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Chapter 8: Magnetic transducers

8.1 Introduction 8.2 Magnetic energy 8.3 Electromagnetic transducers 8.4 Electrodynamic transducers

8.1 Introduction
Two types of magnetic transducers: 1. Based on Lorentz force: Fint = q[ v B] - electrodynamic transducers - e.g. loudspeaker 2. Forces between magnets: - electromagnetic transducers Names are historically determined, in fact its only Lorentz forces.

8.2 Magnetic energy


Long coil:

number of turns

B = m ni = m

N i l
length

magnetic permeability Induction voltage: flux linkage l = NSB Ni l = NS m l l self-inductance L

B u = NS = t t

surface area Power:

dE l = ui = i dt t

dE = idl

l 1 2 E = idl= dl = l L 2L

L is geometry-dependent, just like C in the case of electrostatic transducers. So we have:


Fext l2 dL =- 2 2 L dx

8.3 Electromagnetic transducers


f x i N airgap

Energy density of magnetic field:


w= 1 1 1 2 B H = mH 2 = B 2 2 2m

Energy stored (integrate over volume):


1 Bair 2 Vair 1 Biron 2 Viron E= + 2 m air 2 miron

Bair = Biron = B Vair = Ax miron>>mair Most energy is stored in the air gap:
E 1 2m lucht
lx 2m 0 N S
2 2

1 2 B Sx = l 2L
2

m l ucht N 2 S L(x) = x

With spring:
E=
2 ( ) +1 K x x r 2

Characteristic equations
Intensive variables by partial differentiation:
E l i= = l x L(x ) Fext E l2 = x = 2m N 2S + K (x - x r ) l 0

Characteristic equations:
dFext K = di l m N 2S 0 2 dx m 0 N S x 2 dl 2m 0 N S l

Time derivative:
K F ext = l i m 0 N 2S 2 x m0 N S x 2 l 2m 0 N S l

Impedance equations:
K F0 1 = i jw l 0 m N 2S 0 2 v 0 m 0 N S x u 0 2m 0 N 2S l

8.4 Electrodynamic transducers

Fint S N B

i
Flux linkage:
l = Li + f x

}
flux due to permanent magnet empty coil
L
2L

}
i=

l - f (x)

assume f(x) proportional to x: f(x) = f(0) + Px

( l - f (x ))2 E(l, x ) =
( l - f (x ))2 E(l, x ) =
2L +

without spring
1 2 Kx 2

spring relaxed at x=0

Loudspeaker
dE = idl + Fextdx

l = L i + f ( x ) of
E(l,x)

i=

l - f (x) L

f(x) = A - P x

C
2

C
A
1

E(l,x)

q1= l A
l

B q2=x

E( l, x ) = E A + Fext dx + idl i = 0 x =c

x l (l - f ( x ) ) 1 1 1 (l - f ( x ) )2 2 2 E( l, x ) = E A + K (x '- x o )dx ' + dl' = E A + K (x - x o ) - Kx o + L 2 2 2 L x'=0 i = 0 l ' = 0 x = x

( 1 l - f ( x ) )2 2 E(l, x ) = K (x - x o ) + 2 2L

Loudspeaker
l - A + Px E i= = L l x = c
Fext Pl - AP + P x E = = K( x - x 0 ) + L x l = c
2

Characteristic equations:
2E 2E dx di = 2 dl + l xl
dFext 2E 2E dl + dx = 2 lx x
1 = L P L P dl L 2 P dx K+ L

di dFext

Impedance equations:

u0 P 1 1 = 2 F0 v0 j L P KL + P i0

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