1: What makes the Zebra Mussel an invasive species?

The Zebra Mussel population grows rapidly due to no predators, competition, or parasites. 2: Define the following species interactions: Competition: both species are harmed Predation, Parasitism, and Herbivory: one species benefits while the other is harmed Mutualism: both species benefits 3: What are some of the resources that species compete for in competition? Food, water, space, shelter, mates and sunlight 4: Define Competitive Exclusion: One species completely exclude another from using a resource 5: What must happen for species to co-exist? Both species must live side by side without excluding each other from using resources. 6: What is the difference between fundamental and realized niche? Explain why a species wouldnt fulfill its fundamental niche? Fundamental niche is an organism that fulfills its role by using all the available resources. A realized niche is the portion of the fundamental niche that is filled. A species would not fulfill its fundamental niche because it needs competition and interaction with other species. 7: Give an example of resource partitioning: One species is active at night, while the other is active in the day 8: How does character displacement help with competition? Species evolve their physical characteristics based on the resource they use 9: Explain how predator and prey populations depend on each other: increased prey population = increased predators o bc predators survives and reproduces increased predators = decreased pre by decreasing prey population = predators lacks food by decreasing predators = increases prey populations

10: How does Natural Selection strengthen population fitness?

 Natural selection strengthen population fitness by improving predators hunting skills; therefore their life span increases leading to healthier lives and their offspring will be in better care. 11: Define the following Cryptic coloration: coloring that conceals the animal shape Warning coloration: coloration that acts as a warning to predators Mimicry: similarity of one species to another in which protects one or both

12: Define Parasitism: A relationship between two organism in which one species (parasite) depends on another (host) for survival or other benefits 13: What is the idea of coevolution? Duel of escalating adaptations locks in host and parasites 14: What are some plant adaptations that help to protect plants against herbivory? Chemical such as toxic or distasteful parts, physical such as thorns, spine and irritating hairs and other animals also protect plants against herbivory. 15: Explain how pollination is a form of mutualism: Pollination is a form of mutualism because the animals that does the pollination receives fertilization for their eggs, and plants gets pollinated 16: Define the following: Allelopathy: certain plants release harmful chemicals Commensalism: a relationship when one organism benefits, while the other is unaffected Facilitation: plants that create shade and leaf litter allow seedlings to grow

17: What is a community of organisms? When all the members interact with one another. 18: Draw a trophic level pyramid with the following terms/definitions (examples) below: Autotrophs Primary Consumers Secondary Consumers See below Tertiary Consumers Omnivores Detritivores Decomposers

19: How is most energy lost in an ecosystem? Most energy lost in an ecosystem is by respiration. 20: Explain why this statement is true: A human vegetarians ecological footprint is smaller than a meat-eaters footprint. This statement is true because it takes up more land to feed meat eaters than feed vegetarians along with the amount of water. 21: What is the difference between a food chain and a food web? A food chain is the relationship of how energy is transferred up trophic levels, while the food web is a map of feeding relationship and energy flow. 22: What is a keystone species and what happens to an ecosystem when it gets removed? A keystone species is a species that is required in an ecosystem and have a high impact on it. When a keystone species does gets removed from the ecosystem then the food chain will be changed. 23: What is a trophic cascade? Why is it important? A trophic cascade is when predators at high trophic levels can alter the population of low trophic species by keeping trophic levels in the middle in check. 24: Communities of organisms respond to disturbances differently. Explain resistance and resilience. Resistance is a community of organisms that resist change and remains stable after/during a disturbance. Resilience is when a community changes during a disturbance, but returns back to its original state later. 25: What is an invasive species? How do we control a species that has become invasive? (Name several ways) An invasive species is a non-native organism that spreads widely then becomes the dominant species in the area. By controlling a species that has become invasive one must remove them manually, use toxic chemicals, drying them out, taking their oxygen, and/or stressing them out with heat, sound, electricity, carbon dioxide and UV lights 26: What is happening with ecological restoration in the Florida Everglades? Population of birds decreased by 90% - 95%. The restoration project will take up thirty years and cost billions of dollars.

27: Biomes: Name the type of SOILS in the following: * * * * * * * Temperate deciduous forests: fertile soil Temperate rainforests: susceptible to erosion and landslides Tropical rainforests: poorly acidic soil Tropical dry forest: erosion prone soil Desert: saline soil Tundra: permafrost Boreal forest (Taiga): poor and acidic soil

28: How do biomes change with altitude? Explain. The higher up the biome, then the lower the temperature. This is based on the altitude of the biome.