need this remedy often have a history of emotional suppression and very sensitive feelings. Turnera Aphrodisiaca (Damiana): An excellent remedy for impotency. Give 5-10 drops a dose thrice daily. Sexual debility from nervous prostration. Chronic prostatic discharge. The above mentioned medicines are just a hint & should not be considered as final remedies. A constitutional remedy and the guidance of an experienced homoeopath is always a better option & may help bring balance to a persons system, both emotionally and physically.
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Magnesium in Homoeopathy
December 27, 2012 by admin Magnesium in Homoeopathy 1 Comment

Dr. Vivek N. Patil Magnesium is a silver-white metal best known for its lightness. Magnesium is the lightest metal that is strong enough for use in construction. It weighs only about two-thirds as much as aluminium, another widely used light metal. Magnesium plays a vital role in the life processes of plants and animals. Chlorophyll, which green plants use in photosynthesis, contains magnesium. Plants produce carbohydrates, a class of foods essential to living things, by means of photosynthesis. Magnesium also takes part in the duplication of substances called DNA and RNA, which have a key part in determining the heredity of all organisms. Magnesium also activates many of the enzymes that speed up chemical reactions that occur in the human body. Uses:
1. Magnesium and its alloys are used in manufacturing many kinds of products, especially suitable for aircraft and car parts and for various kinds of tools and equipment. 2. Magnesium is used for a variety of nonstructural purposes because it is extremely active chemically. For example, pieces of magnesium are placed next to buried steel pipelines and water tanks. If magnesium were not present, oxygen and other chemicals in the earth would corrode the steel. Instead, the magnesium reacts with the chemicals and thus protects the steel. The pieces of magnesium are replaced periodically instead of replacing or repairing the steel. Protective strips of magnesium are also attached to the hulls of ships. 3. Steel manufacturers add magnesium to steel to remove sulphur and other impurities. 4. In addition, magnesium is used in fireworks and flares because it burns with a brilliant white light.

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5. It also produces intense heat when it burns, making it useful for incendiary bombs. 6. Magnesium combines with other elements to form many useful compounds. These compounds include two commonly used medicinesmilk of magnesia and Epsom salts. 7. Magnesium oxide resists heat and is used to line special types of furnaces. Also, magnesium oxide forms on the surface of magnesium metal and prevents it from corroding readily at low temperatures. If it were not for this protective layer, magnesium would not be suitable for use as a structural material. 8. Other magnesium compounds are used in tanning leather; in dyeing textiles; and in making cement, fertilizer, and insulating materials.

Properties:

The metal belongs to the group of elements called alkaline earth metals Magnesium never occurs in nature as a pure metal because it is so active chemically. It readily combines with most acids and with many nonmetals, including nitrogen. When heated with the salts or oxides of many metals, magnesium replaces the other metal. This type of process is called reduction.

REMEDIES OF THE FAMILY:

1. Mag aceticum. 2. Mag ars. 3. Mag borocitricum 4. Mag brom. 5. Mag chlor. 6. Mag citricum. 7. Mag fluor. 8. Mag formicum. 9. Mag gluconicum. 10. Mag hydroxydum. 11. Mag hypophos. 12. Mag iod. 13. Mag nitricum. 14. Mag salicyclicum. 15. Mag silicatum. 16. Mag carb. 17. Mag mur. Page | 66

18. Mag phos. 19. Mag sulph.

Miasm: Psoric, Sycotic, Syphilitic, Tubercular. Rheumatic and Gouty diathesis . Exudative and hemorrhagic diathesis Uraemic and lithaemic diathesis. CHARACTERISTICS: Ailments from :

Emotions Suppressed discharges, eruptions. Loss of fluids. Tobacco / Alcohol. Deep acting constitutional remedies. Tendency to spasmodic affections spasms, cramps, convulsions, tremors, epilepsy etc. Tendency to relaxation of tissues . Prolapse, bearing down. Ptosis. Subluxations, sprains, strains etc. Varicosity. Incontinence. Herniations. Poor Reaction: Poor reaction to suppuration ; Scar formation. Nutrition :
o o o o o o o o o o o

Poor assimilation (in rickets, worms, etc.) Children with malnutrition and emaciation. Pain : Crampy, cutting, boring, stitching, tearing, band like. < Touch Rubing Motion Periodicity : Every 2nd or 21st day. Special affinity for glands: Lymph glands, thyroid, endocrine glands, prostate etc. Discharges: Black, pitch-like. Profuse, sour smelling sticky, lumpy. Stains the clothes. Craving: Fruits, meat, sour, sweet.

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MIND:

A mental condition arising from lack of love, affection and recognition, esp. in childhood. Rejected children, orphans. In rejected children, Mag. finds its place as a remedy. Due to rejection, there is a greater than usual frustration, as the demands are not fulfilled. Demands in the form of love, affection, security and recognition. These produce a conflict in them and ultimately anxiety is manifested in dreams and delusions. Dreams of robbers.

Dreams of dead. Dreams of being lost in a forest. Neglected feeling with suppressed emotions Irritability Mental weakness and lethargy Pacifism: According to Vithoulkas, Magnesiums hate aggression. They get very disturbed by violence. They hate quarrels relationships, which they cannot bear. as quarrels tend to break

THEME If we see the main theme of group II elements, there is need for support, dependence and desire for security. Magnesium has feeling of an orphan. Calcium is like a young child who realizes the instability in the outer world, so feels the need for the security of a home. Barium has a sense of not being able to stand on his own feet and needs to be supported by society. Magnesium and calcium have emotional insecurity at their core, but cause of insecurity is different. Magnesium insecurity is due to unpleasant childhood may be because of parental quarrels, parental separation, low attention by parents, orphans (unwanted child); ihe magnesium is indicated in an unprotected child who has a feeling of being rejected, so magnesium has emotional insecurity which is because of being unprotected or uncared for him in childhood. The calcium emotional insecurity is because of over-protected background, the child feels insecure to take a risk, unable to take his own decisions. Magnesium expressions are difficult to exhibit, their problem seem to bear no direct correlation with their emotional insecurity. It is indicated in psychosomatic diseases where somatic symptoms are easily seen and psychological symptoms are difficult to assert and not given by the patient. Magnesiums problems seem to b no direct correlation with their emotional insecurity. Many tin magnesium patients emotions are such that the patient himself unaware of his emotions. They feel internal anxiety and the ca is not explained by the patient. Their history of being neglected their parents creates a feeling of being unwanted though they self confident, have strong sense of duty, taking care of oth The feeling of been forsaken is very strong. The patient f< tremendous anxiety but he does not know the real cause. 1 anxiety manifests as physical symptoms and pathological disease come up for no obvious reason. Patient can sit with composed I and honestly say that they have no tension.
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The dreams may give the clue; absence of dreams in life > advanced pathological disorder is a clue or dreams as if they are dangerous situation but no feeling of danger and feeling loneliness is also a clue for magnesium. Characteristic Physical Symptoms:

Right sided affections: All the Magnesiums mainly affect the right side of body. Chilly patient: Magnesiums thermally are chilly. All complaints are < by cold. Periodicity of complaints is markedly shown in this group. Magnesium remedies show a slow metabolism, because magnesium gets slowly absorbed in the blood. There is poor resistance, lack of vital heat and increased susceptibility, which leads to allergic manifestations, e.g. urticaria, eosinophilia, asthma etc. It is useful in abdominal colic, renal colic, angina pectoris, biliary colic and dysmenorrhea because of its antispasmodic properties. Also for clinical conditions like hyperthyroidism, vascular spasms, Raynauds disease, liver, gall bladder and prostrate diseases. Also useful in muscles and nails affections.

Magnesium group remedies have important relation to the nervous system leading to narcotic condition. Peripheral paralysis and affections of muscle excitability. Neuralgic pains are present.

In this group there is tendency for new growths like tumors and warts. Malignant growth and degenerative changes of tissues are very well marked. Desire for meat, vegetables and refreshing things. Aversion to cooked foods, sweets, fatty foods. Milk is intolerable. Discharges: All the discharges are sour, profuse and very much offensive. There are marked disturbances of menstruation. Menstrual blood is very dark, tar-like and many complaints are excited or aggravated in relation with menses.

Magnesium is very similar to Calcarea. They can be compared with Acids and Ammoniums. Mg group of remedies mainly cover psoric miasm. All symptoms aggravate from rest and are relieved by walking about. The patients are extremely sensitive both physically and mentally. Especially suited to children and women, worn-out constitutions and chilly patients. Pains: Full of neuralgias, pain is darting, tearing, boring and shooting. Sleep: Unrefreshed, more tired in evening. Stool: Green, watery and with mucus.

GENERAL MODALITIES
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Aggravation

By cold, touch, 7 a.m., right side and movement.

Amelioration

Warm applications, pressure and bending double.

Similia Similibus Curentur' The Molecular Kinetics of Homeopathic Therapeutics

Posted by K C Chandran Nambiar on January 4, 2011 at 7:43am in Homeopathic-Research View Discussions

The fundamental therapeutic principle of homeopathy is expressed as Similia Similibus Curentur. To establish homeopathy as an advanced branch of modern medical science, we have first to explain this principle in a way acceptable to scientific community.

We cannot engage in a meaningful discourse regarding the phenomena of pathology and therapeutics without a proper understanding of the protein and enzyme chemistry, and the complex kinetics of their molecular interactions. Proteins are a class of highly complex nitrogencontaining bio-molecules, functioning as the primary carriers of all the bio-chemic processes underlying the phenomenon of life. There exist millions of protein molecules belonging to thousands of protein types in a living organism. Each protein molecule is formed by the polymerization of monomers called aminoacids, in different proportions and sequences. Each protein type has its owns pecific role in the bio-chemic interactions in an organism. Most of the aminoacids necessary for the synthesis of proteins are themselves synthesized fromtheir molecular precursers inside the body. A few types of aminoacids cannot be synthesized inside the body, and have to be made available through food. These are called essential aminoacids. There are specific protein molecules assigned for each bio-chemic process that take place in the body. Various proteins play different types of roles, like biological catalysts or enzymes, molecular receptors, transport molecules,hormones and antibodies. Some proteins function as specialized molecular switches, systematically switching on and off of specific bio-chemic pathways. Proteins are synthesized from amino acids, in conformity with the neucleotide sequences of concerned genes, with the help of enzymes, which are themselves proteins. Protein synthesis and genetic expression are very important part of vital process. It may be said that genes are molecular moulds for synthesizing proteins. There are specific genes,bearing
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appropriate molecular codes of information necessary for synthesizing each type of protein molecule. Even the synthesis of these genes happens with the help of various enzymes, which are protein molecules. There is no any single bio-molecular process in the living organism, which does not require an active participation of a protein molecule of any kind. The most important factor we have to understand while discussing proteins is the role of their three-dimensional spacial organization evolving from peculiar di-sulphide bonds and hydrogen bonds. Water plays avital role in maintaining the three dimensional organization of proteins intact, thereby keeping them efficient to participate in the diverse biochemical processes. Proteins exhibits different levels of molecular organization: primary, secondary, tertiary and quaternary. It is this peculiar three dimensional structure that decides the specific bio-chemic role of a given protein molecule. More over, co-enzymes and co-factors such as metal ions and vitamins play an important role in keeping up this three-dimensional structure of protein molecules intact, thereby activating them for their specific functions. Whenever any kind of error occurs in the particular three-dimensional structure of a given protein molecule, it obviously fails to interact with other bio-molecules to accomplish the specific functions it is intended to play in the concerned bio-chemic processes. Such a failure leads to harmful deviations in several bio-chemic processes in the organism, that require the participation of this particular protein, ultimately resulting in a cascading of multitude of molecular errors. This is the fundamental molecular mechanism of pathology, which we perceive as disease of some or other category. These deviations in bio-chemic pathways are expressed as various groups of subjective and objective symptoms of disease. The organic system exhibits a certain degree of ability and flexibility to overcome or self repair such molecular deviations and preserve the state of homeostasis required to maintain life. Anyhow, if these deviations happen in any of the vitally decisive bio-chemic pathways, or, if these are beyond self repair, the biochemic processes ultimately stop and death happens. Broadly speaking, the molecular errors which underlie diverse conditions of pathology belong to any of the following types: 1. Nutritional deficiencies of amino acids: Any shortage inthe availability of various amino acids and their precursers may lead to non-production of proteins in the organism. In some cases, it may result in the production of defective proteins. 2. The absence or defects of appropriate genetic materials,coding the information required for the production of various protein molecules utilizing amino acids, may inevitably lead to total failure of protein synthesis, or to production of defective proteins. These come under the class of genetic proteinopathies. 3. The deficiencies or errors related with the enzymes required for genetic expression in the process of protein synthesis and post-translational transitions may lead to non production of essential proteins, or may lead to production of defective proteins. 4. Any deficiencies or structural defects of cofactors and co-enzymes which help the protein molecules maintain their specific three-dimensional structure and activate them. This may be due
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to the nutritional deficiencies of essential elements and vitamins, or due to some errors in their metabolic pathways. 5. The absence of congenial physiologic conditions for protein molecules to remain active. Dehydrations, deviations of pH in the internal medium, variations of temperature, harmful radiations etc. may deactivate the protein molecules. 6. The absence or structural defects of certain substrate molecules which are to interact with proteins in bio-chemic processes. 7. The inability of substrates to interact with protein molecules due to binding of any foreign molecules or ions on themselves. 8. Molecular inhibitions of protein molecules, resulting from binding with exogenic or endogenic foreign molecules or ions, including metabolites. It is obvious that almost all conditions of pathology we normally confront, including those resulting from genetic origin, are involved with some or other errors or absence of some protein molecules that are essential for concerned bio-chemic processes. Moreover, most of such molecular errors other than of genetic origin, arise due to binding of some exogenic or endogenic foreign molecules or ions on the active, binding or allosteric sites of protein molecules, effecting changes in the three-dimensional configurations of protein molecules. A host of diseases originating from viral-bacterial infections, allergies, poisoning, drugs, food articles etc, belong to this category. The most important factor we have to bear in mind when talking about kinetics of proteins in general, and enzymes in particular is their highly defined, peculiar specificity. Each type of protein molecules, or some times even some partof a single protein molecule, is designed in such a way that it can bind only with a specific class of molecules, and hence participate in a specific type of bio-chemic interaction only. This functional specificity is ensured through the peculiar three-dimensional configuration of the protein molecules, exhibited through their characteristic folding and spacial arrangement. Reactive chemical groups known as active sites, binding sites, and regulatory sites are distributed at specific locations on this three dimensional formations of protein molecules. These chemical groups can interact only with molecules and ions having appropriate spacial configurations that fits to their shape. This phenomenon can be compared with the relationship existing between a lock and its appropriate key. Just as a key with an exactly fitting three dimensional shape alone can enter the key hole of a lock and open it, molecules with exactly fitting three dimensional structure alone can establish contact and indulge in chemical activities with specific protein molecules. This key-lock relationship with substrates defines all biochemical interactions involving proteins, ensuring their optimum specificity. Obviously, any deviation in the three dimensional configuration of either lock or key makes their interaction impossible. It has been already explained that the primary basis of any state of pathology is some deviations occurring in the biochemical processes atthe molecular level. Endogenic or exogenic foreign molecules or ions having any configurational similarity to certain biochemical substrates can
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mimic as original substrates to attach themselves on the regulatory or the active sites of proteins, effecting changes in their native 3-D configuration, thereby making the munable to discharge their specific biochemical role. This situation is called a molecular inhibition, which leads to pathological molecular errors. It iscomparable with the ability of objects having some similarity in shape with that of key, to enter the key hole of a lock and obstructing its function. As a result of this inhibition, the real substrates are prevented from interacting with the appropriate protein molecules, leading to a break in the normal biochemical channels. This type of molecular errors are called competitive inhibitions. It is in this way that many types of drugs, pesticides and poisons interfere in the biochemical processes, creating pathologic situations. Such substances are known as anti-melabolities. Homeopathy has devised its own method of closely following even the minutest deviations in the biochemical processes in the organism,through a special strategy of monitoring and recording the perceivable symptoms caused by such deviations. Obviously, deviations in a particular biochemical pathway resulting from such a molecular inhibition produces a specific train of subjective and objective symptoms in the organism. In other words, each specific group of symptoms exhibited by the organism indicates a particular error occurred in the molecular level. Homoeopathy chases these train of symptoms to their minutest level, from periphery to interior, in order to study the exact molecular errors underlying any particular state of pathology. Not even the sophisticated tools of ultra-modern technologies can monitor those molecular errors with such perfection. Then, those pathological molecular inhibitions are removed by applying appropriate therapeutic agents, selected on the basis of law ofsimilars or Similia Similibus Curentur. This fundamental strategy underlying the homeopathic system of therapeutics evidently surpasses even the most scientific methods of modern molecular medicine. It is high time that the scientific world had realized and recognized this truth, and incorporated this wonderful tool into their armamentarium. Obviously, similia similibus curentur is the most effective technique of identifying and removing the pathological molecular inhibitions in the organism. We time and again hear our critics sarcastically declaringthat homeopaths indulge in a totally unscientific way of medical practice, considering the external symptoms alone, and accuse that the basic causes of diseases are not dealt with in homoeopathic treatment. Homoeopaths treat only the symptoms, not the disease- they say. Even now these learned friends utterly fail to understand the logic of homoeopathy, and the fact that it is a highly scientific method of therapeutics. The subjective and objective symptoms presented by the organism are the only reliable indicators to help us correctly understand the minute molecular deviations underlying a state of pathology. Each group or train of symptoms represent a specific molecular error that had occurred in a particular biochemical pathway. These symptoms invariably indicates the specific type and character of the endogenic or exogenic foreign molecules or ions responsiblefor the particular molecular inhibition. By studying the train of symptoms carefully and systematically, homoeopaths are really observing these exact molecular inhibitions. This symptomatology-based analytical method of homoeopathy is far more exact and superior to the multitude of expensive complex laboratory chemical tests and imaging technologies we consider to be scientific. Identifying the exact molecular errors in the organism of the patient by observing the expressed symptoms, and identifying the most appropriate therapeutic agents from the similarity of symptoms the drugs could produce in healthy organism- this is the scientific essence of similia
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similibus curentur. If a drug substance is introduced to a healthy living organism, which exists in state of comparatively dynamic equilibrium,constituent molecules of that drug substance are conveyed by the internal transport systems, and bind by their configurational affinity to any of the complex bio-molecules engaged in natural biochemical processes. As a result of such molecular binding, the bio-molecules are subjected to deviations in their three-dimensional configurations, and becomes incapacitated to deliver their natural molecular functions. All the biochemical processes mediated or participated by those bio-molecules are affected, and dependent biological pathways are subsequently blocked. Since different biological pathways are inter-depedent, deviations in one pathway naturally affects the dependent ones also. The cascading of molecular deviations influence the neuro mediator-neurotransmitter systems and endocrine systems and finally manifest in the form of particular groups of subjective and objective symptoms. This is the real molecular kinetics of pathology. Homoeopathy has devised its own peculiar way of experimenting and documenting the properties of medicinal substances inrelation with their capability to produce various pathological conditions. This is called drug proving. For proving a particular drug substance, it is introduced into a healthy organism, and, the subjective and objective symptoms and their modalities representing the diverse molecular deviations caused by the drug, are carefully observed and recorded. Each specific group of symptoms that appear as part of diverse pathological conditions are thus artificially created in healthy individuals. These symptoms are compiled as a materia medica of the substance used. Small quantities of a particular drug material are administered to a large controlled volunteer group of apparently healthy individuals, as part of this drug proving program. (Some drug provings,especially with highly toxic substances, are conducted using their highly potentized forms. In such instances, proving happens through a different molecular mechanism, since potentized drugs contain only molecular imprints, instead of original drug molecules. We shall discuss this mechanism later). When we introduce a sample of drug substance into the living organism for proving,its constituent molecules are instantly subjected to various processes such as disintegration, ionization, hydration and certain chemical transformations.Individual constituent molecules are carried and conveyed through blood and other internal transport systems into the cells in different parts of the body.They interact with various enzymes, receptors, metabolites and other biological molecules inside the organism. The drug molecules get themselves bound to various bio-molecules participating in the essential biochemical activities in the organism. These interactions are decided and directed by the specific properties such as configuration and charge of active groups of individual drug molecules, and their specific affinity towards biological target molecules. The three dimensional structureof the individual drug molecules, and that of the concerned bio-molecules are the decisive factors in this process of formation of molecular binding between them. This peculiarity is called molecular affinity. It is very important to note that drug substances interact with different biological molecules, not as as ingular entity, but as individual constituent molecules and ions. These individual drug molecules and ions are capable of binding to some or other biological molecules, effecting configurational changes in them, and thereby inhibiting the essential biochemical processes which can take place only with their presence and mediation. Such molecular
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inhibitions in various bio-chemical pathways result in a condition of pathology, expressed in the form of a train of subjective and objective symptoms, due to the involvement of various neuromediator and neuro-transmitter systems. On the surface of any bio-molecules belonging to protein category, with their characteristic three dimensional organization, there will be different functional groups suitable for engaging in various types of biochemical bonds. These functional groups belong mainly to two categories. Certain functional groups play a rolein establishing contacts between molecules, and are called binding groups.Functional groups performing real chemical processes are known as active groups. Different types of binding sites and active sites exist on the same complex bio-molecule. We can compare these binding sites and the active sites of bio-molecules to the three dimensional key-holes of ordinary mechanical locks, and their ligands to keys. A key will be suitable only to the particular complimenting key- hole with exact three dimensional structure that fits to the shape of the key. In the same manner, various molecules engaged in biochemical processes identifies and interacts with their ligands with the help of peculiarities of their spacial configurations. A different key, with a three dimensional structure only partially similar to that of the original key, may partially enter in the key-hole, but it fails to open the lock, and results in mechanically obstructing the key-hole. Molecular mechanism underlying a disease process may be broadly compared to such an obstruction and inhibition of molecular locks by binding of some foreign molecules, partially similar to but different from original ones mimickingas the real ligands. Due to such an inhibition, the particular bio-molecule becomes incapable of interacting with its real molecular keys or ligands,thereby hindering the concerned normal biochemical process. This situation amounts to a pathology at molecular level. We can also visualize a different scenario of molecular inhibition, where the original key or ligand itself becoming structurally deformed, thereby hindering its interaction with its appropriate molecular lock. There may also be such occasions as some dirt getting collected inside the key-hole, orthe key or the keyhole itself has some inherentmanufacturing defects etc. All such presumed situations are possible in the case of bio-molecules also, and mayresult in bio-molecular inhibitions of some sort or other Even though modern biochemistry and molecular medicine has made great strides in the study of diverse molecular inhibitions related with diseases, still there are grave limitations. It is imperative that modern science should strive to find out means to define the exact bio-molecular deviations and inhibitions responsible for each and every one of the multitude of diverse symptoms and modalities expressed in particular disease conditions, in order to evolve a most scientific method of removing such inhibitions. We may hope, that such a day will not be too far, when it could be possible for humanity to devise a perfect technology to recognize and rectify each and every pathological molecular processes. That should be the ultimate aim of biochemistry and molecular medicine of the future. Until that happen, the most reliable practical technology available forus is the homoeopathic method of studying the underlying molecular processes of diseases by minutely observing the expressed symptoms, the language of nature. Here lies the paramount importance of the homoeopathic theory of similimum and drug proving. Homeopathy considers totality of symptoms as the only clue to the understanding of molecular level pathology, as well as deciding the appropriate therapeutic tools to rectify that molecular errors. Viewing from this perspective, similia similibus curentur is a highly scientific principle of therapeutics, deserving to be greatly honored by modern science at least incoming days.
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Homeopathy, as a specialized branch of modern molecular medicine, may be defined as the therapeutic technique of removing the the molecular blocks and relieving the biological molecules from pathologic inhibitions (curentur), by selectively capping and de-activating the interactive groups of pathogenic molecules, utilizinging the three-dimensional complementary configurational affinity of the molecular imprints (potencies) of same or similar molecules (similimum). For more than last two hundred years, Potentization remained a mystery, which could not be subjected to a scientific experimentation or rational explanation. Now for the first time, we are in a position to solve this elusive phenomenon, in the light of modern scientific knowledge. Potentization can now be logically explained on the basis of "molecular imprinting". First stage of potentization involves division of complex drug molecules into simpler constituents. When a medicinal substance is subjected to homeopathic potentization, if it is not soluble in water or alcohol, it is first mixed with sugar of milk and subjected to repeated trituration. Then the substance is potentized using alcoholwater mixture as medium. If the medicinal substance is by itself soluble in water or alcohol, potentisation is done directly in that medium. During the initial stages of this process individual molecules contained in the medicinal substance are liberated from their inter-molecular bonds, or ionized. Crude drug substance undergoes this division into individual molecules and ions, due to the mechanism of violent trituration and shaking.Inter-molecular bonds are broken, and the constituent molecules and ions are liberated. As a result, these ions and molecules become more virulent, capableof exhibiting their interaction potentials to their full extent, and become ready to undergo hydration in wateralcohol medium. Since the individual properties of drug molecules come out in their totality, it is observed that even seemingly inert substances become powerful drugs due to the division during first phase of potentization. Insoluble substances thus become soluble in water. The difference between crude Lyco and Lyco 6x, crude Silica andsilicea 6x, crude table salt and Natrum Mur 6x etc are examples for this phenomenon. This first phase may be called liberation phase. Second stage of potentization involves actual hydration and molecular imprinting of individual drug molecules and ions. This phase may becalled imprinting phase. Molecules, ions and colloidal particles, liberated through the first phase undergoes process of hydration and molecular imprinting in water- ethyl alcohol mixture during second phase. Each individual molecule orion is naturally subjected to hydration and molecular imprinting, independently of others. Individual drug molecules act as guest molecules in this imprinting process. Obviously, potentized homeopathic medicines consist of a mixture of independent molecular imprints of constituent molecules contained inthe drug substance. This is an important point to be specifically noted. When Nux Vomica is potentized, it is not Nux Vomica as such getting imprinted, but its individual constituent molecules, independently of one another. During the peculiar process of serial dilution and shaking done as part of potentization,concentration of drug molecules gradually decrease in the medium, while concentration of empty hydration shells or molecular imprints increase. The memory of the three dimensional structure of each individual drug molecule will remain imprinted into these empty hydration shells, in a
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complementary negative configuration. These complementary factors are called hydrosomes, which means nano-cavities of water. Hydrosomes are capable of acting as counteractive complementary factors (CCF) towards pathological molecules during therapeutic process, if the pathologic molecules are similar in configuration to the drug molecules used as guest molecules. We can conceive these hydrosomes as the 3-D finger-prints of drug molecules used as guest molecules, and hence capable of fitting exactly to the three dimensional configuration of any similar molecules. We should remember that these hydration shells or molecular imprints of each constituent drug molecules act as therapeutic agents, independently of one another. Here we also understand that what we consider as a single medicine in homeopathy is in reality only a mixture of hydrosomes which bear molecular imprints of different types of constituent molecules which are independent. Potentization can now be explained as a process in which molecular imprints of drug molecules are formed and stabilized. At a particular stage of potentization all the drug molecules are completely removed from the potentizing medium. This stage depends up on the exact size of individual drug molecules subjected to imprinting. Large molecules disappear much earlier, and smaller ones at higher stage. Anyhow, when the potentization crosses 23C, even the smallest drug molecules will be completely removed. We can understand this stageby calculating on the basis of Avagados number and molecular weight. At potentazation some where above 23C, we may reach a state in which all theoriginal drug molecules become totally absent. If the potentization is carried still higher, there will be no drug molecules for imprinting. Advisability of potentization after this stage have to be considered on the basis of studies regarding the possibility of duplication of existing molecular imprints, as in the case of duplicating of crystals and clathrates. More research studies are required in this matter. As of now, there are no ample scientific data available, helpful to explain the admissibility of homeopathic medicines being potentized above 30C. May be that, even after the removal of all drug molecules from the medium,copies of existing molecular imprints are serially generated in higher and higher potencies, there by saturating the medium with more and more molecular imprints. Until that could be proved, I would suggest 23-30c as the most appropriate homeopathic potency for therapeutic purpose. Potentized homeopathic medicine, when introduced into the organism by any route, is carried by the body fluids, and transported to different parts of body by internal transport system. When the nanocavities ofmolecular imprints contained these preparations come in the vicinity of active groups of pathological foreign molecules, having similarity to the original guest molecules used for imprinting, these molecular imprints selectively bind to the pathological molecules due to configurational affinity. By this process, pathological foreign molecules are prevented from binding to biological molecules, thereby relieving the biological molecules from pathological molecular blocks. This can be concieved as some sort of molecular scavenging or entrapping of pathological molecules, by hydrosomes or molecular imprints contained in the potentized medicines. The concept of similimum can now be investigated here with a new scientific perspective. We have seen during our earlier discussions, how the individual constituent molecules of a drug substance introduced into the organism during drug proving creates molecular blocks, leading to
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inhibitions of certain bio-chemic pathways, expressed by a specific train of subjective and objective symptoms. These symptoms are called drug symptoms, and compiled in the materia medica of that particular drug substance. When similar train of symptoms appears in an organism during a disease condition, it means that, the pathological foreign molecules responsible for the disease has been attacking same biological molecules, causing similar molecular blocks and biochemic inhibitions, expressing similar subjective and objective symptoms. The fact that both drug molecules and pathologic molecules could attack same biological molecules in an identical way, shows that the drug molecules and pathologic molecules were having some factors (chemical groups) with similar spacial configurations. Due to such a configurational similarity to the pathological molecules, the molecular imprints of drug molecules contained in the potentized preparations will be having a counteractive configurational affinity towards the pathologic molecules. Due to the configurational affinity, these molecular imprints or hydrosomes can selectively bind to the active groups of pathologic molecules, when coming in their vicinity. This is the exact molecular kinetics of homeopathic therapeutics, underlying the fundamental principle of similia similibus curentur. When we apply a highly potentized homeopathic drug as a therapeutic agent on the basis of similarity of symptoms, we are actually using the molecular imprints or hydrosomes of individual constituent drug molecules,having complementary configurational affinity towards the pathologic molecules,so that they can bind and inactivate the pathological molecules by capping their active groups. Now we are in a position to re-define similia similibuscurentur more accurately, clearly distinguishing between low potencies and high potencies. Original drug molecules, contained in crude drugs and low potencies, if having configurational similarity to the active groups of pathological molecules, can compete with the pathological molecules in binding to the target bio-molecules, and in that process, relieve the bio-molecules from pathological inhibitions. In this case, drug molecules act as competitive molecular factors (CMF) towards pathologic molecules. It should be understood that crude drugs and low potencies act as therapeutic agents by this competitive mechanism, even though selected according to the principle of similia similibus curentur. Drugs potentized above Avogadro limit act by an entirely different molecular mechanism. Hydrosomes or molecular imprints formed during potentization are configurational complementaries of original drug molecules used as guest for potentization. These molecular imprints act as counteractive complementary factors (CCF) and bind to the active groups of pathologic molecules having configurational similarity to the drug molecules used for potentization.Thus the pathologic molecules are prevented from interacting with the biomolecules, thereby relieving the molecular bocks and pathological inhibitions. The danger of drug molecules acting upon on off-target sites, with unfavorable consequences should be expected while using crude drugs and low potencies. If we want to practice real homeopathy, we should deliberately abstain from using medicinal preparations containing drug molecules. We should also be aware of the difference between crude drugs and low potencies or triturations. Even though both preparations contains ame drug molecules, their therapeutic properties are
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found to be different. In crude form, drug molecules are packed tightly, with their chemical bonds remaining saturated by interacting with various other molecules or ions. Hence, they are not at all free to exhibit all their individual interactive potentials. Whereas in triturations and low potencies, the drug molecules are free or ionized, they can exhibit all their properties. Hence, pathologic and therapeutic capability of triturations and low potencies are much higher to crude forms of same drug. We already know that various drugs which appear comparatively inert in their crude forms become very potent medicinal agents in triturated forms. Differences between crude Siliciea and Silice 3x, crude Lyco and Lyco 3x etc. are examples for this phenomenon. We can sum up the fundamental concepts of DIALECTICAL HOMEOPATHY as follows: Similia Similibus Curentur is logically explained on the basis of modern scientific understanding of molecular kinetics of pathology and therapeutics. As per this view, a state of pathology arises as deviations in some or other biological channels, expressed in the form of specific trains of subjective and objective symptoms, that may be called symptom complexes. These biochemic deviations are caused by specific molecular errors occurring in the organism, resulting from certain molecular blocks in bio-molecules created by binding of endogenic or exogenic pathological molecules. There may be multitudes of molecular errors existing in the organism, represented by multitudes of separate symptom complexes. Therapeutics involves the removal of these molecular blocks using appropriate molecular agents called drugs. Homeopathy is a special form of therapeutics, in which molecular imprints of drug molecules are utilized instead of original drug molecules, selected on the basis of their proven capacity to interfere in the biochemical processes. Potentizationis explained on the basis of modern technology of Molecular Imprinting. Duringthe homeopathic process of potentization, individual constituent molecules contained in the drug substances are imprinted into water/alcohol matrix. As such, potentized medicines contains supra-molecular clusters of water/ethyl alcohol, into which the configurational memory of drug molecules are imprinted in the form of 3-dimensional nanocavities. These nanocavities or molecular imprints are the real active principles of potentized medicines. When introduced into the organism, these molecular imprints can specifically bind to the pathological molecules having configurational similarity to those used for molecular imprinting, thereby relieving the biological molecules from pathological inhibitions.

Protein electrophoresis - serum

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This test measures the types of protein in the fluid (serum) part of a blood sample.
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See also:

Immunoelectrophoresis - serum Immunofixation - serum Serum globulin electrophoresis

How the Test is Performed

A blood sample is needed. For information on giving a blood sample from a vein, see venipuncture. Electrophoresis is a laboratory technique. The blood serum (the liquid part of the blood without the cells) is placed on specially treated paper and exposed to an electric current. The proteins in the serum move on the paper to form bands that show the proportion of each protein fraction. A fraction may contain several different types of proteins. Individual proteins, except albumin, are not usually measured. However, protein fractions or groups ARE measured. The levels of protein fractions can be estimated by measuring the total serum protein and then multiplying that by the relative percentage of each protein fraction. Lipoprotein electrophoresis is a type of protein electrophoresis that determines the amount of proteins made up of protein and fat, called lipoproteins (such as LDL cholesterol).

How to Prepare for the Test

You may be asked not to eat or drink for 12 hours before a lipoprotein electrophoresis test. Your health care provider may ask you to stop taking drugs that could affect the test. Do not stop taking any medications without first talking to your health care provider. Drugs that can affect the measurement of total proteins include chlorpromazine, corticosteroids, isoniazid, neomycin, phenacemide, salicylates, sulfonamides, and tolbutamide.

How the Test Will Feel

When the needle is inserted to draw blood, some people feel moderate pain. Others feel only a prick or stinging sensation. Afterward, there may be some throbbing.

Why the Test is Performed

Proteins are made from amino acids and are important components of all cells and tissues. There are many different kinds of proteins in the body with many different functions. Examples of proteins include enzymes, certain hormones, hemoglobin, low-density lipoprotein ("bad" cholesterol), and others.
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Serum proteins are classified as albumin or globulins. Albumin is the protein of highest concentration in the serum. It carries many small molecules, but is also important for keeping fluid from leaking out from the blood vessels into the tissues. Globulins are divided into alpha-1, alpha-2, beta, and gamma globulins. In general, alpha and gamma globulin protein levels increase when there is inflammation in the body.

Normal Results

Total protein: 6.4 to 8.3 g/dL Albumin: 3.5 to 5.0 g/dL Alpha-1 globulin: 0.1 to 0.3 g/dL Alpha-2 globulin: 0.6 to 1.0 g/dL Beta globulin: 0.7 to 1.2 g/dL Gamma globulin: 0.7 to 1.6 g/dL

Note: g/dL = grams per deciliter Note: Normal value ranges may vary slightly among different laboratories. Talk to your doctor about the meaning of your specific test results. The examples above show the common measurements for results for these tests. Some laboratories use different measurements or may test different specimens.

What Abnormal Results Mean

Decreased total protein may indicate:

Cirrhosis Malnutrition Nephrotic syndrome Gastrointestinal protein-losing enteropathy

Increased alpha-1 globulin proteins may be due to:

Acute inflammatory disease Cancer Chronic inflammatory disease (for example, rheumatoid arthritis, SLE)

Decreased alpha-1 globulin proteins may be a sign of:

Alpha-1 antitrypsin deficiency

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Increased alpha-2 globulin proteins may indicate:

Acute inflammation Chronic inflammation

Decreased alpha-2 globulin proteins may indicate:

Hemolysis

Increased beta globulin proteins may indicate:

Hyperlipoproteinemia (for example, familial hypercholesterolemia) Estrogen therapy

Decreased beta globulin proteins may indicate:

Congenital coagulation disorder Consumptive coagulopathy Disseminated intravascular coagulation

Increased gamma globulin proteins may indicate:

Multiple myeloma Chronic inflammatory disease (e.g., rheumatoid arthritis, SLE) Hyperimmunization Acute infection Waldenstrom's macroglobulinemia Chronic liver disease

Note: Blood test results may vary slightly among different laboratories. Talk to your doctor about the meaning of your specific test results.

Risks
There is very little risk involved with having your blood taken. Veins and arteries vary in size from one patient to another and from one side of the body to the other. Taking blood from some people may be more difficult than from others. Other risks associated with having blood drawn are slight but may include:

Excessive bleeding Fainting or feeling light-headed

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Hematoma (blood accumulating under the skin) Infection (a slight risk any time the skin is broken)

Alternative Names
Lipoprotein electrophoresis

References
Rajkumar SV. Plasma cell disorders. In: Goldman L, Schafer AI, eds. Cecil Medicine. 24th ed. Philadelphia, Pa: Saunders Elsevier; 2011:chap 193.

Update Date: 2/8/2012

Updated by: Todd Gersten, MD, Hematology/Oncology, Palm Beach Cancer Institute, West Palm Beach, FL. Review provided by VeriMed Healthcare Network. Also reviewed by Linda J. Vorvick, MD, Medical Director and Director of Didactic Curriculum, MEDEX Northwest Division of Physician Assistant Studies, Department of Family Medicine, UW Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Washington; David Zieve, MD, MHA, Medical Director, A.D.A.M., Inc.

Dr. Ramesh Bhardwaj D.H.M.S Dr. Puja Bhadel Bhardwaj M.D.

Thalassemias are inherited blood disorders i.e. they`re passed on from parents to children through genes Thalassemias cause the body to make fewer healthy red blood cells and less hemoglobin than normal. Hemoglobin carries oxygen to all parts of the body. It also carries carbon dioxide from the body to the lungs, where it`s exhaled. People who have thalassemias can have mild or severe anaemia. This condition is caused by a lower than normal number of red blood cells or not enough hemoglobin in the red blood cells. Page | 83

Overview Normal hemoglobin, also called hemoglobin A, has four protein chains two alpha globin and two beta globin.

The two major types of thalassemia, alpha and beta,

are named after defects in these protein chains. Four genes are needed to make enough alpha globin protein chains. Alpha thalassemia trait occurs when one or two of the four genes are missing. If more than two genes are missing, the result is moderate to severe anemia.

The most severe form of alpha thalassemia is known as alpha thalassemia major. Two genes (one from each parent) are needed to make enough beta globin protein chains. Beta thalassemia occurs when one or both genes are altered. The severity of beta thalassemia depends on how badly one or both genes are affected. If both genes are affected, the result is moderate to severe anemia. The severe form of beta thalassemia also is known as thalassemia major or Cooley`s anemia. Thalassemias affect both males and females. They occur most often among people of India, Bangladesh, Pakistan , Nepal and Asian countries.

Sign and Symptom of Thalassemias 1. No symptoms 2. Mild to moderate anaemia or even severe anaemia depending up on severity of disease. 3. others:- Pale and listless appearance - Poor appetite - Dark urine - Slowed growth and delayed puberty - Jaundice Page | 84

- Enlarged spleen, liver, and heart - Bone problems Doctors diagnose thalassemias using blood tests, including a complete blood count (CBC) and special hemoglobin tests. Homeopathic remedies have superior effects in thalassemia. Several research have been conducted shows that the homeopathic remedies possibly acted through regulation of specific and relevant gene expression responsible for the apparently enhanced synthesis of the HbF and decrease of ferritin level. it also shows that with homeopathic medicine, the frequency of blood transfusion gradually reduced, spleen which has been hugely increase in size due to disease is reduced in size gradually. Symptomatic improvement of patients condition.

Dr. Rajesh Shah's advice on Thalassemia Scope of Homeopathy: Supportive role which helps reduce need for frequent blood transfusion. Also, helps in controlling infections. Strongly recommended.

Thalassemia Thalassemia is a group of genetic disorders characterized by production of abnormal hemoglobin in red blood cells. It is sometimes called Mediterranean anemia, von Jaksch anemia or Cooley's anemia, named after the physicians who first diagnosed it. Thalassemia affects all races. People of Mediterranean descent, such as Italians and Greeks, and people in the Arabian Peninsula, Iran, Africa, Southeast Asia and southern China are genetically more prone to it. Its prevalence is least among the black African population. Symptoms of Thalassemia The symptoms in thalassemia vary greatly according to its type. Mostly the symptoms are caused by the insufficient supply of oxygen to the tissues (anemia). Though a genetic disorder passed on from parents, all patients do not suffer the same degree.
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Silent carriers : persons having the alpha thalassemia trait or beta thalassemia traitgenerally have no symptoms. The condition is so mild that even the positive finding of slightly reduced red cell count and hemoglobin are incidental. In severe forms of thalassemia, symptoms encountered are: Breathlessness (dyspnea) Jaundice Abdomen appears distended or protruded due to an enlarged spleen and liver. Pale skin due to anemia Bone pains Abnormal growth of facial bones. Child shows poor growth and short stature.

Causes of Thalassemia Thalassemia is a genetic disorder. It is the most common, inherited single gene disorder in the world. Many possible variant and mutant forms are possible. All red blood cells contain hemoglobin. The hemoglobin in the blood picks up oxygen from the lungs and transports it to all body tissues. It also picks up carbon dioxide from these tissues and delivers it to the lungs to be expired out of our bodies. Hemoglobin has two major components. Heme the ferrous (iron) component and globin the protein part. The globin part constitutes alpha and beta protein chains. If the genes responsible do not produce enough of alpha or beta chains, the red cells cannot carry hemoglobin properly. The result would be anemia which starts in early childhood and lasts all through life. There are several forms of hemoglobin (Hb). The common ones are HbA, HbA2, HbF, HbS, HbC, Hgb H, and Hgb M. Healthy adults only have significant levels of HbA and HbA2. HbS is an abnormal type of hemoglobin associated with sickle cell disease. HbC is also an abnormal form of hemoglobin associated with hemolytic anemia (anemia due to increased destruction of red blood cells). Types of Thalassemia Thalassemia is classified as Alpha Thalessemia or beta Thalessemia. Where the genes do not produce enough alpha chains, the condition is called alpha Thalassemia. Deficient production of beta chains is termed as beta Thalassemia.
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Alpha Thalassemia Alpha Thalassemia is also called silent carrier Thalassemia: In this condition, the deficiency of alpha proteins is mild enough to not produce any symptoms. There are generally no health problems. The condition is an incidental finding when an apparently normal individual has a child suffering from Hemoglobin H disease or has the alpha Thalassemia trait. Hemoglobin H disease: In this condition the deficiency in the production of alpha globulin in great enough to cause severe anemia and enlargement of the liver and spleen. Bone deformities and fatigue are other symptoms that occur along with anemia. Hemoglobin H is the abnormal form of hemoglobin produced by the remaining beta globulins which causes faster than usual break down of the red blood cells. Alpha Thalassemia trait or mild alpha Thalassemia Here the deficiency of alpha protein causes either no symptoms or presents with only mild anemia. The symptoms are very mild compared to the hemoglobin H disease. Often the person receives iron supplements for the mild anemia and there is no improvement as both the physician and the patient are unaware of thetrait. Hydrops Fetalis or Alpha Thalassemia Major. In this condition, there is complete absence of alpha globulins. Gamma globulins produced by the fetus form hemoglobin Barts which is abnormal hemoglobin. Excluding very rare situations where this condition is diagnosed before birth, nearly every individual with this condition dies before or shortly after birth. Where the person survives (with in utero blood transfusions), they require life-long blood transfusions for survival. Beta Thalassemia beta Thalassemia can range from mild to severe. There are three types of beta Thalassemia. Beta Thalassemia minor or beta Thalassemia trait. A person with this condition has only a genetic trait for Thalassemia and usually doesnt experience any health problem related to Thalassemia. If mild anemia is present, it is generally confused with anemia of iron deficiency. However, the response to treatment with iron supplements is generally poor. Thalassemia intermedia This condition lies between major and minor forms. People affected require occasional blood transfusions to treat anemia especially in stressful times for the body like pregnancy or illness. There is a wide range of severity of symptoms in this condition. Moderately severe anemia, bone deformities, spleen enlargement are health problems in Thalassemia intermedia.

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This condition is best differentiated from the Thalassemia major by the number of blood transfusions required. The symptoms are usually not life-threatening. Blood transfusions are given to improve the quality of life and not because the symptoms are life-threatening. Thalassemia major or Cooley's Anemia. This condition is severe and has life-threatening consequences. There is complete lack of beta globulin protein. Severe life-threatening anemia is characteristic of beta Thalassemia major. Untreated patients die before the age of twenty. Frequent blood transfusions are required for survival. Bone deformities, an enlarged spleen and iron overload in the system due to frequent blood transfusions are other symptoms requiring special treatment in this condition. Diagnosis Diagnosis of Thalassemia major is confirmed by Hemoglobin electrophoresis with an increase in total hemoglobin, and analysis of lymphocyte DNA. Hemoglobin electrophoresis will generally show:

HbA decreased HbA2 increased HbF slightly increased or normal A complete blood count will provide information about the hemoglobin and various blood cell levels. Thalassemia minor is confirmed by these values from a complete blood count o MVC (mean corpuscular volume) slightly decreased and o MCH (mean corpuscular hemoglobin) is decreased. Serum iron levels when tested help in ruling out anemia due to iron deficiency. Blood tests of family members for family genetic studies help identifying possible carriers and sufferers. Prenatal checking of blood also helps in knowing whether the unborn child has Thalassemia.

Treatment of Thalassemia

Blood transfusion is the most common treatment required by patients of Thalassemia Minor forms of Thalassemia does not require any treatment. Occasional transfusions are required only during surgery, after delivery or severe infections. Severe forms of the disease warrant such frequent transfusions of red blood cells that the person my get up to 52 pints of red blood cells in one year. This means that people end up having one transfusion every two to three weeks. Red cell transfusions are life saving and greatly improve the quality of life in sufferers.

Disadvantage: frequent episodes of red blood cell transfusions can cause an overload of iron in the circulating

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blood which can damage the heart and the liver. Desferal is the medication given to treat an iron overload. It is an iron chelator. Chelating agents combine with the excess iron in the body and help in eliminating them from circulating blood. They thus prevent the toxic effects of iron overload which are:

Decreased secretion of the sex hormones Diabetes mellitus Under activity of the thyroid glands Under activity of the parathyroid and other glands.

Persons suffering from Thalassemia are also prone to

Osteoporosis and osteopenia (reduced bone density) even people receiving very good quality treatments eventually develop thinning and brittle bones particularly in the lumbar vertebrae and femoral bone (thigh bone). Short stature. Absence of breast in girls and absence of testicular enlargement in boys. Delayed pubertal development. Irregular menses. Zinc deficiency. Diabetes.

Homeopathic Treatment for Thalassemia: Homeopathy addresses the root cause and offers medication which are help eventually reduce the need for frequent blood transfusion. Homeopathic medicines also help to improve immune status, which in turn also controls frequent attacks of respiratory infections. Role of homeopathic treatment is supplementary in case of Thalassemia.

Full-Text Online Library Online library of books, journals, articles. Research online. www.Questia.com/Online_Library Sickle Cell Disease Share: This page: Share: Definition Sickle cell disease describes a group of inherited blood disorders characterized by chronic anemia, painful events, and various complications due to associated tissue and organ damage.

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Because sickle cell diseases are characterized by the rapid loss of red blood cells as they enter the circulation, they are classified as hemolytic disorders, "hemolytic" referring to the destruction of the cell membrane of red blood cells resulting in the release of hemoglobin. Description The most common and best-known type of sickle cell disease is sickle cell anemia, which is also called meniscocytosis, sicklemia, or SS disease. All types of sickle cell disease are caused by a genetic change in hemoglobin, the oxygen-carrying protein inside the red blood cells. The red blood cells of affected individuals contain a predominance of a structural variant of the usual adult hemoglobin. This variant hemoglobin, called sickle hemoglobin, has a tendency to polymerize into rod-like structures that alter the shape of the usually flexible red blood cells. The cells take on a shape that resembles the curved blade of the sickle, an agricultural tool. Sickle cells have a shorter life span than normally shaped red blood cells. This results in chronic anemia characterized by low levels of hemoglobin and decreased numbers of red blood cells. Sickle cells are also less flexible and stickier than normal red blood cells, and can become trapped in small blood vessels preventing blood flow. This compromises the delivery of oxygen, which can result in pain and damage to associated tissues and organs. Sickle cell disease presents with marked variability, even within families. Carriers of the sickle cell gene are said to have sickle cell trait. Unlike sickle cell disease, sickle cell trait does not cause health problems. In fact, sickle cell trait is protective against malaria, a disease caused by blood-borne parasites transmitted through mosquito bites. According to a widely accepted theory, the genetic mutation associated with the sickle cell trait occurred thousands of years ago. Coincidentally, this mutation increased the likelihood that carriers would survive malaria infection. Survivors then passed the mutation on to their offspring, and the trait became established throughout areas where malaria was common. As populations migrated, so did the sickle cell trait. Today, approximately one in 12 African Americans has sickle cell trait. Worldwide, it has been estimated that one in every 250,000 babies is born annually with sickle cell disease. Sickle cell disease primarily affects people of African, Mediterranean, Middle Eastern, and Asian Indian ancestry. In the United States, sickle cell disease is most often

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seen in African Americans, in whom the disease occurs in one out of every 400 births. The disease has been described in individuals from several different ethnic backgrounds and is also seen with increased frequency in Latino Americansparticularly those of Caribbean, Central American, and South American ancestry. Approximately one in every 1000-1400 Latino births are affected. Causes and symptoms Humans normally make several types of the oxygen-carrying protein hemoglobin. An individual's stage in development determines whether he or she makes primarily embryonic, fetal, or adult hemoglobins. All types of hemoglobin are made of three components: heme, alpha (or alpha-like) globin, and beta (or beta-like) globin. Sickle hemoglobin is the result of a genetic change in the beta globin component of normal adult hemoglobin. The beta globin gene is located on chromosome 11. The sickle cell form of the beta globin gene results from the substitution of a single DNA nucleotide, or genetic building-block. The change from adenine to thymine at codon (position) 6 of the beta globin gene leads to insertion of the amino acid valine-instead of glutamic acidat this same position in the beta globin protein. As a result of this change, sickle hemoglobin has unique properties in comparison to the usual type of adult hemoglobin. Most individuals have two normal copies of the beta globin gene, which make normal beta globin that is incorporated into adult hemoglobin. Individuals who have sickle cell trait (called sickle cell carriers) have one normal beta globin gene and one sickle cell gene. These individuals make both the usual adult hemoglobin and sickle hemoglobin in roughly equal proportions, so they do not experience any health problems as a result of having the trait. Although traces of blood in the urine and difficulty in concentrating the urine can occur, neither represents a significant health problem as a result of sickle cell trait. Of the millions of people with sickle cell trait worldwide, a small handful of individuals have experienced acute symptoms. In these very rare cases, individuals were subject to very severe physical strain. When both members of a couple are carriers of sickle cell trait, there is a 25% chance in each pregnancy for the baby to inherit two sickle cell genes and have sickle cell anemia, or SS disease. Correspondingly, there is a 50% chance the baby will have sickle cell
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trait and a 25% chance that the baby will have the usual type of hemoglobin. Other types of sickle cell disease include SC disease, SD disease, and S/beta thalassemia. These conditions are caused by the co-inheritance of the sickle cell gene and another altered beta globin gene. For example, one parent may have sickle cell trait and the other parent may have hemoglobin C trait (another hemoglobin trait that does not cause health problems). For this couple, there would be a 25% chance of SC disease in each pregnancy. Normal adult hemoglobin transports oxygen from the lungs to tissues throughout the body. Sickle hemoglobin can also transport oxygen. However, once the oxygen is released, sickle hemoglobin tends to polymerize (line-up) into rigid rods that alter the shape of the red blood cell. Sickling of the red blood cell can be triggered by low oxygen, such as occurs in organs with slow blood flow. It can also be triggered by cold temperatures and dehydration. Sickle cells have a decreased life span in comparison to normal red blood cells. Normal red blood cells survive for approximately 120 days in the bloodstream; sickle cells last only 10-12 days. As a result, the bloodstream is chronically short of red blood cells and hemoglobin, and the affected individual develops anemia. Sickle cells can create other complications. Due to their shape, they do not fit well through small blood vessels. As an aggravating factor, the outside surfaces of sickle cells may have altered chemical properties that increase the cells' 'stickiness'. These sticky sickle cells are more likely to adhere to the inside surfaces of small blood vessels, as well as to other blood cells. As a result of the sickle cells' shape and stickiness, blockages form in small blood vessels. Such blockages prevent oxygenated blood from reaching areas where it is needed, causing pain as well as organ and tissue damage. The severity of symptoms cannot be predicted based solely on the genetic inheritance. Some individuals with sickle cell disease develop health- or life-threatening problems in infancy, but others may have only mild symptoms throughout their lives. Individuals may experience varying degrees of health at different stages in the life cycle. For the most part, this clinical variability is unpredictable, and the reasons for the observed variability can not usually be determined. However, certain types of sickle cell disease (i.e. SC disease) tend to result in fewer and less severe symptoms on average
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than other types of sickle cell disease (i.e. SS disease). Some additional modifying factors are known. For example, elevated levels of fetal hemoglobin in a child or adult can decrease the quantity and severity of some symptoms and complications. Fetal hemoglobin is a normally occurring hemoglobin that usually decreases from over 90% of the total hemoglobin to under 1% during the first year of life. This change is genetically determined, although some individuals may experience elevated levels of fetal hemoglobin due to variation in the genes that control fetal hemoglobin production. Such individuals often experience a reduction in their symptoms and complications due to the ability of fetal hemoglobin to prevent the polymerization of sickle hemoglobin, which leads to sickling of the red blood cell. There are several symptoms that warrant immediate medical attention, including the following:

signs of infection (fever greater than >101F or 38.3C, coughs frequently or breathing trouble, unusual crankiness, feeding difficulties) signs of severe anemia (pale skin or lips, yellowing of the skin or eyes, very tired, very weak) signs indicating possible dehydration (vomiting, diarrhea, fewer wet diapers) other signs (pain or swelling in the abdomen, swollen hands or feet, screams when touched)

These can be signs of various complications that occur in sickle cell disease. Infections and effects on the spleen Children with sickle cell disease who are under age three are particularly prone to life-threatening bacterial infections. Streptococcus pneumoniae is the most common offending bacteria, and invasive infection from this organism leads to death in 15% of cases. The spleen, an organ that helps to fight bacterial infections, is particularly vulnerable to the effects of sickling. Sickle cells can impede blood flow through the spleen, causing organ damage, which usually results in loss of spleen function by late childhood. The spleen can also become enlarged due to blockages and/or increased activity of the spleen. Rapid enlargement of the spleen may be a sign of another complication called splenic sequestration, which occurs mostly in young children and can be life-threatening. Widespread
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sickling in the spleen prevents adequate blood flow from the organ, removing increasing volumes of blood from the circulation and leading to accompanying signs of severe anemia. Painful events Painful events, also known as vaso-occlusive events, are a hallmark symptom of sickle cell disease. The frequency and duration of the pain can vary tremendously from person to person and over an individual's life cycle. Painful events are the most common cause of hospitalizations in sickle cell disease. However, only a small portion of individuals with sickle cell disease experience frequent and severe painful events. Most painful events can be managed at home. Pain results when small blood vessel blockages prevent oxygen from reaching tissues. Pain can affect any area of the body, although the extremities, chest, abdomen, and bones are frequently affected sites. There is some evidence that cold temperatures or infection can trigger a painful event, but most events occur for unknown reasons. The hand-foot syndrome, or dactylitis, is a particular type of painful event. Most common in toddlers, dactylitis results in pain and swelling in the hands and feet, sometimes accompanied by a fever. Anemia Sickle cells have a high turnover rate leading to a deficit of red blood cells in the bloodstream. Common symptoms of anemia include fatigue, paleness, and a shortness of breath. A particularly severe form of anemiaaplastic anemiaoccurs following infection with parvovirus. Parvovirus causes extensive destruction of the bone marrow, bringing production of new red blood cells to a halt. Bone marrow production resumes after seven to 10 days; however, given the short lives of sickle cells, even a brief shut-down in red blood cell production can cause a rapid decline in hemoglobin concentrations. Delayed growth The energy demands of the bone marrow for red blood cell production compete with the demands of a growing body. Children with sickle cell anemia may have delayed growth and reach puberty at a later age than normal. By early adulthood, they catch up on growth and attain normal height; however, weight typically remains below average. Stroke Children with sickle cell disease have a significantly elevated risk of
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having a stroke, which can be one of the most concerning complications of sickle cell disease. Approximately 11% of individuals with sickle cell disease will have a recognizable stroke by the age of 20. Magnetic resonance imaging studies have found that 17% of children with sickle cell anemia have evidence of a previous stroke or clinically 'silent' stroke-like events called transient ischemic events. Stroke in sickle cell disease is usually caused by a blockage of a blood vessel, but about one fourth of the time may be caused by a hemorrhage (or rupture) of a blood vessel. Strokes result in compromised delivery of oxygen to an area of the brain. The consequences of stroke can range from life-threatening, to severe physical or cognitive impairments, to apparent or subtle learning disabilities, to undetectable effects. Common stroke symptoms include weakness or numbness that affects one side of the body, sudden behavioral changes, loss of vision, confusion, loss of speech or the ability to understand spoken words, dizziness, headache, seizures, vomiting, or even coma. Approximately two-thirds of the children who have a stroke will have at least one more. Transfusions have been shown to decrease the incidence of a second stroke. A recent study showed that children at highest risk to experience a first stroke were 10 times more likely to stroke if untreated when compared to high-risk children treated with chronic blood transfusion therapy. High-risk children were identified using transcranial doppler ultrasound technology to detect individuals with increased blood flow speeds due to constricted intracranial blood vessels. As of 2003, researchers are investigating various techniques for helping children with memory loss related to strokes caused by sickle cell disease. Acute chest syndrome Acute chest syndrome (ACS) is a leading cause of death for individuals with sickle cell disease, and recurrent attacks can lead to permanent lung damage. Therefore rapid diagnosis and treatment is of great importance. ACS can occur at any age and is similar but distinct from pneumonia. Affected persons may experience fever, cough, chest pain, and shortness of breath. ACS seems to have multiple causes including infection, sickling in the small blood vessels of the lungs, fat embolisms to the lungs, or a combination of
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factors. Priapism Males with sickle cell anemia may experience priapism, a condition characterized by a persistent and painful erection of the penis. Due to blood vessel blockage by sickle cells, blood is trapped in the tissue of the penis. Priapism may be short in duration or it may be prolonged. Priapism can be triggered by low oxygen (hypoxemia), alcohol consumption, or sexual intercourse. Since priapism can be extremely painful and result in damage to this tissue causing impotence, rapid treatment is essential. Kidney disease The environment in the kidney is particularly prone to damage from sickle cells. Signs of kidney damage can include blood in the urine, incontinence, and enlarged kidneys. Adults with sickle cell disease often experience insufficient functioning of the kidneys, which can progress to kidney failure in a small percentage of adults with sickle cell disease. Jaundice and gallstones Jaundice is indicated by a yellow tone in the skin and eyes, and alone it is not a health concern. Jaundice may occur if bilirubin levels increase, which can occur with high levels of red blood cell destruction. Bilirubin is the final product of hemoglobin degradation, and is typically removed from the bloodstream by the liver. Therefore, jaundice can also be a sign of a poorly functioning liver, which may also be evidenced by an enlarged liver. Increased bilirubin also leads to increased chance for gallstones in children with sickle cell disease. Treatment, which may include removal of the gall bladder, may be selected if the gallstones start causing symptoms. Retinopathy The blood vessels that supply oxygen to the retinathe tissue at the back of the eyemay be blocked by sickle cells, leading to a condition called retinopathy. This is one of the only complications that is actually more common in SC disease as compared to SS disease. Retinopathy can be identified through regular ophthalmology evaluations and effectively treated in order to avoid damage to vision. Joint problems Avascular necrosis of the hip and shoulder joints, in which bone
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damage occurs due to compromised blood flow due to sickling, can occur later in childhood. This complication can affect an individual's physical abilities and result in substantial pain. Diagnosis Inheritance of sickle cell disease or trait cannot be prevented, but it may be predicted. Screening is recommended for individuals in highrisk populations. In the United States, African Americans and Latino Americans have the highest risk of having the disease or trait. Sickle cell is also common among individuals of Mediterranean, Middle Eastern, and Eastern Indian descent. A complete blood count (CBC) will describe several aspects of an individual's blood cells. A person with sickle cell disease will have a lower than normal hemoglobin level, together with other characteristic red blood cell abnormalities. A hemoglobin electrophoresis is a test that can help identify the types and quantities of hemoglobin made by an individual. This test uses an electric field applied across a slab of gellike material. Hemoglobins migrate through this gel at various rates and to specific locations, depending on their size, shape, and electrical charge. Although sickle hemoglobin (Hb S) and regular adult hemoglobin (called Hb A) differ by only one amino acid, they can be clearly separated using hemoglobin electrophoresis. Isoelectric focusing and highperformance liquid chromatography (HPLC) use similar principles to separate hemoglobins and can be used instead of or in various combinations with hemoglobin electrophoresis to determine the types of hemoglobin present. Another test called the sickledex can help confirm the presence of sickle hemoglobin, although this test cannot provide accurate or reliable diagnosis when used alone. When Hb S is present, but there is an absence or only a trace of Hb A, sickle cell anemia is a likely diagnosis. Additional beta globin DNA testing, which looks directly at the beta globin gene, can be performed to help confirm the diagnosis and establish the exact genetic type of sickle cell disease. CBC and hemoglobin electrophoresis are also typically used to diagnose sickle cell trait and various other types of beta globin traits. Diagnosis of sickle cell disease can occur under various circumstances. If an individual has symptoms that are suggestive of this diagnosis, the above-described screening tests can be performed
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followed by DNA testing, if indicated. Screening at birth using HPLC or a related technique offers the opportunity for early intervention. More than 40 states include sickle cell screening as part of the usual battery of blood tests done for newborns. This allows for early identification and treatment. Hemoglobin trait screening is recommended for any individual of a high-risk ethnic background who may be considering having children. When both members of a couple are found to have sickle cell trait, or other related hemoglobin traits, they can receive genetic counseling regarding the risk of sickle cell disease in their future children and various testing options. Sickle cell disease can be identified before birth through the use of prenatal diagnosis. Chorionic villus sampling (CVS) can be offered as early as 10 weeks of pregnancy and involves removing a sample of the placenta made by the baby and testing the cells. CVS carries a risk of causing a miscarriage that is between one-half to one percent. Amniocentesis is generally offered between 15 and 22 weeks of pregnancy, but can sometimes be offered earlier. Two to three tablespoons of the fluid surrounding the baby is removed. This fluid contains fetal cells that can be tested. This test carries a risk of causing a miscarriage, which is not greater than one percent. Pregnant woman and couples may choose prenatal testing in order to prepare for the birth of a baby that may have sickle cell disease. Alternately, knowing the diagnosis during pregnancy allows for the option of pregnancy termination. Preimplantation genetic diagnosis (PGD) is a relatively new technique that involves in-vitro fertilization followed by genetic testing of one cell from each developing embryo. Only the embryos unaffected by sickle cell disease are transferred back into the uterus. PGD is currently available on a research basis only, and is relatively expensive. Treatment There are several practices intended to prevent some of the symptoms and complications of sickle cell disease. These include preventative antibiotics, good hydration, immunizations, and access to comprehensive care. Maintaining good health through adequate nutrition, avoiding stresses and infection, and getting proper rest is also important. Following these guidelines is intended to improve the health of individuals with sickle cell disease.
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Penicillin Infants are typically started on a course of penicillin that extends from infancy to age six. Use of this antibiotic is meant to ward off potentially fatal infections. Infections at any age are treated aggressively with antibiotics. Vaccines for common infections, such as pneumococcal pneumonia, are also recommended. Pain management Pain is one of the primary symptoms of sickle cell anemia, and controlling it is an important concern. The methods necessary for pain control are based on individual factors. Some people can gain adequate pain control through over-the-counter oral painkillers (analgesics). Other individuals, or painful events, may require stronger methods that can include administration of narcotics. Alternative therapies may be useful in avoiding or controlling pain, including relaxation, hydration, avoiding extremes of temperature, and the application of local warmth. Blood transfusions Blood transfusions are not usually given on a regular basis but are used to treat individuals with frequent and severe painful events, severe anemia, and other emergencies. In some cases blood transfusions are given as a preventative measure, for example to treat spleen enlargement or prevent a second stroke (or a first stroke in an individual shown to be at high risk). Regular blood transfusions have the potential to decrease formation of hemoglobin S, and reduce associated symptoms. However, there are limitations and risks associated with regular blood transfusions, including the risk of blood-borne infection and sensitization to proteins in the transfused blood that can make future transfusions very difficult. Most importantly, chronic blood transfusions can lead to iron overload. The body tends to store excess iron, such as that received through transfusions, in various organs. Over time, this iron storage can cause damage to various tissues and organs, such as the heart and endocrine organs. Some of this damage can be prevented by the administration of a medication called desferoxamine that helps the body to eliminate excess iron through the urine. Alternately, some individuals receive a new, non-standard treatment called erythrocytapheresis. This involves the automated removal of sickle cells and is used in
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conjunction with a reduced number of regular transfusions. This treatment helps to reduce iron overload. Hydroxyurea Emphasis is being placed on developing drugs that treat sickle cell anemia directly. The most promising of these drugs in the late 1990s is hydroxyurea, a drug that was originally designed for anticancer treatment. Hydroxyurea has been shown to reduce the frequency of painful crises and acute chest syndrome in adults, and to lessen the need for blood transfusions. Hydroxyurea seems to work by inducing a higher production of fetal hemoglobin. The major side effects of the drug include decreased production of platelets, red blood cells, and certain white blood cells. The effects of long-term hydroxyurea treatment are unknown; however, a nine-year follow-up study of 299 adults with frequent painful crises reported in 2003 that taking hydroxyurea was associated with a 40% reduction in mortality. Bone marrow transplantation Bone marrow transplantation has been shown to cure sickle cell anemia in some cases. This treatment is reserved primarily for severely affected children with a healthy donor whose marrow proteins match those of the recipient, namely a brother or sister who has inherited the same tissue type. Indications for a bone marrow transplant are stroke, recurrent acute chest syndrome, and chronic unrelieved pain. Bone marrow transplantations tend to be the most successful in children; adults have a higher rate of transplant rejection and other complications. There is approximately a 10% fatality rate associated with bone marrow transplants done for sickle cell disease. Survivors face potential long-term complications, such as chronic graft-versushost disease (an immunemediated attack by the donor marrow against the recipient's tissues), infertility, and development of some forms of cancer. A relatively recent advance in transplantation involves the use of donor stem cells obtained from cord blood, the blood from the placenta that is otherwise discarded following the birth of a new baby. Cord blood cells, as opposed to fully mature bone marrow cells, appear to be less likely to result in graft-versus-host disease in the recipient. This increases the safety and efficacy of the transplant procedure. Surgery
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Certain surgical interventions are utilized in the treatment of specific sickle cell-related complications. Removal of a dysfunctioning gallbladder or spleen can often lead to improvements in health. Investigations are currently underway to establish the efficacy of hip coring surgery, in which a portion of affected bone is removed to treat avascular necrosis of the hip. The hope is that this may provide an effective treatment to alleviate some pain and restore function in the affected hip. Gene research Replacing the gene that produces the defective hemoglobin in sickle cell disease patients with one that makes normal hemoglobin may be a possible treatment due to recent research. According to a 1998 report in Science, researchers studied the blood cells from people who carry the sickle cell gene. By using an enzyme called a ribosome, the study was able to alter sickle cells into normal cells. The ribosome cut out the mutated instructions in the cells' genetic pattern and replaced them with the correct instructions. Researchers hope that this will allow the cells to make normal hemoglobinleading to the ultimate treatment for those with sickle cell disease. In late 2001, genetic scientists reported that they had designed a gene that might lead to a future treatment of sickle cell anemia. Although the gene had not been tested in humans, early results showed that the injected gene protected cells from sickling. As of 2003, Key terms Amino acid Organic compounds that form the building blocks of protein. There are 20 types of amino acids (eight are "essential amino acids" which the body cannot make and must therefore be obtained from food). Anemia A blood condition in which the level of hemoglobin or the number of red blood cells falls below normal values. Common symptoms include paleness, fatigue, and shortness of breath. Bilirubin A yellow pigment that is the end result of hemoglobin breakdown. This pigment is metabolized in the liver and excreted from the body through the bile. Bloodstream levels are normally low; however, extensive red cell destruction leads to excessive bilirubin formation and jaundice. Bone marrow A spongy tissue located in the hollow centers of
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certain bones, such as the skull and hip bones. Bone marrow is the site of blood cell generation. Bone marrow transplantation A medical procedure used to treat some diseases that arise from defective blood cell formation in the bone marrow. Healthy bone marrow is extracted from a donor to replace the marrow in an ailing individual. Proteins on the surface of bone marrow cells must be identical or very closely matched between a donor and the recipient. Globin One of the component protein molecules found in hemoglobin. Normal adult hemoglobin has a pair each of alphaglobin and beta-globin molecules. Heme The iron-containing molecule in hemoglobin that serves as the site for oxygen binding. Hemoglobin Protein-iron compound in the blood that carries oxygen to the cells and carries carbon dioxide away from the cells. Hemoglobin A Normal adult hemoglobin that contains a heme molecule, two alpha-globin molecules, and two beta-globin molecules. Hemoglobin electrophoresis A laboratory test that separates molecules based on their size, shape, or electrical charge. Hemoglobin S Hemoglobin produced in association with the sickle cell trait; the beta-globin molecules of hemoglobin S are defective. Hemolytic Referring to the destruction of the cell membranes of red blood cells, resulting in the release of hemoglobin from the damaged cell. Hydroxyurea A drug that has been shown to induce production of fetal hemoglobin. Fetal hemoglobin has a pair of gamma-globin molecules in place of the typical beta-globins of adult hemoglobin. Higher-than-normal levels of fetal hemoglobin can prevent sickling from occurring. Impotence The inability to have a penile erection, which can be due to tissue damage resulting from sickling within the penis (priapism).
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Iron overload A side effect of frequent blood transfusions in which the body accumulates abnormally high levels of iron. Iron deposits can form in organs, particularly the heart, and cause lifethreatening damage. Jaundice Yellowing of the skin or eyes due to excess of bilirubin in the blood. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) A technique that employs magnetic fields and radio waves to create detailed images of internal body structures and organs, including the brain. Meniscocytosis Another word for sickle cell disease. Mutation A permanent change in the genetic material that may alter a trait or characteristic of an individual, or manifest as disease, and can be transmitted to offspring. Narcotics Strong, prescription medication that can be effective in treating pain, but have the potential to be habit-forming if their use is not supervised correctly. Nucleic acid The cellular molecules DNA and RNA that act as coded instructions for the production of proteins and are copied for transmission of inherited traits. Ophthalmology The medical specialty of vision and the eye. Placenta The organ responsible for oxygen and nutrition exchange between a pregnant mother and her developing baby. Red blood cell Hemoglobin-containing blood cells that transport oxygen from the lungs to tissues. In the tissues, the red blood cells exchange their oxygen for carbon dioxide, which is brought back to the lungs to be exhaled. Screening Process through which carriers of a trait may be identified within a population. Sickle cell A red blood cell that has assumed an elongated shape due to the presence of hemoglobin S. experiments in gene therapy for sickle cell disease have been carried out in mice, using lentiviral vectors to transfer the corrective gene into the mouse's stem cells. This technique, however, has not yet been
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attempted in human subjects as of late 2003. Psychosocial support As in any lifelong, chronic disease, comprehensive care is important. Assistance with the emotional, social, family-planning, economic, vocational, and other consequences of sickle cell disease can enable affected individuals to better access and benefit from their medical care. Prognosis Sickle cell disease is characteristically variable between and within affected individuals. Predicting the course of the disorder based solely on genes is not possible. Several factors aside from genetic inheritance determine the prognosis for affected individuals, including the frequency, severity, and nature of specific complications in any given individual. The availability and access of comprehensive medical care also plays an important role in preventing and treating serious, acute complications, which cause the majority of sickle cell-related deaths. For those individuals who do not experience such acute events, life expectancy is probably substantially greater than the average for all people with sickle cell disease. The impact of recent medical advances supports the hypothesis that current life expectancies may be significantly greater than those estimated in the early 1990s. At that time, individuals with SS disease lived to the early- to mid-40s, and those with SC disease lived into the upper 50s on average. As of 2003, the life expectancy of persons with SS is over 50. With early detection and comprehensive medical care, most people with sickle cell disease are in fairly good health most of the time. Most individuals can be expected to live well into adulthood, enjoying an improved quality of life including the ability to choose a variety of education, career, and family-planning options for themselves.

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Beta Thalessemia
Hpathy

Hpathy Ezine, July, 2012 | July 10, 2012

Information about beta thalassemia symptoms, beta thalassemia diagnosis, descrption of beta thalassemia minor and major, treatment with homeopathy. The thalassemia; are a set of hereditary hemolytic anemias that are caused by synthesis of either the alpha or beta chains that make up the hemoglobin, molecule. The reduction of a particular chain leads to the imbalance of globin chain synthesis and subsequently a distortion in the : ratio. As a result, unpaired globin chains produce insoluble tetramers that precipitate in the cell and cause damage to membranes. The red cells are susceptible to premature red cell destruction by the reticuloendothelial system in the bone marrow, liver, and spleen. In thalassemia, there is an impairment of -chain production that leads to an excess of alpha chains. These disorders are typically diagnosed several months after birth because the presence of -chain is only important postnatally when it would normally replace the chain as the major non- chain. There are multiple mutations that can lead to -thalassemia. Almost any point mutation that causes a decrease in synthesis of mRNA or protein can cause this disease. thalassemia is essentially an AR disorder seen more commonly among patients of Mediterranean descent, as well as Asians and Africans. Sign and symptoms Beta thalassemia minor is clinically asymptomatic. Beta thalassemia major presents with symptoms of severe anemia. Patients are jaundiced, and leg ulcers and cholelithiasis occur. Splenomegaly is common, and the spleen may be several times its normal size. Causes of poor growth in thalassemia major

Inadequate transfusion Hypogonadism Decreased growth hormone secretion/hypopituitarism Decreased growth hormone action due to receptor abnormalities

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Hypothyroidism, diabetes mellitus Adrenal hypo secretion Bone disorder Delayed puberty Trace element deficiency Intensive chelation

Diagnosis of beta thalassemia Quantitative hemoglobin studies are used for routine clinical diagnosis. When a test shows elevated HbA, beta thalassemia is indicated. In thalassemia major, HbF is usually increased, up to 90 percent. In beta thalassemia major, X-ray findings are characteristic of chronic bone marrow hyperactivity. The skull and long bones are thinned. And the marrow space is widened. Tests show microcytic RBCs of varied size, with low hemoglobin. There are increased erythropoietin levels and, often, an overload of iron. Homeopathic treatment for beta thalassemia symptoms Homeopathy is one of the most popular holistic systems of medicine. The selection of remedy is based upon the theory of individualization and symptoms similarity by using holistic approach. This is the only way through which a state of complete health can be regained by removing all the sign and symptoms from which the patient is suffering. The aim of homeopathy is not only to treat beta thalassemia symptoms but to address its underlying cause and individual susceptibility. As far as therapeutic medication is concerned, several remedies are available to treat beta thalassemia symptoms that can be selected on the basis of cause, sensations and modalities of the complaints. For individualized remedy selection and treatment, the patient should consult a qualified homeopathic doctor in person.

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Acetanilidum Alloxanum Antipyrinum Aspidospermium

Baryta iodata Baryta muriatica Benzolum Beryllium metallicum

Cadmium metallicum Calcarea arsenicosa Carbo vegetabilis Carcinosinum Cobaltum nitricum Convolvulus stans Cortisonum Corticotropinum Curare Cytisus laburnum

Desoxyribonucleicum acidum Ergotinum Ferrum phosphoricum Graphites Guatteria gaumeri Histaminum Influenzinum Iridium metallicum

Latrodectus mactans Lecithinum Manganum aceticum Medorrhinum Natrium muriaticum Natrium nitricum Natrium fluoratum Penicillinum

Pituitaria posterior Plumbum metallicum Sulfanilamidum Streptococcinum Strophanthus sarmentosus Rauwolfia serpentina

Thymolum Tocopherolum Trinitrotoluenum Tuberculinum bovinum Kent Vaccin attnu bili Vanadium metallicum X-ray Zincum metallicum

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