CHNG: AMIN

AMINOAXIT - PROTEIN
TM TT LTHUYT
AMIN
Khi nim : Khi thay th mt hay
nhiu nguyn t hidro trong phn
t NH
3
bng 1 hay nhiu
gchidrocacbon ta c amin .
VD: CH
3
NH
2
; CH
3
NH CH
3
;
C
6
H
5
NH
2


Cng thc tng qut mt s loi amin:
Amin bt k: C
x
H
y
N
t
(y 2x + 2 +t; y + t : s chn)
Amin no: C
x
H
2x+2+t
N
t

Amin n: C
x
H
y
N (y 2x +

3)
Amin n no: C
x
H
2x+3
N


Bc ca amin bng s nguyn t H trong amin b thay th
bi gc hidrocabon
Amin bc 1 c CTTQ l: R-NH2
Amin bc 2 c CTTQ l: R-NH-R
Amin bc 3 c CTTQ l:
VD: CH
3
NH
2
(Bc 1)
CH
3
NH CH
3
(Bc 2)
(CH
3
)
3
N (Bc 3)
Tn gi :
Tn gc hidrocacbon tng ng + s ch v tr nhm NH
2
+
amin
Vd: CH
3
NH CH
3
: imetyl amin
Tnh cht
Tnh baz:
Nguyn t N ca amin cn i electron t do
c th nhn ion H
+
suy ra amin c tnh baz
RNH
2
+ HCl RNH
3
Cl
Anilin c phn ng th d dng 3 nguyn t H ca
vng benzen(o , p) => kt ta trng (dng nhn
bit anilin)
Anilin tc dng vi dung dich Br
2
:
C
6
H
5
NH
2 +
3Br
2
C
6
H
2
(NH
2
)Br
3
+ 3HBr
AMINOAXIT
nh ngha
Amino axit l loi HCHC tp chc m phn t cha ng
thi nhm amino (NH
2
) v nhm cacboxyl (COOH).
VD: H
2
N CH
2
COOH CH
3
CH[NH
2
] COOH
Cu to phn t
V nhm COOH c tnh axit, nhm NH
2
c tnh baz nn
c trng thi kt tinh amino axit tn ti dng ion lng
cc Trong dung dch, dng ion lng cc chuyn mt
phn thnh dng phn t.

R
+
COOH CH
NH
3
NH
2
COO
-
R CH
Dng ion lng cc Dng phn t
DANH PHP
Tn thay th: axit + (v tr nhm NH
2
: 1, 2,) + amino + tn axit cacboxylic tng
ng.
Tn bn h thng: axit + (v tr nhm NH
2
: o, |, , ..) + amino + tn thng thng axit
cacboxylic tng ng.
Cng thc Tn thay th Tn bn h thng Tn h
thng
K
hiu
CH
2
-COOH
NH
2

Axit aminoetanoic Axit aminoaxetic Glyxin Gly
CH
3
- CH - COOH


NH
2

Axit
2 - aminopropanoic
Axit
- aminopropanoic
Alanin Ala
CH
3
- CH CH -COOH
CH
3
NH
2

Axit - 2 amino -3 -
Metylbutanoic
Axit o -
aminoisovaleric
Valin Val
Axit - 2 - amino -3(4 -
hiroxiphenyl)propan
oic
Axit o -amino -|
(p hiroxiphenyl)
propionic
Tyrosin Tyr
HOOC(CH
2
)
2
CH - COOH
NH
2

Axit
2 - aminopentannoic
Axit
o - aminoglutamic
Axit
glutamic
Glu
COOH
NH
2
CH
2
CH
HO
TNH CHT HA HC
Tnh cht axit baz ca dd amino axit
a) Mi trng dung dch aminoaxit.
Xt vi aminoaxit (H2N)xR(COOH)y:
- Khi x=y: dd gn nh trung tnh pH =7
- Khi x<y: dd c mi trng axit pH < 7
- Khi x>y: dd c mi trng bazo pH > 7
b) Amino axit c tnh lng tnh
+ Amino axit tc dng vi axit v c mnh -> mui : HOOC CH
2
NH
2
+ HCl
-> HOOC CH
2
NH
3
Cl
+ Amino axit tc dng vi baz mnh -> mui v nc : NH
2
CH
2
COOH +
NaOH -> NH
2
CH
2
COONa +H
2
O
Phn ng este ha nhm COOH
NH
2
CH
2
COOH + C
2
H
5
OH
khiHCl

NH
2
CH
2
COOC
2
H
5
+ H
2
O
Phn ng ca nhm NH2 vi HNO2
NH
2
CH
2
COOH + HNO
2
> HOCH
2
COOH + N
2
+H
2
O
... + H - NH -[CH
2
]
5
CO- OH + H - NH[CH
2
]
5
CO - OH + H - NH - [CH
2
]
5
CO -OH +

T
Phn ng trng ngng


. . . - NH - [CH
2
]
5
CO - NH - [CH
2
]
5
CO - ... + nH
2
O
Hay vit gp li : nH NH [CH
2
]
5
CO OH > (- NH [CH
2
]
5
CO -)n + nH
2
O
PROTEIN
Khi nim peptit:
- Lin kt ca nhm CO vi nhm NH gia hai n v amino
axit c gi l lin kt peptit.
- Peptit l nhng hp cht cha t 2 n 50 gc o - amino axit
lin kt vi nhau bng cc lin kt peptit.
Khi nim protein
Protein l nhng polipeptit, cao phn t c phn t khi t vi chc
nghn n vi triu.
Protein c vai tr l nn tng cu trc v chc nng ca mi c th
sng.
Protein c phn thnh hai loi:
- protein n gin: l nhng protein c to thnh ch t cc
gc -aminoaxit.
- Protein phc tp:l nhng protein c to thnh t cc
protein n gin cng vi thnh phn phi protein, nh axit nucleic,
lipit, cacbohidrat,...
TNH CHT CA PROTEIN
Tnh cht ho hc ca protein
Phn ng thu phn
H
2
N CH

CO NH CH CO NH CH CO .... NH CH COOH + (n 1) H
2
O
R
1
R
2
R
3
R
n


H
2
N CH

COOH + H
2
N CH COOH + H
2
N CH COOH + .... + H
2
N CH COOH
R
1
R
2
R
3
R
n

Phn ng mu
Khi tc dng vi axit nitric, protein to ra kt ta mu vng :
OH
+ 2HNO
3
NO
2
OH
NO
2
+ 2H
2
O
Khi tc dng vi Cu(OH)
2
, protein to mu tm
c trng (phn ng mu biure)
hay enzim
MT S DNG BI TP
Dng 1: S ng phn ca amin n
CTPT Tng s
ng phn
Bc 1 Bc 2 Bc3
C
3
H
9
N 4 2 1 1
C
4
H
11
N 8 4 3 1
C
5
H
13
N 17 8 6 3
C
6
H
15
N 7
C
7
H
9
N 5 4 1 0
VD1:Cho amin no n chc c %N = 23,72% .
Tm s ng phn bc 3 ca amin
A. 1 B.2 C.3 D.4
Gii: amin no n chc => CT : C
n
H
2n+1
NH
2

=>%N =
% 72 , 23
17 14
% 100 . 14
min
% 100 .
=
+
=
n Ma
MN
Gii ra c n = 3
=>CT : C
3
H
7
NH
2
=> C ng phn bc 3 l 1
(Bng trn C
3
H
9
N)
Dng2 : So snh tnh baz ca cc amin
Nguyn tc :
Nhm ankyl c nh hng lm tng mt e nguyn t Nit =>lm tng
tnh baz. >NH
3

Nhm phenyl (C
6
H
5
-) lm gim mt e trn nguyn t Nit =>lm gim
tnh baz. <NH
3

Lc baz : C
n
H
2n+1
-NH
2
> NH
3
> C
6
H
5
-NH
2

Amin bc 2 > Amin bc 1
Gii thch: Do amin bc 2 (R-NH-R) c hai gc HC nn mt y e vo
nguyn t N trung tm ln hn amin bc 1 (R-NH2).
Amin cn d i e cha lin kt trn nguyn t Nit nn th hin tnh baz
=> c trng cho kh nng nhn proton H
+

Amin cng c nhiu gc ankyl, gc ankyl cng ln => tnh baz cng mnh,
c nhiu gc phenyl => tnh baz cng yu.
*V D: So snh tnh baz ca cc hp cht hu c sau: NH
3
, C
2
H
5
NH
2
,
CH
3
NH
2
, C
6
H
5
NH
2
, (C
6
H
5
)
2
NH, (C
2
H
5
)
2
NH, C
6
H
5
CH
2
NH
2
?
(C
2
H
5
)
2
NH > C
2
H
5
NH
2
> CH
3
NH
2
> NH
3
> C
6
H
5
> CH
2
NH
2
> C
6
H
5
NH
2
>
(C
6
H
5
)
2
NH
VD1: Cho cc cht:
(1)amoniac. (2)metylamin. (3)anilin. (4)dimetylamin.
Tnh baz tng dn theo th t no sau y?
A. (1) < (3) < (2) < (4). B. (3) < (1) < (2) < (4).
C. (1) < (2) < (3) < (4). D. (3) < (1) < (4) < (2).
Amoniac : NH
3
; metyamin : CH
3
NH
2
; anilin : C
6
H
5
NH
2
;
dimetylamin : CH
3
NH CH
3
.
Da vo tnh cht trn : anilin c vng benzen(gc phenyl) =>
Tnh baz yu nht
NH
3
mc trung gian > C
6
H
5
NH
2

Amin bc I (CH
3
NH
2
) < Amin bc 2 (CH
3
NH CH
3
)
=> Th t : C
6
H
5
NH
2
< CH
3
< CH
3
NH
2
<(CH
3
)
2
NH
Dng 3: Xc nh s nhm chc
Nu bi cho s mol amin v s mol axit (H
+
) lp t s

S nhm chc =
min nA
nH +

Nu amin ch c 1N => s nhm chc = 1
VD: trung ha 50 ml dd amin no, (trong amin c 2
nguyn t Nit ) cn 40 ml dd HCl 0,1 M . C
M
ca
imetyl amin dng l :
A.0,08M B.0,04M C.0,02M D.0,06M
Amin c 2 N => amin c s chc = 2. p dng CT : n
amin

= n
HCl
/2 = 0,002 mol => C
M
amin = 0,04 M
Dng 4 : Xc inh s mol ca ca amin nu bit s mol ca CO
2
& H
2
O
Nu bi cha cho amin no, n chc th ta c gi s l amin
no, n.
Khi t chy nH
2
O > nCO
2
,ta ly : nH
2
O nCO
2
= 1,5n
amin

Cch chng minh nh phn hidrocacbon CT amin no n chc : C
n
H
2n+1
NH
2

PT : C
n
H
2n+3
N + O
2
=> nCO
2
+ (2n+3)/2 H
2
O + 1/2 N
2

x mol n.x mol ((2n+3)/2).x mol
n
Ta ly nH
2
O nCO
2
= 1.5x = 1.5n
amin

T => n (s C trong amin) hoc
=
Tng t c CT i vi amin khng no , n chc
+ C 1 lk , C 2 lk , Chng minh tng t
Nu bi cho amin n chc, m khi t chy to ra bit n CO
2
v
nN
2
th ta c CT sau:
V amin n chc => c 1 N . p dng LBT nguyn t N => n
amin
= 2nN
2


M n hoc

n
2 2
2
) (
min
2
nN
nCO
n n
na
nCO
=
=
n
2 2
2
) (
min
2
nN
nCO
n n
na
nCO
=
=
VD1: t chy hon ton a mol hh X gm 2 amin no n chc lin tip
nhau thu c 5,6 lt CO
2
(ktc) v 7,2 g H
2
O . Gi tr ca a l :
A. 0,05 mol B.0,1 mol C.0,15 mol
D.0,2 mol
Tm CT 2 amin ?
p dng CT : n
amin
= (nH
2
O nCO
2
)/1,5 ( i vi amin no n chc)
= (0,4 0,25)/1,5 = 0,1 mol
CT amin : n =
5 , 2
1 , 0
25 , 0
min
2
= =
na
nCO
=> Amin c CT : C
n
H
2n+1
NH
2

n = 2 v n = 3: C
2
H
5
NH
3
v C
3
H
7
NH
2

VD2: Aminoaxit X cha mt nhm chc amin bc nht trong phn t. t chy
hon ton mt lng X thu c CO
2
v N
2
theo t l th tch l 4 : 1. X c
cng thc cu to l:
A.H
2
N CH
2
CH
2
COOH B.H
2
N (CH
2
)
3
COOH
C.H
2
N CH
2
COOH D. H
2
N (CH
2
)
4
COOH
Da vo p n => amin X ch c 1 N => 2nN
2
= n
amin
(Bo ton nguyn t
Nit)
M 2
2
4
2 2
2
min
2
= = = =
nN
nCO
n
na
nCO
n
=> X Ch c 2 C => C
Dng 5: tm CTPT ca amin n, nu bit % khi
lng N hoc %H hay %C cng c
Gi R l gc hidrocacbon ca amin cn tm . VD amin n chc
CT : R-NH
2

Mt s gc hidrocacbon thng gp :
15: CH
3
-; 27: CH
2
=CH-; 29: C
2
H
5
-; 43: C
3
H
7
-; 57: C
4
H
9
-
VD 1: Cho amin no , n chc bc 1 c %N = 31,11% . Tm CT
ca amin
Nh li CT tng qut : C
n
H
2n+2-2a-m
(chc)
m
( a l tng tnh
phn trn)
y v amin n chc => m = 1 , V amin no => a = 0
=> CT: C
n
H
2n+2-1
NH
2
= C
n
H
2n+1
N
%N =
=
+
% 11 , 31
17 14
% 100 . 14
n
Gii ra c n = 2 => CT:
C
2
H
5
NH
2

Dng 6: Cho amin tc dng vi dd FeCl
3
, Cu(NO
3
)
2

to kt ta
Amin c kh nng tc dng vi dd FeCl
3
,
Cu(NO
3
)
2
xy ra theo phng trnh :
3RNH
2
+ FeCl
3
+ 3H
2
O => Fe(OH)
3
+ 3RNH
3
Cl
2RNH
2
+ Cu(NO
3
)
2
+ 2H
2
O => Cu(OH)
2
+ 2RNH
2
NO
3

Thng th bi hay cho m kt ta : Fe(OH)
3
hoc
Cu(OH)
2

Dng 7: tm CTPT ca amin da theo
phn ng chy
Cng thc : p dng CT : Tm CT bt k : C
n
H
2n+2-2a-m
(chc)
m
. Ta
c
Amin bt k : C
x
H
y
N
z
vi y 2x + 2 +z, y chn th z chn, y l th
z l
Amin n chc : C
x
H
y
N

Amin n chc no : C
n
H
2n+1
NH
2
, C
n
H
2n+3
N
Amin a chc no : C
n
H
2n+2-z
(NH
2
)
z
, C
n
H
2n+2+z
N
1.Nu cho phn trm khi lng tng nguyn t th lp CT
n gin nht, da vo gi thuyt bin lun. Theo T l : x : y :z
2.Nu bi cho s mol sn phm th lm tng t dng 3, tm
c s ngt C trung bnh, da vo yu cu a ra CT ng
3.Nu bi cho m g amin n chc t chy hon ton trong
khng kh va (cha 20% oxi, 80% nit) thu c ch k mol
CO
2
hoc c k mol CO
2
ln x mol nit , ta c th lm nh v d:
VD1: t chy hon ton 1,18 g amin n chc B bng
mt lng oxi va . Dn ton b sn phm qua bnh
ng nc vi trong d thu c 6 gam kt ta .CTPT
ca B l :
Gi cng thc l C
x
H
y
N
C
x
H
y
N + O
2
=> x CO
2

Ta c t l : x.n
amin
= nCO
2

06 , 0
84 , 0 46 , 0
06 , 0
14 12
18 , 1
.

= => =
+ +
x
y
y x
x
2x +2+1 x 3
Vy CTPT l C
3
H
9
N
VD2:t chy hon ton 1,18 g amin n chc B bng mt lng
khng kh va (cha 20% oxi, 80% nit). Dn ton b sn
phm qua bnh ng nc vi trong d thu c 6 gam kt ta
v c 9,632 lt kh duy nht thot ra .CTPT ca B l :
Gi cng thc l C
x
HyN . nCO
2
= 0,06 mol
C
x
H
y
N + (2x + y/2)/2 O
2
=> x CO
2
+ y/2 H
2
O + N
2

9 ; 3 ) 2 ( & ) 1 (
) 2 ( 84 , 0 06 , 0 46 , 0
06 , 0
14 12
18 , 1
) 1 ( 03 , 0 06 , 0 19 , 0 43 , 0
03 , 0
)
4
( 06 , 0
. 4 2
03 , 0
2
)
4
( 06 , 0
. 4 2
)
4
( 06 , 0
2
= =
= =
+ +
= = +
+
= =
+
=
+
=

y x Giai
y x
x y x
y x
x x
y
x
nN
x
nN
x
y
x
kk nN
x
y
x
nO
Theo
pt :
Nu bi ton cho t chy mt amin bng khng kh ,ri thu a mol CO
2
; b mol
H
2
O ; c mol N
2
, ta lm nh sau :
Tm khi lng O trong CO
2
; H
2
O = khi lng Oxi tham gia phn ng ( Bo
ton nguyn t O)
=> s mol oxi => s mol Nit trong kk = 4nO
2
(Nu bi tp cho t trong khng
kh cn nu t trong O
2
th khng phi tnh)
=> s mol Nit sinh ra trong phn ng chy. T ta s c s mol C, H, N
trong amin => Tm CTGN => CTPT
VD1: Mt amino axit cha 46,6% C, 8,74% H, 13,59% N, cn li l oxi. Cng
thc n gin nht trng vi cng thc phn t. Cng thc phn t ng ca
amino axit l:
A.C
3
H
7
O
2
B.C
4
H
9
O
2
N C.C
5
H
9
O
2
N D.C
6
H
10
O
2
N
% O = 100 - (46,6 + 8,74 + 13,59) = 31,07 %
C : H : O : N =
14
59 , 13
:
16
07 , 31
:
1
74 , 8
:
12
6 , 46
14
%
:
16
%
:
1
%
:
12
%
=
N O H C
= 3,88 : 8,74 : 1,94 : 0,97 = 4 : 9 : 2 : 1 => CTG : C
4
H
9
O
2
N => Chn B
Nu lm trc nghim nh th th hi lu.
Mo dp n: S C u khc nhau v s N ging nhau ( bi hay cho
kiu ny)
Ch cn xt t l gia C v N thi khng cn O v H
Xt t l ta c C : O = 4 : 1 => chn B
VD2: Khi t chy hon ton mt amin n
chc X, thu c 8,4 lt kh CO
2
, 1,4 lt kh N
2

(cc th tch kh o ktc) v 10,125 gam H
2
O.
Cng thc phn t ca X l (cho H = 1, O =
16)Chn mt p n di y
A. C
3
H
7
N B. C
3
H
9
N C.
C
4
H
9
N D. C
2
H
7
N
Cu ny khc xt t l C : H hay hn Tm c
t l 1 : 3 => B
V p n A v B t l C : N = 3: 1
Dng 8: Cho amin tc dng vi HCl: (PP
Gii bi tp dng tng gim khi lng)
VD amin bc 1:
Aminno axit : NH
2
R COOH + HCl => ClNH
3
-R-COOH
Gi s 1mol 1mol=> 1mol
=> m
tng
= m
mui
m
aminoaxit
= 36,5 g (v p cng HCl)
Vi xmol xmol=> xmol => m
tng
=
36,5x g
m
mui
= m
aminoaxit
+ n
HCl
.36,5
Hoc dng BT Khi lng : m
aminoaxit
+ m
HCl
= m
mui
(chnh l CT
trn)
Cn nu amino axit tc dng vi NaOH(kim) (hoc Na,K) Th
xem li phn axit nh.
CT: m
mui
= m
aminoaxit
+ m.n
NaOH
.22 ( m l s chc COOH)
i vi amino axit c 1 nhm COOH => n
NaOH
= n
aminoaxit
= n
mui

VD1: Cho 0,01 mol amino axit A tc dng va vi 80 ml dung
dch HCl 0,125 M. C cn dung dch thu c 1,835 gam mui.
Khi lng phn t ca A (tc l M ca A)l:
A.97 B.120 C.147 D.150
p dng CT: m
mui
= m
aminoaxit
+ n
HCl
.36,5
1,835 =M
aminoaxit
. 0, 01 + 0,01.36,5 M
aminoaxit
= 147
VD2: Cho 0,01 mol aminoaxit X phn ng ht vi 40ml dung dch
HCl 0,25M to thnh 1,115g mui khan. X c cng thc cu to
no sau y:
A.NH
2
CH
2
COOH B.NH
2
(CH
2
)
2
COOH
C.CH
3
COONH
4
D.NH
2
(CH
2
)
3
COOH
Da vo p n hoc Xt t l : n
HCl
/ n
amin
= 1 => amino axit c 1
gc chc, p t l 1 :1 => Loi p n C.
p dng CT : m
mui
=M
aminoaxit
. 0,01 + n
HCl
. 36,5
1,115 = M
X
.0,01 + 0,01.36,5 M
X
= 75
CT : amino axit: NH
2
C
n
H
2n
COOH => M
R
= 14n + 61 = 75 => n = 1
CT : NH
2
CH
2
COOH
83 14
88 , 3
61 14
3
+
=
+ n n
mol
o a m mmuoi
04 , 0
22
3 88 , 3
22
min
=

=
o
1 75
04 , 0
3
= = n
VD3: A l mt -amino axit no ch cha mt nhm NH
2
v
mt nhm COOH. Cho 3 gam A tc dng vi NaOH d thu c
3,88 gam mui. Cng thc phn t ca A l
A.CH
3
-CH
2
-CH(NH
2
)-COOH B.H
2
N-CH
2
-CH
2
-COOH
C.CH
3
-CH(NH
2
)-COOH D.H
2
N-CH
2
-COO
Cch gii bnh thng : Theo bi ta c gc hirocacbon l
C
n
H
2n

H
2
N-C
n
H
2n
COOH + NaOH => H
2
N-C
n
H
2n
COONa + H
2
O
3 gam 3,88 gam
Theo PT => nH
2
N-C
n
H
2n
COOH = nH
2
N-C
n
H
2n
COONa

=>M H
2
N-C
n
H
2n
COOH = 14n +61 =
=> p dng CT trn => nH
2
N-C
n
H2nCOOH =

Gii ra c : n = 1 => CTCT ca A l
H
2
N-CH
2
-COOH =>Chn D
Trn hn hp gm amin v
hirocacbon ri em t chy
Xt v d sau :
VD1: t chy hon ton hn hp gm 100 ml hh gm
imetylamin v hai hirocacbon ng ng k tip thu
c 140 ml CO
2
v 250 ml nc ( cc V cng iu
kin). CTPT ca hai hirocacbon?
Ta thy : Hn hp gm (C
2
H
5
)
2
NH v C
x
H
y
(x l s ngt C
trung bnh ca hai HC).
Gi n l s nguyn t C trung bnh =>
4 , 1
100
140
= = n
Vy mt trong hai cht phi c 1 cht c s ngt C >
1,4 , l (C
2
H
5
)
2
NH.
Cht cn li c s ngt C nh hn 1,4 => x<1,4 => hai
hirocacbon ng ng k tip trn phi thuc dy
ng ng ca ankan. Vy 2 hirocacbon cn tm l
CH
4
v C
2
H
6
.