The ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Codes Basic Training Course covering Section VIII Division 1 (2007Ed)

Pressure Vessels

Non-Destructive Examination (NDE)

Nondestructive Examination
NDE Requirements, Section VIII Division 1 Objectives What methods of NDE are applicable to Section VIII and when they are required? What are the acceptance criteria? What are the qualification requirements for NDE personnel? How NDE procedures are specified and qualified?

Nondestructive Examination
Section VIII Division 1 RT When RT is to be used for Code construction, the requirements are found in: UW-2 UW-9 UW-11 UW-12 UW-42 UW-51 UW-52 Specific designs and service restrictions Staggered joints Definitions and applications Efficiency requirements Repairs and build up Requirements for full RT Requirements for spot RT

Nondestructive Examination

RT/UT/MT/PT

NDE
NDE Methods General RT UT

ASME Code Sec. V

Subsection A Article 1: General Requirements Article 2 Article 4: for welds Article 5: for material Subsection B Documents adopted by Sec V Article 22 (SE-94,1025) Article 23 (SA-435, SA-577) Article 24(SE-165) Article 25 (SE-709) Article 26 (SE-243) Article 29 Mandatory & Nonmandatory Appendices App.I Glossary of term App.A Inspection vs Type of NDE App. I through App. VII App. A, C & D App. I & II, App. A through L App. I through IV App. I, II & III App. I, II & III, App A App. I through V App. I App. I through X, App. A App. I, II & III, App. A App. I, II & III, App A, B App. I through VII

PT MT ET VT LT ET

Article 6 Article 7 Article 8 Article 9 Article 10 Article 11 (for FRP Vessel) Article 12 (for Metallic vessel) Article 13 (Continuous Monitoring)

Article 14: Examination System Qualification (Calibration, Demonstration etc) Article 30: Terminology for NDE Standard (SE-1316)

NDE
1) Terminology for NDE (SE-1316)

ASME Code Sec. V

2) Evaluation Steps
Nondestructive Testing Indication Interpretation

Imperfection a departure of a quality characteristic from its intended condition Indication the response or evidence from a nondestructive examination Evaluation a review, following interpretation of the indications noted, to determine whether they meet specified acceptance criteria False indication an NDT indication that is interpreted to be caused by a condition other than a discontinuity or imperfection Interpretation, n the determination of whether indications are relevant, non relevant, or false. Nonrelevant indication an NDT indication that is caused by a condition or type of discontinuity that is not rejectable. False indications are non relevant. Relevant indication an NDT indication that is caused by a condition or type of discontinuity that requires evaluation Defect one or more flaws whose aggregate size, shape, orientation, location, or properties do not meet specified acceptance criteria and are rejectable. Discontinuity a lack of continuity or cohesion ; an intentional or unintentional interruption in the physical structure or configuration of a material or component.

False

Relevant Evaluation

Nonrelevant

Accept

Reject

3) Imperfection vs Type of NDE Method

NDE
NDE Method RT UT MT PT Written Procedure Required No Yes Yes Yes NDE Requirements Sec V Article 2 Sec V Article 4 Sec V Article 7 Sec V Article 6

Sec. VIII Div.1(Summary)

Acceptance Criteria UW-51 or UW-52 Appendix 12 Appendix 6 Appendix 8 NDE Personnel Qualification SNT-TC-1A SNT-TC-1A Appendix 6 Appendix 8

RT : If a written procedure is used, procedure demonstration is required. (Sec. V T-221) UT/PT/MT : A procedure qualification is required when an essential variable is changed (Table T-421 / T-621 / T-721)

NDE

UT Procedure Qualification Requirements

NDE
Lethal Services
Cat A Cat B Cat C Cat D

Special Services <UW-2>

Low Temp. Services Type 1 Type 1 or 2 F/P F/P or P/P Cat A, B -> RT Fillet -> MT/PT Unfired Steam Boiler Type 1 Type 1 or 2 All butt joints -> RT P.V Direct Firing Type 1 Type 1 or 2 -

Type 1 Type 1 or 2 Type 1 or 2 F/P All butt joints -> RT

NDE

Note) Type 1 or 2; butt joint

NDE

Flow Chart for NDE Requirements

Determine Services U-2, UW-2 Full RT UW-11(a) Spot RT UW-11(b)

Lethal UW-11(a)(1)

T UW-11(a)(2)

Unfired Steam boilers UW-11(a)(3)

Electroslag weld UW-11(a)(6)

Nozzle Butt weld UW-11(a)(4)

UHA-33 UCS-57 UHT-57

Plus UT UW-11(d))

No RT UW-11(c)

NDE

RT Exemption for Butt Joint on Nozzle <UW-11(a)(2)/(4)/UW-11(b)>

Yes

Nozzle/Chamber Butt joint

Yes Cat B/C NPS 10 in

Yes No RT

Yes T < 1 1/8 in No RT

NPS 10 SCH 120 1 1/8 inch

NDE

Joint Efficiency (E) = 1.0 Application <UW-11(a)(5)>

Vessel Section / head Yes

Type 1/2 UW-11(a)(5)(a)

Cat A No Cat D No

Yes

Butt

Yes

Full RT (UW-51)

Yes

Type 1/2 UW-11(a)(5)(b)

* Cat B No * Cat C

Yes

Yes Butt

Connect the Seamless shell or head No Intersect the Cat. A butt joint in shell or head

Yes

Additional Spot RT (UW-52)

Yes

Yes

* Except for Category B & C butt welds in nozzles and communicating chambers that neither exceed NPS 10 (DN 25) nor 1 1/8 (29mm) wall thickness.

NDE

Full RT is Mandatory (UCS Material)

NDE
UW-11(a)(1)

Additional RT Requirements

All butt joints in the shell and heads of vessel -> Full RT Non-butt joint: No RT

UHT-57(b)
Nozzle attachments weld (Category D) in Fig UHT-18.2 -> Full RT

Abutt joint : RT

NDE

Acceptance Criteria

Full RT <UW-51> UW-51 specifies requirements that must be complied with whenever full RT is used. Although it does not require a written procedure or record retention, it requires NDE personnel to be qualified to the applicable edition of SNT-TC-1A as a guide. If also specifies the acceptance criteria. Acceptance Criteria The acceptance criteria for full RT are: Linear indications: - No crack or zone of incomplete fusion or penetration. - Any elongated slag inclusion greater than : * for t< : *1/3 for t= 3/4 to 2-1/4: inclusive *3/4 for t>2-1/4 - Any group of slag inclusion in line greater than t in a 12 t length except when the distance between inclusions is greater than 6 times the length of the longest inclusion. Acceptance criteria for rounded indications are found in Appendix 4.

NDE
Spot RT <UW-52>

Acceptance Criteria

There are essentially the same as for full RT with the exception that it specifies the location and minimum number of exposures that must be made. Also, there is a significant differences in the acceptance criteria. Acceptance Criteria The acceptance criteria for Spot RT are: - No crack or zone of incomplete fusion or penetration. - Any elongated slag inclusion greater than * 2/3 t * Any group of slag inclusions in line greater than t in a 6t length and the distance between the longest indications considered is greater than 3L, where L is the longest inclusion. Rounded indications: - Rounded indications are not a factor in spot radiography.

NDE : RT requirements
RT 1

NDE : RT requirements
RT 1

NDE : RT requirements
RT 2

NDE : RT requirements
RT 2

NDE : RT requirements
RT 3

NDE : RT requirements
UW 51 RT 3

NDE : RT requirements
UW 51 RT 4

NDE
1) UW-11(a)(7) Substitution of RT for final closure seam of pressure vessel 2) UW-51(b) Substitution of RT for repaired area (UT before welding and AI acceptance are required) 3) UW-11(d) Electro slag welds in ferritic materials (Appendix 12 and UW-53) 4) UW-11(e) Electro beam welds (Appendix 12 and UW-53)

Ultrasonic Examination

NDE
Ultrasonic Examination of Welds (App.12)
1) Imperfections to be investigated a response > 20% of the reference level

Acceptance Criteria

2) Acceptance standard (a) Indications characterized as cracks, lacks of fusion, or incomplete penetration are unacceptable regardless of length. (b) Other imperfections are unacceptable if the indications exceed the reference level amplitude and have lengths which exceed: (1) in. (6mm) for t up to in (19mm); (2) 1/3 for t from in to 2 in. (19mm to 57mm); (3) in. (19mm) for t over 2 in (57mm). Where t = thickness of the weld excluding reinforcement the thinner of two thicknesses. Full penetration + fillet : the thickness + throat of fillet

NDE

MT/PT Requirements

UG-93(d)(3)(4) Corner joint (t>13mm) before/after welding on joint in FIG UW-13.2 UW-13(a)(2) Longitudinal weld on one plate offset in fig. UW-13.1 sketch(k) UW-42(b) Surface weld metal build-up (UW-9(c)) UW-50 All welds around opening and all attachment welds in vessels to be pneumatic tested UHA-34 a) All welds in austenitic Cr/Ni all vessels whose shell thickness exceeds 19mm b) All welds in 36% Ni-steel vessel c) All welds in austenitic/ferritic duplex steel whose shell thickness exceeds 19mm required not radiographed UHT-57 a) Nozzle attachment (ID 50mm) b) Corrosion-resistance overlay weld deposits c) All welds after hydrostatic test d) Welds (not radiographed) in vessels constructed of SA-333, Gr.8, SA-334 Gr.8, SA-353, SA-522, SA-553 Gr. A/B and SA-645 UHT-83(b) Metal removal more than 1.6mm UHT-85 Temporary welds (After removal)

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MT/PT for Corner Joint

Flat Plate

T in

Before welding

After welding

Edge Prepared area (lamination)

Lamellar tearing

MT/PT

NDE

MT/PT for Corner Joint

1. Flat plate > in 2. MT/PT on edge preparation and after welding

NDE

Acceptance Criteria

Magnetic Particle Examination (App. 6) 1) Relevant indication : major dimension > 1/16 (1.5mm) Linear indication : length > 3 x width Rounded indication : length 3 x width (circular or elliptical type) 2) Acceptance Standard All surfaces to be examined shall be free of: (a) Relevant linear indications; (b) Relevant rounded indications greater than 3/16 (5mm) (c) Four or more relevant rounded indications in a line separated by 1/15 (1.5mm) or less, edge to edge.

NDE
Liquid Penetrant Examination (App. 8)

Acceptance Criteria

1) Relevant indication : major dimension > 1/16 (1.5mm) Linear indication : length > 3 x width Rounded indication : length 3 x width (circular or elliptical shape) 2) Acceptance Standard All surfaces to be examined shall be free of: (a) Relevant linear indications; (b) Relevant rounded indications greater than 3/16 (5mm) (c) Four or more relevant rounded indications in a line separated by 1/15 (1.5mm) or less, edge to edge.

NDE

Section VIII NDE Summary

NDE required by the Code is summarised: RT of welding is required for special service or design ( UW 11, 12 etc ) PT or MT prior to pneumatic tests ( UW- 50 ) PT or MT of repairs or weld metal buildup ( UW- 42 ) Visual examination during pressure test ( UG-99 )

MT / PT personnel can be qualified by the Manufacturer as per the following. Annual vision examination to Jaeger 2 Competent in the technique, examining, interpretation and evaluation of the results. Demonstrate to the satisfaction of the A.I.