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CHAPTER 1 MEAT INSPECTION PROCEDURES

CHAPTER 1 MEAT INSPECTION PROCEDURES

The objectives of meat inspection programme are twofo d: a. To ens!re that o n " apparent " hea th"# ph"sio o gica " no rma anima s are s a!ghtered f o r h!man cons!mption and that abnorma anima s are separated and dea t with according ". b. To ens!re that meat f ro m anima s is f ree f ro m disease# who eso me and o f no ris$ to h!man hea th. These objectives are achieved b" antemortem and postmortem inspection proced!res and b" h"gienic dressing with minim!m contamination. %henever appropriate the &a'ard (na "sis )ritica )ontro *oint +&())*, princip es sho ! d be !sed: T he inspectio n pro ced!res sho ! d be appro priate to the spectr!m and preva ence of diseases and defects present in the partic! ar c ass of ivestoc$ being inspected !sing the princip es of ris$ assessment.

ANTEMORTEM AND POST MORTEM INSPECTION OF FOOD ANIMALS GENERAL PRINCIPLES

Ant emort em Inspe t !on
-o me o f the ma"or o#"e t!$es o f antemo rtem inspectio n are as f o o ws: to screen a anima s destined to s a!ghter. to ens!re that anima s are proper " rested and that proper c inica information# which wi assist in the disease diagnosis and j!dgement# is obtained. to red!ce contamination on the $i ing f oor b" separating the dirt" anima s and condemning the diseased anima s if re.!ired b" reg! atio n. to ens!re that inj!red anima s or those with pain and s!ffering receive emergenc" s a!ghter and that anima s are treated h!mane ". to identif" reportab e anima diseases to prevent $i ing f oor contamination. to identif" sic$ anima s and those treated with antibiotics# chemotherape!tic agents# insecticides and pesticides. to re.!ire and ens!re the c eaning and disinfection of tr!c$s !sed to transport ivestoc$. /o th sides o f an anima sho ! d be e0amined at rest and in mo tio n. (ntemo rtem e0aminatio n sho ! d be

done within 12 ho!rs of s a!ghter and repeated if s a!ghter has been de a"ed over a da". -pread ho gs and anima s af f ected with e0tensive br!ising o r f ract!res re.!ire emergenc" s a!ghter. (nima s sho wing c inica signs o f disease sho ! d be he d f o r veterinar" e0aminatio n and j!dgement. T he" are treated as 3s!spects4 and sho! d be segregated from the hea th" anima s. The disease and management histo r" sho ! d be reco rded and repo rted o n an A%M inspectio n card. 5ther inf o rmatio n sho! d inc !de: 1. 5wner6s name 1. T he n!mber o f anima s in the o t and arriva time 3. -pecies and se0 o f the anima 2. T he time and date o f antemo rtem inspectio n 5. ) inica signs and bo d" temperat!re if re evant 6. 7easo n wh" the anima was he d 7. -ignat!re o f inspecto r Antemortem !nspe t!on sho ! d be carried o !t in ade.!ate ighting where the anima s can be o bserved both co ective " and individ!a " at rest and motion. The genera behavio!r of anima s sho! d be observed# as we as their n!tritiona stat!s# c ean iness# signs of diseases and abnorma ities. -ome of the abnorma ities which are chec$ed on antemortem e0amination inc !de: 1. (bno rma ities in respiratio n 1. (bno rma ities in behavio !r 3. (bno rma ities in gait 2. (bno rma ities in po st!re 5. (bno rma ities in str!ct!re and co nf o rmatio n 6. (bno rma discharges o r pro tr!sio ns f ro m bo d" o penings 7. (bno rma co o !r 8. (bno rma o do !r A#norma&!t!es !n resp!rat!on co mmo n " ref er to f re.!enc" o f respiratio n. 9f the breathing pattern is dif f erent f ro m no rma the anima sho ! d be segregated as a s!spect. A#norma&!t!es !n #e'a$!o(r are manif ested b" o ne o r mo re o f the f o o wing signs: The anima ma" be: a. wa $ing in circ es o r sho w an abno rma gait o r po st!re b. p!shing its head against a wa c. charging at vario !s o bjects and acting aggressive " d. sho wing a d! and an0io !s e0pressio n in the e"es (n a#norma& ga!t in an anima is asso ciated with pain in the egs# chest o r abdo men o r is an indicatio n o f nervo!s disease. A#norma& post(re in an anima is o bserved as t!c$ed !p abdo men o r the anima ma" stand with an e0tended head and stretched o!t feet. The anima ma" a so be a"ing and have its head t!rned a ong its side. %hen it is !nab e to rise# it is o f ten ca ed a 3do wner4. :o wner anima s sho ! d be hand ed with ca!tion in order to prevent f!rther s!ffering. A#norma&!t!es !n str( t(re +co nf o rmatio n, are manif ested b": a. swe ings +abscesses, seen co mmo n " in swine

b. en arged jo ints c. !mbi ica swe ing +hernia o r o mpha o ph ebitis, d. en arged sensitive !dder indicative o f mastitis e. en arged jaw +3 !mp" jaw4, f . b o ated abdo men -o me e0amp es o f a#norma& )!s 'arges o r pro tr!sio ns f ro m the bo d" are: a. discharges f ro m the no se# e0cessive sa iva f ro m the mo !th# af terbirth b. pro tr!ding f ro m the v! va# intestine c. pro tr!ding f ro m the rect!m +pro apsed rect!m, o r !ter!s d. pro tr!ding f ro m the vagina +pro apsed !ter!s, e. gro wths o n the e"e and b o o d" diarrho ea A#norma& o&o(r s!ch as b ac$ areas o n ho rses and swine# red areas o n ight co o !red s$in +inf ammatio n,# dar$ b !e areas o n the s$in o r !dder +gangrene,. (n a#norma& o)o(r is dif f ic! t to detect o n ro !tine (/; e0aminatio n. T he o do !r o f an abscess# a medicina o do !r# stin$weed o do !r o r an aceto ne o do !r o f $eto sis ma" be o bserved. -ince man" abatto irs in deve o ping co !ntries have no t acco mmo datio n statio n o r "ards f o r anima s# 9nspecto r6s antemo rtem j!dgement m!st be perf o rmed at the admissio n o f s a!ghter anima s.

Postmortem !nspe t!on

7o !tine po stmo rtem e0aminatio n o f a carcass sho ! d be carried o !t as so o n as po ssib e af ter the comp etion of dressing in order to detect an" abnorma ities so that prod!cts on " conditiona " fit for h!man cons!mption are not passed as food. ( organs and carcass portions sho! d be $ept together and corre ated for inspection before the" are removed from the s a!ghter f oor. *o stmo rtem inspectio n sho ! d pro vide necessar" inf o rmatio n f o r the scientif ic eva !atio n o f patho ogica esions pertinent to the who esomeness of meat. *rofessiona and technica $now edge m!st be f ! " !ti i'ed b": 1. $!e*!ng+ !n !s!on+ pa&pat!on and o&fa t!on te 'n!,(es. 1. &ass!f-!ng t'e &es!ons into o ne o f two majo r catego ries < a (te or 'ron! . 3. estab ishing whether the on)!t!on !s &o a&!.e) or genera&!.e)# and the e0tent o f s"stemic changes in other organs or tiss!es. 2. )eterm!ng t'e s!gn!f! an e of pr!mar- an) s-stem! pat'o&og! a& &es!ons and their re evance to majo r organs and s"stems# partic! ar " the iver# $idne"s# heart# sp een and "mphatic s"stem. 5. oor)!nat!ng a&& t'e omponents of antemortem an) postmortem f!n)!ngs to ma$e a f ina diagno sis. 6. s(#m!tt!ng t'e samp&es to t'e &a#orator- for )!agnost! s(pport # if abatto ir has ho ding and refrigeration faci ities for carcasses !nder detention.

Car ass "()gement

Trimming or condemnation ma" invo ve: 1. (n" po rtio n o f a carcass o r a carcass that is a#norma& o r )!sease). 1. (n" po rtio n o f a carcass o r a carcass af f ected with a co nditio n that ma" present a 'a.ar) to

'(man 'ea&t'. 3. (n" po rtio n o f a carcass o r a carcass that ma" be rep(&s!$e to t'e ons(mer.

Lo a&!.e) $ers(s genera&!.e) on)!t!ons

9t is impo rtant to dif f erentiate between a o ca i'ed o r a genera i'ed co nditio n in the j!dgement o f an anima carcass. 9n a &o a&!.e) condition# a esion is restricted b" the anima defense mechanisms to a certain area or organ. -"stemic changes associated with a oca i'ed condition ma" a so occ!r. E0amp e: ja!ndice ca!sed b" iver inf ectio n o r to 0aemia f o o wing p"o metra +abscess in the !ter!s,. 9n a genera&!.e) co nditio n# the anima 6s def ense mechanisms are !nab e to sto p the spread o f the disease pro cess b" wa" o f the circ! ato r" o r "mphatic s"stems. T he "mph no des o f the carcass sho ! d be e0amined if patho ogica esions are genera i'ed. -ome of the signs of a genera i'ed disease are: 1. =enera i'ed inf ammatio n o f the "mph nodes of the carcass 1. 9nf ammatio n o f jo ints 3. >esio ns in dif f erent o rgans inc !ding iver# sp een $idne"s and heart 2. T he presence o f m! tip e abscesses in dif f erent po rtio ns o f the carcass inc !ding the spine o f r!minants =enera i'ed esions !s!a " re.!ire more severe j!dgement than oca i'ed esions. "mph no des inc !ding the "mph no des o f the head# viscera and/o r

A (te $ers(s 'ron!

A (te on)!t!ons

on)!t!ons

(n ac!te co nditio n imp ies that a esio n has deve o ped o ver a perio d o f so me da"s# whereas a chro nic condition imp ies the deve opment of esions over a period of some wee$s# months or "ears. ( s!bac!te condition refers to a time period between an ac!te and chronic condition. The ac!te stage is manifested b" inf ammation of different organs or tiss!es# en arged haemorrhagic "mph no des and o f ten b" petechia haemo rrhage o f the m!co sa and sero !s membranes and dif f erent organs s!ch as heart# $idne" and iver. (n ac!te stage para e s with the genera i'ed disease comp e0# when an ac!te inf ectio n tends to o verco me the anima 6s imm!ne s"stem and beco mes genera i'ed. Each case sho wing s"stemic esio ns sho ! d be assessed individ!a " ta$ing into acco !nt the signif icance that these esions have towards major organ s"stems# especia " the iver# $idne"s# heart# sp een and "mphatic s"stem as we as the genera co nditio n o f the carcass. C'ron! on)!t!ons

9n a chro nic co nditio n# inf ammatio n asso ciated with co ngestio n is rep aced b" adhesio ns# necro tic and f ibro tic tiss!e o r abscesses. T he j!dgement in the chro nic stage is ess severe and f re.!ent " the remova of affected portions is re.!ired witho!t the condemnation of the carcass. &owever# j!dgement on the anima or carcass j!dgement tends to be more comp icated in s!bchronic and sometimes in perac!te stages. 9f genera i'ed necrotic tiss!e is associated with previo!s infection# carcass m!st be condemned.

GUIDELINES FOR MINIMUM POSTMORTEM INSPECTION RE/UIREMENTS 0CATTLE+ HORSES+ SHEEP 1 GOATS+ PIGS AND GAME2
HEADS

Genera& ?iew e0terna s!rfaces. @or catt e# horses# pigs and game view the ora and nasa cavities. L-mp' no)e s +@ig. 1, -!bma0i ar" *aro tid 7etro phar"ngea 9ncise+a, 9ncise+a, 9ncise+a,

?iew and incise b" m! tip e incisio n o r s icing.

F!g. 1 : &ead inspection. 7etrophar"ngea +Ao. 1,# parotid +Ao. 1, and s!bma0i ar" +Ao. 3, "mph nodes are viewed and incised b" m! tip e incisions and s icing.

F!g. 3: &ead inspection in b!ffa o. 7etro phar"ngea "mph no des +Ao . 1, are viewed and incised b" m! tip e incisio ns and s icing. Tong(e ?iew and pa pate +view on " in ca ves !p to 6 wee$s of age,. Ot'er Cat t &e < e0cept in ca ves !p to si0 wee$ o f age# the o eso phag!s o f a catt e and ca ves sho ! d be separated from its attachment to the trachea and viewed. < as part of inspection of a catt e and ca ves over the age of 6 wee$s for )"sticerc!s bovis# the m!sc es o f masticatio n sho ! d be viewed and o ne o r mo re inear incisio ns made para e to the o wer jaw into the e0terna and interna m!sc es o f masticatio nB in additio n o ne incisio n into ;.triceps brachii# 5 cm behind the e bow# sho! d be made. Horse < the head sho ! d be sp it engthwise in the media ine and the nasa sept!m remo ved and e0amined in a horses that are from areas where g anders is endemic. P!gs < where there is a ris$ of )"sticerc!s ce ! osae being present# the o!ter m!sc es of mastication# the abdomina and diaphragmatic m!sc es and the root of the tong!e of a pigs sho! d be incised and the b ade of the tong!e viewed and pa patedB

Game < inspection c!ts for tapeworm c"sts are not necessar"# as these c"sts are genera " not infective for h!mans. NOT ES These are g!ide ines for inspection re.!irements# the inspection can be made more intensive or ess intensive depending o n the o !tco me o f the e0aminatio n. 3incise4 means m! tip e incisio ns o r s icing. 3pa pate4 as !sed above means to view and pa pate.

GUIDELINES FOR MINIMUM POSTMORTEM INSPECTION RE/UIREMENTS 0CATTLE+ HORSES+ SHEEP 1 GOATS+ PIGS AND GAME2
4ISCERA L(ngs +@ig. 3, ?iew and pa pate. E0cept in sheep and go ats# the bro nchi sho ! d be o pened !p b" a transverse incisio n across the diaphragmatic obes. @or horses and catt e# the ar"n0# trachea and main bronchi sho! d be opened a ong their ength. >"mph no des /ro nchia +tracheo bro nchia , and mediastina : 9ncise# +a, +see 3Ao tes4,

F!g. 5: >!ng inspection < /ronchia eft +Ao. 1, and right +Ao. 1, and mediastina +Ao. 3, "mph nodes are viewed and incised.

F!g. 6: >!ng inspection in b!ffa o < 5pen trachea and incised bronchia and mediastina "mph nodes. He art +@ig. 5, ?iew af ter the remo va o f the pericardi!m. (dditio na inspectio n re.!irements f o r catt e as per +b,. (dditio na inspectio n re.!irements f o r pigs as per +c,.

F!g. 7: &eart inspection < >engthwise incisions +minim!m fo!r, from base to ape0 into the heart m!sc es. 5bserve c!t s!rfaces.

L!$er +@ig. 6, ?iew and pa pate entire s!rf ace+bo th sides,. ?iew the ga b adder. @o r catt e o ver 6 wee$s o f age# incise as deemed appropriate to detect iver f !$es. 5pen arge bi e d!cts. @or sheep# pigs and game# incise as deemed appropriate for parasite. >"mph no des *o rta +hepatic,# view and incise

F!g. 8: >iver inspection < 9ncised porta +hepatic, "mph nodes +Ao. 1, and opened arge bi e d!ct +Ao. 1,. Sp&een +@ig. 7, *a pate

F!g. 9: -tomachs and sp een inspection < ?iewing of r!men and viewing and pa pation of sp een. Gastro!ntest!na& tra t +@ig. 8, ?iew +a, ;esenteric "mph no des +@ig. C,# ?iew +a#d,

F!g. :: ?iewing of r!men# retic! !m# omas!m and abomas!m.

F!g. ;: ?iewing and incision of the mesenteric "mph nodes. 9n this case an incision was performed to demonstrate the mesenteric "mph nodes chain. <!)ne -s ?iew af ter en!c eatio n. 9n gre" and white ho rses < 9ncise. Ut e r(s +ad! ts,# ?iew

NOT ES These are g!ide ines for inspection re.!irements# the inspection can be made more intensive or ess intensive depending o n the o !tco me o f the e0aminatio n. 3incise4 means m! tip e incisio ns o r s icing. 3pa pate4 as !sed above means to view and pa pate. +a, view on " in ca ves !p to 6 wee$s of age. +b, the heart of a catt e and ca ves over the age of 6 wee$s sho! d be inspected for )"sticerc!s bo vis either b" ma$ing o ne o r mo re incisio ns f ro m base to ape0 o r b" everting the heart and ma$ing sha ow incisions that enab e the cardiac va ves and m!sc e tiss!e to be inspectedB this inspectio n o f the heart sho ! d a so be !nderta$en in ca ves !p to 6 wee$s o f age that are from areas where )"sticerc!s bovis is endemic. +c, the heart of a pigs derived from areas where there is a ris$ of )"sticerc!s ce ! osae being present# sho! d be opened !p and the deep incision made into the sept!m. +d, incise if an" esion were observed in the s!bma0i ar" "mph nodes.

GUIDELINES FOR MINIMUM POSTMORTEM INSPECTION RE/UIREMENTS 0CATTLE+ HORSES+ SHEEP 1 GOATS+ PIGS AND GAME2
CARCASS Genera& E0amine carcasses +inc !ding m!sc! at!re# e0po sed bo nes# jo ints# tendo n sheaths etc., to determine an" signs o f disease o r def ect. (ttentio n sho ! d be paid to bo di " co nditio n# ef f icienc" o f b eeding# co o !r# condition of sero!s membranes +p e!ra and peritone!m,# c ean iness and presence of an" !n!s!a odo!rs. L-mp' no)e s
1

-!perf icia ing!ina +ma e, +@ig. 10, < *a pate -!pramammar" +f ema e, < *a pate +a, E0terna and interna i iac +@ig. 10# @ig. 11, < *a pate +b, *repecto ra +@ig. 11, < *a pate *o p itea +@ig. 13, < *a pate +o n " sheep/goats and game/ante ope, 7ena +@ig. 11, < *a pate +catt e# horses# pigs, or incise if diseases is s!spected. *rescap! ar +@ig. 12, D prefemora < *a pate +on " sheep and goats, Ot'er The m!sc es and the "mph nodes + "mphonodi s!b<rhomboidei, beneath one of the two scap! ar carti ages of a gre" or white horses sho! d be e0amined for me anosis after oosening the attachment of one sho! der. NOT ES These are g!ide ines for inspection re.!irements# the inspection can be made more intensive or ess intensive depending o n the o !tco me o f the e0aminatio n. 3incise4 means m! tip e incisio ns o r s icing. 3pa pate4 as !sed above means to view and pa pate. +a, incise when !dder is or has been in actation or in case of mastitis. +b, means i iac nodes in pigs.

F!g. 1=: -!perficia ing!ina and interna and e0terna i iac "mph nodes in a pig. ?iewed and pa pated on ro!tine */; e0amination.

F!g. 11: ;edia view of the hind .!arter. -!perficia ing!ina # interna and e0terna i iac and !mbar "mph nodes are pa pated and incised in s"stemic or genera i'ed disease.

F!g. 13: ;edia view of the fore .!arter with intercosta # s!prasterna # presterna and prepectora "mph nodes. *resterna and prepectora "mph nodes are incised.

F!g. 15: *op itea "mph nodes in a pig. These nodes are incised if a s"stemic or genera disease is s!spected.

F!g. 16: >atera view of the carcass. *recr!ra and prescap! ar "mph nodes are incised in s"stemic or genera i'ed disease.

F!g. 17: ;edia view of carcass with re evant "mph nodes

ANTEMORTEM AND POSTMORTEM INSPECTION OF POULTR>

(ntemo rtem inspectio n o f birds presents so me dif f ic! ties if the birds are p aced in crates o r iners# and hence on " a s!perficia inspection of their genera condition is carried o!t. The remainder of the po! tr" e0amination sho! d ta$e p ace after the birds have been h!ng in shac$ es and before the" are b ed. The records of antemortem inspection are mandator" and sho! d inc !de date and time of inspection# tr!c$ n!mber# species# the tota n!mber of birds and the name of the owner. The objectives of antemortem e0amination are: to determine the genera& on)!t!on of t'e #!r)s

to estab ish if a )!sease or on)!t!on re,(!res part! (&ar 'an)&!ng s!ch as segregation of diseased birds# de a"ed s a!ghter o r adj!stment o f ine speed. 9n inc ement weather# partic! ar in winter# birds re.!ire immediate s a!ghter. 9n the s!mmer# the stead" change of air in the tr!c$ or in the ho ding area sho! d be maintained. 9n cases of reportab e disease# s!ch as avian inf !en'a or Aewcast e disease# a veterinarian sho! d be informed and a pertinent inf o rmatio n sho ! d be reco rded. -o me diseases have simi ar signs o n A%M !nspe t!on. @o r e0amp e# inf ectio !s bro nchitis ma" be co nf !sed with Aewcast e disease. ( dif f erentia diagno sis is re.!ired in s!ch cases. Postmortem !nspe t!on in po ! tr" ref ers to inspectio n techni.!es and inspectio n o f carcasses and viscera. */; e0aminatio n co nsist o f viewing# pa patio n and sme . T he co o !r# shape# and co nsistenc" o f organs and tiss!es m!st be observed sing " or in combination. The co o!r of the po! tr" carcass depends on age# se0# n!trition and the sca ding temperat!re d!ring s a!ghter. )arcasses m!st be s!spended at 1 o r 3 po ints depending o n the c ass o f po ! tr". 9ntestina tract# iver# sp een# and heart +viscera, m!st be e0posed for vis!a e0amination and pa pation. ( po! tr" inspector +@ig. 16, sho ! d be ab e to o o $ inside the carcass and detect an" patho o gica esio ns s!ch as airsac inf ammatio n# perito nitis# o vid!ct inf ammatio n +sa pingitis, etc. )o ntaminatio n b" f aeces and bi e sho ! d a so be o bserved. :!ring the e0aminatio n o f viscera and carcass# bo th hands sho ! d be !sed. E0terna esio ns o n the carcass inc !de the swe ing o f the sin!ses# nasa and o c! ar discharge +if the head is present,# s$in esions# joint swe ings etc. ?()gement : >oca i'ed esions co! d be disposed b" an inspector# however the fina j!dgement of the carcass sho! d be done b" a veterinarian. The condemnation of carcass is !s!a " for patho ogica # non patho ogica and aesthetic reasons.

F!g. 18: 9nspection of the viscera and carcass in a broi er.

SLAUGHTER AND INSPECTION OF GAME ANIMALS FOR MEAT

-o me parts o f the wo r d co ntin!e to be b essed with arge# thriving po p! atio ns o f game anima s# in (f rica partic! ar " ante opes s!ch as impa a# $!d! and e and# in the -o!thern part of >atin (merica hares and some deer and ante ope species and in Eastern E!rope red and roe deer. )ontro ed cropping of these herds can provide a significant# s!stainab e so!rce of s!pp ementar" protein especia " in r!ra areas.

9n idea circ!mstances and in case o f the game meat is f o r e0po rt# two basic s"stems o f c! ing and carcass preparation can be !sed. 1. T he f irst s"stem is o ne o f night sho o ting o n f o o t !sing spo t ights. (nima s which appear hea th" are shot# immediate " b ed and the stomachs and intestine eviscerated on the spot. (fter a n!mber of carcasses have been co ected on an accompan"ing vehic e# the" are then transferred to a centra # permanent abattoir faci it" s!itab e for their dressing# inspection and refrigeration. -ince antemortem inspection is performed b" h!nters# the" sho! d be trained in basic antemortem proced!res in order that the" ma" be ab e to se ect hea th" from sic$ anima s. 1. 9n the seco nd s"stem anima s are ro !nded !p and herded into a tempo rar"# f !nne i$e str!ct!re. The anima s are rested and antemortem inspection is carried o!t m!ch more objective ". (nima s are then shot at point b an$ range# b ed and eviscerated immediate " and removed to a temporar" b!tcher" for dressing# inspection and refrigeration. (nte and postmortem inspection can be objective " carried o!t with this s"stem# a tho!gh h"giene co! d be somewhat compromised. ( j!dicio !s co mbinatio n o f f eat!res f o rm bo th these s"stems# which can be mo dif ied# can be !sed to s!it a variet" of circ!mstances in the fie d. Ant e mort e m an) post mort e m !nspe t !on pro e )(re s The inspection proced!res that are most appropriate to an" partic! ar t"pe of game anima or carcass wi var" no t o n " acco rding to species# b!t a so acco rding to whatever o ther inf o rmatio n ma" be avai ab e abo!t the wi d ife pop! ation from which the" are harvested. ;inim!m inspection proced!res as set o!t in the Eoint @(5/%&5 )ode0 ( imentari!s )ommission6s )ode of &"gienic *ractice for =ame# are !sef! commencing points in deve oping appropriate proced!res. ?()gement ategor!es The decision at inspection is c assed into the fo owing categories of E!dgement: 1. (ppro ved as f it f o r h!man co ns!mptio n. %hen the inspectio n and an" o ther inf o rmatio n avai ab e has revea ed no evidence o f an" !nacceptab e disease or defect# and if the dressing has been imp emented in accordance with h"gienic re.!irements# the game carcass and offa sho! d be approved as fit for h!man cons!mption witho!t restriction provided no anima hea th restrictions are otherwise app icab e. 1. To ta " !nf it f o r h!man co ns!mptio n. The game anima and a offa sho! d be condemned or otherwise disposed of for inedib e p!rposes if: a. the" are ha'ardo !s f o r f o o d hand ers# co ns!mers and o ther anima sB b. the" sho w deco mpo sitio n# e0tensive inj!r"# swe ing edema# emaciatio n o r co ntaminatio nB c. the" sho w signs co nsistent with nat!ra death# death b" trapping o r a mo rib!nd state. d. there are !nacceptab e deviatio ns# f o rm no rma game meat# detectab e b" senso r" means. 3. *artia " co ndemned. %here esio ns are o ca i'ed# af f ecting o n " part o f the carcass o r o f f a # the af f ected parts sho ! d be removed and the !naffected parts conditiona " or !nconditiona " passed. Con)!t !ons af f e t !ng ant e &ope The ante ope is perhaps the most preferred and fre.!ent " h!nted species of game anima in (frica for the specific p!rpose of providing meat for h!man cons!mption. The impa a is the easiest of the ante ope to c! on a arge sca e# a tho!gh the e and is a most as eas" to manage as some domestic

catt e. @avo!rab e feat!res of ante ope are their apparent good herd<hea th and ac$ of patho ogica and parasitic conditions fo!nd at meat inspection. )a!ses of condemnation of the carcass# meat and offa in impa a in (f rica seem to f a into two catego ries: a. ;anagement re ated b. :isease re ated ;anagement re ated: tra(ma < d!e to g!nshot wo!nds. ontam!nat!on < chief " gross dirt attained from the environment d!ring b eeding and de<g!tting or intestina co ntents d!ring care ess evisceratio n. spo!&age an) p(trefa t!on < wastage for these reasons can be considerab e in (frica if operations are carried o!t d!ring s!mmer da"time. These osses can be minimi'ed if h!nting and dressing are done d!ring the winter months# at night and d!ring ower ambient temperat!res. :isease re ated: *arasites 3meas es4 < tapewo rm c"sts o f vario !s $inds have been f o !nd in game carcass s!ch as impa a# $!d!# b!shb!c$# reedb!c$# sab e# wi debeest +gn!# ante ope, and warthogs. The c"sts var" in si'e from that of a pea to a go f ba and are often seen in the peritonea cavit"# oose " attached to the serosa# viscera or in the m!sc! at!re. T here are no specia predi ectio n sites o f the m!sc! ar c"sts. 7o !tine inspectio n incisio ns f o r meas es in do mestic anima s are o f no va !e in determining presence o r degree o f inf estatio n in game anima s. -ero sa af f ectio n can be s!ccessf ! " trimmed bef o re re ease b!t m!sc! ar parasites ma$e the carcass aesthetica " !nacceptab e. 9n the atter carcass can be boi ed or !sed for man!f act!ring p!rpo ses. T hese c"sts do no t seem to af f ect h!mans. Sar o -sts < these are f re.!ent " seen in the s$e eta m!sc e o f impa a +mo st " micro sco pic ho wever,B the carcass ma" have to be condemned if severe " affected. St!&es!a < this tapewo rm ma" be f o !nd in the iver o f sma ante o pe and seem to be widespread in (f rica. Trimming is re.!ired. Coopero!)es 'epat! a < this is a sma bro wn f i aria wo rm which o cc!rs co i ed !p in a c"st in the iver# mo st f re.!ent " in impa a. 9t is o f ten asso ciated with sti esia. Trimming is re.!ired. Cor)op'!&&(s < a f i aria wo rm f o !nd enc"sted in the heart m!sc e o f $!d!. 15F o f these anima s are affected. This parasite is occasiona " fo!nd in other m!sc e and ma" a so occ!r in the heart m!sc e of domestic catt e. (ffected tiss!e sho! d be trimmed. H-)at!) < these c"sts have been seen in the !ngs and ivers o f impa a# 'ebra# giraf f e and wartho g. 9f s ight inf estatio n is present af f ected tiss!e sho ! d be trimmed. Pat'o&og! a& on)!t!ons < the incidence o f septicemic/bacteremic co nditio ns and pne!mo nia were e0treme " ow.

SLAUGHTER AND INSPECTION OF FARMED GAME

7ed deer and f a o w deer and so me o f the ante o pes mentio ned abo ve are the main species which are farmed for meat prod!ction. 9n partic! ar in Aew Gea and# b!t a so in E!rope and some other regions game farming has become an important so!rce of s!pp "ing the domestic and e0port mar$ets with venison. @armed game is in man" cases s a!ghtered in specia premises and is theref o re s!bject to antemo rtem and postmortem inspection. =ame farmers are now e0perienced eno!gh to arrange for ive anima

transports on tr!c$s to the game s a!ghterho!ses. These abattoirs have specific airages# where the anima s can be rested. - a!ghter ta$es p ace b" !sing captive bo t pisto s for st!nning and b eeding# deboning evisceration and carcass dressing is simi ar to catt e s a!ghter# however carcass sp itting is !s!a " not performed. (ntemo rtem and po stmo rtem inspectio n pro ced!res and co nditio ns af f ecting the f armed game are simi ar to the sit!atio n described f o r wi d game. &o wever# resid!es in meat +veterinar" dr!gs# pesticides,# parasitic diseases or infectio!s diseases s!ch as t!berc! osis ma" pose major prob ems than it is the case in wi d game.

SLAUGHTER AND INSPECTION OF OSTRICHES

The s a!ghter of farm ostriches is fast becoming a commercia enterprise and ma" provide an important so!rce of ean# high<protein meat for h!man cons!mption. The s a!ghter and dressing proced!res consist essentia " of st!nning# b eeding defeathering and dressing. These operations are carried o!t in separate rooms. a. < -t!nning. T he bird is st!nned e ectrica " !sing C0 vo ts at 1.5 amperes f o r appro 0imate " 10 seconds. / eeding. T he nec$ and vesse s are severed behind the jaw. :e< f eathering. T his is do ne man!a " in o rder to avo id damage to the s$in f o ic es. b. < :ressing is do ne in a manner simi ar to that o f sma r!minants. 5rgans are eviscerated in o ne set. Ant e mort e m !nspe t !on : The fo owing are characteristics of apparent " 'ea&t'- ostr! 'es: 1. ( ert and in.!isitive with a bright e"e and erected nec$B o ccasio na " o wering and then raising head. 1. %a $s with a spring" gait and ma" so metimes be aggressive. 3. *ec$s in.!isitive " at shin" o bjects. 2. *ro d!ces thic$# white c ear !rine and f irm f aeces. 5. T he f eathers are f !f f ed !p and the bo d" appears we ro !nded. T he tai is we per$ed. The fo owing are characteristics of s! @ ostr! 'es: 1. >ethargic and dro o ping nec$ and wings. 9t ma" sit do wn f re.!ent " o r beco me rec!mbent. T his c inica sign ma" a so be o bserved in the stressed bird. 1. T he e"es are ha f c o sed 3. T he m!co sa o f the mo !th ma" be ver" co ngestedB the o striches pec$ at f o o d b!t do no t swa o w. 2. T he abdo men ma" so metimes be b o ated and b !e/p!rp e. 5. T he !rine ma" be green o r bro wn and the f aeces f !id o r past". 6. T he f eathers appear bedragg edB the wings and tai dro p. Postmortem !nspe t!on: 9t wi be necessar" f o r the head# p !c$ +heart# pericardi!m# iver# sp een# and !ng if po ssib e,# a imentar" tract# genita ia and carcass +with nec$ and $idne", to be proper " identified and presented separate " for inspectio n. T he o strich# i$e o ther avian species is ac$ing an o rgani'ed "mphatic s"stem. -ince man"

vira and bacteria inf ectio ns tend to be o f a genera i'ed nat!re# so !nd and pro f essio na meat inspectio n e0amination and j!dgement of the birds and carcass is of great importance. >!ngs no t remo ved d!ring dressing pro ced!res sho ! d be e0amined vis!a " and b" pa patio n in the thora0. To e0pose the !ngs# two c!ts above the !ngs on the each side of the ribs sho! d be made. Hea) ?is!a e0aminatio n o f the mo !th# pa ate# e"es# ips and sin!ses f o r icter!s# sin!sitis# cr!sting o f e"e ids and thr!sh +ora )andida infection, P&( @ >!ngs < vis!a and pa patio n f o r haemo rrhage# edema and pne!mo nia. &eart < vis!a and pa patio n f o r haemo rrhagesB e0po se va ves f o r endo carditis. *ericardi!m < vis!a # and incisio n if necessar"B f o r pericarditis. >iver < vis!a and pa patio nB incise if necessar"B f o r icter!s# disco o !ratio n# adhesio ns# degeneratio n# abscess# fibrosis# inf ammation and to0ic conditions -p een < vis!a and incision if necessar"B for en argement# haemorrhages and signs of febri e or septic conditions. Hidne" < vis!a and pa patio nB f o r haemo rrhages# degeneratio n# !rate cr"sta s. Intest!na& tra t 5esophag!s/proventric! !s# gi''ard < vis!a and pa pationB for foreign bod" penetration# impaction# inf ammatio n and ! ceratio n and parasitic co nditio ns +nemato de< >ib"o stro ng" !s, in g ands o f proventric! !s. -ma intestine < vis!a and pa patio nB impactio n# vo v! !s# necro tic and catarrha enteritis and sma tapeworm +&o!tt"nia,. >arge intestine < vis!a and pa patio n f o r f aeca impactio n# sto nes# inf ammatio n and nemato de +)o ndio sto m!m,. 7epro d!ctive o rgans < vis!a f o r egg retentio n# r!pt!re# pro apsed penisB (tro phic o rgans are f o !nd d!ring non<breeding season. Car ass ?is!a inspectio n o f e0terna and interna carcass s!rf aces# imbs and jo ints. 5bserve f o r co ntaminatio n# inade.!ate b eeding# br!ising# haemo rrhages# aceratio ns# f ract!re# dis o catio n# twisted egs# adhesio ns# icter!s# arthritis# perito nitis# air sacc! itis# abscesses +injectio n sites,# f o reign bo dies. ?()gement )arcass sho ! d be co ndemned if af f ected with an" o f the f o o wing: death f ro m an" ca!se o ther than s a!ghter# e0tensive br!ising and haemo rrhages# genera co ntaminatio n# p!tref actio n# emaciatio n# edema# icter!s# septicemia# aspergi o sis# to 0o p asmo sis# ma ignant o r m! tip e t!mo !rs# e!co sis# po iso ning. T he parts of the carcass which show oca i'ed esions ma" be trimmed and the rest of the carcass wo! d then be approved.

SUPER4ISION OF H>GIENIC DRESSING OF CARCASSES

1. :!ring dressing the carcass is eApose) to ontam!nat!on f ro m: a. (batto ir enviro nment inc !ding imp ements !sed# and the hands o f the o perato rs. ( variet" o f bacteria# f!ngi and "easts are in the abattoir environment. -t!dies in abattoirs indicate that 1 sa mone a co!nts in the imp ements !sed ma" var" from 0 < 170 per cm or more in each imp ement# depending o n their reg! ar c eaning and sanitatio n the scabbards having the highest

n!mbers. b. &ides o f the anima s &ides are heavi " co ntaminated parts and can reach !p to 3 I 10 bacteria per cm o r mo re. c. -to mach and gastro intestina co ntents =astrointestina contents have the heaviest oad of microorganisms. @aeces contain !p to C.0 I 10 bacteria per gram# and vario!s n!mbers of "east and mo! d. The r!mina contents have on " s ight " o wer n!mbers o f micro < o rganisms. 1. T heref o re# d!ring meat inspectio n it is an impo rtant d!t" o f the inspecting o f f icer to ens!re that: a. the imp ements !sed d!ring s a!ghtering# dressing and meat inspectio n are we sanitised periodica " or whenever the" are i$e " to be contaminatedB b. d!ring c!tting into the hide and e0po s!re o f the carcass# the e0terna s!rf ace o f the hide do es no t contact the carcass meatB c. the viscera are no t accidenta " o pened d!ring the dressing pro ced!res o r d!ring evisceratio n. 3. 9f a carcass o r part is co ntaminated with f aeces o r viscera co ntents s!ch areas sho ! d be trimmed off. The opened viscera wo! d have to be separated from the rest of the carcass as .!ic$ " as possib e. 2. T he intro d!ctio n o f a &a'ard (na "sis )ritica )o ntro *o int +&())*, co ncept can be he pf ! to maintain high standards o f s a!ghter and dressing h"giene based o n an assessment o f the ris$s to h!man and anima hea th.
7 6 1

HABARD ANAL>SIS CRITICAL CONTROL POINT 0HACCP2 CONCEPT IN MEAT INSPECTION

( specif ic &())* co ncept tai o red to each abatto ir and the c ass o f anima sho ! d be deve o ped to ens!re the most efficient and effective concept of sanitar" contro . The introd!ction of specific &())* concept invo ves the fo owing: a. identif "ing h"gienic ha'ards b. ran$ing these ha'ards c. def ining the critica imit d. identif "ing the critica co ntro po ints e. reco mmending necessar" co ntro reco rd $eeping g. verif icatio n pro ced!res to ens!re ef f icienc" h. tests to ens!re that the co ncept is wo r$ing The &a'ard (na "sis )ritica )ontro *oint +&())*, )oncept was introd!ced in the food ind!str" in 1C71 to ens!re that there wo! d be effective contro of the .!a it" of processed foods. The %or d &ea th 5rgani'ation +%&5, recommends that this concept a so be app ied to ;eat 9nspection and ;eat &"giene in partic! ar to co ntro sa mo ne o sis. 9t can a so be !sed to red!ce bacteria co ntaminatio n d!ring s a!ghtering and dressing and to ens!re .!a it" co ntro in ;eat 9nspectio n. ;eat 9nspectio n and ;eat &"giene sha ma$e s!re that meat and meat pro d!cts are saf e and who eso me f o r h!man co ns!mptio n. T he practise o f meat inspectio n has grad!a " changed o ver the ast three decades. The c assica antemortem and postmortem proced!res were designed to detect disease in an anima bef o re s a!ghter and the esio ns pro d!ced b" the disease af ter s a!ghter respective ". T his f.

was do ne b" the !se o f senses +o rgano eptic tests, s!ch as the !se o f to !ch +pa patio n,# sight +inspectio n and o bservatio n,# sme +gangreno !s sme , and taste +o n " in co o $ed pro d!cts,. G o o no tic diseases# partic! ar " t!berc! o sis received high prio rit". >abo rato r" tests were do ne to co nf irm the disease when necessar" o r as appro priate. %ith the grad!a red!ctio n in the incidence o f anima t!berc! o sis in man" co !ntries a o ng with the deve opment of intensive methods of anima h!sbandr" and the widespread !se of pesticides and veterinar" dr!gs# new prob ems are emerging. These are associated with resid!es on one hand and increased h!man inf ectio ns with 'o o no tic agents co ntaminating anima f o o ds o n the o ther. T here appears to be a genera trend wor dwide# with a few e0ceptions where h!man -a mone a infections have near " do!b ed d!ring the ast five "ear period and h!man )amp" obacter infections have near " trip ed d!ring the same period. 5ther bacteria that are ca!sing increasing concern as food contaminants are Jersinia spp. and >isteria spp. There is sim! taneo!s " a greater cons!mer e0pectation of a onger she f ife in the finished fresh meat pro d!ct. ( these f acto rs s!ggest that in the practise o f meat inspectio n# it wo ! d be advantageo !s to !se the &())* concept to identif" the critica contro points at which these bacteria gro!ps and other spoi age organisms ma" contaminate the carcasses# so that appropriate action can be ta$en. The critica contro points that have been identified for -a mone a contamination in red meats# and po! tr" are shown in @ig. 17 and @ig. 18. These are app icab e to other major bacteria contaminants as we . These fig!res show that d!ring red meat prod!ction# major contamination occ!rs in the abattoir d!ring s$inning and evisceration# that some contamination co! d occ!r d!ring transport# airage and deboning and that the most effective contro point is in the chi er. Therefore# it is abso !te " essentia for meat inspecto rs to ens!re that s$inning and evisceratio n are do ne pro per ". T he critica co ntro po ints d!ring the s a!ghter of po! tr" +@ig. 18, are pic$ing and evisceration. 9n deve oping co!ntries where these tas$s are not a!tomated# it is necessar" to ens!re that proper h"gienic preca!tions are ta$en d!ring each of these operations. 9n a!tomated p ants# the machiner" for pic$ing and evisceration wo! d need to be sanitised reg! ar "# in partic! ar when birds from different so!rces are s a!ghtered. F!g. 19C @ ow diagram showing so!rces of contamination with -a mone a and )ritica )ontro *oints +))*, in 7ed ;eat *ro d!ctio n. F!g.1:C @ ow digram showing so!rces of contamination with -a mone a and ))* in processing of *o! tr" ;eat. +(dapted f ro m %&5 1C86,