Science Chapter 9 "Earth's Changing Surface" pp.

261-295
Lesson 1: "What is the structure of Earth?" "The Crust" Crust - Earth's outermost and thinnest layer

Name

Two kinds of crust: 1. Continental continents It can be about 2. Oceanic It's made mostly of The continental shelf . The edge of the continental crust is seen at a steep drop-off called the slope rise . . At the bottom of this slope is the continental continental crust crust- makes up all the lands of the . It's thickest in the mountains 75 km thick. crust- lies beneath most of the ocean floor basalt and is 6 11 kilometers thick. continental

dips underwater to form the

"The Mantle and Core" Below the mantle crust the earth has layers . material rock . 1

- layer of Earth that makes up most of Earth's solid hot

The top part of the mantle is

The top part of the mantle and the crust above it form the Most of the lithosphere is under the oceans of the The mantle's temperatures range from about 360 C The rock of the mantle is Liquids Cooler rock flows down solid because it can to

lithosphere

hydrosphere 2500 C.

rock that shares the characteristics of flow very slowly. up . currents in the mantle. iron 7000 C . liquid . fields .

and hotter rock flows

The lithosphere floats on top of these Core

convection

- the very center of Earth; made mostly of Temperatures in the The inner core is solid core can be as hot as and the outer core is

The liquid flows in currents that make Earth's How scientists study the earth's mantle and core: 1. Study mantle material that is pushed in the crust 2. in the deep ocean vibrations

magnetic

up through cracks . from earthquakes

Measure different kinds of Seismograph

- an instrument that records earthquake waves. .

3.

Laboratory experiments

Lesson 2: "What causes volcanoes and earthquakes?"

"Earth's Plates" The lithosphere several plates covers all of Earth like a thin shell. It is broken up into or sections. continents , parts of the ocean floor

A plate may include or both.

Edges of the plates are called Earth's plates are They move other, or per year. into grind slowly

plate

boundaries moving . apart

each other, pull

from each 1 cm 24 cm

past each other. They can move

Changes in Earth's plates can happen slowly over a long time. Examples: Being built, valleys being formed Earthquakes are examples of sudden changes. Three basic kinds of plate boundaries: 1. Converging mountains 2. Spreading boundary- two plates collide

mountains

are made when the crust folds, tilts, and lifts. plate boundary- two plates move Atlantic Ocean valley 3

apart from each other. An example is found in the The low area between the plates is a rift

3.

Sliding past each other in found in

plate opposite California .

boundary- two plates move directions. An example of this is

"Earthquakes" Two forces that change Earth's surface: Constructive Destructive Earthquakes happen at forces- build new features on Earth's surface. forces- wear away or tear down features. faults , cracks moved in Earth's or crust

where the surrounding rock has

shifted plate

Earthquakes most often occur at faults that are along boundaries Focus Epicenter .

- place where plates start to slip. - place on Earth's surface above a focus. tsunamis , waves that

Earthquakes under the ocean can cause can be large enough to cause coastline "Volcanoes" Most volcanoes form near Volcanoes can build from the A volcanic the surface colliding ocean island .

destruction

when they crash into a

plate floor .

boundaries.

can form when a volcano reaches Hawaii 4

of the water. Example: The state of

Volcanoes can sometimes be considered a

constructive

process.

Lesson 3: "What is weathering?" pp. 272-275

Weathering Weathering is a slow , destructive sediments . process that breaks rocks

into smaller pieces called Two Types of Weathering 1. Mechanical

weathering- the breaking of gravity .

rock

into

smaller pieces by forces due to 2. Chemical in a rock by Mechanical Weathering When water freezes in the cracks

weathering- the chemical

changing

of materials

processes.

of rocks, it expands ice wedging

and forces the rock to Changes in Plant pressure roots

split . This process is called can cause rocks to break.

can grow into cracks of a rock and

push

the rock apart as they grow. Chemical Weathering Kinds of Chemical Weathering 1. Carbonic carbon carbonic dioxide acid- a chemical made when raindrops absorb

from the air. This makes a chemical called dissolve some types of rock. 5

acid which can

Caves 2.

can form underground. chemicals that change

Fungi and other organisms give off some kinds of rocks. Limestone

weathers more quickly than

granite

Soil Mechanical and chemical weathering help make Soil is a mixture of sediments soil . decayed . in color.

from weathered rocks,

material from organisms, gases from air, and water There are many types of soil. It may be The color depends on what kinds of Three Layers of Soil 1. Topsoil matter from plants - the top ,

red, brown, black, or gray materials

are in the soil.

layer of soil. Contains animals ,

decayed , and other

bacteria .

organisms. This makes the soil very 2. Subsoil Contains many topsoil. 3. Bedrock surface in the soil. - often a different minerals

fertile color and less

than topsoil. decayed matter than

- the nearly solid rock

than lies under the sediments

. Eventually bedrock may become

Lesson 4: "What is erosion?" pp. 276-281

Erosion and Deposition Erosion is the Deposition Constructive Gravity movement of materials away materials from one place. in a new place. This is a

- the placing of process.

is the main force causing erosion. Examples:

landslide from

earthquakes, heavy rain When rivers flow the river beds. Rainwater sediments can wear away, or erode

flowing over bare farm fields can move tons of soil. This is why farm fields.

farmers plow across

Sediment deposited at the end of a river where it enters an ocean or a lake is called a delta Water frozen into glaciers can cause erosion. They grind . valley more u - shape rocks

beneath them into sediments Glaciers can make the bottom of a Wave Erosion The constant action and deposition and inlets of waves

is a major source of

erosion

along coastlines. may form as some areas erode

Harbors

more quickly than others. 7

Harbors Spit

- areas that are protected from the ocean. - a sandy peninsula. but forms all the way

Baymouth bar - similar to a spit across a bay. Lagoon Barrier

- an enclosed area of water along a seacoast. islands - sandy islands that form along the coastline.

Wind Erosion Sand dunes - large, loose deposits of sand

Field Erosion Ways farmers prevent wind erosion of topsoil: 1. 2. Plant rows of tall trees along the edges of fields. plowing .

Grow their crops with less

Lesson 5: "How are minerals identified?" pp. 282-285

Properties of Minerals Mineral of - a naturally occurring particles soil in it. and rocks . solid that has a regular arrangement

Found in

Make up most of the Properties

rocks on Earth.

are used to identify a mineral.

Examples of Properties of Minerals: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. Magnetism Hardness Luster Shape Streak Texture - the way light is reflected by a mineral's surface.

Using Properties to Identify Minerals Chart on page 284

Lesson 6: How are rocks classified? pp. 286-289

Three Kinds of Rocks 1. Igneous rocks: formed when Examples: 2. melted rock cools and hardens.

granite, basalt, pumice layers of materials and rock harden . particles

Sedimentary rocks: form when

settle on top of each other and then Examples: 3. sandstone, conglomerate

Metamorphic rocks: (also called clastic rock) forms when solid rock is squeezed and Examples: heated gneiss , slate to very high temperatures.

The Rock Cycle Rocks are constantly being formed and destroyed

The rock cycle is not a one-way chain of events like the life cycle of a plant. Relative Ages of Rocks Rock layers are put down in the Layers of rock at Earths surface are them. order in which they are formed younger than the rock layers below

Fossils found in upper rock layers are considered to be found in lower layers.

younger

than fossils

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