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8.1 Introduction 8.2 Magnetic energy 8.3 Electromagnetic transducers 8.4 Electrodynamic transducers
8.1 Introduction
Two types of magnetic transducers: 1. Based on Lorentz force: Fint = q[ v B] - electrodynamic transducers - e.g. loudspeaker 2. Forces between magnets: - electromagnetic transducers Names are historically determined, in fact its only Lorentz forces.
number of turns
B = m ni = m
N i l
length
B u = NS = t t
dE l = ui = i dt t
dE = idl
l 1 2 E = idl= dl = l L 2L
Bair = Biron = B Vair = Ax miron>>mair Most energy is stored in the air gap:
E 1 2m lucht
lx 2m 0 N S
2 2
1 2 B Sx = l 2L
2
m l ucht N 2 S L(x) = x
With spring:
E=
2 ( ) +1 K x x r 2
Characteristic equations
Intensive variables by partial differentiation:
E l i= = l x L(x ) Fext E l2 = x = 2m N 2S + K (x - x r ) l 0
Characteristic equations:
dFext K = di l m N 2S 0 2 dx m 0 N S x 2 dl 2m 0 N S l
Time derivative:
K F ext = l i m 0 N 2S 2 x m0 N S x 2 l 2m 0 N S l
Impedance equations:
K F0 1 = i jw l 0 m N 2S 0 2 v 0 m 0 N S x u 0 2m 0 N 2S l
Fint S N B
i
Flux linkage:
l = Li + f x
}
flux due to permanent magnet empty coil
L
2L
}
i=
l - f (x)
( l - f (x ))2 E(l, x ) =
( l - f (x ))2 E(l, x ) =
2L +
without spring
1 2 Kx 2
Loudspeaker
dE = idl + Fextdx
l = L i + f ( x ) of
E(l,x)
i=
l - f (x) L
f(x) = A - P x
C
2
C
A
1
E(l,x)
q1= l A
l
B q2=x
E( l, x ) = E A + Fext dx + idl i = 0 x =c
( 1 l - f ( x ) )2 2 E(l, x ) = K (x - x o ) + 2 2L
Loudspeaker
l - A + Px E i= = L l x = c
Fext Pl - AP + P x E = = K( x - x 0 ) + L x l = c
2
Characteristic equations:
2E 2E dx di = 2 dl + l xl
dFext 2E 2E dl + dx = 2 lx x
1 = L P L P dl L 2 P dx K+ L
di dFext
Impedance equations:
u0 P 1 1 = 2 F0 v0 j L P KL + P i0