Laws Practice Sanskrit Drama PDF

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The idea of this thesis developed from the fact that the laws of Dramaturgy discussed by the law-makers like Bharata, Dhanaftjaya, Ramacandra and Gunacandra, Saradatanaya, Vidyanatha, Singa Bhupala, ViSvanatha and Sagaranandin have not been so far fully analysed and compared in any one single contribution. M ankads Types of Sanskrit Drama deals with mere definitions of the Rupakas as given by the dramaturgists, and lays more stress on the Nrtta-plays, their species and evolution. Besides, no attempt is made there to apply these rules to any particular specimens and to examine the practice of the playwrights in this behalf. The other work dealing with the subject is Kulkarnls Sanskrit Drama and Drama tists which has dealt with later " "dramaturgists only. His method of application of these rules with regard to the Dramas is only in a summary form, e. g. in Kalidasas Sakuntala he would not make mention of the type of the Prastavana, the requirements of Induction, the Junctural sub-divisions, the dramatic embellishments and so on. Of the modern histories of the Sanskrit literature the most im portant work dealing with the subject is s a n s k r it d r a m a by Dr. A. B. Keith. He has, no doubt, elaborated certain points like the age of the playwrights, their style and language, and given synopsis of the plays with some out standing characteristics of the drama, but the aim of the present work is not only the elaboration but also a syn thetic survey of the whole matter, which has not been so treated by Dr. Keith. The Table of Contents will show that an attempt is made here for the first time to take a synthetical view o f the entire subject and to examine the application of the canons in a methodical way pointing out the omissions and the new additions to the laws ob served in the dramatic literature under review. Apart from this little originality, the analysis done here is ex-
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pected to present a critical review of the dramaturgical laws and their general application from the very beginning of the Art until it became almost standardised by the master playwrights in Sanskrit. The age of the dramaturgists and the playwrights is rather an intriguing point. This is not the main theme of this thesis to discuss in detail whether the dramatic laws could have developed in the absence of any dramatic literature. On the other hand, all well-established rules and methods followed and recognised by the earlier play wrights became the laws of conduct for all subsequent writers. However, the historians have assigned the following dates to different dramaturgical works : Bharatas Abhinavas Natya-gastra : Circa II cent. B. C. to V. Cent. A. C.
Bharatl on the Natya-gastra : Circa A. C. 975-1015. & Gunacandras Natya-darpana : Circa A. C. 1093-1175.
Dhanafljayas Dagarupaka : Circa A. C. 974-995. Ramacandra
Saradatanayas BhavaprakaSa : Circa A. C. 1175-1250. Vidyanathas Prataparudrlyam : Circa A. C. 1275-1325. Singa Bhupalas Rasarnava-sudhakara : Circa A. C. 1330. Vigvanathas Sahitya-darpana : Circa A. C. 1330-1400. Sagaranandins Nataka-lakshana-ratna-koga: 13th Cent. A.D. The date of Bhasa, as is recognised by all the histo rians, has to be put between the third century B. C. and the third century A. D. If the date of Bharata be accept ed during the third century A. D., the plays of Bhasa must have developed without the guidance of Bharata. Whether there were any dramaturgists before the third century B. C. like Kohala, Krava, Matrgupta, Subandhu, ASmakutta, Nakhakutta and others is ' not quite certain ;
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but in view of the fact that literature may develop in dependently of any law-books on Grammar, Poetics and Dramaturgy, the absence of any dramaturgists does not preclude the probability of any regular and uniform deve lopment of a pattern by any particular author. Therefore even in the absence of any such laws, Bhasa could have, in a methodical and uniform manner, written his plays which present diverse patterns of dramatic art. So far as Kalidasa is concerned, if his time is taken to be the fifth Century A. D., it cannot be overlooked that he was guided to a large extent by the Natya-Sastra of Bharata. This expectation is fulfilled to a great extent as is borne out by the elaborate examination of his plays done in Book II of the present work. The consideration of the later dramaturgists after the time of Kalidasa is necessitated for the comparison of Bharatas Laws rather than the application of the later ones. It is, for this reason, that the present work is divided into two parts : Book I, which is 'the main theme, deals with a critical examination of the laws of Drama from the earliest time of Bharata to the latest development of different schools irrespective of their application to the works written by the earlier playwrights. Book II, Part I, deals with a detailed examination of a set of uniform laws as applied to the dramas of Kalidasa; and the second Part of the Book II proposes to examine the plays of Bhasa and predecessors of Kalidasa. The applitation to the works of later playwrights has to be deferred for the present, partly 'because of their close adherence to the model adopted by the standard earlier authors and partly because the examination of all the existing dramas in a single book is impracticable. All the same, the application of the laws of dramas, though limited at present to the works of Kalidasa and Bhasa, amply testifies to the fact that their scheme has .greatly influenced the later play wrights in construction of their plays.
Charts appended hereto, it may be hoped, will faci litate a clearer grasp of the detailed ramifications of a stem than the pen-pictures attempted in the descriptive portion. A Thesaurus of the dramaturgical terms added as a fruitful appendix will show the different uses of the same term by the canonists in different context, which, otherwise, may have caused , confusion in understanding the subject critically. A Glossary of Technical terms given as Appendix C will serve the average reader. The Bibliography is necessarily a brief one, for the subject is only incidentally referred to by a small number o f modern authors. It is, therefore, added only at the end. With some diffidence, therefore, it is hoped, in con clusion, that this attempt may show the way how the plays could be critically studied by the modern annota tors and research students of the fascinating subject of Sanskrit Dramas and Dramaturgy. It as further hoped that the method of studying the dramas in the light of the demonstration made in Book II will facilitate and advance the intelligent and the scientific study of the dramas as plays rather than pieces of general literature in view of the systematic approach towards the interpretation of the dramatic theories done in the First Book. For the most of the existing commentaries on Sanskrit dramas appear to have missed the point, and deprived the students of understanding the dramas in their proper perspective. It is needless to elaborate the point that the Drama which is the highest development of literature, has a special as pect of its own ; and the students of Sanskrit Drama would be decidedly losers if they cannot make the dis tinction between the aspects of drama and of other branches of poetry, such as the Mahakavyas, Kathas and the like. If this expectation is fulfilled, this labour of over a decade of years in consultation with the best available resources may be deemed successful.
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With this hope the following is added by way of an outline introduction to the subject of Sanskrit poetry, and as an elaboration of the topics enunciated above : Poetry is one of the finest arts and the rarest t o o ; for the poet not only carves the bust of his fable from popular stories and well-known incidents, but paints the best portraits of social conditions and infuses the music of life in his art, and above all, he is the very architect of his Universe. Poetry has, in essence, a beauty of imagi nation, yet has a happy combination of realism and idea lism with an ultimate purpose of giving an uncommon delight to an appreciative mind. All Poetry is indeed charming, yet the wonder in it varies greatly botli in respect of degrees and quality. For it appeals more when it is enjoyed not only through mental contact but also through various senses of perception. In this respect the scenic art of a poet excels the epic one, inasmuch as the form er is the imitation of situations represented in actu ality, and invokes the sympathy of the spectator who, like the actor, becomes in unison with one who is repre sented, by virtue of total identity both in purpose and person. Sympathy, which is so essential for enjoyment of beauty, is awakened not only by the audible poetry which the representator there reads, but by seeing the beautiful scenes and hearing music as well. In the realm of Poetry, dramatic works excel the readable ones 1 is a true compli ment to the mimetic a r t ; for, it not only sublimates the inner self but feasts the perceptive sense also with a rich menu of sweet music and tasteful delineation of characters. Since lack of propriety ( aucitya ) and system ( rlti ) is the one enemy which undoes all art, the least tolerant of this opposing element is the delicate art of representa tion which demands orderliness first, and everything else only next to it. For purposes of securing freely the charms
1. Kavyeshu natakam ramyam.
of orderliness, the free art of flying on the pinions of imaginative genius has to put on self-chosen fetters of realism and principles of presentation, technically known as the mis-en-scene. That is why the artist has to limit his scope to well-known facts and popular characters and can only scarcely transgress the established course of events. This creativeness of the artist is not synonymous with arbitrariness, which would only be a weak founda tion for his work of art lacking sanction in the popular appeal. His mastery, in fact, lies in mustering all forces of wonder ( camatkara) and wedding facts unto them so as to produce a systematic work by authors creative faculty. The problem is still greater with a dramatic artist who imitates reality and has the task of concentrating the confused panorama of life into a single, coherent, striking and natural picture. In this respect the Sanskrit dramas and dramatists have achieved a hall-mark, and reached a standard which can compare very favourably with the best specimens of art available. For, mostly unlike the dramatic works in other languages the Sanskrit dramas evince a sort of uni formity in respect of their constitution and yet possess freshness of charm in respect of presentation. That is why, it becomes incumbent upon those, who venture to make an aesthetic appreciation, to study the Sanskrit dramas from a constitutional point more than a purely rhetorical one. For this purpose it becomes quite natural to evolve a separate branch of literary criticism which qualifies itself as the dramatic criticism enunciating such principles as govern the mode of representation, and are, therefore, collectively known as dramaturgical laws. It is in the light of these principles that a modern student of Sanskrit Dramas is expected to study them for a proper relish of the element of wonder in them. For this purpose the laws of Dramaturgy have been form ulated by the ancients, and a method of dramatic criticism is standar dised by them. But of late centuries, this aspect of dra
matic study has either confused manner.
been
overlooked
or
done in a
Referring to the method of instruction in this behalf in vogue in the most modern days, the course of studies in Sanskrit in this country has been bilateral : one, follow ing the European method, and the other, orthodox oriental one. In the early years, all European scholarship in Indology remained limited to the Vaidika lore and turned to the classical more for purposes of historical inquiry rather than the rhetorical one. That is why there is so great a paucity of works by the European writers on subjects of criticism. Whatever they are, they are mostly limited to mere editorial attempts with, no doubt, very infomative introduction to the subject; and in the field of Dramaturgy that too limited mostly to the post-Bharata writers on the subject. For, it was not until Fitz-Edward Hall completed his editorial work on Dhanafljayas Daarupaka in the seventies of the last century Bharatas Natya-sastra had become available in its complete form. So has been the attempt o f Dr. Haas who limited his activities to the study of the Dasarupaka. To a later writer ViSvanatha, then turned the energies of Dr. Roer who edited the Sahitya-darpana over which an advance was attempted, by Dr. J. R. Ballantyne who translated some of its portions only to be completed by P. D. Mitra several decades ago. Later on, in this line is the attempt of M. Dillon who edited in the first part of his proposed work the text of Sagaranandins Nataka-lakshanaRatnakosa, and its second volume is to fulfill the promise of its translation. Even on the side of the dramatic texts, in the editions, both the European and the American, all scholarship has confined itself largely to the textual criticism, collation of various manuscripts and the histori cal data which has, in its own way, advanced the study of literature by opening a new vista of research, âlthough it resulted in throwing the dramaturgical study of the Sanskrit plays into back-ground. Following their method,
even the Indian writers possessed of the Anglo-sanskrit scholarship fell in line with them in mostly translating works into English and giving some historical introduction along the lines which are known as the scientific in this age. In this age of annotation, some modern writers, following the other method of orthodox name, sometimes chose to lay more stress on the grammatical and linguistic study o f the plays. From this stage of Translation and Historical Introduction, there arose another trend of study ing Sanskrit dramas in the form of their argument being re-told in a pleasant novelistic form. Along this line has been the work of Horrwitz, Indian Drama, and of Sten Konow of the same title, and also of H. H. Wilson, Hindu Theatre, falling in whose wake some Indian writers took themselves to re-telling stories as has been done of Bhasas plays by A. S. P. Ayyar. Then grew a tendency to study the demonstrative aspect of the Sanskrit dramas, and atten tion was drawn towards the Ancient Hindu Stage resulting in a host of books and articles on the Indian Theatre. The study of the dramas from the critical point of view did not engage the attention of scholars until the great Western Orientalist, Dr. A. B. Keith, the lawyer scholar, for the first time, presented in his sa n sk rit dram a the critical estimate of the Sanskrit plays and appended the Theory of Dramaturgy in a brief outline. The work has a classical value no doubt; but it has, at any rate, not gone into the comparative study of the dramaturgical rules as presented by different authorities on the subject, but has summarised in brief the outlines of the dramatic structure as known from the popular canonists. Even in course of his criticism, he makes a brief survey of the date of the dramatist, gives the argument of the play and mentions only broad points relating to characters, style and language of the poet. But no attempt is made even there to apply the rules of dramaturgy or to prove by facts and references the conclusions so scholarly stated there. For instance, where the main style is shown to be the Vaidarbhi in general, no attempt is made to show if the
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specimens of other rltis like the Pahcali are not there to outnumber those of the Vaidarbhi. Similarly, where a type of the hero is mentioned perhaps only per chanceit is not shown as to how he deserves to fall into that cate gory. Then again, nowhere there is any reference to the Nayika-bheda while estimating any play, nor to the junctural sub-divisions or peculiar dramatic embellishments ( lakshanas, alahkaras, vithyangas, lasyangas and the like). The work, on the whole, does not aim at studying the practice of the play-wrights in the light of the dramaturgical laws or vice versa. Following exactly his pattern, Kulkarnl has given a work, Sanskrit Drama and Dramatists, the very sub-title of which suggests that it is no work studying dramas dramaturgically, but it deals with chronology, mind and art. To follow these works there appears another work by D. R. Mankad, Types of Sanskrit Drama, which, however, attempts to give in good details the defi nitions of various types of RBpakas and Upa-rupakas and devotes more to the study of the Nrtta plays. The work, however, restricts its scope chiefly to the connotative aspect, and only illustrations show a hue of practical aspect, which has given only a small concern to the minute application of the connotation ( la ksh a w ) to the denotation ( lakshya). It, no doubt, makes an approach to several dramaturgists, but a comparative study of all the dramaturgical principles and their application does not principally form its subject-matter. There is another work by Jahagirdar, which also summarily disposes of the subject. M.R. Kales The Sahitya-sara-sangraha is only a manual, outlining the sketch of the dramatic corpus of Sanskrit plays. Though various scholars have devoted themselves to the critical study of the Sanskrit Dramas in the fruitful attempts like those of Raghavans Women Characters in the plays of Kalidasa; S. L. Katres Harsha and his three plays; Pusalkars BhasaA Study; Gajendragadhakars Venlsamhara-A Study; and the like, yet all these works flow into two channels verily: of the pure theory or of pure criticism, with the result that they
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help the study of the subject of dramaturgical laws only piecemeal. Thus the available works on the subject through the medium of English do not carry a student o f dramatic criticism any farther than the older Sanskrit' glossators on the Sanskrit Dramas. In spite of all these long years, it is only a few popular dramas in Sanskrit that have been elaborately commented upon. Among commentators too, the few auth~ entic ones are Jagaddhara ( 1300-1450 A. D .), Katayavema ( 1381-1461 A. D. ); Raghava Bhatta ( 1475-1500 A. D. ),* Prthvldhara ( end of 15th Cent. A. D. ); Ranganatha ( about 1656 A. D . ), Dhundiraja (1731 A. D .) and Ghanasyama ( 1720-1775 A. D. ) and his two learned wives who com mented upon Rajasekharas Ssalabhafijika, and Rucipati on Muraris play of Anargha-raghava. These annotators are in the habit of referring to various features of dramatics in their commentaries and have had the benefit of the views of some older authors whose works are not now available. T hlir quotations from them are indeed valuable in regard to the study of the principles, but these scholars have always given scant regard to the application of these principles systematically and uniformly. At places their observations have gone to make a synthetic study even less practicable, just as Pandita Jagaddhara has done in his Tika on the Malatl-madhava by dividing* and placing junctural divisions irrespective of the range of action in the play. It has been mainly due to the discretionary methods of the glossators, both older and recent, to lay more stress on the poetical beauties as Riti, Gum and Kavyalankaras than on the application of the dramatic features. In fact, most of the existing commentaries on Sanskrit dramas appear to have missed this point, and keep the students away from understanding dramas in their proper perspective, which is, in fact, distinct from the one, meant for other branches of poetry. Such a dis tinctive study became inter alia the main point of view of / the present writer when he undertook to write an original
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Sanskrit commentary, Kalpa-lata on Kalidasas Vikramorvaslyam ( N. S. Edn.-1942 ) at the instance of late Rev. Father R. Zimmermann, Professor of Sanskrit, St. Xaviers College, Bombay. In course of this attempt the writer felt that even on perusal of the canonical texts, the finer distinctions between one dramatic feature and the other do not at places become decisively clear. The reasons for this are obvious. For the oldest authority available on the subject is Bharata, who in his magnum opus on Dramaturgy has dealt with the principles at length, but has defined terms without adding suitable illustrations which could make distinctions clear enough. This diffi culty further looms larger especially when the terms apparently bear names without radical reference to their connotation as Pushpa, Totaka, Mala and many others; or have confusing titles as Drava and Vidrava, Dishta and TJpadishta and the like; or have synonymous titles as Drshtanta, Udaharana and Nidarsana. Then there are confusing readings also in the Text-books either mutilated or containing copious variants sub-joined to them. Bharatas close follower among the later cononists is ViSvanatha, who illustrates his enunciations no doubt, but he presents there too, a twofold difficulty : firstly, that in most cases he cites examples from such dramas as are not extant 1 and prefers references to his 2 or his fathers works 3 that are not available for understanding the -correct position taken by him by actually referring to their context; and secondly, that he takes at times such position 4 as is not tenable even in the opinion of his commentators and uses at places so ambiguous a language as is capable of varied interpretations by his commentators as shown in case o f
1. 2. 3. 4.
Y ayati-vijaya, JanakT-raghava, C h alita-ram a, U datta-raghava, Pushpa-dutlka, R am Sbhinanda, K rtya-ravana etc. e. g. G andra-kala, P rab h av ati, etc. e, g. Pushpa-mSla. as he does in case of the Nandi.
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Pataka, for instance. The fact is equally true of later compilers like Sagaranandin and Saradatanaya in this respect. Dhanafljaya belongs to that class of writers who do not illustrate their propositions. Here Dhanikas Avaloka is a great help, but it seems that these two brothers had in their view some authorities other than Bharata whose viewpoint they always bore in mind. Moreover, both ViSvanatha and Dhanika, and a few subsequent writers try to define or illustrate a feature by tacit reference to some particular situation in some particular play in their mind, and overlook the fact that the dramaturgical laws are principally meant for universal application and should be so placed before the readers as may at least become applicable to both the heroic as well as the erotic plays, e. g. to define Samiha as Nr-striyor iha or Samiha ratibhogortha vilasa iti klrtitah can, if limited to conjugal longing, pertain only to the erotic plays, a view which cannot seemingly be compatible with the general theory of Dramatics. Further, while citing illustrations, the later canonists sometimes refer to a spot which occurs at a later or an earlier stage than the Juncture to which the in stance is said to belong. Then again, the texts of dramas made use of by these canonists seem to be different from those available to the modern scholars, and so, proper reference to them does not become feasible as, for ex ample, ViSvanatha quotes that the conversation of Ceti and Vidnshaka on the Valabhi in the Vikramorvasl is the illustration of Prapahca, but such a conversation is not come across in the text as such, and is not capable of being identified without exertion. There are more instances of this type which will not add to the topic in question. So far as the commentators are concerned, the usual practice with old Sanskritists has been never to mention the authority; but only say, as is said ( yaduktam ) or So some say ( k e c it ), which only obstructs the process of identification of the author holding a particular opinion. Sometimes they go to the length of citing the authority, a reference to whom only tends to disappoint
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the reader, e. g. Rucipati1 quotes DaSarupaka to show the four-fold type of Nandi of which no trace is available in the printed texts of the said book. Such numerous difficulties have been responsible to a very large extent for the subject of Dramaturgy being ignored, which in the first place demands a synthetic study of these diver gent views and cogent application of them to the avail able references without which the theory cannot be suffi ciently clear. Principally to meet this demand, the idea of this thesis originated ; for the laws of dramaturgy discussed by the law-makers of different ages have not been fully analysed and compared in a single work, though much work is done on the historical study of the dramas, dealing more with what is about them rather than what is in them. While making, therefore, a synthetic Survey of the dramaturgical laws, special care is taken herein to avoid all illustrations from dramas not available for reference, and instead, suitable illustrations have been traced and cited from the popular plays which are well within the reach of every reader and with which he is ordinarily quite familiar. In this respect the present writer has taken into account all the well-known commentators like Raghava Bhatta, Katayavema, Prthvldhara, Rucipati, Jagaddhara, Jlvananda, Haridasa, Revatlkanta, Ganapati Sastrl, and other annotators, both European and Indian, and all points of divergence have been briefly elucidated. Moreover, an attempt is made to develop the rudiments of general literary criticism relevant to the studies in the Sanskrit Dramas, and personal views in regard to the interpreta tion- of canons have been added by the writer wherever it became necessary. For this reason, the Articles on Doshas, Metrics and Kavya-paka are elaborated here. Among the
1. Vide A nargha-raghava tik a p . 9, line 7. C f. D r. H aa s clearly says, No special prescriptions regarding the Nandi are given in D. R . ( C olum bia E d n . p. 8 0 , line 31 ).
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Miscellaneous artifices, the Article on the use of the Flora et Fauna, especially * dealing with their use as the dramatic pivots, places an original view-point of the writer and its efficacy has been shown while applying the theory to the dramas under review. In order to present a complete critical apparatus before the students of the Sanskrit Dramas, a section on the secondary purpose of Poetry, viz., the didactic one, is added to show how a dramatist employs his wit and satire as a corrective measure against the social evils. In this way, the Book I is attempted to be made as complete and thorough as possi ble, keeping, however, within the bounds o f Bharatas Natya-gastra in respect of all principles, especially in the matter of such features as are of common application to both the Drsya and the Sravya Kavyas like Gutja, Dosha, Riti and the Kavyalahkaras in general. References to the representatives of the New School are done firstly for purposes of comparative study ; and secondly, for avoiding omission of such particulars as belong to the practice of the modern dramatic criticism. All the same, no attempt is made to develop fully the portions of Alankaras in general and also of the Kavya-doshas which are elaborated at large by the later poeticians, the nucleus of which, however, is found in Bharatas Natya-Sastra. For detailed study of these subjects Treatises on Principles of Poetics will serve as a good reference. No elaboration is attempted here on principles of theatrical arrangement and the equipment of characters, and their special art of gaits and songs which form the subject-matter of the specialised study of Abhinaya to which the scope of this dissertation dealing with Dramatic criticism is not extended. In the Second Book, while applying the laws to the dramas under review, a topical investigation into various heads is done in every possible detail in the model made out of Kalidasa's Ssakuntala. The same method is followed in case of his other plays also, :which presents the Practice ol the Sanskrit dramas as evidenced by the application
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of the principles of the scenic art enunciated by different canonists given in the First Book. At the end, it may be stated that the present writer is painfully conscious of his inaccess to the works of Kohala, Kr3a3va, Silalin, Satakarna, Subandhu, ASma-kutta, Nakhakutta, Matrgupta and other ancient authorities as they are not extant in the manuscript or the published form. Nevertheless, references here and there made by certain authors to these canonists, and to the inextant works like the Natya-pradlpa, the Natya-loeana, the Kavyendu-prakaâ and others have been duly taken into account. No direct consultation of these works could be possible at present for purposes of this thesis. A critical notice o f these casual references and quotations, however, affords room to believe safely that further dependence on them is not much likely to supply fresh material for the subject under investigation.
SA N SK RIT DEPARTMENT. U n iv e rs ity o f A llah ab ad .
16. VII. 47,
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
I should like to take this opportunity o f thanking all those who have assisted me or lightened my task. I am specially indebted to late Dr. N. V. Thadani, M. A., D. Litt., Principal, Hindu College, University o f Delhi, but for whose constant pursuasion and generous encouragement the present work could have never been undertaken. I am likewise greatly indebted to late Mahamahopadhyaya Dr. Prasanna Kumara Acharya, M . A., Ph. D.(Leyden), D. Litt. (London), Professor o f Sanskrit at the University o f Allahabad under whose able guidance and super vision the scheme o f the present work was outlined and executed. To my literary associates, Sahitya-vidvan T. Bhimacharya, B. A., and Prof. Mohanlal, M . A., Ph. D. ( Wales ) I owe much for their learned company and discourses which immensely profited the present volume at its various stages. 1 am grateful to Dr. S. R. Rahganathan and to my close friend, Dr. S. K. Saksena, M . A., Ph. D. ( London ) o f the East and West Center, University o f Hawaii ( U .S.A .) who looked through the manuscript with great care and benefitted me with some very useful suggestions. M y thanks are due to my devoted pupils, Prof. Shri Narayan Nigam, M . A. who assisted me a good deal in my preliminary work; Prof. Ramashraya Sharma M. A. o f Delhi who took great pains in preparing the various Charts; and Fraulein Rama Saksena, M . A., Sahitya-shastri, Kavya-tirtha, Alexander Humboldt Scholar, University o f Gottingen ( West Germany ), who, as the Research Fellow working under me, helped me very much by patiently checking citations and preparing various Appendices; and Dr. Manohar lal Dwivedi, M . A .; Ph. D. o f the Saraswati Bhavana Library, Varanasi, for reading proof-sheets and seeing them through the Press.
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I am obliged to my sons, Mr. Charu Chandra Shsstri, M. A. and Mr. Nikhilesha Shastri, M . A. who have contributed the Glossary, and done, with meticulous care, the heavy task o f preparing Indices appended at the end. Above all, I cannot help recalling the memory o f late Mr. T. Shrinivasa Rao o f Harihar who*, efficiently carried out the onerous task o f carefully typewriting the manuscript o f this thesis till he fell an unfortunate victim to a random shot o f a policeman in the Chandni Chowk, Delhi, during the last political distur bances. Lastly but nowise in the least, I am beholden to the Governing Body o f the Hindu College, Delhi for affording me every facility in completing my task, and for an appreciative award oj five hundred Rupees to encourage its publication. M y elderly friend, Dr. Vasudeva Sharana Aggrawal, M. A., D. Litt., Principal, College o f Indology & Dean, Faculty o f Arts, Benares Hindu University, has earned my gratitude for his having taken keen interest in suitably bringing out the present volume, without which it may not have seen the light o f the day. At the end, I feel happy in recording thanks to my friend, Shri Vitthal Das Gupta, o f the Chowkhamba Sanskrit Series Office, Varanasi, who took great pains fo r producing this Volume so very neatly, and publishing it in his Research Series, the Chowkhamba Sanskrit Studies.
S. N. Shastri
SCHEME OF TRANSLITERATION Whereas all extracts from the original Sanskrit and Prakrit works and also various technical terms and phrases are given in the Roman characters here in the Text, the mode of Transliteration adopted while doing so, il given below for ready reference : V ow els : The vowel sounds occurring in initial syllables or associated with consononts are written as : a, a, i, I, u, u. r, r, e, ai, o, au, A, h. C onsononts : ( Basic form to which vowels are added ) Gutturals : Palatals : Linguals : Dentals Labials : : k, kh, g, gh, n, c, ch, j, jh, fl, t, th, d, dh, n, t, th, d, p, ph, b, dh, n, bh, m,
Sem i-vow els : Sibilants : Aspirate :
y, r, 1, 1, v. g, sh, s, h.
In case of Sanskrit words which are accepted in the English vocabulary like Pandit, Sanskrit and others, only popular fpollings are adopted and no diacritical marks are used. All Sanskrit words are italicised in the Text except Proper names. Quotations in Sanskrit are, however, not italicised when they are enclosed in parentheses or given within inverted commas.
MODE OF CITATIONS Citations are given as per List of Abbreviations annexed hitherto, and the Conspe:tus of the editions of the Texts under reference is given towards the end. In case of the coaonieal
Texts the citations are by reference to Chapters and Verses. Where the verses are not numbered in the Text, references are cited by quoting pages and lines, and the abbreviation P. or Pp. precedes such references according as they refer to a particular page or pages. In case of such Text! ai are not divided into Chapters like .the N. L. R., citation* refer Only to the lines in the Text-book as denoted by the Editor in the margin. In case o f the commentaries, the citations refer to the pages of the original Text, and lines are to be counted flpOO the com mencement of the comment on the page or the v e ri* M o w which the comment reads. In case of the Textl dramas, whether their Edition is the European or the Indlaft, citations are given according to Prof. C. R. Lanmans Method for citing Sanskrit Dramas prefixed to Vol. XXI of the Harvard Oriental Series : that is, the first figure refers to the number o f the Act, the second to the preceding verse, and the third refer* to the line counted from the last preceding verse. to references to the Prose passages only. This mode applies To avoid extreme
inconvenience in following this method in case of dramas where lines or verses or both are not numbered as in the Nir'naya Sagara Editions or the Editions of the Bombay Sanskrit Series, references only to the page and line have, however, been reluctantly made. Verses are indicated as usual by
xxvii
reference to the Act to which they belong and to their ordinal number. The number of the Act, or the Chapter of books is also shown in ordinal figures and the number of verses or lines is given in cardinal figures. Run-on references are signified by means of quoting the initial page, line or verse as the case may be. Comparative references are indicated by the abbreviation C f.\ and references to the preceding pages are made as Vide P. supra , whereas to the following pages as Vide P. infra". For this purpose even Appendices are folioed in continuation of the text. References to the Introduction are made as Vide Intrdn. : Page-, the page-number being given in small Roman figures. References to other European Texts are given in terms of only pages and lines. Sundry remarks and cross references open with the direction, Obs. which stands for Observe, or N. B. which abbreviates Nota bene . The abbreviation et seq orêqq. means, and the following; q. i. and r. i. respectively denote quoted in and recorded in. Vv. and LI. indicate verses and lines.
ABBREVIATIONS & SYMBOLS Abbreviations : A. B. A. D. A. K. A. R. A. S. A. Si. A. V. C. Agni. P. Al. K. Al. S. Al. Sar. Al. S. Am. K. Ava. Avi. A. K. B. B. B. B. G. P. R. T. S. N am e o f the text referred to
Abhinava Bharatt on Natya-Sastra. Artha-dyotanika : Tika on Sakuntala by Raghava Bhafta. Abhijflana K au m u d l: Tika on Sakuntala by Haridasa. Anargha Raghava of Murari. Artha-Sastra by Kautilya. Aslita-^lokl by ParaSara Bhatta. Aucitya-vicara-carca of Kshemendra. Agni Purana. Alankara-Kaumudi of S. N. Shastri. Alankara-Sfltra of Ruyyaka. Alankara-sarasva of Mankhuka. Alankara Sekhara of Kegava. Amara Koga by Amara Simha. Avaloka of Dhanika on Da&rOpaJca. Avimaraka of Bhasa. Ananda-Koâ-prahasana. Bhagavad-glta. Bhava-prakaga of Saradatanaya. Bala Ramayana of RajaSekhara. Bhava-tala-sparinl: Tika on Uttara-rama-carita ' by Vlra-Raghava. Bhaminl Vilasa of Jagannatha. Bhoja Prabandha of Ballala. Brahma Purana. Brahma Sutra of Badarayana. Canakya Caturl : Tika on Mudra-rakshasa by Haridasa. Canda Kaugika of KshemlSvara. Candraloka by Plyushavarsha Jayadeva.
Bh. Bh. Pr. Br. P. Br. S. C. C. C. K. C. L.
xxix
C cha.K . Ch. N. Cha. S. D. A. D. R. D. V. Dh. V. G. P. K. A. K. Al. K. An. K. B. K. D. Ka. D. K. G. R. K. L. K. M. K. Ml. K. P. [ Pr. ] K. R. K3. L. Ka. P. Kar. Ku. Sam. Ku. Pr. ( a ) Kuv. L. M. L. R. M. [ Mai. ] M. C.
Cchandah Kaustubha. Chando Nirukti. Chandas-sastra by Pingala Naga. Dhvanyaloka by Anandavardhana. Dasarupaka of Dhanafijaya. Duta-vakya of Bhasa. Dhanaftjaya-vijaya of Kaflcanacarya. Garuda-Purana. Kavyanuâsana by Acarya Hemacandra. Kavyalankara by Vamana. Kavyanuâsana by Vagbhata. Karnabhara of Bhasa. Kavya-dakim of Gaugananda. Kavyadarâ of Acarya Dandin. Kumara Giri Rajlya :A Tika on Malavikagni-m itra by Katayavema. Kalpa-lata : A Tika on VikramorvaSl by S. N. Shastri. Kunda Mala of Dinnaga. Kavya-mlmansa of Rajagekhara. Kavya Prakaâ of Mammata Bhatta. Kavi-rahasya. Kavyalankara of Bhamaha. Kavyendu-Prakaâ. Karpura-mafljarl of RajaSekhara. Kumara Sambhava of Kalidasa. Kusuma Pratima : A Tika on Sahitya-darpana by Haridasa. Kuvalayananda of Appaya Dlkshlta. Lataka-melaka of Sankhadhara. Locana-rocini of Rupa GosvamI on U. N. M. Malavikagnimitra of Kalidasa. Mahavlra-carita of Bhavabhuti.
XXX
M. M. M. R. M. S. M. V. Ma. Ma. Mah. B. Mrc. N. N. N. N. N.
M andara M aranda of Srlkrshna Kavi. M udra Rakshasa of Visakhadatta. Manu Smrti. Madhyama Vyayoga of Bhasa. M alatl Madhava of Bhavabhuti. Mahabharata. Mrcchakatika of Sudraka. Natya-gastra of Bharata. ( N. S. E d n .). Natya-darpana of Ramacandra & Gunacandra. Nataka-lakshana-ratna-kosa of Sagaranandin. Natya-pradlpa. Nafija-raja-yaSo-bhushana of Abhinava Kalidasa. Natya-Sastra of Bharata ( Benaras Edition ). Natya-veda ( Kohala ). Natya-âstra of Bharata ( G. O. S. Edition ). Nagananda of Srlharsha. Padma-Prabhrtaka of Sudraka. Pratapa-rudrlyam of Vidyanatha. Pratapa-rudra-kalyana. Practical Sanskrit Dictionary by Apte. Prabodha-Candrodaya of Krshna Mira. Prakrta-Pingala. Prasanna Raghava of Jayadeva. Rasa-Candrika of Vigve^vara Pandeya. Rasa-Gangadhara of Panditaraja Jagannatha. Rati-Manmatha of Jagannatha. Rasarnava-Sudhakara of Singa Bhupala. RaghuvamSa of Kalidasa. Ratn avail of Srlharsha. Rucira : A Tlka on Sahitya-darpana by M n y SivadatjaL Rtu-samhara of Kalidasa. Sukha B odhinI: Tlka on Sakuntala by Jlvananda.
D. L. R. P. R.
N. S. N. V. Na. S. Nag. P. P. P. R. P. R. K. P. S. D. Pr. C. Pr. P. Pr. RS. R. C. R . G. R. M. R. S. Raghu. Rat. (na.) Rue. Ru. S. S. B.
xxxi
S. D. S. E. D. S. K. S. K. A. S. K. H. S. M. S. R. S. S. S. Sid. S. V. Sak. Sr. B. Sr. Pr. Sr. T. Tait. Up. T. V. U. N. M. U. R. V. B. V. J. V. R. V. S. V. S. B. Vag. Venl. Vij. Pr. Vikra. Vim. Vv. Y. P. Yaj. ( Y. S. )
Sahitya Darpana of ^ v a n a th a . Sanskrit English Dictionary Apte. Siddhanta Kaumudl of Bhattoji Dlkshita. Sarasvatl-kanth-abharana of Bhojadeva. Sanskrta-Kantha-hara. Sahitya-Mlmansa:of Mankhuka. Sanglta-ratnakara. v Sahitya-Sara of Acyuta Rai. Surya-siddhanta. Svapna-Vasavadattam of Bhasa. Sakuntala ( Abhijfiana ) of Kalidasa. Srutabod ha of Kalidasa. Srngara-Prakaga of Bhojadeva. Srngara-tilaka of Rudrata. Taittarlya Upanishad. Tapasa-Vatsaraja of Ananga Harsha. Ujjvala-Nlla-Mani of Rupa Gosvamin. Uttara-rama-caritam of Bhavabhuti. Vanl-Bhushana of Damodara Misra. Vakrokti-Jlvita of Kuntaka. Vrtta-Ratnakara of Bhatta Kedara. Viraja-SarojinT of Mm. Haridasa. Viddha-Sala Bhafijika*of Rajagekhara. Vagvilasa compiled by Srlkrshna. Venl-Samhara of Bhatta Narayana. Vijfta Prlya : A Tika on Sahitya-darpana. Vikramorvasiyam of Kalidasa. Vimala : A Tika on Sahitya-darpana by Jlvananda. Vivrti : A Tika on Natya-darpana. Yajfla-phala of Bhasa. Yajflavalkya Smrti.
XXX11
Sym bols : A. a. B. b. c. d. S. I.
Anushtup list of Bharatas Natya-lalcshanas. First foot of a verse. Upajati List of Bharatas Natya-lakshanas. Second foot of a verse. Third foot of a verse. Fourth foot of a verse. Long syllable in a metre. Short syllable in a metre.
CONTENTS LAWS AND PRACTICE OF SANSKRIT DRAMA Preface Acknowledgements Scheme of Transliteration Mode of Citations Abbreviations & Symbols Table of Contents Mangalacartrnu BOOK I C h a p te r I Pp. vii-xxi Pp. xxiii-xxiv PPp. Pp. Pp. PXXV
xxvi-xxvii xxviii-xxxii xxxiii-xxxvii lxv
LAWS OF DRAMA T ypes o f D ra m a p. I p. 3 Pp. 1-30
Definition of Natya and its sub-divisions * Definition of Nataka and other Rupakas Types of Upa-Rupakas and v / their definitions Chapter II
p. 26
Pp. 31-62
The Prelim inaries o f D ram a
Nandi [Invocation] Prastavana [ Induction ] Chapter III The D ram atic Plot
p. 31
p. 42
Pp. 63-202
Three-fold division of Vastu Arthopakshepakas Pataka-sthanakas w ''" ' Karyavasthas & Artha-Prakrtis v Sandhis [ Junctures ] 3
xxxiv
Co-ambulation Theory of Junctures Drshta-nashta Theory of Junctures Sub-divisions of Mukha-sandhi Sub-divisions of Pratimukha-sandhi Sub-divisions of Garbha-sandhi | Sub-divisions of Vimarga-sandhi A Sub-divisions of Nirvahana-sandhi Sandhi-phala Sandhyantaras '-^Natya-lakshanas NatySlankaras Silpakangas ,
p. p. p. p. p. p. p. p. P. p. p. p.
90 94 97 105 122 130 140 149 151 159 182 198
Chapter IV
H ero and other characters
Pp. 203-230
Neta _ 'General characteristics of the hero Anu-nayaka / Brati-nayaka 'Assistants of the hero _'Heroines : their types and sub-types ^ N a y ik a la n k a ra s Associates of the hero and the heroine
p. 204 p. 205 p. 209 p. 210 p. 210 p. 212 p. 221 p. 227
Chapter V
Feelings and
Sentim ents p. p. p. p. p. p. p. p. p. p.
Pp. 231-291 231 234 245 247 257 258 259 261 285 288
General Outline Vyabhicari-bhavas " Sattvika-bhavas Sthayi-bhavas ^ Vibhavas and their types Rasa-carvana Rasa-vyakti , Variety of Rasas n/ Inter-relation of Rasas Psuedo-suggestions
XXXV
Chapter V I
D ram atic Conventions Regarding
Pp. 292-318
Structure Procedure Characters Rasas ' Names and Addresses Use of Languages Other Miscellaneous Conventions Chapter VII I. Dram atic Artifices
PPPPPPP-
292 301 304 306 309 313 315 Pp. 319-409
Vrttis ( Bearing ) and their classification Kaisikl Vrtti and its sub-divisions Sattvatt Vrtti and its sub-divisions Arabhatl Vrtti and its sub-divisions Bharatl Vrtti and its sub-divisions Vrttis ( Diction ) p. 319 p. 321 p. 322 p. 323 p. 325 p. 326 p. 328 p. 328 p. 334 p. 337 p. 342 p. 343 p. 346 p. 350
II. Pravrtti Rules regarding provincial etiquette Rules regarding the use of languages j&I. R tti and its types kS $ / . Gunas ^ / N u m b e r of Gunas : Sabda-gunas Artha-gunas Gunas according to the New School '
xxxvi
V. Doshas : Number of Doshas according to Bharata Doshas according to the New School Doshas converting into merits VI. Metrics : (a) General outline (b) Classification of Metres : Jati Vrttas Classification of Samavrttas Types in the Sama-vrttas Types in the Ardha-sama Vrttas Types in the Vishama Vrttas (c) Rules regarding the suitability of classes (d) Rules regarding the suitability of types VII. Nrtta, Gati and Gita : (a) Nrtta and its types ) Lasyangas (c) Gaits and Postures (d) Gita : Dhruvas VIII. Recognised Alankaras s IX. X. Use of Flora and Fauna Miscellaneous Artifices : Use of wit, humour, satire, and imagination XI. Paka of Drama and its types
p. 352 p. 353 p. 356 p. 363 p. 365-388 p. 365 p. 367 pp. 367-369 p. 370 p. 371 p. 383 p. 385 p. 386 p. 387 pp. 389-398 p. 389 p. 390 p. 394 p. 395 pp. 398-401 p. 402
p. 404 p. 405
XXXV11
Appendices : A. B. C. D. Indices : A. B. C. D. A Conspectus of Editions o f Books under reference Index to Quotations Index to Works & Authors Subject-Index p. 509 p. 518 p. 522 p. 529 p. 553 Charts I-XXXVI A Glossary of Technical Terms A Brief Bibliography pp. 413-454 pp. 493 502 pp. 505-506
A Thesaurus of Dramaturgical Terms pp. 457-490
C o rrig en d a 3
LAWS OF SANSKRIT DRAMA
A
STUDY OF
D R A M A T IC
CANONS
NA TAJ-JN a NAM NA TAC-CHILPAM, NA SA VIDY a NA SA KALA / NA TAT KARMA NA TAD-YOGO,

n a ja k e yanna d r Sy a t e
// Blvarata
NATYA-SASTRAMIDAM
RAMYAM,
MRGA-VAKTRAM JA TADHARAM I A K SH A -SU TRA M BIliHRANANCA TR1SULANCA TRILO CAN AM //
Nrsimha-prasada.
i i
b h Xs h y a k X r o
v ija y a t e t a r a m
M angalacaranam
1 [ Sardula-vikrlditam ] m sundara-vigraham ByR lalitalayam M lHit rasa-bhavuke tribhuvancidhHam mudci nartayal, tata-layam tarunya-hela-yutam /
nava-rasam saram giram sahgirad,
htiyalj pranayollasad-vilasitam lasyam vidadhyat sadU //

2
[ Prthvl ] yadakhilam manoratha-cayam vinapyarthanMm
Dhlnoti bhuvi mangalam vitanute ca tat-sevitulj} / tO-bhava-bhuti-bha-vibhava-bhata-bhavya-dyuti PfSftaumi vibudha-drumam Guru~padaravlndci-dvayam //
THE LAWS AND PRACTICE

OF
SANSKRIT DRAMA
CHAPTER I
TYPES OF DRAM A
k a v y a is the generic name comprising all forms o f poetical compositions in Sanskrit. Two species of Kavya arfe recognised: audio-visual ( drya ) and aural ( sravya ). Of the audio-visual again there are two classes : drama or Nwtya, and representa tion by gestures with a musical background or Nrtta.
Drama is the reproduction of certain situations so as to induce in the spectators a sense of identiBcaSpy wit&"the Eero and other characterTByTEFway the actors render them .1 Composing a drama is an art of presenting a story in the form of a dialogue, and the elements going to the make-up of a p la y / says Aristotle, consist of the fable, manners, diction, senti ments, decoration and music .2 Thus drama is a literary piece written for representation on the stage, say, it is largely for a theatre ; and the theatre is a place where people meet to hear the dialogue and to see the action of the play or representa tion by actors. Bharata defines representation as that art of an a c to rb y means of which he re-creates the sentiments ( rasa) inherent in the original situation forming the theme of the drama under enactment.3 Such sentiments are so re-created that a spectator
1. R . S . 67; D . R . 1 7. 2. Poetics I I iii. 3. N . I 104 M . V II 2;
LAWS OF SANSKRIT DRAM A
of taste could only resonate with them. Representation is possible in four w a y s : physical, verbal, decorative and emotional .1 Physical representation consists of various move ments of limbs, hands and feet, breast and waist, head and sides; and of the more delicate expressions conveyed through ey.es, brows and cheeks, and the lip. and the chin ,2 This physical action*, observes Allardyce Nicoll, îs1 absolutely demanded on the stage, and it will be found that those plays which most frankly embrace the physical action are likely to be most popular .3 Verbal representation is an imitation of the original speech giving rise to identical feelings in the minds of spectators .4 In fact, it consists in reproducing the same language in its intonation, _pronunciation and pause with such fidelity to the original that the visitors get- charged with the same feelings as the characters themselves.Îmitation of the background, appropriate colours and costumes, and all other outward equipment makes decorative representation .5 Emotional representation is that action of an actor in which he poses the same bearing of mind and carries the same import as that of a character in a manner so realistic that it may appear natural to him, nay, his own .6 T h e Nalya is also technically known as rVpa or a show because it is a scene. Accordingly it is called a rttpaka, for it contains the assumption of parts by characters .7 There are ten kinds of rupakas which are known as nataka, prakarana, bhana, vyayoga, samavakara, dima, ihamrga, utsrtanka., vithl and prahasana. Of these types nataka and prakarana are popular among playwrights. A special reference to their constitution is, therefore, necessary.
1. N. V I I I 9; S. D. V I 2 : Shgika, vaeika, aharya, and sattvika.
2. N . V I I I 1 2 ,1 3 . 3. Theory of D rap ia p . 72 11. 26 29. 4. N . S. X V 2; N . D . 1 2. 5. N . S. X U I 2ff, N . D . X 2 . 6. N . S. X X V 2; N . D . I 2. -
7.
D . R . 1 7.
[ chap. I ]
<
TYPES OF DRAM A'
-3
!NATAKA '
n a t a k a is the depiction of some event or events in the life of a distinguished prince of saintly character (prakhyata rajarshi)?Distinction implies that a nataka should deal only with the past and cannot deal with any present or future event. Future is ruled out because it is not known. For dramatic effect the poet has to select certain events and reject others, modify them or even supplement them from his imagination. The expediency of a political or any other nature may stand in the way of selecting what he requires, for any modification of well-known events or supplying details which are not known to have existed will deprive the depiction of its realistic value. Thus the depiction of the present will restrict the freedom of poetic imagination, which is the very essence of all work of art.
The person chosen as the hero of a nataka may be deemed distinguished if he is well-known in history as Udayana of Kausambl, or through traditional stories like king Agnimitra of the Sunga dynasty, or through the epics, the Ramayana and the M ahabharata or through Srlmad-Bhagavata and other Puranas. The familiarity of the audience with the personality o f the hero facilitates grasping of the outline of the play without any aid like the one of the printed synopsis provided in modern performances. According to the Abhinava Bharatl the distinction may be a quality either of the hero or of the action or of the place of action2. Gunacandra seems to regard these three aspects as interdependent ones, for according to him the distinction of Kauâmbi is because of its association with Udayana, the distinction of Udayana is because of his acquisition of Vasavadatta, and the distinction of this action of his is because of its occurrence in Kauâmbl.3 The view of Allardyce Nicoll appears to agree with that of the Abhinava Bharatl, for according to him, the chief interest of Hamlet is
1. N . S. X V II I 10; S. D. V I 7, 9; 2. N . S. ( G. O . S. ) Vol. I I p. 4 1 1 . 3. N . D . p. 27. R . S. I l l 130; B. P. p. 222.
derived from the figure, the character and the words of the hero ; in a M id-summer N ights Dream it is the atmosphere o f the play which makes the comedy mem orable,.....the delicate aroma of spring-flowering poetry, the fairy world aad all its charms.* Bharata admits this threefold distinction but adds one more qualification. According to him the hero of a riStaka should be gallant or udatta. which implies that he should be of high birth, noble in temperament, sublime in thoughts and chivalrous in his actions. Above all, balance in every respect is a prime requisite of a heros character .2 Gallantry is thus a necessary quality but not the only quality in a hero who is already stated to be a prince. There is, however, a divergent view taken by a school of thought represented by Vigvanatha, fSiriga BhOpSla and Sri Krshna Kavi, the author of the Mand&ra M aranda who believe that a Nataka can have only a Dhlrodatta hero, and may not have a hero of any other class, namely, the lalita, uddhata or santa? Such a limitation imposed by this school is untenable, for this view contradicts an explicit statement of Bharata that the dom inant quality of a hero of a nfljafca may be either udatta, uddhata, lalita or santa. N or is this view supported by the practice of the playwrights. For instance, the natakas like Svapna-Vasavadattam, Ratnavall, Tapasavatsaraja, Pratijfiya-yaugandharayana have dhira-lalita heroes, and Veoi-samhara has a dhlrodhatta hero in Bhlmasena. It appears that the fallacy of this school lies in taking the general term udatta used by Bharata to show that gallantry is among the necessary qualities of a hero in the special sense of dhirodatta which denotes gallantry as the dominant quality in a hero. On the other hand, there is a second school of thought which appears to imply that the dominant quality of a hero of a nataka can only be gaiety. It means that the hero could belong only to the dhira-lalita class. Belonging to this school,
1. Theory of D ram a p . 2. N . S. X V III 1. 3. S. D . V I-9 , R . S. I I I - 1 3 0 , M . M. p. 68, line 20. 72. 11. 16 20.
I chap. I ]
TYPES OF DRAM A
Sgaranandin enjoins that dhiroddhata hefo Should represent a god or a superhuman being, a dhira-lalita is a king, a dhtrodatta is a minister or a commander of forces, and dhirasanta are Brahmaoas and Vaigyas.1 Whereas the kings alone are desired to be the heroes of a nataka, it can, there fore, have only dhiralalita heroes. This view is thus at variance with ViSvanathas view Which holds that a hero of a nQtaka should be dhirodatta only. Sagaranandins view is equally untenable; for actually among the dramas, plays like the U ttara-ram a-earitam , the Adbhuta-darpanam, the MSlavika-agnimitram, the Avimarakam, the Bala-ramayanam '2 and many others have dhirodatta heroes. It appears that this view is based upon an improper construction of Bharatas oft-quoted instructions, namely, the gods should be dhirodhatta, the kings should be dhlra-lalita and so on .3 This is a general instruction which applies to all characters. The former instruction of Bharata is a special one inasmuch as it refers to the heroes only. According to the well-known maxim of interpretation ( Mlm&nsa ), if a general principle contradicts a special one, it is the latter that prevails. Evi dently, Sagaranandin has overlooked this and preferred the general one to the special. Acarya Hemacandra too failed in appreciating the obvious fallacy. He attempts in his Vivrti4 to explain away the apparent inconsistency between the general and the special directions of Bharata. He believes that the terms, dhirodatta and others in the aforesaid aphorism o f Bharata refer to the different situations of the same hero wherein he shows himself as vehement, gay, quiet or gallant. Hemacandra while doing so leans upon Dhanikas similar statement in his Avaloka .5 1. N. L. R. p. 2. 2. DhirodSttam jayati caritam Rama-namnasea Vishmh B. R. 1 6, 3. Den dhlrtdhhatnj n&Bh, syur ihta-lalim nfftlh 11 Sffitpatiramayka, dhtredailau praktrtitau //
Dhita-pta'sHnttUt vijhtyn BmhtMni Vanyastathn // N. S. XXIV*4
K. A> p. S70, line 5
8. D. R. l l 6,
LAWS OF SANSKRIT* DRAMA
Both of them have confused mood, with character. For, Bharata has two -distinct chapters ; one on Vrttis, and. the other on the Prakrtis. M ood ( Vrtti )_ is a transitory state of mind varying with sifuation"ss whereas the la tte r. deal wjth . the dominant qualities in the character of a hero. It is, therefore, erroneous to confuse mental attitudes with the character ( prakrti ) of the hero which has pre-eminently to be of uniform nature. Obviously, the interpretation of Hemacandra will make the hero of a nataka different in type varying with different states of his mind. Such a view that there may be a hero of in constant disposition is hardly acceptable to the critics. So far as different modes of behaviour of the hero in different. circumstances are concerned, they pertain to the category of Vrttis or kinds of bearing and could not be confused with his character where Bharatas view is quite clear. The direction that gods and superhuman beings should' be dhlroddhatta and so on, therefore, appears rather to imply the different types of characters in a drama, It could mean that the character of the superhuman beings is in general dhlroddhatta, fo r as nOn-mundane characters they are possess ed of greater powers which make them presumptive and' overbearing in their behaviour. Generally, the kings are comparatively possessed of divers limitations and .given .to pleasure-seeking habits, their conduct could possibly be m ore. erotic. As the duties of the commanders of forces and high executive officials as ministers call upon, them to have qualities' of head and heart, their character could ill afford to be. any thing but of dhirodatta nature. Brahmanas who are mainly given to .devotion to Self, and Vaisyas who live on commerce, agriculture and cattle-breeding are bound to be mindful of their own occupations, and so they would present only the prasanta character. . . . The aphorism of. Bharata, therefore, .seems to describe the vocational temperaments - of the different characters, and all that it can claifn to ' mean is. to direct the observance of this convention when all or more than one type of such characters;, happen to form the dramatis personae of a plajr.: if a drama;
[ CHAP. I ]
TYPES OF DRAM A
7;
has, for instance, a superhuman character, a king, a general or a minister and a Brahmatja too, then com paratively'the superhuman character ought to be delineated as dhiroddhatta i.e. more vain, self-esteemed and wrathful, and a king as a lover of art, given to easy mode of life and of soft nature. If a general or a minister is to be characterised, he should appear as a gallant personality with a nerve for action and a brain for his schemes. A Brahmaria should be presented as a citadel of quietitude and a fountain of benevolence and human kindness. The instruction of Bharata thus deals with the art of delinea tion of different characters in a drama rather than referring to the hero only as some authors like Sagaranandin seem to have understood .1 It follows that the hero of a nataka being, possessed of sublimity of temperament ( udattata ) may belong to any four types admitted by Bharata in general terms .2 Bharata does not intend that the hero of a nataka should be a dhiroddhata or dhira-lalita only, for there is no express injunction throughout the Natya-sastra that the other three types o f heroes are meant for rMpakas other than those o f the Nataka class. Correctly following this view Gunacandra makes a modification and says that the kings are of fourfold nature .3 Then again, the hero of a itataka should be a saintly prince (ra ja rsh i). It implies that he should be possessed of balance o f mind, devoutness of character and other sage-Jike
1. The d ra m a tist, however, is free to make a d ra m a tic cause, as has case of h is DurvSsas B havabhuti to departure from this in terest of the P arasuram a pivot o f p erm itted overruled i f eBhasha-prakrti ..
convention if it is necessary to do so in the
done in his
of M ahS vIra-caritam in displaying h im as Dhiroddhata, or K alidasa ih. introduce- th e th a t canons .of ch aracters of im p o rta n t m alediction in th e SSkuntala. Such a d ep artu re is by B h a ra ta w ho dem eanour and it directs costumes m ay be :
p erta in in g to language,
tends to foster the
cause .
the d ra m a
veshadeh karyalah kvipi lahghanam/ N. S. X V III. 2. N , S. X X tV 2. , , . . . . 3. N . D . V --7. ' ... v . , ........
LAWS OP SANSKRIT DRAM A
virtot* worthy of imitation. Approached from the angle of heredity, the term Raja implies that the hero may be any prince or a kshatriya, whether or not he is a crowned prince and does exercise kingly powers. Most of the plays of Bhasa and other nStakas where the Pandava princes figure as principal characters are such natakas where heroes are not rulers of the state. It is also borne out by such plays as the NSgSlnandam and the M ahavlra-caritam . Then again, approached from the angle o f function, 'Raja implies that the hero may be any person exercising ruling powers and is in charge the adminis tration of the state. Here too, it appears that the term has a vocational sense and it includes all such personages with insignia regis like the ministers who act as regents during the infancy of the kings or the nascent state of their imperialism or during their absence from the state. The view that such a magnanimous person could be a hero of a nataka finds favour with Bharatas dictum cited by Sagaranandin permitting inclusion of episodes from the lives of gods, men and kings tyho are indeed great jn this world .1 In this list priority of mention seems to be in terms of lesser desirability, fo r the last menioned ohm* viz., the kings arfc found to be m ort desirable persons as heroes of natakas. Bharata himself, later on, specifically mentions that a scion of a kingly class is a fit person whose account may be used for the plot of a nStaka. This too is one of the implications of the term ' rajarshi which suggests that the hero o f such plays should be a mortal being. The reason for this preference is both obvious and simple : it is necessary if a nataka is to have its full value as criticism of life and if it purposes to chasten people in their ethical relations. For all poetic compositions have for their aim two things, viz., to teach and to delight .2 To teach that one ought to behave like Rama and not like R&vaija in this life is one o f the prime objects of the Indian Muse. This object can be achieved only by delineating similar mortal
1. N . L. R . 11.-29, 30.
2. Sadyah-fararmnrtaye and kZntdrsarrrnntariaytpaitsayujt'K. P. I- Itj

Cf. Aristotle, On Mimesis.
[ CHAP. I ]
TYPES OF DRAM A
characters. If the immortal or the divine character is the hero of a m taka then any marvel could be expected out of him and his conduct could hardly be deemed imitable by human beings. On the other hand, if such a divine hero has mortal limitations and is exposed to feelings of sorrow or terror, and made an object of disgust and laughter, and is subjected to hunger, death and other human frailties then such a delineation is sure to go against the pandemic belief of superiority of gods and leave no chance for any poetic rasa to be relished. For these reasons it would not suit the ends of dramatic representation to admit a divine hero ( divya nfiyaka) to a nataka. The introduction of the superhuman in a drama is, of course, very conducive to its make-up, and is invariably resorted to by the master playwrights. The mortal hero may have the best support of the divine beings. Bharata himself permits that the hero of a drama may enjoy some superhuman patronage .1 For such purposes a dramatist may use a divine character as the leader of the Episode f pataka ) or the Incident ( prakarf) as Gaurt is, in the Nagananda. The superhuman character may also lend a very material but casual support to the hero in times o f distress as does a Vidyadhara in the Avimaraka. Sometimes the hero himself may have the best access to the divine luminaries like Kalidasas Dushyanta and PurQravas who happen to be the military assistants to the Lord of gods. In such manner and the like, the principal character may be aided and patronised by deities and other celestial powers, but to use them the hero of a nataka is not deemed, on the whole, suitable. There is, however, a school of thought probably based on a general dictum of the N&iya-gastra which enunciates that the hero of a nataka could be either divine or mortal .2 ViSvan&tha goes a step further and says that the hero of a nataka may be a mortal, a divine or a pseudo-divine person.3 He points out the mortal one in Dushyanta, who can, of course, be identified as the hero of the fSakuntala. He illus trates the divine by reference to Srlkrshna and others, and the
1. Divjairqyepetam N , X V III 10.
2. M . M . V II. ( p. 6 8 11. 23-24 ) 3. Ditjo'tha divytirdivjo vi gutjMSn nSjrako matahS. D.
V I,
860.
10
psettdo-divine by referring to Ramacandra and others. Here, in case of the illustrations.of the last, two classes it does not, by a mere mention of Srlkrshna and Ramacandra, become clear as to which of the existing dramas these heroes he means to associate with. It does not, therefore, become possible to ascertain the nature of these specimens indicated by him. In fact, there are a dozen dramas with which Ramacandra is assosciated, and so are several ones wherein Srlkrshna figures. Obvious ly, in none of these dramas the immortal character of Rama and Krshna is brought to be borne on the minds of the readers. On the other hand, Krshna is as much born of mortal womb as is Rama and the one has done the annihilation o f demons as the other. Thus the illustrations of Visvanatha do not really establish his classification. On the contrary, these dramas make it abundantly clear that so far as Rama and Krshna are concerned there is no such distinction as Visvanatha wants to be accepted. For, in these dramas, Rama and Krshna have been wholly represented as behaving like men for all intents and purposes. For example, Srlkrshna in being the charioteer of Arjuna , and in accepting to be a delegate to the camp of Duryodhana 1 has assumed as much of a human role as is probably rneant in case of Rama candra acting in obedience to his fathers will or in deserting his, ideal consort simply for satisfying the public opinion. Moreover, for some reason of divinity in higher or less degree,, no distinction can possibly be drawn among Krshna, Rama and, Dushyanta2, inasmuch as they all descended to the world, lived like human beings, led the path of righteousness to the .peoples and ended their mortal career in ; usual course with variation only in degrees.
A
What may, as a matter of f4ct, be meant by the divine characters as the dramatis persdnee could not be incarnations o f gods in human form who are, for the time being, reduced in the public eye to the mortal scale for all practical purposes
1. V ide Bhasas D uta-vakyam . 2. Observe texts like malrablrir nirmitoârpah; Sc .... ' . . 3^41 :
1 Na-vishmk> prthivYpatih; _ashtnnlm IftkapnlSriim
[ chap. I ]
TYPES OF DRAM A
11
of life. But the divine characters, in fact, could only mean' actual gods qua gods as Vishnu, Brahma, Siva, Indra, Varuna, Kftmadeva and others appearing as such as the heroes. Then again if Vi^van at ha means that the hero of a nataka may be divine and other characters be mortal ones in the same play then the show will, according to his own definition, fall under the category of a trotaka 1 and cease to be a nataka. In fine, for reasons given above the hero of a nataka should be a mortal being. This is what Bharata holds and is also in consononce with the aims and objects of the mimetic art. This however, is, to my mind, - possible that there may be a divine hero with all other characters also belonging to divinity with a complete celestial background, as is evidenced by Jagannathas Rati-M anm atha or the Parvatl-parinaya of Vamana Bhatta Bana. Now, after the discussion in regard to the plot, the place and the nature of the hero, the motive and the sentiments prevailing in a nataka deserve a succinct treatment here. Whereas the sentiments are primarily induced by the motives of action, the latter may be taken up first. Bharata directs that a nataka should end with the achieve ment of such objects as pertaining to piety ( dharma ), sensual enjoyments f kama ) or wealth ( artha ) by the hero .2 The idea is that the ambition of the hero should cluster round the acquisition of any one or more of the first three principal: objects of human existence, viz., purushartha,3 The fourth object of life, namely, liberation is included in the generic, term o f piety or righteousness. The fourth object is, however, separately mentioned by the authors of the Natya-darpana, the M andara-M aranda and the Rasarnava-sudhakara .4 Neverthe less Bharata feels inclined to hold that the res-business of a nataka should concentrate upon those activities of the hero as
1. V ide Uparupa-ka ( iv ) infra. 2. Tri-varga-praptih. . , 3. N . X V III 11 4. N. D -V ; M . M . p. $8 last line; R;. S. II I.
12
inure to his benefit in terms of prosperity and well-being .1 The

t*rm, 'various kinds of prosperity' { rifinZh-vibhUti) means th a t the action in a drama ( nataka) should be related to the material weal and happiness of the hero. It is only on the basis of this text of Bharata that the later writers on dramaturgy have paraphrased the dramatic m otif as one bringing the hero the best fruit of life in dharma, kama or artha.2 Vigvanatha adopts Bharatas text which qualifies the hero as one possessed of several vibhutis,3 but offers a curious connotation to the expression by explaining the same as assist ed by great powers ( mahSr-sahnyam ). Such an explanation is repugnant to his own statement, where he admits even a divine character as a hero to a nataka. If such divinities too were to be aided by great powers it will be something not in keeping with the sense of their dignity, and hence unsuited for dramatic repre sentation on grounds of inaptness ( anaucitya ). Moreover, when Bharatas text has already expressed this idea of assistance under a separate clause, enjoining the patronage o f the divine ,4 it will amount to tautology in his aphorism if the adjunct possessed of several vibMtis is accepted to mean what ViSvanatha suggests. The several vibhatis, therefore, mean and include piety ( dharma), wealth ( artha), pleasure ( kS m a ) and absolution ( m oksa) out of which wealth and pleasure as the normal pursuits of every individual should constitute the main m otif of a dramatic action. With a view to emphasising over this point Bharata particularly adds that a nataka should contain elements of prosperity f rd d h i) and enjoyment ( vilasa ).5 Prosperity, according to the Abhinava B haratl ,6 means the acquisition of kingdom and conquest over foes, and places reliance on the opinion of Canakya who recog nises invasion, peace and alliance as the merits ( gmas ) Of
1. Nanuvibhutibhir-yulam N . X V III XI. 2 . N . D . verse V-b. 3 . Tuktam naria-vibkutibhih S. D . V I 304. Vibhsti is prosperity accor ding to B h a ra ta whereas assistance according to S, D . 4 . DivySsraj/epetain N . S. X V II I 10. 5 . N . S. X V III I I . 6 . A . B. o n N . S. V ol. I I p . 412 line* 18 it stq.
[ch a p . I ]
TYPES OF DRAM A
15
administration.1 Pleasure ( vilasa ) is interpreted to mean alt varieties of sensual enjoyment and pursuit of fine arts. The determination of the object of the heros pursuit now leads to the next point, namely, the sentiment or the rasa, which is the most important constituent of a nataka. With artha and kama as the main motif, the ruling sentiment in a rat aka could be either heroic ( vira ) or erotic ( srhgara ). O f course, there would be other subordinate sentiments as well, which are to be manifested occasionally. Bharata states that a nataka Is full of activities and displays divers sentiments and feelings .2 This occasional introduction of other sentiments provides ample cope for the display of different modes of behaviour ( vrttis )r which are really feeders like mothers to the entire art .3 Relying on this statement later writers have mentioned that onesentiment alone, whether the erotic or the heroic, can remain ruling whereas others would remain objects of casual manifestation .4 The M andara Maranda while mentioning theerotic alone as capable of being the chief sentiment in a nataka seems to misrepresent the instruction of Bharata. A nataka should have for its main sentiment, says the Mandara Maranda, the erotic ( srhgara ) actuated by motives of dharma, kama, and artha.5 Thus he expressly enjoins that the erotic alone could be the ruling sentiment in a play of the Nataka pattern. The juxtapositi on of the words dharma and artha cannot be supposed to bring i a the heroic sentiment 5 for if such an expression were to imply the heroic sentiment, the word kama sandwiched in between the other two terms could have well nigh suggested the erotic sentiment as well. His text, at the most could, therefore, bear out the sense that the erotic play should also have elements touching piety and wealth introduced here and there in the plot. For this reason writers like Saradatanaya make a general statement, a full drama is the one which contains divers sentiments and embellishments.6
1. 'Sandhir na vtgraho ySnam dvaidham-asryah A . S.
2. JVana-rasa-bhZiva'sambhrtam bahudhu N . S. XVIXI 12. 3. N . S. XVXII 4. For d etails vide C hap. V II' Sec. I infra. 4. S. D . V I--307; R . S. I l l 131. 6. Dharma-kamaTtha-srhgcira-pradhana-rasa'samirayam M . M . V II. 6. 'Rasnlahkfirasahitam riatakam purna-lakshanam B. P. V III12.
14
LAWS- O F SANSKRIT DRAM A
The other requirement of a nataka is that the argument Of the play should be dividfed in proper measure by acts, and *Should have different stages of action, connecting links, and other characteristics which will be detailed later on under the heading of conventions .1 In sum, the above-mentioned are the requirements which differentiate a nUlaka2 from other specimens of literature (kavya ) like Kathn s and Campus which may also deal with a kings account in relation to his achievements in life ( purushartha). It may be added that a nataka should also contain representation of both pleasure and pain : for the human life is an inseparable admixture of the twain, the weal and the woe.3 In his Bhavaprakaga Saradatanaya adds that Subandhu divides Nataka into live classes and has different constitution for them .4 In Subandhus opinion Nataka is of five species : purria, prasanta, bhasvara, lalita and samagra. Purqa is that type of drama which has got all the five junctures f sandhis ) marking the different stages of action .5 The second variety of Nataka, according to him, should also have five junctures, which are peculiar to itself and noted as Nyasa, Samudbheda, Biiakti. Biia-darsana and Anuddishta-samhara. The Svapnavasavadattam is H te d as the specimen, idere the erotic is,no doubt, the salient sentiment, but the state of despair, having ruled long over the action, seems to have led Subandhu to place this comedy under the Prasanta type in his novel scheme of classi fication of dramas. The third type is the Bhasvara having still different set of junctures five in all, but named as.Mala, Nayaka-siddhi, Glani, Parikshaya and Matravasishta-samhara.
1. V ide C hap. V II infra. 2. T he word Ntitaka is derived from the root J N a t natoyati sabhyariam hrdayamiti n7 itakam. A bhinava G upta, however, derives the term from the root J 'M ata, to bend. But g ram m atically , since the root does not belong to the ghatadi class, the lengthening of the in itia l vowel is no t possible according to PSnini. 3. 'Sukha-duhkhotpatti-krtam bhavati hi tan natakam nama N. S. X V III 12., also X IX 121. 4. B.
P.
p . 2 3 8 -2 4 1 .
6. Vide C hap. I l l infra:
[c h a p . I ]
TYPES (OF1DRAMA
The Bala-ramayanam of RajaSekhara is said to present the \ sample of this type. The fourth variety is Lalita or graceful play represented by Kalidasas VikramorvaSlyam. The Lalita too, has five junctures called Vilasa, Vipralambha, Visodhana and Upa-samhara. The last one in the scheme of Subandhu is the. Samagra type o f Nataka which represents a full-fledged, model of the dramatic art, and possesses all the characteristics of a dramatic composition. The M aha-natakam of Hanumat Kavi is cited as its illustration. It may be observed here that Subandhu has indeed chosen to give different names to the junctures constituting the plot of the different categories of the natakas, yet he agrees to the division of the dramatic plot into five stages of development of action which forms a common feature all throughout. II
PRAKARANA
p r a k a r a n a is that class of shows ( fKpakas ) in which a poet plans the entire plot of the play and creates out of his imagination its hero and other characters as well.1 The origi nality of the plot is the main feature of a prakarana which alone distinguishes it from the Nataka group. In respect of stages and junctures of action, the different modes of behaviour and other general conventions, a prakarana agrees with the nataka. It has, however, certain peculiarities of its own, which are noted below 2 :
The Prakarana deals with an account of a brahmana, a minister or a vaisya. It, therefore, means that the hero of this type of shows would generally be of dhira-santa or of dhirodatta character. Moreover, certain limitations are to be observed in the matter of its composition as well; to wit, the hero of the
1. T he title, Prakarana p a rtia l. f 2. N. X V III, 98--100; D. R. I l l , 44--46; S. D. V I, 22 4 -2 2 6 , M. M. p . 2 4 1 - 1 7 ; K .'A . . . . . . . . j is derived as Prakarshem kriyate kalpyate vastu
yasmin iti prakaranam. T his invention of the p lo t could be entire or
p . 70 11. 2 0 - 2 2 ; N . D. II , 6 6 - 6 9 ; B. P. p . 381; N . L. R . 2776. '
1 I
....... .. ^ -tcxw s ^
p s a j Is k r it d r a m a
subdivisions of the Gentle dance ( lasyahgas j 1. By virtue of predominence of the Bharatl Vrtti, various sub-divisions of humour ( prahasana }2 find place in a monologue. In other particulars it borrows the pattern from the Nataka. IV V YAYO GA or a Military Spectacle is a type of shows wherein several characters disagree with one another3. A Vyayoga deals with a popular topic and its chief characters are also wellknown ( khyata ). The term,well-known is used here in the same sense as in the case of a Nataka^. The body of the play is shorn of two junctures, the Development and the Pause, and is made up of only three junctures, the Opening, the Progression and the Conclusion. The style is, on the whole, vehem ent; and the dispute is related to anything save a woman. The hero of the play is invariably of dhirodfitta nature mostly behaving in a sobre way or the Sattvati Vrtti. The behaviour of his adversary is mostly vehement and characteri sed by the Arabhail Vrtti. The majority of characters in this type of play should be of men. Whereas the entire play has hardly any womanly softness about it there is paucity of female characters. It is a one-act play, and the duration of action is generally limited to the course of one day only. Bharata, however, directs that the hero of a Vyayoga should not be a divine figure, nor a king, nor a sage 5. , ,
vyayoga 1. 2. 3' V ide C hap. V II, Sec. vii (b) infra. V ide C hap. II infra. The title , Vy'iyoga is derived as Viseshena Uyujyanie pdtrard yalra, For defn. see N . X V fII-1 4 1 ; D. R . I I I - 6 0 ; B. P. p. 248 ; M . M p . 7 2 ; N. L. R . 2 7 9 4 ; N. D . V . 74. 4, 6. V ide p . 3 supra. T he term , rajarshi is in terp reted as a cum ulative A bhinava B bSratl. consistent . w ith in practice, it is subm itted th a t it is h ard ly correct. compound by But F or it is in ( G. O . S. E dn,; V ol. II. p. 445 liiie 2 ). ,
the o rig in al texX ,prakhyMarniyaka-ianrahf I f the
hero is a well-known c h a ra c te r, there is every likelihood of his
[ CHAP. I ]
TYPES OF DRAM A
19
V /SAM AVAKARA
s a m a v a k a r a is a dramatic representation in which there is fusion of several types of action, characters and motifs.1 It is peculiar in its composite elements, and differs from an average show in several respects noted below :
In the first place it deals with different sets of objects to be verily achieved by demons and deities. The deities here include all the shining ones ( devas in the literary sense ), that is to say, all orders of divinities, and the semi-divine and the superhuman beings of various classes like the Kinwras, Vidyadharas, Gandharvas, Aivamukhas and others. This is the one type of shows which admits a divine hero. It cannot have a mortal hero according to Bharata, Dhanafljaya and Saradatanaya who specifically direct that the hero o f a Samavakara could be one from among gods and demons.2 Visvanatha, on the other hand, observes that they should be gods and men.3 Thus he differs from the rest o f the canonists in admitting human beings and rejecting demons out of the order of heroes prescribed for a Samavakara. Then again, according to him the heroes should be well-known. The term, well-known seems to be used by him in the same sense in which it is used in case of Nstakas. Ho further adds that these heroes shotikl Ve Of gallant ( ud ztta ) type.* Here again, there afjp&M* , a. difference of opinion in regard to the character of the heroes. If they are to be gods and demons, the dhlrodW a character, which generally belongs to high executive
being eith er a kshalriya or a sage. T his possibility is fu rth er borne out by such specimens as th e famous Vyayogas of BhSsa, of the poet V atsarS ja an d also ihe S augandhiks-harana of V isvanatha, 1. E tym ologically, it means Sahgatair-avakltnaiha mthaih briyale iti SamevakUrah,1 and p urports to co n tain several scattered item s 2. 3. 4. o f action fin ally connected w ith each other. N, X V III, 1 1 4 -1 2 8 ; D. R. I l l , 6 2 -6 8 ; M. M . p. 72; B. P, p. 2 4 8 250; N . D . p. 124; N . L. R . 2 8 1 1 . S, D . V I, 2 3 4 -2 4 0 . S. D . V I, 235 b.
LAWS OF SANSKRIT DRAMA officials, cannot be found in them, fo r they bear naturally a haughty ( uddhata ) temperament and have an overbearing behaviour. The Abhinava Bharatl 1 has, however, tried to get over the difficulty by advancing the view that the gods and demons are to be delineated as overbearing in comparison to the human conduct, but among themselves they are again quiet, gay and terrific in their temperaments like Siva, Brahma and Nrsimha. Thus, the term, udatta is to be interpreted in a relative sense. A Samavakara is supposed to have twelve principal characters or heroes. Here too, the interpretation is m an ifo ld : some canonists believe that all the twelve are expected to take part in each act of the play, the action of which is to be divided in three acts only. There are others like the authors of the Natya-darpana who make a division of the res-business and hold that a set of four heroes forming two pairs of adversaries should be introduced in each act of the play. One wonders how this alternate introduction is likely to culminate in unity of action. In such a case, there would be a plurality of motives, as Visvanatha suggests, each being differently pursued by the three sets of the heroes. Secondly, Samavakara has only four junctures, namely, the Opening,the Expansion, the Pause and the Conclusion, and the whole range of action is to be spread over three acts only. It has the absence o f Catastrophe or the Vlmaria Sandhi. Division of action in a Samavakara would, therefore, be like this : the Opening and the Expansion are to be concluded in the first act, and the remaining two junctures would occupy the second and the third act respectively. It therefore follows that the duration of action displayed in the first act is expected to take the longest time, i.e. six muhurtas,2 the second act will contain such portion of action as will occupy, two nf uhBrtas, and the last act will be the shortest, its duration in period of time taking one muhurta only. Thus the entire action will endure nine muhtirtas or eighteen riddikas.
1. 2. A. B. ( G. O , S. ), Vol. I I p . 4 3 7 , U. 9 - 1 1 . A muh&ta is equal to two nadikas a n d is eq u al to forty-eight m inutes. A nadikU is a ghalika w hich is of twenty-four S. E. D . p . 540 ) m inutes. ( Apte
t CHAP. I ]
TYPES OF DRAM A
21
Thirdly, the sentiment ruling over the action of the play should, in view of the type of the heroes leading the action, be chiefly heroic or furious. The gentler sentiments can less prevail, and that too only for a short duration. The erotic sentiment will, however, have its place but only as one of the roots of quarrel and would, therefore, remain as a merely casual and subor dinate emotion. Under the circumstances, it is obvious that the play will afford little room for the soft bearing ( Kaisiki v r tti) and more for the heroic and the horrific ones, the Sattvati and the Arabhatl. Fourthly, there is a queer combination of several discor dant elements in the plot of a Samavakara. Bharata says that it always contains three types of horror, three types of passion and three types of deception .1 The types of horror become three according as they spring respectively from an animate object like a lion or a wild elephant; an inanimate object like a bolt or a lightning ; and from both the living and the life less objects as shouts and shrieks in a confusion caused, say, by conflagration or an invasion. The three kinds of passion are pious ( dharma srhgara ), the voluptuous ( kama srhgara ) and mercenary ( artha srhgara ) which differ according as they respectively relate to love with a married consort, for a spinster or an adulteress, and for concubines and harlots who are gained merely for pecuniary consideration. The three types of deception are deception by men, or misconception of things in respect of their intrinsic nature, or misapprehension o f a situation. It is also prescribed that the element of passion, if any, should invariably be introduced in course of the first act. Fifthly, Bharata directs that metres employed in a Samavakara should be mostly irregular ,2 generally consisting of six or seven syllables in a foot. Vi^vanatha, on the other hand, prescribes that a Samavakara should better have long and heavy metres like the Sragdhara.
1. 2. N . X V III, 115; V ide C hap. V II (6) infra, and N . X IV -3 8 , 66; X V 117 ff.
22
Lastly, in a Samavakara there is one more convention : the use of the Drop ( bindu ) and of the Introductory Scene ( preveiaka ) is forbidden .1 With these peculiarities a Sama vakara does in other respects follow the scheme of the Nataka, subject, however, to one exception, viz., more copious use of the different members o f Vithi and Prahasana should be made in a Samavakara than what is done in a Nataka .2
VI
y D I M A
D im a 3 f o l lo w s th e p a ttern r e se r v a tio n s : of a
Nataka
w ith f o l lo w in g
It has only four acts and four junctures omitting the Pause ( garbha-sandhi). Invariably it contains the furious ( raudra ) sentiment, and does not admit the comic nor the erotic sentiment. It has sixteen principal characters, one more vehement than the other. They are mostly gods, yakshas,rakshasas, pisacas, and other infernal beings ( pretas ). Occasionally even the maharajas* are also included. The mode of the behavi our of the characters is either heroic ( sattvati) or horrific ( arabhati), which remains conspicuous by deeds of magic, sorcery, duels and exciting feats. It also depicts the solar and the lunar eclipses and the fall of stars and meteors in course of its action. There are no introductory scenes like
1.
2.
B. P. p. 250, 4; N. D. p. 125; S. D. V I, 236 b.

N . X V Itl-1 1 7 .
3.
T he title , Dima
is derived from the noun dima o r dimba, m eaning
a n affray . I t m ay be derived from the root d im - I P to h u rt. As the p lay is chiefly a struggle it is called Dima. 4. T he word, 'm a h a r a ja denotes a class of divine beings.
rrerc:ifsm: i *rfraft*iHiT**TTsr faaHt jjsnfi: 1% !'

ii ii
Am. K. I-i-10, 11
t CHAP. I ]
TYPES OF DRAM A
23
the Vishkambhaka or the Pravesaka, and the duration of action extends to a period of four days spread over the four acts of the play x. The plot of a Dima should indeed be well-known ( khyata ).
VII
IHAMRCA Iham rga 2 is a one-act play or a play in four acts. The hero is necessarily a vehement ( uddhata ) character, whether a divine or a human being. The whole plot hinges round the acquisition of a woman, mostly a celestial damsel, who is difficult to obtain. There are feuds and combats on her account, leading to a tragic end, though the actual death of the hero is to be tactically avoided from the stage. The plot of the play is of a mixed kind : partly, invented by the poet and partly, legendary. It is necessary to bring the leaders of the episode ( pataka-riayakas ) on the stage. They could be mortal or divine, but ever-ready to rise to the occasion and help the hero. According to ViSvanatha the number of such auxiliaries should be ten, making a total of twelve characters in all .3
VIII
u t s r s H t a n k a ; UTS^SHTXnka depicts a well-known story, Bharata,. however, permits even an imaginary plot to form its basis. It has only mortal characters. Mainly it contains the pathetic sentiment (karuiya-ras a); and there is a total absence of strife and affrays. It has profuse lamentations of bewailing women, and speeches full of remorse and sorrow, but the end is never tragic.
1. 2. N. X V III 1 3 3 -4 0 ; D. R . 1 1 1 -7 2 -7 4 ; M . M. p. 73; N . D. p . 131; S. 3D. V I, 241; B. P. p . 221; N. L. R . 2836; R . S. I l l , 597. I t is so nam ed because the hero of the play is in a wild-goose h u n t and pursues an u n a tta in a b le lady, lhate mrgavad yasmin sah. 3. N . X V II I-1 3 2 ; D . R.' I l l - 12b; M . M . p. 73; N . D. p . 131; S. D. V I, 2 4 5 -9 ; B. P. p. 253; N . L. R . 2 8 3 9 , R . S. 111-284.
24
There is only one and one mode of behaviour, namely, the Bharati Vrtti. It is called an utsrshtanka for the reason of absence of other Vrttis; and as such, it is an isolated piece dealing with the one incident of bewailing of a person whose life is about to end1.
/
'S VITHI
v I t h ! is a one-act play 2 with a fictitious plot. Although the ruling sentiment is erotic, other suitable sentiments could nevertheless be introduced. It contains only two junctures, the Opening and the Conclusion ; all the same, it evinces within its short compass all the sources of the plot ( artha-prakrtis ), the germ, the drop, the episode and others3. It contains a regular Induction ( prastavaria ) and gets introduced with an abrupt dialogue ( udghstyaka ). The characters are only a few, prefe rably one or two, who would manage the conversation on the stage anticipating replies through speeches from void. According to Kohala it is supposed to have all sorts of characters, both high and low 4. The use of the members of Gentle Dance ( lasyahgas ) in this play is essential according to Bhojaraja whereas it is optional according to Kohala .3 Vithi has its own thirteen sub-divisions known as Vithyahgas. These Vithyahgas as sub-divisions of the Vithi which also serves as one of the elements of the Bharati Vrtti should be essentially adopted in the preliminary frame-work of the Induction c>f a
1.
UtkramanenmukhS srshlihyasam ta utsrshtikah, tabhih-ankitahriti. G unacandra N. D. p. 130 bottO'ift.
2. 3.
4.
F or defn. vide N . X V II I-1 3 2 ; V ide C hap. I I I . infra.
D. R. I l l 72b; M. M. p. 72; N . D.
p . 131; S. D. V I, 2 4 5 -2 4 9 ; B. P. p. 253; R . S. I l l ; N.L. R. 2839. Uttama-adhama-madhyabhir yukta prakrtibhis tridha / eka-haryU dyi-harya va sa VitHi-iti abhisamjnita f j Kehala, ( r. i. p. jV. D. p . ) 321 5. q . i. BhavaprakSsa ( ref. p. 251, 11. 6 - 7 )
t CHAP. I ]
TYPES OF DRAM A
25
play. They could also be freely used by the playwrights at almost all the places as and when needed. The title, 'V ith V itself signifies that it is like an avenue open for all kinds of shows and could profitably be used in all the junctures.
X ^ /P RAHASANA
p r a h a s a n a is a farce with comic characters. It contains all the ten sub-divisions of Vithi. It is presented in costumes suited for comic scenes like the motley dress ; and the langu age is also light so as to tickle the audience to laughter .1 The Prahasana is of two kinds : regular ( suddha ) and irregular. ( sahkirna). The former type contains characters like monks, brahmarjas, heretics, servants and parasites ; whereas the latter contains vehement and low characters like harlots, strumpets, slaves, villains and hangers-on. There is yet a third type of farce recognised by the Dasarupaka and the M andara Maranda. The third type is distinguished by the name Vikrta or the modified farce, and'^contains such characteKLas e ra n u c h v c 5^ % r i a i n s a n d even ascetics presenting a lovers character and making speecEerTulToT]amor 6 us hum ourjm d dalliance. DhanafljayaTufffier adds that a farce may contain almosT all the six varieties of the comic sentiment.2 Singa BhUpSla details the different elements of a Prahasana, which are ten in number3 and could be generally employed in all types of shows. One of the important characteristics of a Prahasana is the presence of all the features of Gentle Dance ( lasya ). In regard to other particulars, the junctures and the modes of behaviour, it follows the pattern of a Bhava.
1.
For defo. vide N. V III- 1 6 0 ; D. R. I l l 54; B. P. p. 247; S. D. I l l , N . L. R . 2900. 260 62
M. M.
p.
71;
N . D . p . 128; R . S. I l l , 268;
2. 3.
Vide C hap. V infra. V ide C hap. U . infra.
26
These are the ten principal varieties of shows to which may be added a M ahanataka ,1 a play of the Nataka pattern with ten or more acts like the Balaramayana or the Hanumannataka. There are also a few minor varieties called upa-rUpakas. A few of them have attracted the fancy of the playwrights, and so they also deserve mention here : N&tfka2 : It is one of the most popular types of minor forms of plays. It contains a number of female characters. The hero of a riatika is invariably a king, a dhlra-lalita character. The m otif of the action is love and acquisition of kingdom. The element of marvel is the chief interest, and both the means and the end are peculiar and strange. The plot is not based on a historical fact, but is created by the invention of the poet. It is spread over four stages of action. Consequently, it has only four junc tures with the omission of Pause or the Vimarsa-sandhi. Throughout the play the bearing of the hero is gay and mirth ful. He is in the K,aiiiki-vrtti which is in keeping with the main theme ruled over by the erotic sentiment. Generally, there are more than one spouse to the hero, the queen presen ting a very shrewd and formidable character always swaying over her lord. In respect of all the other peculiarities it closely follows the pattern o f a nataka. 2. PrakaranI 3 : It is, in fact, only a dimunition of a Prakarana. Its plot is original ( utpadya), and its hero is an aristocrat, a minister or a wealthy person. In respect of its constitution, the stages of action and the junctures, it conforms to the form of a riatika. In short, just as a riatika is a smaller size of a nataka so is the prakaraqi of a prakarana.
1.
1. 2.
S. D . V I. 224 a. For defn. vide N . X V III, 110; D. R . I l l , M. M. p. 73; B. P. p . 247; N . D . p . 120; S. D . V I, 2 6 9 -7 2 ; R . S. I l l ; N . L. R . 2745.
3.
S. D . V I, 306; N . D . p. 112; M . M . p . 73.
( CHAP. I ]
TYPES OF DRAMA
27
3. B h a n l 1 : It is a wee-monologue, a sub-class of Bhams Or monologues. It has only a few characters, and only two Junctures, the first and the last. It contains mostly the verbal ( bharati ) or the gay ( kaisiki ) bearing. Of all the other Characters the heroine of a Bhaiti is a very noble person. The peculiar feature of a Bhani is its seven sub-divisions ( ahgas ) which may be used with adavantage in other types of shows as well, including the major ones. They are: 2 UpanySsa, a casual introduction of the dramatic m o tif; Vinydsa, an insertion of some statement of despair 5 Vibodha, a loss of illusion o r clarification of some misunderstanding; Sadhvasa, a deliberate mis-statement of facts; Samarpana, a speech full of sarcasm and wilful taunt proceeding from feelings of wrath or grief; Nivrtti, a citation o f some illustration in support of a statement made ; and Samhara, a point of culmination of m otif into con clusion. The Natya-darpana, however, has one more pattern of this type known as Bhaâka3. It consists of vehement characters without a female character. The action is, however, accompa nied with a melody of song ( tala and anutala ). 4. Trotaka : It is a play which is composed of five, seven, eight or even nine acts. It has divine as well as mortal characters, and appearance of the clown ( vidushaka ) is expected in every act. The only extant work cited as its specimen by all the canonists is Vikramorvasl. It, therefore, appears that the mixed nature of characters is the only essential point of difference between a trotaka and a nataka ; for, in all other respects, the former agrees in toto with the model of the latter.*
1. 2. 4. S. D. V I, 308-S509a; N . D. p .2 1 5 ; B. P. p. 262. S. D . V I. 309b 303a; N . L. R . 3162 et seq. S. D. V I, 273; N. L. R . 2766.
, 1. N. D. p. 215.
28-
5. Sattaka1 : It is a show which follows the pattern of a riatika with the difference that a sattaka has only one language throughout the play, be it Sanskrit or preferably any one of the Prakrta dialects. It does not have a Vishkambhaka. The acts in a sattaka are named as javaniMntara. The element of marvel dominates over the entire range of its action. Vigvan&tha differs from other canonists and denies the use o f Sanskrit in a sattaka. He maintains that the whole plot o f a sattaka should be couched in Prakrta. His view seems to be based on the specimen of the Karpuramafljarl alone. 6. PrekshSnaka : It is a class of plays in which are depict ed scenes of great excitement and of marvel presented by numerous characters meeting in a street, a drinking house or at a common place .2 The hero is mostly a low character enjoins Vi^vanStha, who cites for its specimen the Balivadha, a play not so far available. The title of the play, however, does not seem to bear out the view of VivanStha for the reason that its hero could be surmised in a person no less than Sri Ramacandra. It is further held by the canonists that different dialects of the Prakrta should be used in this type of play, and among them the SaurasenI is to remain prominent. Its plot is to be woven in three junctures only, omitting the junctures of Development ( garbha ) and of Pause ( vimarsa ). There is no Sutradhara to introduce the play : the benedic tory song ( riandt ) is to be sung from behind the screen and then follows the laudation f prarocaria ), another element of the verbal bearing.
T.
S. D. V I, 276; B. P. p. 269; N . D. p. 2 1 3 bottom . I t m ay be noted in this connection th a t the nam es of the most of these m inor plays are m ere proper nam es ( rtidha ), and even if th eir d eriv atio n could be traced to c ertain roots and analogies, it cannot be h ap p ily done w ithout a far-fetch ed sense as in the case of Sattaka, Trotaka and others.
2.
I t is otherwise spelt as 'prekshanaka* or even p re h kh a n a ka For defn. vide B. P. p. 263 9; N. D. p. 214; S. D. V I, 266; N . L. R. 3192.
I CHAP. I ]
TYPES OF DRAM A
29
| 7. Ch&ya-nataka. There are some published plays like r I the DOt&ngada which bear the generic name of Chaya-nataka In their colophones, and some of the modern playwrights like Mm. Sankaralal use the name, Chaya-riataka in apposition to the title of the play. Nevertheless, the form of ChayU-ri&taka is nowhere defined by any known work on Sanskrit dramaturgy. This class is perhaps a late creation ; and it is extremely doubtful, observes Dr. Keith ,1 at what date the shadow drama appeared in India. Its chief characteristics justifying Its distinction from other rUpakas, especially the parent one, viz, the nataka, could be generalised only by an analytical examination of a sufficient number of plays thrown in this category; and a fortiori conclusion in regard to the nature and the constitution o f such a play would abide by the practice of the playwrights in this behalf. Besides these few types of minor shows described above, there is a long list of sub-shows catalogued by later cononists like ViSvanatha, Ramacandra and Gunacandra, Saradatanaya and Sagaranandin. This list includes ( i ) Goshthi, ( ii ) Rasaka, ( i i i ) Prasthana, ( iv ) Ullapya, ( v ) Kavya, ( vi ) Sahllapaka, ( v ii) Srl-gadita, ( viii ) Silpaka, ( ix ) Vilasika, ( x ) Hrlltia, ( x i ) Durmallika, ( xii ) Natya-rasaka, and ( xiii ) Nartanaka. Thus they number thirteen 2 in addition to the seven described above and it seems from their nomenclature that some o f them belong to the second category of the audio-visual poetry con sisting of Nrtta. Some of the modern playwrights have, no doubt, tried their hands with one or the other of these patterns, but the works traditionally mentioned as illustrations of these thirteen varieties by various canonists are mostly inextant, and treatment of the dramaturgical laws concerning them and their application has to await the availability of such specimens. The practice of the playwrights as visible in some o f the speci
1. 2.
Sanskrit D ram a p. 2 1 4 ; line 4. V ide B. P., p. 262; et seq.; N . D . pp. 2 1 3, 215; S. D. V I, 2 7 7 -3 0 5 ; N . L . R . 11. 3 0 2 6 -3 2 1 3 .
30
mens available in the modern Sanskrit literature 1 and some older works would be observed later on at its proper place. There is a well-known saying that Nataka is the original specimen of all dramatic representation2, all other types of shows, both m ajor and minor, therefore, draw upon nataka for the various elements in their constitution and of embellish ment. Thus they follow to a large extent the model of a nataka in respect of the scheme of plot, the use of language, the poetic artifices, the dramatic etiquette and conventions which become responsible for their make-up on the whole. If the model of the pattern becomes known, all other types which follow the pattern in general become easily intelligible. For this reason Bharata and other canonists have dealt with the scheme of nataka at length ; and on the same principle it is discussed in all its details here as well.
1.
e. g. P artha-pStheyam is designated P rabhunarayana Siiiiha ( V aran asi,
as Ullapja by
its author,
1957 ), and Savi trl-c a rita m
as Chnya-mtaka by M m . S aftkaralal ( Bombay, 1939 ). 2. Ahuh prakaranadinam natakam prakrtim budhafi M . M . p. 69, 21.
CHAPTER II
PRELIMINARIES OF DRAMA Before beginning a show, the stage-manager ( Sutradharax ) inspects the theatre and its sorroundings. All the pre-show items of work are collectively called Purva-rahga-prasadhana or simply Purva-ranga,2 According to Bharata it consists of nine teen items. These are directed to be carried out without being noticed by the audience, except the benediction ( nandi ). It is not, therefore, proposed to describe at length 3 any of these items of the Pfirva-rahga except the Nandi, which is recommended specially to be recited before the audience by the Stttradhara for averting any evil that may impede the success of his per formance .4 I I N V O C A T I O N :N A N D I Nandi is defined by Bharata as the utterence of benedic tion, invoking grace of a deity, a brahmaiia or a king for the welfare of the audience and the actors .5 It should be sung by the stage-manager in the fourth note; of the gamut. Etymologically, the expression 'Nandi' is derived from the root, nand,to rejoice, and the purpose of its repitation is to rejoice
1. He is designated as the Sutradhara for the reason th a t he bears the en tire rcsponsi.bil.ity o f en actin g the p lay a n d Carries w ith him , as it were, the string ( sutra ) of the d ra m a tic perform ance. He is the actor-in-chief, a n d assumes the role of some ch ara c ter in thte play. 2. 3. 4. 5. E tym ologically, the term , cPutva-rmiga m eans stage-in-front or th eatre according to D h a n ik a Ava. p . 63, 10. Vide below fo r further details, and for the fu ll list Appendix A. Tadapyahgani bhuyamsi pwva-rahgasya mlake / N ., V . 24. Tathapyavasyam kartavyS nandi vighnopasantaye / / B. P. p. 197.
32
all those concerned with the show, be it as audience or actors .1 The benedictory statement may be expressed in a verse or a group of verses. As it is believed by the Hindu theologians that there is a good deal of influence of the moon over senti mental enjoyment, the mention of the moon is considered a special merit in a Nandi verse. Then again, a mention of other auspicious names like those of a conch, a lotus, a ruddy goose, a lily and the like is commended .2 The Nandi should consist of eight or twelve feet according to Bharata3. The M andara M aranda considers a Nandi to be good, if it has eight, ten, twelve, eighteen or twenty-two feet. Thus he does not mean to regulate the measure of the Nandi, but re commends the popular mode to be observed as far as possible.'^ Saradatanaya, however, feels that the Nandi may have as many sentences as may be necessary for the expression of benediction and also incorporates the view of others who accept the NUndi of even four feet .5 Sing a Bhupala believes that the NOndl may have eight, ten or twelve feet .6 Thus from a number of authorities, it becomes established that an eight-footed Nnndl is more in vogue, though the one with four, ten and more than fovaiv* fedt m ay'not become ut of order. The unit of measure for the Nandi is the foot, which too is calculated in different ways. Apparently, it seems that metri cal foot should be the unit for purposes of calculation; but in fact, the authorities differ and suggest alternatives in this behalf. Bharata is silent on the point, but the Natya-pradlpa has put together the different views in his oft-quoted couplet7, which states, some say that one quarter of a verse is the
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7.
N anianti kSvyani kavindra-vargah, kuiilavHh parishadaUa santah / Yasmad alam sajjanar.tindhu-hamsi ta.smadiyam sa kathileha ri&ndi / / N. P.
S. D . V I, 26. N . V, 107. M . M . p. 6 8 , 3.
Bhavet m n d i vakyaih kvapi visakshaya. samapada th a sa -B . P. p.' 1 9 7 , 14.
R. S. III.
Sloka-pdaa-padam kecit, sub-tihantam athapare / Pareoantara-vnkyaika-svafupam padam -vnre [ / N. P.
ICHAJP. II ]
PRELIMINARIES OF DRAM A
33
IBMIUte of a foot, the others say that a grammatical word tiding in a nominal or a verbal suffix makes a foot, while there are others who believe that the different clauses in the verse constitute the feet of the Nandi. Abhinava Gupta-pada has a different measure altogether. He holds that a measure of a foot in the Nandi does not depend upon the words or Clauses contained in it, but it depends on the musical cadence; and the foot ought to bs measured in accordance with the beat ing time. The beating time may, however, be either triangular or quandrangular, i.e . consisting o f three sets or four sets. If the foot consists of three sets of beating time then the Nandi will have the number of feet in multiples of three, i. e. three, six, or twelve. If the foot consists of four sets of beating time, then the Nandi will have four, eight or sixteen feet in it. Thus the measure of foot is the musical one in the opinion of Abhi nava Gupta-pada .1 He records the opinion of some others also who believe that even a part of a quarterJof a verse may be counted as one foot. This may be possible only where there are metrical pauses in every quarter of a verse. Accor ding to the different opinions, therefore, there are different measures making the Nandi foot either to be the metrical foot, the grammatical foot, the snytactical foot, the musical foot, Or the cassural foot. I Nandi is said to be o f two types : it is either simple or sugges tive. The simple one is known as Suddha, and is of three kinds according as it contains benediction or obeisance or auspicious^ ness in its very statement.2 The suggestive type of Nandi is technically called 'PatravalV ? It is that type^hereinThe insertion of the germ (blja) or some other important episode relating to the plot of the play is made by means of words capable of duplicate rendering or of suggestion through the figure of speech known
1. A. B. Vol. I I , 217; ChSyS on S. D . p . 2 7 7 -8 . Namaskrtir mfihgaliki, aslh patravatt tathu I M x d i eaturdhn nirdishla, natakSdishu dhzmatn II 8, TasyZm btjasya vinySso, hyabhidheyasya vastunah I Sleshena va samSsoklya nUndt patmvali tu sU. II N . P. (q. i. A. D. p. 6 .)
2.
q.
in R ucira on
A. R . p. 9, line 8 .
LAWS OF SANSKRIT DRAM A as Samfisokti.1 The author of the KavyenduprakaSa has got a different point of distinction for the types of the Nandi. According to him it is of two kinds : Nili and Suddha. If in the Nandi verse there is a direct mention or even an indirect reference, be it denoted or suggested, to the moon or the Sun, it is the Nili type of Nandi. Otherwise it belongs to the Suddha type .2 As Nandi is a benedictory verse and conduces to the well being of all those who are concerned with the play, it has become conventional that the Nandi verse should be free from blemish from the point of view of the metrical significance as well as of the script. According to the alphabetical Lexi con, it is believed that a particular letter connotes a particular idea of its own and has an individual deity presiding over it. Accordingly, the letter may be auspicious or otherwise. Simi larly, the eight metrical feet f garias) have different deities presiding over them, and have different effects, auspicious or inauspicious, as enjoined by the Chandas-Sastra or the rules of prosody. It has, therefore, become a convention sanctioned in its large practice by poets of eminence that the opening verse ( N andi) should commence with an initial letter of recognised merit.3 '
1. F o r D e fn . of Sam.Tisok.ti V ide R . G . p . 4 9 5 . T h is m ay be n o ted h e re t h a t B hasa h a s devised vehicle fo r suggesting p lay s. I f the m en tio n a t h ir d type o f alahk'ara, viz. Mudra as a
th e na m e s o f some dramatis perstmcz in his atahkaras, slesha a n d samasokti, is to be
o f th e
c o n stru ed in e sse n tia lly re stric tiv e sense th e n B hasa m ay have a new type by itself, b u t i f th e expression Sleshena va samasoktya b e used in a n illu s tra tiv e sense d ire c tin g a n in d ire c t expression o f th e g e rm o r th e p lo t o f th e p la y , th e n w ith th e extended c o n n o ta tio n I w onder
i f BhSsas Nandis could also f a ll u n d e r th e patraval? class. 2. Adfinam varnanam va bhavedyatrendirs&yayoh I S3 m il syat taianya tu suddheti pariganyate II S. D . p . 2 7 8 . 3. M uch stress is la id upon th is aspect o f th e b en ed ictio n b y B hSm aha w ho exam ines th e sc rip t by say in g t h a t K a, Kha , Ga a n d Gha b rin g w e a lth ; ka b rin g s glory; ca b rin g s happiness, eha b rin g s
affection, a n d j'a begets friends; j h a a n d na cause fe a r a n d d e a th
[ CHAP. II ]
35
No combination of letters of opposite effects is permissible is the opening sentence. The observance of this rule tends towards the prosperity of the hero of the play. The belief is based on the text, with the sanctity of the opening letter there is prosperity o f the hero . 1 Besides the orthogra phical choice, the selection o f a proper metrical foot for open ing the Nandi is equally advised2. It is, however, believed that all the epithets of gods and goddesses are auspicious both metrically and orthographically3. Thus the Sanskrit drarna
respectively; ta a n d the? re su lt in d e sp a ir a n d m isery , da3 fosters
b e a u ty , dha b rin g s sp len d o u r, na causes w a n d e rin g ; ta m akes h a p p y , tha resu lts in w a rfa re , da a n d dha re su lt i n b rin g s jo y , and th e le tte rs p leasu re, ena
o f th e l a b i a l class respectively b rin g and m ise ry ; y a gives riches, ra s h d g ra n t and
p lea su re , f e a r , d e a th , h a rd sh ip s
causes b u r n in g , la a n d va c re a te h ap p in ess, sa a n d ha le a d
tro u b le ; sa a n d
to rem orse, la ends i n tra g e d y
ksha c u lm in a te s in p ro sp e rity .
T h is view is e m b o d ied i n th e verse :
Kah khe go ghasea lakshmtm vilarati ca yaso hastathS cah sukham ehah ; p n tim jo mitralabham bhaya-maranarharau jhnau nta-lhau kheda-duhkhe / dah sobham dho visobhUm bhramanam-athaea nas tas sukham thasca yuddham ; do dhah saukhyam mudam nas sukha-bhqya-marana-klesa-duhkham pavaragah ; y o lakshmtm rasea daham vyasanam-atha ca lavau kshah samrddhim k a n ti. II K . A l. p. S 7.
1.
2.
" Akshare parisuddhe tu riayako bhmim rcchati. T h e V r tta - r a tn a k a r a p o in ts o u t t h a t a M ollosus (magana) b rin g s an a m p h im a c re
i n ip le n d o u r ; a trib ra c h y s (nagarn) gives life ; (ragana) b rin g s d e stru c tio n ; an
a n a p a e s tu s (sagana) resu lts in a b a c c h iu s (yagana) fosters illness ; a n a n ti-
w a n d e rin g th ro u g h o u t th e c o u n try ;
n u t r it i o n ; a n a m p h ib ra c h y s (jagam ) forebodes
b a c c h iu s ( tagana) results i n loss ; a n d a d acty lu s (bhagana) prom otes g lo ry . T h e tex t is :
; Urvim mastriguruh Sriyam vitanute nasea trilo jivitam ,

Rognir madhyalaghuh kskatim sa pavana desa-bhramam prZntagah ; To varyadi-laghur bhrlim dinamanir madhye guturjo rujam, Dhatts lonla-laghuh kshayam giirumukho bhas tarakeso yasah . V .R . p- 7-
3.
Devata-vacakSh-'sabdah naiva nindyah kadScana
Suddhaste tu matfts-sarve ganato lipitopi vS. II K A l- p. 56.
LAWS OF SANSKRIT DRAMA Opens with an auspicious song recited by the SQtradhara who thereby invokes the blessings for the successful enactment of the play and for the welfare of the audience. Despite the specific direction o f Bharata that Nandi should be recited by the Sutradhara at the very outset, there are certain canonists who do not subscribe to this view. Among them the position of Vigvanatha is quite peculiar. He defines and illu strates Nandi, but at the end he remarks that he has done so only for the sake of recording the opinion of others. His own view is that the Nandi like any other item of the P U rva -ra h g a should be done outside the stage before the show begins; and, therefore, there is nothing like Nandi to be incorporated in the body o f a drama. What appears as Nandi in the opening verse of a drama is, in fact, a rahga-dvara or a Gateway to the play1. In support of this view he cites the definition of the rahgadvtira% from the N&fya-Sastra and takes it to mean that the rahgQ'dvara is the opening speech of the SOtradhfira, which presents to the a'udience the verbal and gesticular representation for the first time. He further asserts that Bharata does not make any mention (nirde$a)z that the Nandi should be done only by the actors4. Here are some other arguments which YiSvanatha seeks to pile up to establish his view : ( i ) the eminent dramatists like Kalidasa do not provide Nandi con forming to the definition. This is illustrated by Vikramorvasl. ( i i ) An unidentified authority on dramaturgy is quoted to
1. S. D . V I page 2 7 9 , L I. 6 e t se q . p age 2 8 0 b o tto m . Yasmfid-abhinayastvatra prathamam hyavataiyate / Rahga-dvHramate jneyam vagahgabhinayatmakam. 11 N . V27. 3. H ere i t m a y b e n o te d t h a t th e te rm mrde sa lite r a lly m ea n s as a.
2.
m en tio n ', b u t T a rk a -v S g ts a in sy nonym
his V iv rti
p a ra p h ra se s i t
o f ru le {niyama) S. D . p . 2 7 9 .
S iddhS iita VSgTsa, te rm
how ever, e x p la in s i t in n o h a p p ie r w ay b y
tr a n s la tin g th e
as a n in stru c tio n (ade'sa) K u s u m a - p r a tim a 4.
S. D . p . 2 9 5 (ra ).
Ukta-praharaya sca nandya ranga-dvarat prathamameva nataih kartavyatayS na maharshina nirdesah krtah. S. D . p. 2 7 9 .
PRELIMINARIES OF DRAM A 37 * . .' show that a play should begin with the rahga-dvara} ( iii ) The earlier scribes had written the stage-direction, " after the Nandi, the Sutradhara at the very top of the script. This implies that it was not the practice of the playwrights to include Nandi in their compositions. Vi^vanatha, however, feels embarassed by the practice of the later scribes who wrote the above stagedirection not at the top of the text, but after some verse or verses o f benediction. He feels obliged to explain this away, and he does it by interpreting the stage-direction to mean the Sutradhara utters the above verse after the Nandi. In fact, he has interpolated the word, above.
[ chap.
II]
The whole trend of the discussion o f Vigvanatha leads to the conclusion that there is no Nandi verse to be recited by the Sutradhara at the opening of the show as it is usually believed. According to him like every other item of the Pttrvarahga, even Nandi is expected to be performed by the actors without being noticed by the audience, say, much before the actual commencement of the show. The first verse o f the dramatic composition is simply an utterance o f an auspicious statement by the playwright for the unobstructed completion; o f his composition, and it is also recited by the Sutradhara on the stage for the successful completion of his performance.2; This verse being the first to be recited on the stage to the hear ing of the audience he calls it the ranga-dvZira. This conclusion of ViSvanatha has really embarassed some o f his commentators ,3 and it deserves a closer examination in the light o f Bharatas instructions in this behalf:
X. 2.
3.
Rahga-dvaram irabhya kavih kuryal 5 S. D . Ib id . V ide Tarka-V SgTsas e xposition in his V iv rti p . 2 8 0 . L I.
T a rk a -V S g is a ha s attempted to a d ju st the inc o m p a tib le
9-1 2 .
vie w of
V isv a n S th a b y sa y in g th a t where the re is N andi and no rahga-dvara the la t te r m ay be deemed to be super-im posed on the fo rm e r
u nd e r ru le s o f succinctness
( tantra); w here there i s no to be in fe rre d fro m the
N andi b ut
re s u lt o f are m a n y o f verses is
o n ly rahga-dvara, the fo rm e r i s
the successful com p letion o f the ta sk and verses at the b e g innin g o f a d ra m a
where there couple
the f i r s t
LAWS OF SANSKRIT DRAMA ; Bharata deals with, the topic o f Purva-ranga in the fifth
1chapter o f the Natya-gastra, his magnum opus on Sanskrit
dramaturgy, and enjoins that the performance of the purvarahga before the beginning of a show is essential. The purvaranga consists of nineteen 1 subdivisions beginning with pratya* hara, collection of the musical instruments and ending with prarocann, the laudation. Out of these different items, the first nine pertain to the arrangement of the dramatic accessories ajid trimming them. The tenth is a series of songs making mention of several deities. This is evidently to set up and test the background music with particular attention to the voice of the musicians. The eleventh item is Utthapana. This concerns the testing and adjusting of the steps7 "gestu?es and other physical movements o f actors. Since this is the first occasion on which the actors appear on the stage, though still behind the 'lereen, it is called Utthupana or the virtual start. Then comes the twelfth item of the purva-ranga. This is called Parivartana, aig it consists of the actors taking a round of the stage and offering obeisance to the deities presiding over the cardinal points (loka-pvlas). Then follows th c J X m d i^ the thirteenth item. It consists of the recitation o f the benedictory Verse by the SOtradhara. After Nandi, a song technicallyi called Sushkavakrshta is sung. The import of this fourteenth item lies in the elimination of the unrhythmic elements in the musical rendering of the words of the songs .2 Then comes the fifteenth item of the pUrva-rahga, which is called, Rahga-dvara, the Gateway of theatre. It is so named because it is in reality the last-minute test-rehearsal in which the action and the music are tested as a whole. Then follow the Chari and the MahaN andi a n d th e re st m ak e th e rahga-dvara. Siddhanta-vSgT sa, how in th e i n itia l
ever, says th a t w here th e d e fin itio n o f JVandt fits verse i t is Nandi as in K a lid a sa s S a k u n ta la m ;
a n d i n o th e r cases
i t is rahga-dvara. A ll th e sam e i t is e v id e n t th a t th e c o m m e n ta to rs feel in c lin e d to w ard s th e a cc ep ta n ce of the Nandi in th e in it i a l
verse o f a d r a m a ... Ib id S. D . p . 2 8 0 ; p . 2 9 0 . 1. 2. N . V , verses 630. B. P .- V I I LI. 1 3 - 1 4 .
[CHAP: II] PRELIMINARIES OF DRAM A 39 "/ chart which are meant to charge the atmosphere, as it were, with the erotic or the horrific sentiment according to the needs o f the drama under enactment. Then follows the dialogue between the jester (vidushaka) or an attendant and the Stagemanager which is known as Trigata. This forms the eighteenth item of the PUrva-rahga. The last item is laudation (Drarocariti). Its function is to introduce the drama and its author to the spectators present in the theatrsJL This shows Bharatas direction that Nandi should be recited without fail just after the ceremony of going round,, the stage.2 He further instructs that the Nandi should be, recited by the Sutradhara there (tatra), which specifically means on the stage (rahga), even as interpreted by Vi^van&tha himself. Notwithstanding the instruction so clearly expressed; he states in the same breath, as it were, that the great sage has made no mention of Nandi to be sung on the stage. M ore over, Viivanatha steps over the Gleaning song (sushkavakrshta), and calls in the Gateway or the Rahga-dvara what in fact is the Invocation or the Nandi. The definition o f rahga-dvara on which he relies can not apply to any of the invocatory verses, because they are not meant for any representation (abhinaya), vocal or physical. Moreover in Bharatas enume ration of the elements of the PUrva-rahga, N m d i occurs much earlier th an the Rahga-dvnra. N or is the rahga-dvnra the last element to claim that the show commences immediately after it as ViSvan&tha seems to seek the word, dvUra to denote. Thus this approach of ViSvanatha is not warranted by Bharatas aphorisms. The next objection of Visvanatha is that the initial verse found in the compositions of the poets like Kalidasa does not conform to the definition of Nandi. In support of this state ment he cites the opening verse o f the VikramorvasI as its illustration. It may be recalled here that Nandi, as defined by Bharata and all other canonists, is a verse of benediction
1. _ N . Ib id .
2.
NityamyasmUt prayujyate ...JV., V ~ 24:
40
invoked to the grace of a deity, a bmhmana or a king .1 This essential feature of benediction is found in the initial verse of the VikramorvaSl and also in the verses which open Kalidasas Sakuntalam and the Maiavikagnimitram. ViSvanfitha in his objection seems to depend perhaps on the number of feet which are found in a Nandi verse. It may be pointed out here that the standard of eight or twelve measures is mentioned by Bharata in a subsequent verse2 which contains a procedural direction and forms part of an adjective law of dramaturgy. Surely, it is not a defining verse3 which could give the essential or substantive rule in this behalf. ViSvanatha is carried away in observing this lacuna in Kalidasas Nandis, probably, because they consist o f a single verse o f four metrical feet, and on the surface they do not appear to be in conformity with Bharatas statement that a Sutradhara has- to recite the Nandi, which is embellished with twelve or even eight feet .4 The quantum of foot is not mentioned by Bharata himself, and in this behalf all scholarship has to depend upon the learned commentators like Abhinava Gupta-pada or other dramaturgists as S&radttanaya, Ramacandra, Singa BhOpala, Bhojadeva and others. All of them believe that the opening verses in the Sanskrit dramas constitute the Nandi or Invocation. As previously observed there are different units recognised for reckoning the Nandi feet, and with the calculation of the feet in accordance with one measure or the other, the initial verses to Kalidasas plays fall under the class of Nandi even
1. 2. 3. 4.
Vide p. 31 supra. Nandim padair dvada'sair-ashtabhir va pyalahkrtam, N ., V - 1 0 7 . N ., V - 2 4 ...1 b id . Padair dvadasabhir ashtabhir th a t th e p ro c e d u ra l n a tu r e v apyalahkrtam i t o f th e m ay be no ted
verse is f u r th e r e v id e n t B h a ra ta m ea n s t h a t
fro m th e w ord alahkrtain
i n th e te x t ; f o r
N andi looks splendid w ith e ig h t o r tw elve feet.
I t does n o t th e re
fo re fo llo w t h a t a verse w ill cease to be N Sndi i f i t is h o t b e a u ti fie d b y e ig h t o r tw elve feet a n d hence th is c o n d itio n does n o t
fo rm p a r t o f the Svarnpa-ghataka lakshana o f N andi.
1 3 4 -2 -7
t chap. I I ]
PRELIMINARIES OF R AM A
41
in respect of measure .1 Besides this, VigvanStha seems to take a niggardly notice of the intitial verses in the plays of BhavafehQti and Rajasekhara which satisfy the requirements of Nandi. At the top of all these, the inaugural verses which amply bear testimony to their being the Nsndl verses from all points of view have been overlooked in case of the Venl-samhara and the Ratnavall, the two available dramatic pieces from which he draws copious illustrations for other dramaturgical canons. The explanation which he appends to the stage-direction, After Nztndl SOtradhara, and his reference to the ancient scribal mode equally fails to stand any test, for all canonists IiaVe very' clearly stated that Nandi is most auspicious and is ajn essential part of the play to be enacted on the stage,2 and should be recited at the outset. They further prescribe th at after NjBndl should follow the speech of the Sutradhara to his attendant or the actress, which forms the Trigata element o f the PHrva-ranga according to Bharata. It may be added here that the grammatical interpretation of Bharatas injunction, that the SGtradhara should recite Nandi always there in the theatre containing the use of the potential *pathet with a locative termination in tatra with a modifying adjunct nityam suffixed to i t ; and the authorities o f the Natya-pradlpa and other canonists supported by a regular observance of NUndl by all the dramtiirges who specifically use the word Nandi in their stage-direction, after the Nandi,3 the
1. 2.
3. F o r fu rth e r d e ta ils vide in fr a , Book I I - K alid S sa's Model*. Tadyapyaiigani bhuyamsi & c. It m ay be m en tio n ed here th a t a num ber of glossators in
th e ir
sc h o lia o n such d ra m a tic texts w h e rein th e scribes h a v e to p o f the o pening as used n o t l ite r a l or in its in te rp re te d th e te rm 'N and? in th e
g iv en th e sta g e-d irec tio n , Nandyantc a t th e verse h a v e
te c h n ic a l d ra m a tu rg ic a l sense, b u t sense. A ccording to th e
lex ical
lexicon Nandi
m ea n s a tru m p e t or to
dhakka, th e sig n a l th e
blow ing o f w h ic h
h a s been a sta g e -p ra c tic e
com m encem ent o f th e show.
Such a p ra c tic e is in
vogue am o n g th e C h a k y a rs o f K e ra la a n d also in th e film -th e a tre s o f the p re sen t d a y w here th e b e ll is ru n g . T h is e x p la n a tio n is
4%
-
Sutradh&ra eaters establish that the initial verse which opens very Sanskrit drama is Invocation (nUndi) and not the Gateway (rahga-dvara). In fact, each of the various parts of the PUrvarahga has got a specific purpose and a special deity fo propi tiate ; and of them the Nandi , says Bharata, ^propitiates the Moon ,1 who represents Delight. Since the aim of all dramatic literature is principally to delight, to feast the ayes, and tickle the sentiments of the learned, the playwrights have established a practice of making Nandi the first substantive part of the drama tft reach the audience, and of making it the very essence of the PUrva-rahga, which has, no doubt, inter alia several other elements possessing individual significance* II INDUCTION : STHAPANA the recitation of Nandi, the Sutradhara is supposed to get out of the stage and another actor very much resembling him is to enter and introduce the occasion of the enactment of the drama, its title and the author. He is technically qalled the Establisher (SthSpaka) or the Introducer. This actor Apresents the prelude in course of which he has to introduce conveniently the subject-matter o f the drama as well. For this purpose he has to behave like a mortal being or a celestial O n e according as the characters to be introduced are mortal ior celestial ones. He has also to adopt the ways and manners of the characters whom he is going to usher in at the close of the prologue. During this introduction he has to use the Bharati Vrtti or the actors verbal bearing. He is also supposed to refer to the critical sense of the audience in order to please them and to the artistic skill o f the actors to create interest of the spectators in the performance. Invariably a song also forms part of the prologue in order to lend a musical back ground to the dramatic performance which is sung by the actress in attendance of the Establisher, who makes his exit
A fte r surm ised on a cc o u n t o f the f a c t th a t such a sta g e -d ire c tio n is
m ostly found in such texts as form the rep o rto ire o f th e acto rs. 1. N . V . 50.
[ chap . II ]
PRELIMINARIES OF DRAMA
43
after the close of the Introduction, which is technically called the Stkapana1 or the Induction. According to the scheme o f the Sanskrit drama the Establisher, as stated above, appears on the stage after the exit of th e ' Sutradhara and introduces the drama to the audience. The intro ductory portion is seldom a monologue, and so the chief actor (Sthapaka) is attended by the actress (nati) or his associate who is known as Pnri-pnr&vakd2. In the alternative, the clown (vidfishaka) may attend the Establishes 3 In the course of this dialogue the Establisher has to conduct himself in the BhSrati manner (Vrtti,) which is purely a mode of vocal operation of the actors who express themselves mostly in Sanskrit. This manner is called Bharati, for it belongs to the actors who are known in dramatic parlance as Bharatas that appear as such before the spectators without assuming the r<5le of any character. The female characters, as they usually speak in the prakrta, are not ordinarily supposed to assume the Bharati Vrtti which admits speeches preferably in Sanskrit. In course of the prelude to all classes of Sanskrit shows, it is the actor who behaves qua actor and introduces the audience to the show. It, therefore, becomes evident that the Induction is entirely the province o f the actors performance and conse quently of the Bharati Vrtti. There are four sub-divisions of the Bharati Vrtti which are supposed to be present in Induction. They are : ( i ) Laudation (prarocaria) ; ( ii ) Avenue (vithi) ; ( i i i ) Humour (prahasana) and ( iv ) Insertion (amukha
1. I t is also k n o w n as Prastasana or Amukha
Amukhum tat tu vijneyam riamnS prasOvanSpi sS / / S. D. V I. 2. 3. 4. L ite ra lly , i t m ean s 'o n e w ho rem ain s by the side o f the a c t o r - i n ch ie f. S. D . V I, 3 1 . I t m a y b e noted th a t the w hole In d u c tio n is presented in the
Bharati V rtti a n d hence the amukha, a s the fo u rth sub-division o f the BhUraft V rtti m a y encom pass th e e n tire body o f In d u c tio n m eant
in c lu d in g praroeant, V ithi a n d prahasana, b u t w h a t is re a lly
44
LAWS OF SANSKRIT RAM A
L a u d a t i o n : After the seasonal song Is sung and the occa sion of the play is stated, the Establisher propitiates - the sense o f the visitors by introducing a eulogium commending the poetical virtues of the dramaturge and panegyrizing the faculty o f critical appreciation of the audience. This element of encomium is called Laudation or prarocam inasmuch as it helps the Sthapaka in preparing an attractive atmosphere around him with a result that the audience thereby feel interested in the play which is to be staged before them1 -. This first element <^f the Bharati Vrtti, viz., Laudation is of two kind: one, pertaining to the living beings and the other refer ring to the inanimate objects. This eulogy of the living beings may cpnsist of the description of the merits of the author, the qualities of the visitors and the technical skill of the company o f actors2. By reference to its tone the eulogy of the living beings may be again o f four kinds : Gallant (udntta) as in Kalidasas Malavikagnimitram ; Vehement ( uddhata ) as in Bhavabhutis Malatl-madhavam; Majestic ( praudha) as in the plays of Rajagekhara and Moderate (Vinita) as in Srlharshas plays. The Laudation pertaining to inanimate objects may be by reference to time or place, as in Kalidasas S&kuntalam and Bhavabhutis Uttara-rama-caritam.
: The second element of the Bharati Vriti is the Vithi or the avenue. Vithi, as the element o f the Bharati Vrtti is nowhere defined but is made explicit only by means of its well-known thirteen sub-divisions. Dhanika, however, makes the term clear on etymological analogy and states that it bears
A venue b y amukha a s the fo u rth m em ber o f th e Bharati V rtti is, in s tric tu sensu, th e co n clu d in g p o rtio n o f the in d u c tio n c h a ra c te r w ith whose a p p e a ra n c e h a v e sta rte d . w h ic h in se rts th e germ o f th e d ra m a tic p lo t or m akes a m e n tio n o f the show pro p er th e d ra m a tic is deem ed to
H ence th e te rm amukha3 is tra n s la te d a s In se rtio n a ls o c a lle d "Amukha
to a v o id co n fu sio n w ith In d u c tio n w h ic h is o r Prastavana in
a m e ta p h o ric a l sense (upalakshana) a s i t ^.contains
the amukha o r In se rtio n , th e la s t elem ent o f th e Bharati V rtti. 1. 2. Unmukhi-karamm tatra praiamsStah prareeanU D . R . I l l 6. O bserve S rlh a rs h a s plays.
[ CHAP. II ]
45
tile title Vithi because it has got a long series of its sub-divisions and they are found in all dramatic works. The Lexicon1 defines Vithi as the way (marga) or a series (pankti), Vithi as the ele ment of the Bharati Vrtti satisfies its import by virtue of both o f its meanings which become applicable to it in their tropical sense.2 For it is the Vithi because it is common like a high way to all the shows; it is again the Vithi because it has a. series of, thirteen sub-divisions, which are noted below : > > < , l.VdghStyaka or abrupt dialogue : it is defined in different wa$3 by different authors. Bharata defines it as an element wherein the characters combine a particular set of words of inexplicit and equivocal sense with words of their own so as Ito complete the predication of the original statement and at the c same time to convey its implications in the mind of the sub-^ sequent speaker.3 For example, the Sutradhara in the Mudra
1. 2. A. K . I l l ; also MedinT. I t m a y be no ted here t h a t th e V ith i w hich is the BkZLraCi V rtti a n d consists o f its th irte e n is e n tire ly d iffere n t from V ith i w h ich is a a n d is described as one o f th e su p ra ). e le m e n t fo u n d in a ll w e ll be fo u n d in ten e le m e n t o f th e su b -d iv isio n s o n e -ac t p lay * (vide p. 24 m a y e q u ally ; ' Th w ell-know n type o f
p rin c ip a l shows
As th is V ilh i elem ent o f th e Bharati V rtti is a n om nibus types o f show s o r rupakas i t
th e o n e -ac t p la y
w h ic h is its n a m e -ia k e .
f a c t t h a t B h a r a ta a n d o th er rh e to ric ia n s like V isV anStha h a v e described the th irte e n sub-division* below th e d e fin itio n V ith i type o f show does n o t b y its e lf ju stify w h e re . b elo n g to the o n e -a c t p la y c alled V ith i a n d a r e a v a ila b le of th e
th e b e lie f t h a t th ey every
I t is o n ly o n a c c o u n t o f th e p rio rity o f sections t h a t they T h is does n o t V rtti by
a re ju s t d e a lt w ith below th e ty p e o f th e p la y .
ju stify the id e n tity o f the V ithi,- th e elem en t o f th e BhSratt w ith th e V ithi, a type o f p la y , for th e la t t e r is e n jo in e d
B h a ra ta to h a v e the i t c a n n o t be a e v id e n t w hen
K aisiki
V rtti th ro u g h o u t, a n d conseq u en tly BhUrati V rtti. found to I t becom es s till m ore illu s tra te th e th irte e n
p a r t o f the
th e can o n ists a re V ithi b y
m em bers o f th e
c itin g passages from a ll sorts o f p lay s
o th e r th a n those b e lo n g in g to the V ith i type. T h e id e n tic a l n a m e s h a v e been sufficiently responsible for the confusion, 3. N .,. X V I I I - 1 6 8 .
46
tlk sh a sa while conversing with the actress in connection with the Lunar eclipse utters, that Ketu wants to overpower the Candra or the moon. This clause is picked up by C&nakya as one referring to Candragupta M aurya, his proteg^, and is added by a vehement ejaculation from the latter speaker who is there that craves to subdue Candragupta so long as I am alive ! In an instance like this it is that striking catchword that adds tp the piquancy of the dramatic wonder at its very outset. There is another school of thought to which belong Dhanafljaya, Ramacandra and also Abhinava Gupta-pada who hold that the Udghatyaka consists in the presentation of a - group ofjjithy words and their synonyms or in a striking cate c h is m . The initial verse of the Mudra-rakshasa is an exampleT v Avalagita or Continuance : This is defined as that E le m e n t wherein a different purpose is shown to be served out of an action which never contemplated that purpose to be A chieved .1 DaSarupaka illustrates this feature from Uttara-ramac a r i t a m by referring to Sltas abandonment in forest while she had gone out for a sylvan excursion in satisfaction of one of her longings during confinement.2 ViSvanatha, however, defines continuance as an element wherein, in course of the perfor mance of a particular business, some other business akin to the former is found to be done .3 He illustrates this feature by referring to the introduction of Dushyanta who was as much carried away by the speedy antelope as the Sutradhara himself was done by the melodious song of the actress in the {fakuntalam .4 / (3 ) Prapahca or Compliment. It consists in mutual praise which is untrue and provokes laughter, yet it serves some ulte rior purpose .5 For example, the conversation between the king and Susangata in the Kadallgrha in the Ratnavall wherein the
1.
2. 3. 4. 5. N. X V III-1 6 9 . D . R . A v a. p . 66 L I. 4 - 5 . S. D . V I-2 2 . 1 -3 . N . X V I I I - 1 7 3 , D . R . I l l 15; N . D . 9 7 , B. P . p . 2 3 1 -1 . 6 .
chap. II ]
47
latter is jolting at the former, who concealed the picture of o f his darling at her approach presents the feature o f compli ment .1 Avaloka, however, explains-this feature as existing in mutual praise of qualities referring to the untoward deeds2 and illustrates by the statement o f Bhairavananda in the Karpuramafljarl5, which is not quite appropriate. 4. Trigata or Triple rendering : It is an element where simi larity of sound is capable of yielding more than one sense. The statement may be a simple assertion or the one promoting laughter .4 Kalidasas Vikramorvagl presents an illustration of this element in the twofold interpretation of the resonance of the king's own speech construed as a response from the mounr tain .5 Its use is recommended more in course of the Induc tion o f a play by Saradatanaya wherein a triad o f actors is supposed to partake in such a conversation .6 y /5. Chala or Deception : It is an element to be spotted where one is misled to believe in words which are seemingly sweet and friendly; but are, in fact, pinching and unfriendly .7 The result of such a belief is causing wrath, laughter or deception, he element o f Chala expressive of wrath and ridicule may be lustrated by the speech of Bhlma and Arjuna to the ministersi-j of Duryodhana in the Venlsamhara in course of h arrate the glory of the Kaurava Prince.s 'i or Repartee : This is defined in different ways y different authors. ViSvanStha defines it as an element excing laughter by means o f two or three replies .9 DaSarOpaka
1. 2. R a t. l I - x i v - 2 2 et seq. D . R . A va. p. 66 .
5. . K a r. 1 -2 3 .
1. 5.
N . X V I I I - 1 79; D . R . I l l 16; S. D . V I - 2 5 7 ; Ill 32; R . S. V I I - 1 68.
N. D . 9 8 a ; P. R.
Vik. IV -5 1 .
" P . p . 2 3 1 , 10. N . X V III1 7 8 a ; D . R . I l l , 1 7 a ; N . D . 9 8 ; S. D . V I - 2 5 7 b ; P. R. Ib id ; R . S. Ibid. IV ent : V - 2 6 . B. D . V I - 2 6 9 : e. g. R a t. I. x v i- 4 .
48
'calls it a speech-play arising from replying two or three times as Visvanatha calls it or from stopping short in the middle of a speech ,1 Singa Bhupala believes that it consists in comple ting the predication o f a sentence o f incompete predication .2 Vidyanatha and Bharata, however, say that VBk-keli is simply a conversation in the form of questions and answers.8 \ y 7 . Adhibala or Outvying : This element is found in a conver sation in course of which one seeks to establish ones own point by making supporting statements.4 Dasarupaka defines ft as a dialogue in course of which one speaker outwits the otheT in his remarks .5 A suitable illustration is found in the Sakuntalam where in the prologue there is a conversation bet ween the actress and the manager, the latter saying, 'Please prepare every actor carefully, the former replying, -nothing would be amiss due to your skill of enactment, the latter again establishing his point by saying till the satisfaction of the learned is gained, I cannot consider my art to have reached perfection .6 Ganda or Abrupt Remark : This consists in construing a sudden remark of some one else, spoken in a state of flurry as something connected with a point of the hearer .7 Kohala clears the point thus, when something spoken or usually half uttered by a later speaker at the end of some complete statement of a previous speaker, notwithstanding any need for further predica tion (akanksha), such a striking construction of words presents the element of Ganda.'" & It may be remembered there is no syntactical connection, as M r. Apte9 seems to have understood,
1. 2.
3. 4. 5. D .R . I l l - 1 7 b ; e. g. U . R . 111-26. R . S. 1 1 1 -1 6 9 : e. g. A. R , I I - 6 e t seq. N . X V I I I - 1 7 4 : P . R , I I I - 15. N . X V III-1 7 8 . D . R . I l l - 1 8 a ; Si . D . V I - 2 6 0 a ; N . D . 9 6 b ; B. P. p . 2 3 2 LI. 1 0 ... Sak. I i i ......... e t :seq. S. D . V I - 2 6 0 b ; N . D . 9 7 a ; D . R . 111- 183 ; B. P. P. R . I l l - 1 5 - 2 3 ( p . 1 4 2 ); R . S. I l l , 1 71. P.
8.
6.
7.
232
L.
lij I / ? !
8.
9.
K o h a la a s cited b y A. B. p . 4 5 9 L. 1 ( V ol. II- - G .Q .S > A pte : P . S . D . p. 3 9 6 C o lu m n I l l - L i n e 1.
[ CHAP. II ]
49
between the former speech and the latter one, since it is pai ely a psychological construction quickly dona by the nervous mind of the hearer in its state of flurry, fear, anger, deep remorse o r ' similar feelings of intense character. Bharatas definition, how ever, is very prolix and yet vague and narrow. He calls that element as Gayda which is made up of an incomplete speech. ( bahuvacana ) spoken by a person whose state of perturbance is envisaged in his very features and portends some untoward; course of events which is in contradiction with the thought passing through the hearers mind at the moment.1 The speech, is so abrupt as it were a bubble ( ganda ) and creates a sensa tional effect on the mind of the hearer. Hence it is called Ganda. An illustration, which will clarify the point further, may be found in the Uttara-rama-caritam ih the statement of R^ma, who, while describing the charms of Slta, says, what of her is not beloved; if at all there is anything extremely intolerable of her, it is her separation. At this juncture the portress enters and states, your highness ! it is there .2 Ram a asks, who is, there ? The portress replies, Durmukha. Here the construction of an abrupt remark of the portress by Ram a as a statement connected with separation ( viraha) purporting to
ST 9. Nalika or Enigma : It is just like a tube conveying a ihidden humorous remark through an enigmatical expression.3" This is of two types : internal (antar-lapa) and external { bahirIdpa j. The former has its clue within itself, and the latter has its reference somewhere beyond, itself. For example, the speech of the Sutradhara in the induction of the PrasannarSghavam, has a clue to its title in that speech itself and so it is mtar-lapa> The other type may be illustrated by a dialogue itt jl.
j ,.
\ /
N. xvm -181.
U . R . 1 -3 8 . \ N. X V III-1 7 4 a ; ^ R . RA . 1 -7 . S. D . V I - 2 6 1 ; N . D . 1 0 0 a ; P. R . I I I - X - 4 ;
\ D . R . I l l - 1 9 b ; R . S . I l l 1 72; B. P. p . 2 3 2 L. 17.
LAWS O F SANSKRIT DRAMA the Bala.-ramayanam where, in course of its induction, reference to thetitle of the drama is found in a series of sentences.1 v>10. Asat-pralapa or Incoherent talk : According to Dhanafijaya it exists in a speech which lacks in cogency on account of sloth, insanity or puerility of the speaker,2 e. g. in the Vikramorval3 Pururavasas begging of the birds, beasts and the mountains his lost beloved in the forest. Bharata defines it as an element which consists in some salutary advice given to an unwise person who is loath to accept it .4 Visvanatha incorporates bo.th the views while defining this element; he offers two speci mens of incoherence 5 : ( i ) Lack of cogency in a statement pointed out by Dhananjaya; ( ii ) Lack of cogency in a reply given, as may be seen in the Viraja-sarojinI when the king res ponds, Not this oneNo, you are then Sarojinl, for you are behaving so sweet unto me .6 Thirdly, Visvanatha holds that a non-acceptance of an advice given to an idiot is also a specimen o f Incoherence, as in the statement o f Gandharl to Duryodhana In the Venisamhara .7 Likewise, Visvanatha and Saradatanaya 8 adhere to both these views and accept a twofold connotation for asat-pralapa. Vyahara or humorous talk : This consists in such a pithy remark as would be humorous and cause eagerness as well. The effect of such a talk is to serve the purpose of some one, other than the speaker in whom the latter is interested .9 To illustrate, the remark of the jester to Malavika going out of stage after demonstrating her dance, please ! be corrected
1. 2. 3. 4. B. R . I - x - 4 . D. R. III-2 0 a ; V ik ra . I V - 5 1 . N . X V I I I - 1 7 5 ; i t m ay be noted t h a t A. B, does n o t offer a n y su itab le illu s tra tio n to verify th e view o f B h a ra ta ; N . D . 9 9 a . 5. S. D . V I - 2 6 2 ; R . S. I I I - 1 7 3 V -5 . VenT. V - i i - 1 e t seq. B. P. p . 2 3 2 L L . 2 1 - 2 3 . S. D , V I - 2 6 3 a ; D . R . 111-20 b ; N . D . 56 R . S . I l l - m a ; B. P . p . 2 3 2 , lin e 6 .
6.
7. 8, 9.
[CHAp, I I ]
PRELIMINARIES OF bR A M A
51
and then go, is fall of wit and detains her a whit longer within the sight o f her lover and causes eagerness in the mind o f Ganadasa to know where his pupil faltered in her demon stration and engenders the amorous feeling in the mind of Malavika as well.1 Bharata ,2 however, adds a qualifying adjunct inasmuch as he calls Vyahara as a witty remark which presents at the moment something which is to occur later on ,3 as for instance, the king in the Ratnavall says hum orously, by gazing at this fully blossomed creeper in the garden which is as graceful as a maiden, I shall cause the face of the queen blush with jealous indignation ,4 and thereby makes a fortuitous hint to his future acceptance of Sagarika as his wife. On the other hand Gunacandra and Ramacandra in their Vivrti refer to some authority that chooses to call that humorous remark a Vyahara which per tains to something ludicrous appearing before the speaker at the spot ,5 as is pointed out in the words of the Vidushaka in the M rcchakatika who prays, Great Caturthika ! take pity on me, and cuts a joke at the expense of Vasantasenas mother who w%s suffering from an intermittent malady .6 V-Xf2. Avasyandita ( also Avaspandita ) or Interpretation : This is the interpretation of a speech in a sense different from the one in which it is spoken .7 Such an artifice, according to Bharata ,8 consists in a clever interpretation of a statement favourably, when it happens unwittingly to suggest something otherwise, e. g. the statement of the Sutradhara in the Veni samhara foreboding the evil of the Kaurava princes is inter1. 2. 3. M . I l l V -2 . N . X V I I I - 180. A b h in a v a BhSratT e x p la in s the tex t (Pratyaksha-Vrtti) a s p re se n tin g so m ething th e re a n d th e n w hich is to h a p p en , a s Providence w ill (V ol. I l l G . O . S .).
h a v e i t, so m etim e in fu tu re A. B. p. 4 5 8 4. RAT. II 4. N . D . p . 1 3 5 L . 11. M . C . IV -x x ix . P. R . p . 1 4 3 - 1 - 3 . N . X V III-1 7 0 .
6. 6.
7.
8.
52
pjftec^ a deêription of the autumnal season.1 It also consist? in giving a different interpretation to a statement Spoken under the influence, of some deep sentiment byt requires % o be reversed fp,r reasons, of practical diplomacy,2 e. g. Vasavadattas statement to the handnnaid in intfrpreting her avoidfoce of setting in the herb meant for crushing the co-îfe while wreathing the marital garland for Paînlvati in the ,y^pn?i pl^-y;3 ox IJushyantas retraction frpm his interest in the as&etic g(rl shown to the jester whUe fy# w.S returning home earlier than himself.4
13. Mrdava or Euphemism : This consists in mildness o f statement purporting to soften the course of speech. It lies in turning faults into merits and merits into faults. It refutes the views of others, and establishes the speakers own view by inventing good reasons for the same.5 The General calling the vice o f hunting a distinct merit in the verbal contest with the jester in the Sakuntalam presents an apt example, of this artifice .6 These thirteen sub-divisions of the Vithi are invariably in troduced in the course of the Induction of a drama, but it is not necessary that all of them should be brought in there only. They are to be used by the playwright in accordance With his sense of dramatic justice. These sub-divisions could be advan tageously used by a dramaturge anywhere in a drama even beyond Induction. Since they are mentioned by different canonists in a varying order, it seems that there is no specific order prescribed according to which they should be put into the plot of the play. They can be repeated even more than
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. VENf. I - v i - 2 . S. D . V I - 8 6 1 a ; D . R . 111-19 a ; N . D . L . 14. S. V . I l l L I . 6 4 - 6 6 . SA K . I I - x ix . N . X V I I I - 1 7 f ; S. D . V I - 2 6 5 : D . R . 111-21 ; N . D . 1 0 0 ; B. P. p. 2 3 3 -1 . 10; P. R . p . 1 2 2 -L . 2; R . S. I I I - 1 7 4 b ; N . L. R . 2 9 5 8 . 101 ; B. P. p . 232
6.
SA K . I I - V .
CHAP.
II ]
53
once if it suits the playwright to do So. These members of the Vithi are the ornamentations of the plot as dramatic arti fices; and no steadfast rule in regard to their use is, therefore* prescribed. The third element of the Bharati Vrtti is prahasana1 or the comic humour. It stirs the laughing impulse within a man and tickles his spirit of merriment. The comic element raises an individual above his normal mood and arouses laughter which proceeds from witnessing sdmething incongrous. The incongruity may be social or personal, and may become visible in some untoward action, moral degradation or an absurd' combination of situations. Oddity in manners, deformity of physical features, ridiculous use o f words and mimicry generally provoke laughter. It may also be induced by indul- > gence in fun, mockery, and at times in a mild satire as well. In short, all imitations o f the common errors of human life which are amusing are deemed capable of introducing the comic element in a dramatic presentation .2 The comic element may be conveniently introduced in course of Induction, for it is included among the limbs of the Bharati Vrtti by Bharata. Its use at the very outset is condu cive inasmuch as -it tends to create an atmosphere which is favourable to a comedy. The comic element could be presented in ten forms. They are the features (ahga) o f the prahasana, and the following are their characteristics : 1. Avalagita3 or a Slip-down : It js an element of the comic which consists in acting derogatory to ones own status or in
1. T h e prahasana as a sub-division of th e Bharati V rtti is d istin c t fro m the F a rc e above. ( Prahasana ), w h ic h is a type o f a mpaka n oticed
T h e elem ents o f t h e com ic a re , how ever, com m on to b o th , the sam e e x te n t to w h ic h V ith l a s th e sub
y e t th ey d iffer to
d iv isio n o f the Bharati V rtti is sa id to differ from its n a m e-sak e, w h ic h is a ty p e o f shows. 2. F o r fu rth e r d e ta ils vide C h a p . V I O n R a sa s infra.
3.
Pvrvam
Stma-grhitasya
samScarasya
mohatah /
Dushanam tyajanam tatra dvidha-avalagitam matam3 II R . S . I J I 271
54
the abandoning of a course o f action or conduct previously taken. The former may be found, so to say, in an ascetic engaged in amorous pursuits, for instance, the monk in the Prabodha-candrodayam, who addresses a nun, O lovely lady ! how graceful, thy ample breasts . 1 The other form may be available, to wit, in a Sannyasin who renounces his asceti cism and enters into a householders life. 2. Avaskanda2 or Scooping : It consists in an attempt on the part o f a group of persons each offering a ridiculous justi fication for being engaged in an improper action by inventing some connection of their own with it, however remote or impossible it may be, as an apology for such a stooping down. For example, a conversation of an ascetic, a Buddhist monk, and a Jain recluse who go together to a courtesanan improper and ridiculous action for each one of themand justify them selves by referring to their respective religious" tenets in support of their conduct.3 Vyavdhara4 or Jocular dialogue : A humorous conversa tion among a few characters, whether witty or satirical, presents
1. 2. Ayi ! Pma-ghana-stana-sobhane ! ...P r . C. AvaskandastvanekeshZm ayogyasyaika- vastunah I Sambandhfi-bhasa-kathariat sva-sva-yegyalva-kalpana 11 R . S . 3. Tatih Snkshad bhatam vadati kueayor antaram dvaita-vadam, Bhavo bodha'kshanika~tnahima saugatt daila~padah / Baher mule nayati iucitam arhati kScidiksha, Nabher mule prathayali phaiam sarva-siidhanta-saram II A , K ,
Bauddhah Jainah Saroe : :
Translation
T h e A scetic : T h e M onk ! T h e h ia tu s betw een the p a ir asserts th e d o c trin e o f d u a lity . A S e n tim e n t w hich h a s its glory in its b e in g of b re asts d ire c tly
re alised o n ly f o r a m o m e n t is,
no d o u b t, ste p p in g
in to th e B uddhist p hilosophy { Kshanika-Vada. ). The J a in A ll : A g la n c e at the ro o t o f a rm s , n o d o u b t, lead s seems c o n ce n tra ted ; to th e ~Arhats d o c trin e o f p u rific a tio n . A t the foot o f th e n a v e l th e re th e essence o f a ll th e d o c trin es indeed. 4. Vyavaharas sva-samvSdo dvitranam hSsya-kUranam. R . S . I I I .
_ ---M a'iliiiiM iH illn m fc .L ^m ,,'!1, '''Id Inin lr ^rrT .. .V . ..J _.......... , .,. 1.....-___ ....... _: , .
chap.
II ]
55;
the comic element of Vyavahara. It is very frequently , found in th conversation of clowns in dramas. * \ J a . Vipralambha1 or Deception: It is that element of the comic in course of which laughter is provoked by some fraud practised upon a character by som eone under the guise of a. ghost or an imp or any other super-natural being. 5. Vpapatti 2 or Reasoning : It is a situation where by flight o f reasoning, a ridiculous identity, contrast or any other relationship is discovered between a well-known subject and the object of interest under reference. Bhaya 3 or Consternation : It consists in the presentation of undue fear from people like the police constables or high officials falsely impersonated, which introduces a ludicrous scene. 7. Anrta 4 or Falsehood : A statement full o f sycophancy or false praise is the element of Anrta when it provokes laughter. Singa Bhupala quotes the view of some other critic who holds that a self-panegyric statement is enough to constitute this element, which may be evidenced by Bhairavanandas statement in the Karpurmafijarl where he praises the epicurean sect o f his own religion .5 w 8. Vibhranti^ or Misconception : In this similarity o f attri butes is a cause of some spectral illusion as a result o f which a character is seen faltering and is by his very nature unable to arouse sympathy of the spectators for such a delusion. Gad-gada*vak.~ or Choking : It is a pretended choking of voice or shedding crocodile tears, just to make a fun.
1. 2.
3. 4. cVipralambha vancana syad bhOtavc'sUdi-kaitavat. Ibid. cVpapattis tu sa proktu y a t prasiddhasya vastunah / Loka-prasiddhya yuklya 3 sadhanam hasya hetuna / 1 Ibid. Smrtam bhayam tu nagara sodhakfidikrto darak Ibid. Anrtam tu bhaved vakyam asatya-stuti-gumphitam / Tadevanrtam ityahur apare svamata stuteh / / Ibid. 5. K A R . I - x x iii. Vastu-sam ya-krto mohe vibhrantiriti gtyate. R . S . I I I . eAsatya~ruditonmisram vakyam gad-gada vag bhavel. Ibid.
6.
7.
56
L A W S O T ^ N S K R IT ^ R A M ^ ^
y> ^ 1 0 . Praiapa1 or Prattling : It amounts to a prattle when an untoward action is supported as an appropriate action in a mood by a speaker. These ate the ten forms >f the comic ( prahasana ), the thifd element of the Bharati Vrtti and can be used with advan tage like the members of the Vithl both within the prelude as -well as beyond it. No specific order is prescribed for their use; and so, all or as many of them could be introduced once o r frequently as may be agreeable to the dramatic needs o f th e play in hand. The fourth element of the Bharati Vrtti is the Amukha or the Introduction. In course of the Amukha, the Sutradhara, in a striking manner engages himself with an actress or his associate or the jester in a pithy conversation which purposes to introduce to the audience the author and the title of the play, the occasion of the enactment and also refer to the season in which the action of the play has taken place. Since it tells of the dramatist and the play, it is also n amed as PrastavanaL2 As the actor called Sthapaka con* ^ U fjsit, it is also called Sthapana .3 Among the items which reach the audience Prastavana is the one that follows imme diately after Nandi. The Amukha or Prastavana ends with the introduction o f any one of the following four items : i. the story of the play by reference to some main inci dent, i. e. vastu; ii. the germ o f the action of the play or a hint at the main theme ( bija ); iii. the suggestion of the nucleus of the dramatic p lo t through a statement capable of duplicate tendering
1.
2. Pralapah syad aytigyasyayogyatvenanumoianam. Ibid. S. D . V i - 3 2 ; N . L. R . 1 1 7 5 ; B. V. p. 2 2 9 -L 1 . 5 - 9 ; N . D . p. 1 5 5 ; D . R . I I I - 8. S. Som e c an o n ists h a v e trie d to d iffe re n tia te PrastavanZ s ta tin g la tte r . p lay s. th a t th e form er betw een Sthclpana a n d is m o re e la b o ra te t h a n the
In fa c t,
th e form er is found to be very b rie f in B hasas
IC H A P. ii ]
PR'MLlMitfAftffiS 6 F DRAMA
51
( ilesha ) dr yielding all 6 B H '4 u 6 s6fie (dhvani ), i. e. mukham; or lastly, iv. any character who has his role to play in the drama, i. e. patra} In this manner the play under enactment is introduced to th e audience, and the Sthapaka makes his exit from the stage. Thus as the show begins, the Induction ends .2 In the opinion of Visvanatha the Induction is of five lin d s .3 The kind depends on the particular element with which the Induction ends. In the first two kinds, the Induc tio n - ends with one of the first two sub-divisions o f the Avenue ( vithi), namely, the Abrupt dialogue ( udghatyakd) or the Continuance ( avalagita ). According as the nature of the closing feature be, the Prastavaha is called Vdghatyaka or Avalagita. In addition to these two kinds based on features which are characterised by the mode of talk or the ethical import of the conversation, Visvanatha mentions three other varieties based on certain factors intrinsic to Induction. They are in the form o f Kathodghata, PrayogatiSaya and Pravartaka. 1. Kathodghata [ Real Commencement ] : This is that form o f Induction wherein a character of the drama enters on thd stage repeating the actual words of the Sutradhara just at the moment spoken by him, of- reproducing the substance of such a statement. Thus it presents two varieties in the actual prac tice of the play-wrights : an example of the fifst variety is found in the Ratnavail where Yaugandharayana enters on the stage, while repeating the last slokd in the Prastavana which was just uttered then by the Sutradhara5; whereas the second
1. 2. 3. 4. S. D . V I - 2 7 . Amukha b e a rs its n a m e because i t pervades rig h t u p to th e com m en cem ent o f th e d ra m a p ro p e r, i. e. Mukharsandhi. S. D . V I - 3 3 . I t is tra n s la te d as th e R e a l C o m m encem ent, for i t opens th e m a in episode o f th e d r a m a ,
RAT. I -v i.
$8;
variety could be spotted in the Veni-samhara where Bhlmasena enters on the stage by reference to the statement o f the Sutra dhara towards the end of the prelude .1 The DaSarupaka, however, adds in this connection that the statement of the SQtradhara which is reiterated by the character then entering on the stage should always be such as would correspond to some incident connected with himself.2 The Kavyendu-prakaSa clears this view by stating that the reitera tion of the speech of the Sutradhara should be done with a view to twisting its sense so that it might apply to, some thought prevailing at the moment in the mind of the entering
3
' rayogatisaya 4 [ Personal Presentation ] : This is a form of Induction wherein the Sutradhara introduces a charac ter ( patra J in so many words as, here enters so. and so. This reference could be put in the mouth o f the one, acting as the Establisher ( sthapaka ) even for the purpose of establi shing some point of similarity in respect o f the state, quality or action between himself and the one of the dramatis person who is presently to appear on the stage. According to Dhanafljaya Personal Presentation ( prayogatisaya) admits of both the possibilities, namely, ( i ) a simple introduction o f a character like the one found in the amukha of the Kunda-mala ; or ( ii ) introduction by making out some point o f similarity between the Introducer and the character introduced, as is done by Kalidasa in his Sakuntalam or Malavikagnimitram. But Visvanatha draws here a distinction between these two modes and calls the former the Prayogatiiaya and denominates the latter as the Avalagita kind o f pro logue. All the same, this is clear that both the canonists are alike in recognising the difference between the two possibilities of Personal Presentation but differ only in nomenclature.
1. Vent. I - v i i i .
2. 3. 4.
D . R. IIi-9 b . K S. P . as cited b y S. D . p. 2 8 5 b o tto m . N 5 - X X t 3 3 ; S. D . V I - 3 6 ; D . R . I l l - 11; N . L. R . 1 2 0 1 .
[c h ap .
II]
59
Pravartaka1 [Entrance of Characters] : This is a type o f Induction wherein the entrance of a Character is referred to by a suggestion of resemblance between the season or the occasion under description and the nature o f the character to be introduced. Here it may be observed that it is not the tense ( kala ) of action expressed in the concluding remarks of the Sutradhara that qualifies an Induction for admission to the Pravartaka class. For theexpression of some tensepast, present or future is surely to be found in the concluding speech, and as such, this feature, if so accepted, will be enough to vitiate the whole basis of classification. The Natya-sastra, however, accor ding to the extant readings, directs that in the Pravartaka type of Induction the introduction of a character is done by means of the description of an action ( karya ) already set in there by the Sutradhara .2 Thus it becomes the very converse of the Prayogatisaya type wherein something different ensues from the action ( prayoga ) already set forth in course of the Induction. Sagaranandin 3 seems to have resorted to some common text with ViSvanatha and Dhanafijaya in attributing the point of time as the determining feature of the pravartaka type of In duction.. But his illustration from the 3armishtha-parinaya distinguishes his view from those of other canonists inasmuch as it implies a different derivation of the term. Here the Sutra dhara proceeds to do something befitting the occasion ( kalakftya ), and thereby a character is introduced by him inciden tally. According to Vidyanatha 4 Pravartaka consists in the des cription of the attributes of the hero or some other character given towards the end o f the Induction. An illustration of the largely accepted definition of the Pravartaka may be found in the closing verse of the Induction
1. 2. 3. ' 4.
m - X X H - 3 4 ; S. D . V I - 3 7 ; D . R . I l l - 10; N . L . R .- 1 2 1 3 . N . X V I I I - 3 3 ; N 5. X X I I - 3 4 . N . L . R . L in e 1 2 1 5 . P . R . p . 1 4 5 . L in e - 9 . .
LAWS OF SANSKRIT DRAM A th e' Dhurta-vita-samvada 1 or even in that of Sudrakas P&dma-pfabhrtakatn2. \ In addition to these five types of Induction enunciated -chiefly by Visvanatha, the Kavyendu-prakaga has one more, which he prefers to call the Valita 3 or Indirect Introduction, and dfefihes it as the one in which a character is brought on the stage through a description of some phenomenal object. It differs from the last preceding one in so far as it (Pravartaka) introduces a character befitting the seasonal description in hand, whereas the Valita does so by means of a description of some other object. It appears that the Kavyendu-prakaSa has tried to make the Valita form a residuary class of the Induction to which all anamolous specimens may belong, perhaps to the same extent to which the Prayogatisaya is made by the older canonists for a similar purpose.
Of
According to the older school headed by Bharata the socalled five kinds which are stated above are mainly the fea tures of the Amukha out of which two are drawn from among the members of the Avenue (Vithi) and the three others from what are intrinsic to its own. The text of Bharata reads: these are verily the five features of Induction .4 The Abrupt dialogue (udghatyaka) and the Continuance ( avalagita ) are capable of being used in the early portion' of the Induction as well as in course of the play anywhere, besides their charac terising the final words of the Induction. Bharata purports to enunciate that these two elements of the Vithi when found in the concluding words of the prologue (amukha) become the distinguishing features of the Prastavana, for they tend to help in determining the character of the prelude in which the Intro ducer (sthapaka) is expected to set forth the nucleus of the fable (vastu), the germ of the plot (bija), the suggestion of incidents
1. D.
v.
p . 1. L l. 9 - 1 0 .
2.
3.
P, P. p. ,2. Ll. 6 -9 .
"Yak patrasya prave'sas tad Valitam. c,3 nya-varnanat. Ka. P . as cited in S. D . p. 2 8 7 .
4.
Amukkahgani panca vai. . . . N , X X 30.
ch ap.
II ]
P R E L IM IN A R IE S O F D R A M A
(mukha), or a character (patra) of the show. Bharata, in fact,, has nowhere stated that these are the five species of the prolo gue, as does ViSvanatha by saying, five are the kinds of th e Prastavana1 Really speaking, the kinds o f the Prastavana appear to be only three in number, viz., the Kathodghata, the P rayogatisaya and the Pravartaka. These are the kinds recognised by an older authority, the author o f the DajSarupaka.2 The other two kinds enumerated by Visvanatha are based probably upon a forced interpretation of the word, ' anga ocurring in the passage of Bharata referred to above. In fact, his Udghatyakq belongs to the 1rind of Kathodghata and the Avalagita to the P rayogatisaya type of Induction. If the incidence of these two members of the Vithi were to create a distinct kind o f Induction, there seems no reason why the other ones of the same are deemed incapable o f doing so. As a matter of fact, any member of the Vithi, as admitted by Visvanatha himself, is fit to be used throughout Induction and its mere presence at a particular spot o f the Amukha could hardly be supposed to create a new kind o f Induction. For, it is open to any other critic to admit any other member of the Vithi to create a distinct variety of Induction and thus extend the classification without much appreciable reason. An in stance of such an attempt is visible in Sagaranandins view3 that admits the Enigma ( nalika ) also as one of the additional ' afigas of the Amukha and he rightly places his reliance upon the text of M atrgupta who instructs that a wise playwright may constitute the prologue of his play with its own features and also import into it any of the members of the V ithi ' 4 In fine, the prologue ( amukha) otherwise known as the prelude ( sthapana ) or the Induction ( prastavana ) can be only o f three kinds as maintained by the DaSarOpaka.5 The
1. 2. V 3. Panea praslavarii-bhiiah. ...S . D . V I33. ahgais ~ ~ D . R .~ I I I L ines 8 .
N . L . R . L in e 1 2 2 8 . e t. seq. Svair ahgai'seapi vtthyahgaih, prakuryad amukham budhah." quoted, by RSghavabhatta T tka On Sak. p. 1 3 2.
4.
'> {
( f /
6.
D. R. III-9 .
60
LAWS o r SANSKRIT DRAMA
o f the DhQrta-vita-samvada1 or even in that of Ssdrakas Padm&^rabhrtakam3. \ In addition to these five types o f Induction enunciated chiefly by Visvanatha, the Kavyendii-prakasa has one more, which he prefers to call the Valita3 or Indirect Introduction, and defines it as the one in which a character is brought on th e stage through a description of some phenomenal object. It differs from the last preceding one in so far as it (Pravartaka) introduces a character befitting the seasonal description in hand, whereas the Valita does so by means of a description of some other object. It appears that the Kavyendu-prakaSa has tried to make the Valita form a residuary class of the Induction to which all anamolous specimens may belong, perhaps to the same extent to which the Prayogatisaya is made by the older canonists for a similar purpose. According to the older school headed by Bharata the socalled five kinds which are stated above are mainly the fea tures of the Amukha out of which two are drawn from among the members of the Avenue (Vithi) and the three others from what are intrinsic to its own. The text of Bharata reads: these are verily the five features of Induction .4 The Abrupt dialogue (udghatyaka) and the Continuance ( avalagita ) are capable of being used in the early portion *of the Induction as well as in course of the play anywhere, besides their charac terising the final words of the Induction. Bharata purports to enunciate that these two elements of the Vithi when found in the concluding words of the prologue (amukha) become the distinguishing features of the Prastavana, fo r they tend to help in determining the character of the prelude in which the Intro ducer (sthapaka) is expected to set forth the nucleus of the fable (vastu), the germ of the plot (bija), the suggestion of incidents
1. 2. 3. D . V . p . 1. L l. 9 - 1 0 . P. P. p. 2. L l. 6 - 9 . Yah pntrasya pravesas tad Valitam ca'nyasarnanat. K a. P . as cited in S . D . p. 28 7.
4.
Amukhahgani panca vat. . . . N , X X ~ 3 0 .
[ chap.
II ]
PRELIMINARIES OF DRAMA
(mukha), or a character (patra) o f the show. Bharata, in fact,, has nowhere stated that these are the five species o f the prolo gue, as does Visvanatha by saying, five are the kinds of the Prastava?ia,.,1 Really speaking, the kinds o f the Prastavma appear to be only three in number, viz., the Kathodghata, the Prayogatisaya and the Pravartaka. These are the kinds recognised by an older authority, the author of the DaSarupaka.2 The other two kinds enumerated by ViSvanatha are based probably upon a forced interpretation of the word, anga' ocurring in the passage of Bharata referred to above. In fact, his Udghatyaka belongs to the kind of Kathodghata and the Avalagita to the Prayogatisaya type of Induction. If the incidence of these two members o f the Vithl were to create a distinct kind o f Induction, there seems no reason why the other ones o f the same are deemed incapable o f doing so. As a matter of fact, any member of the Vithi, as admitted by ViSvanatha himself, is fit to be used throughout Induction and itsmere presence at a particular spot o f the Amukha could hardly be supposed to create a new kind of Induction. For, it is open to any other critic to admit any other member of the Vithi to create a distinct variety of Induction and thus extend the classification without much appreciable reason. An in stance of such an attempt is visible in Sagaranan dins view3 that admits the Enigma f nalika ) also as one of the additional 'afigas' of the Amukha and he rightly places his reliance upon the text of M atrgupta who instructs that 4 a wise playwright may constitute the prologue of his play with its own featuresand also import into it any of the members of the V ith i'4 In fine, the prologue ( amukha ) otherwise known as the prelude ( sthapana ) or the Induction ( prastavana ) can be only o f three kinds as maintained by the Dasarupaka .5 The1, 2. V ( \ { 5. 3. i. Paiiea prastavanabhidah. ...S .
D. V I33.
ahgais D . R , I I I L ines 8 9. N . L . R . L in e 1 2 2 8 . e t. seq. Svair ahgaiseapi vithyahgaih, prakuryad amukham budhah. quoted,', byRSghavabhatta T tka On S sk . p. 1 3 - 2 . D. R . Ill S.
62
Natya-darpana also makes the point clear in this behalf by showing,that the ways o f bringing in a character of the show proper to the stage are : ( i ) by adopting (a) the sentence of the Introducer or (b) the purport of his statem ent; ( ii ) by accosting one o f the dramatis persona} which, in essence, respectively conform to the three types of the Prologue recog nised by the DaSarupaka, Thus ends the Amukha which is a portion in prioris to the entrance of a character of the play proper on the stage. It is just like a vow ( sahkalpa ) which preceeds the performance of every action or which is as important as a holy station ( tirtha ) is a pre-requisite for every gift.2 Abhinava Kali dasa lays stress on the importance of the Induction by referring to an important text which compares Induction to a drama favourably iwith the sacred syllable, P ra n av a ( gfr = O m ) prefixed to all what is heard, that is, the SR V T I or the Vaidika texts.3 After all these preliminaries are over, then commences the Natya or the res-business of the play under enactment, which otherwise is known as a ( nataka ) or a dramatic piece in its merely readable form. For purposes of literary estimate, be it as a spectator or a reader, every dramatic composition is to be studied and appreciated by reference to its ( i ) subject-matter ( vastu ); characters ( patra ); and the sentiments ( rasa) prevailing in it. They form inter alia the three important determinants for its proper evaluation, both individually and comparatively .4 Since the very structure of a drama depends upon the narra tion of events, and is composed o f various episodes and interesting incidents, the subject-matter, the very corpus of the dramatic work, is, in all its forms and varieties, dealt with in the following chapter.
1. 2. t. 4.
N . D . verse 1 0 6 a . R . S. I l l , 1 3 6 - b . N . R . p. 155 L in e 8 .; S. D . V i - 4 1 b. D . R . I - x i , Vastu-neta rasas tesham bhedakah kram at
C H A P T E R III DRAM ATIC PLOT The plot or Vastu is the story of a play. It is an aggregate o f all incidents and episodes brought home to the knowledge of the spectators. By reference to its sourê^the plot of a play is ofthree kinds : the well-kpown (prakhyata), the devised (utpaaya), and the mixed (misra).1 The plot is said to be well-known if it is derived from the traditional stories or popular legends and refers to the epic or the historical characters. If the story is not drawn upon the mythological or historical sources but is a creation of the poets fancy, the plot is said to be original (iTtpadya), which could be illustrated by Bhavabhutis story of Madhava or Dandins story of Mallika. The third type of the dramatic plot may be partly original and partly traditional. The plot interwoven with popular episodes and stories created by the poets imagination is called mixed or quasitraditional (Misra). Sagaranandin, however, classifies the plot in two catego ries : one is Borrowed (upatta) or picked up^fro^fthe tales in the Purunas, and the other is Adapted (prati-sahskrta) or based on traditional stories but modified by the poet according to his own dramatic requirements.2 Whatever be the source, it is always necessary that the plot should culminate into the acquisition of any one or more of the three principal values of human life i. e purushartha, and that it should be instructive and entertaining. With reference to characters, the plot of a drama may con tain episodes dealing with the mortal society or the celestial
LAWS OF SANSKRIT DRAM A * one or the both .1 The scenes may have a terrestrial back-ground or a -heavenly one. A sub-terrenean background too is jtfdmissibfe. rI From the point of view of protrayal, the plot of a drama is again of three kinds, viz., the Indicative (sncya), the Audible {sravya), and the Narrative or Visible (unmeya or drsya).2 1. All that is preliminary o p subsidiary or lengthy or uninte resting or incapable o f portrayal but needed for connecting the different episodes Of a drama belongs to the Indicative las of events. There a r f certain recognised modes fqr indica ting such matters relating tq the plot- They are five is number illed the Intermediary scenes or Arthopakskepakas as they set forth the subject (artha) of the play ,3 v * , explanatory Scene (VishKambha or Vishkambhaka ) .* It presents before the audience those portions of the story which link the events that have already taken place and those that are yet to happen .4 It purposes to niake a long and short df past events and acquaint the spectators with them so that they can easily pick u]A the yarn of the story and connect the events that are to follow. Such a scene may be a monologue or a conversation between two or more charactersT**" If an Explanatory Scene is presented by such characters o f intermediate status (madhyama) as speak Sanskrit, it is said to be a pure one (suddha vishkambhaka).3 Even a female charac ter has to speak in Sanskrit if she is admitted to participate in an Explanatory Scene.6 An Explanatory Scene is said to be mixed or (sankirw, misra) if it is presented by characters, sortie
1. 2. 3. D. R . 1 -1 6 . D . R . 1 - 5 6 ; P . R . p. 1 1 4 to p ; B. P. p . 2 1 4 - L . 15; N . D .- X . N . X I X 108; S. D . V i - 4 5 ; D. R . 1 .-5 8 ; P. R . p. 114; N. R ,
64
p . 8 0 - 6 . B. P. p . 2 1 4 L in e 3 1 ; R . S. 111 1 7 7 . .. ; N . L . R . 3 9 4 . 4. N . X V I I I - 1 0 6 ; M . M . p . 6 5 ; P . R . p . 115 verse 19; S. D . V i - 5 5 ; D . R . 1 - 5 9 ; B. P . p . 2 1 5 , L l. 2 - 3 ; 8 - 9 ; R . S. I l l - 178. 5. A ll references follow Ref. No. 4 above, N . D . p. 3 8 L ine 7 . , N . D . p . 2 3 ; N . R . p. 8 0 L L
6.
[C H A P .
I ll ]
DRAM ATIC PLOT
65)
of Whom speak in Sanskrit and others use any of the Prakrta : dialects. > . , Bhojadeva observes that an Explanatory Scene may be con-! veniently used in the first Act of the play, or just after the* . ^ Induction is over. Its use may serve the purpose of narrating earlier events which are to be necessarily known before the main action ( vastu ) is set forth .1 Kohala prefers its use in ^ . the Opening Juncture (mukha-sandhi) of a drama .2 ) Introductory Scene (P ra vesa k a ) : The second mode of indication is the use of an Introductory Scene. Its function is almost the same as that of the Vishkambhaka, but it is presented by inferior characters in a language which is not elevated (udatta). It serves the purpose of explaining matters omitted,, between two Acts.3, It isTntended never to be used in the first, Act, for its definition clearly prescribes that it is always to be. put in between two Acts. In a Pravesaka, Bharata says, all characters should use the Prakrta language ,4 but Saradatanaya and Sagaranandin following Malrgupta permit the use of Sansrit also in case the Pravesaka is conducted by such characters as the ascetics, brahmanas, sages, kahcukins and rakes (vita) .5 * ' ^ ' i According to Bharata, the Pravesaka has a five-fold purpose to serve : ( i ) It is "meant fo r indication of time including the season or the part of the day in which the action Is taking place ; ( i i ) The inner purpose of some particular move is also explained by means of the Pravesaka ; ( i i i ) A state of bewilderment ( sambhrama ) due to plurality of action or the implicit nature o f some momentous acts could be
1. 2. 3. S r. P r. ( c ited by B. P. p . 2 1 6 ). N . V . as c ite d b y A . B. V o l. I I . ( G . O . S. ) p. 4 3 4 . L l. 5 - 6 . N . X V I I I - 36; D . R . 1 - 6 0 ; S . D. V i - 5 ? ; N . D . 2 6 ; M . M . p . 66 . R . S. I I I . 1 9 4 ;
11. 6 - 7 ; P . R . p . 116 verse 2 2 ; N . R . p . 8 1 -1 7 -8 ; N . L . R . 3 0 5 3 6 0 ; B. P . p. S a n s k rit sp e a k in g Pravesaka. 4.v 5. N . Ibi'd. ( Prakrta bhtsha-earah ). B. P . p . 2 1 6 , L l. 7 - 1 0 ; N . L . R . L ine 3 1 5 . 216
( S a ra d S ta n a y a allow s c e r ta in the Kancukin, e tc . to lea d th e
c h a ra c te rs lik e
6
! ' . ^ f
brought out through a Proves aka; ( iv ) Sometimes a m ajo endeavour or the attainment of some expedients likely to help I the consummation o f the principal m otif is indicated by a Pravesaka; ( v ) It may also be used for introducing the nucleus of the events of the succeeding act .1 Sagaranandin observes; that a Pravesaka could also be employed for the pjUr|>ose o f intimating long journeysand sketching the happen- | ings in course of such journeys .2 In fact,, it is an effective device for condensing events ranging over a long durati<?n o f time. It is employed mostly in such cases where even at the end of an Act the argument could not be completely set forth, because of m ultiplicity of motives and actions .3 The Natya-darpana recommends the use of this scene as well as of the former in foOr types of shows only, namely, in the Nataka, the Prakarana, the Natika and the Prakaratfi.4 Its recommendation seems to be merely a measure of expediency. For the four types of shows chosen by it have a cobweb of events and such a scene becomes essentially necessary to the succintness of the presentation. O n the other hand, the Vyayoga and the Bhana and other shows have, on account of shortness of action, no com plication of events; and hence the Intermediary Scenes become out of place there. Vishkambhaka, however, can be conveniently used even, in short plays at the close of the Prelude. The .statement, of the Natya-darpana, therefore, cloes not amount to an established principle of dram aturgy; nor has ' i t any support in Bharatas canons, which simply recommend that a Pravesaka should be employed in the Prakarana and the Nataka by wise playwrights .0
1. 2. 3. 4. .5. N . X V I I I - 3 7. N . L . R . L ine 3 4 0 . Ib id ., L in e 3 2 8 ; also N . X V I II, 8 7 - 8 8 . N. D. 1 -2 6 . N . X V I II 35. I t m ay be n o ted here th a t th ere a re so m a n y
i I
|
|
* 1
v a r ia n t re ad in g s a v a ila b le fo r
th is passage w hereby i t does n o t m ea n s to p re scrib e any
becom e conclusive i f a t a ll B h a r a ta I 1 lim ita tio n to the use o f the Pravesaka.
: t
C H A P.
Ill]
DRAM ATIC PLOT
67
( iii) The Intimation Scene ( Culika ) : The third mode of indication of events is the use 6 f CuliM in which the hnc-kgrnnnd events are presented through characters that speak from behind the curtain .1 The characters may be of eithei* sex, and the choice o f the language ig immaterial. The name, Culika is derived from the term Czda mea&ftjg a crest, and it signifies that it is supposed to be spoken* a* S it were ff 6 m void, from behifld the screefi, say, the gfeSh-rSoffi. The expression, from behind the screen ( nepathye ) is a usual stage-direction to denote the use of Culika. Unlike the Vishkambhaka and the Pravesaka it could be used even in the middle of an Act, and may also find place among the other modes of Introduction ( arthopakshepakas ).2 Abhinava Kalidasa and the Kayyenduprakaga mention that Culika is of two varieties: It is called Khatrda-cTilika if it consists of intimation of facts from within the curtain by characters whose entrance and exit are not noticed by the audience. This is used in the beginning or the middle of an Act. On the other hand, if the entrance and the exit of the characters to and from the tiring-room ( nepathya ) is within the view of the audience, it is an Akhanda-cnlika. This is generally used towards' the end, and less frequently, at the beginning of an Act.8 yr ( iV') Continuation Scene (AnkZtvatQra) : The fourth mode of indication is the use of an Anknvatfira in which the actors inti mate the theme and the argument (bijartha-yukti) of the suc ceeding Act.4 Where a closing Act a n d ' an opening Act are
1. N. X I X - 111; 20; N . L. R . 4 1 2 ; S. D . V I-5 8 ; p. P. R . p . 1 1 5 8 0 -1 4 ; verse B. P . p. 2 1 9 ; D. R. I 61b; N. R . R . S. I l l -
1 8 2 -8 7 , M . M . p. 6 6 -3 ; 2. 3. 4. B. P. p . 2 1 9 - 2 4 .
A sm a k u tta agrees w ith N . D . 2 6 .
N . R . p . 8 0 - L I. ,17 2 4 ; K a . P. as cited in S. D. p. 2 9 3 b o tto m . N . X X I-1 1 5 ; D. R . 1 -6 2 ; P. R . 1 1 6 -L 1 . 8 - 1 1 ; B. P. p. 2 1 8 -L 1 . 1 5 - 2 0 ; S . D . V I - 5 8 ; N . D . 2 7 a ; N . L . R . 8 9 6 ; M . M . p . 66 , LI. 7 - 8 ; N. R . p . 8 1 - 4 ; R . S. I l l , 1 9 1 - 9 3 . I t is su b m itte d for c r itic a l ju d g m e n t th a t the inclusion o f th e
ahktvatara a m o n g the In tro d u c to ry Scenes does n o t look to be logi-
LAWS OF SANSKRIT DRAMA ' not intervened ; by an Intermediary Scene, tjê concluding portion of the former is, in that case, known as the AftkMvatBra. It is not found at the commencement of any Act like the Vtshkctmbhaka or the Pravesaka but only towards the end. One of the features of the Ankavatara, in the opinion of Srlkjsh^ft Kavi, is that the approach of the characters to appear in the subsequent scene is not foreshadowed in course of this scene,' but the argument runs on to the following Act without an interruption (i. e. asudtunka-putram). .
68
( v ) Anticipatory Scene : Ankasya or Ankamukha .It is a scene in which fhe subject of all acts is intimated in a nutshell. It is generally used in the first Act of a play, as is done in the M alatl Madhavam wherein in course of the talk of KSman* dakl, a birds eye view of the entire denouement Is given. This is how Bharata defines the ankasya or ahkamukha as he calls it .1 Dhanafljaya ,2 however, defines it as a scene which contains a reference to the subject-matter of the follow ing Act made by the characters at the end of an Act. Dhanika seeks an illustration to this view in the Mahlvlra-caritam Act II in the Scene of Sumantra .3 The SUhitya Darpftga bears out both the views as alternative connotations of the term ankasya and cites the very examples to illustrate the definitions.4 At any rate it is evident that an ankasya with its latter conno tation has very little to distinguish itself from an ankavatara.
cally correct previous one. inasm uch as it is an act in contin u atio n o f 't h e 7 I t does no t conform to the generic class of the connote a very
arthopakshepakas, as it does not copulate the two Acts by the th re ad o f missing facts. I f the arthopakshepaka were to general significance so as to include scenes also, then every scene, as it presents some event or the other, w ill be a n arthopakshepaka a n d the speciality of the class w ill sink. 1. 2.
3.
N3. X X I 1 1 6 Sutranam sakalahkanam jnyeyam ahkamukham budhaih. N . L. R. 406 ; I. 6 2 a.

AVA. p . 3 2 , L I. 2 2 - 2 7 .
B. P. p. 217 bottom ; M . M. p. 6 6 . bottom ; N. D.
D. R . I. 62a; P. R. p. 116 top ; N . R. p. 80
4.
S. D . V I-5 9 b -6 0 .
[ CHA P.
I ll]
DRAM ATIC PLOT
69
Besides these five popular modes of introduction of events -there is still one more method of doing s by means of insert ing an Act within an Act, which is known as a subsidiary Act or the Garbhahka. It consists in the presentation of a small sub-show containing the pivot or the germ of the dramatic plot. It is set in the midst of an Act of the major part of the play and is very efficacious as a camouflage or an effective, mode for introducing any marvel in the story. An example of this is found in the second Act of RajaSekharas Balaramayanam or the seventh Act of the Uttara-rama-caritam of Bhavabhuti.' A garbhahka or an Embryo Act has to satisfy all the requirements of a show and has a short prelude and its own independent m otif which, o f course, ultimately helps the fruition of the main cause .1 The ISatya-darpana, however, calls garbhahka to be another name for the ahkavatara described above, and cites the second Act of the Ratnavall by way of its illustration .2 For purposes of convenience, it is recommended that the first two types of Introductory Scenes, namely, Viskarnbhaka and Pravesaka should be used by a playwright when he has to condense matters of long duration and requires sufficient length for the intermediary action. When the matter to be brought out through these scenes is comparatively small, then the ahkamukha sho uld be used. If the matter is still less than what could be intimated through an ahkamukha, then culika should be used, and when it is of the least duration, ahkavatara is to be introduced .5 With regard to the situation of the various types of the Introductory Scenes KumarasvamI observes in his Ratnapana that the ankasya and the ahkavatara have their situation in the midst of an A ct; vishkambha and jpravesaka are placed always without the Act, and culika has its situation both within and without an Act .4 2. The presentable matter is comprised of all important incidents and may be divided into two classes : one, consist1. 2. 3. 4. S. D . V I-2 0 . N . D . p. 4 1 , Line 5. Ib id . 1 -2 7 . R atnapana : p. 116, LI. 9 -1 1 .
LAWS O F SANSCRIT DRAMA
mg o f a conversation ^ctween two or mer* -characters appearing on the stage before the spectators, and the other consisting of a monologue wherein a single character apeaks on the stage, and for a response looks at the tky and iterates the other part of the conversation as though he is- bearing the reply from the void. The latter talk he opeoi with the pforase, /w hat dp you say or do you say so'.1 Both the question and the answer are uttered by only ontafcaracter ia this typs of monologue which is known as a from void or nk&sa-bhashitam? According to Nakhakutlfft, a mono logue anticipating speeches from void can be used ia course of the Induction as well as in the body of the drama .8 The matter thus presented to the spectators in either form so as to become audible to them has a technical name, prakaiam 3. The subject-matter which is not supposed to be heard by the spectators but remains to be inferred by them so as to get explained in due course is something which it only seen by them on the stage and may be called as visible or irsya or unmeya. This class o f subject-matter is of four-fold character : ( i ) The first kind of such matter is that which is spoken by a character to himself. It contains his own feelings about ja matter or an event which he does not want the other characters to know. It also includes the soliloquies of a character which are of scheming nature. Such portion of the plot is called as said to oneself, i.e . svagatam or atmagatam.5 It is, o f course, inaudible to others.
I..
2.
K im bravtshi iti
N a -X X V I 80 j D . K . I .- 6 7 ; N . D . 13b; S. D. V I-1 4 0 ; B. P*
p . 2 2 0 , L I. 3 - 4 ; N . R . p . M . M . p . 6 0 , L I. 2 0 - 2 1 . 81, L I.
1 8 -1 9 ;
R . S.
III-2 0 0 ;
3. 4.
Nepathyoktam smfam yatra tvakZ'sa-vacanam tatha I Samasrhyapi kartavyam Utnukham natakudishu I I . . . S. D. V I - 89. S. D. V I 1 3 8 a ; D. R . 1 - 6 4 ; N. D. 12a;
B. P. p . 2 2 9 -1 8 ;
M . M . p . 6 0 12 ; N . R . p. 8 1 - 3 ; R . S. X II-2 9 7 .
5.
N s -X X V I-8 1 - 8 1 - 8 2 a ; S. D. V I-1 3 7 ; D. R. 1 -6 4 ; N. D. 1 2a;

B. P. p . 2 1 9 - 1 8 .
t CHAP.
I ll]
DRAM ATIC PLOT
71
( i i ) The second type of such matters is what is termed as the apavarltam, which is spoken aside to one person to the exclusion of others. It is generally presented on the stage by turning the face of the speaker drawn nigh to the hearer .1 This is, in fact, a'talk in confidence. ) The third type is an exclusive speech or the janfintikam which is purported to be heard by a ll^ to the -exclusion of one or more characters present at the time .8 Such speech is symbolised by screening the hearer or the hearers by means of a twisted slanting palm with first three fingers raised by the speaker by means of curving his third finger.2 Such a posture of the hand of the speaker is called tripataka? Janantika is, therefore, a sort of personajaddress. ( iv ) There is still a fourth type. At occasions it becomes necessary to hide a particular scheme or a plot which is yet under contemplation from the audience or the readers until it matures. The concealment of facts is really in the interest of maintaining unity or the uniformity of interest in the plot. At such occasions, the scheme is told secretly to the person concerned and the stage-direction is in the form of so and so in the ear ( karne evam evam ). 4 At its proper place when the scheme materialises, it is, of its own accord, brought home to the audience. The three-fold classification of the plot, as mentioned above, has beenHone by reference to its source, the nature of charac ters introduced in it, and its mode of representation. But so far as the Uw-constituent elements are concerned, the plot
1.. N5. X X V I-8 2 b ; S. D. V I-1 3 8 a ; D. R. I. 66b; B. P. p. 2 2 0 -1 ; M. M. 6 0 -1 7 ; N. R. 81. 2. Na. X X V I- 83 ; S. D. V I - 1 3 9 ; D. R . I - 6 5 b - 6 6 a ; N. D . 13a ; R . S., I I I - 2 0 2 ; B. P. p . 219 LI. 14 16 ; N . R .-p . 8 1 , LI. 1 5 -1 6 . 3. 4. 5. N. IX -2 6 ; M .M . p. 6 0 . LI. 2 2 -2 5 ; N .D. p . 3 1 -2 1 ; R .S. I I I - 2 0 3 . T he nam e given to it is Karne nicedyam Na. X X V I-8 4 . I t may be noted th at svagatarn is asruvya or not to be heard, whereas, the apavarita, the janantika a n d the karne nivedya a re niyata sravya or to be heard by the few. 2 1 -2 2 ; M. M. p . 6 9 , LI.
.:I '%
LAWS OF S A N S K rIt DRAMA * is mainly divided into the one, which is known as the principal {adhikarika ) and the other, which is called subsidiary or the ' prasangika.
.
1. Adhikarika is that portion of the dramatic plot which consists of incidents that are connected with the adhikdrin. An mlhikarin is that who is possessed of adhikara, which is techni cally defined by Dhanafijaya as the possession or enjoyment o f the desired result. Thus the person whose attainment of a particular object is the main purpose of the~plot is known as the adhikUrin, and all the episodes directly connected ivith him constitute the main or the principal p a rT o fth e ^ io t; SfliieTiIs, therefore, called the adhikarika or pradhana.1 The subsidiary part of the plot deals with incidents or activities connected with persons other than the adhikarin. The activities done by such subsidiary characters form the incidental subject in the plot, because such activities of the minor characters purport to f ul* fil the ends of the m otif of the play .2 The doers of the auxiliary tasks may have, if at all, some subsidiary interest of their own, but on the whole, all their activities are su p p o sed # laure to the benefit of the hero or the adhikUrin of the play, The subsidiary (prVsansika) portion o f the ptot is again of thiee kinds .3 ( i ) the Episode or Pataka, ( iii ) the Incident or the Prakari, and (iii) the Indication of Episodes or the Patnknsthanakas. They are defined by the dramaturgists as follows : . ( i ) Pataka : It is that portion o f the plot which deals with the activities of a person who acts in aid of the principal cause. It is of sufficient duration ( vyapi ) and ranges to a large extent of the execution of the main incident in the plot .4
1.
N. X X l |t - 3 - 5 a ; S. D .
V I-4 3 ;
D. K .
1 -1 2 ;
N. D.
10a;
N. L. R. 224 ; B. P. p. 201, LI. 5 -6 ; M. M. p. 59 LI. 2 3 -2 4 ; R. S. I l l 19. 2. 3. 4.

N . X X IX -5 b ; S. D. V I - 4 4 a ; D. R. 1 -1 3 ; N. D. 10a B. P.
p. 2 0 1 -6 ; M . M. p. 5 9 -2 5 . B. P. p. 201, LI. 1 1 -1 2 . N. X I X - 25 ; S. D. V I-6 7 a ; D. R. I - 1 3 b ; N. D. 29a ; N. L. R. 191 ; B. P. p. 201 Line 13 ; P. R. p. 107 top ; M . M. p . 6 1 -6 ;
[ CHAP.
Ill ]
DRAMATIC PLOT
73
The subsidiary portion of the plot, namely, pataka, may have stages of beginning, endeavour, and fulfilment o f its own part o f the action which may be conveyed only by means of inti mation. The different stages of the_snksidiary action are not marked separately. They are called ' musaridhis temtan witEIn "the junctures of the main plot.1 - The helper in the main cause also , is called Pataka (-nayaka), since his actions are just like a banner signifying the success of the principal character in the achievement of his object. ccording to the instructions of Bharata, the element of :3 should, strictly speaking, cease to pervade beyond the stage of Catastasis ( garbha sandhi ) or the latest by the Epitasis (vimarsa sandhi).2 In course of the Apodosis ( nirvahana sandhi ), the action in drama reaches the stage of fulfil ment, and so it is deemed high time for the prevalence of the subsidiary action of the Pataka. Although the general practice is to retire the -Pataka by the juncture of Development (garbha) or of Pause ( vimarsa, ) still in certain cases more likely in N a t i k a s the pataka may occupy some position even in the juncture of Conclusion (Upasamhara sandhi), as does Yaugandharayana in the Udayana plays .3
1. 2. N . D. 33b. N , X iX 30 ; S. D. V I-6 8 a ; N. D .-2 9 b ; N. L. R. 194 ; B. P. p. 201, Line 26.
3.
The lim it prescribed by B h arata for the d u ratio n of the PatakU

is upto the Garbha or the Vimarsa Sandhi. T he lim itin g sense is Hence denoted by means of the p a rtic le a (ah) w hich is used b o th in the sense of including as well as excluding the term inus. the rule of B h arata gives a scope for the discretion of the p lay w right to term in ate the operations of the Pataka w ith the close of the Pratimukha or the Garbha Sandhi or to do so at the end of the Vimarsa S andhi as well. At an y rate, from all points of view, no doubt, perm itted to A b hinava Bharatr> the extent of the action of the Pataka is, the details of which are discussed below.
prevail in course of the th ree above-m entioned stages of action, however, seems to favour even further extension of the Pataka, and holds the view th a t it can accede even w ithin Conclusion as well. the Ju n c tu re of
74
LAWS'OF SANSKRIT DRAMA
The leader of the Pataka may or may o a t have t. personal end to be served in rendering such senjioes a* is thuWQ above in furtherance of the cause of the heroVFor instance, in alt dramas dealing with the earlier life of Rama, the character Of Sktrtva is a Pataka, fo r all his efforts are meant to foster tilt cause of Sri Rama in regaining his lost wife. Yet be has a gain of his own in the acquisition o f his lost kingdom, Similar Is the case of M akaranda in the M alatl Madhavam, for a M i t endea vours are for the sake o f the hero, but he has all tbs same a gain fo r himself in his marriage with Lavangifc* nrhieh is concomitant with the marriage of M adhava w iti MU&tl. -But in cases like that o f ViMshaka in the MIlaviBCpiliaiitram there is no personal gain, however, remote, but all the con trivance is meant for securing M alavika for A gnim itral According to ViSvanatha where the leader of the pataka nas an interest of his own as well, that much action of tta.fi patZkG ,w|ticlt is to further the main cause would b* the Episode proper ( paf fi kn) in the plot of the play ; whereas that portion which deals with the personal achievement of the leader of the Episode will not be termed as PatnkV, e, g. the scene of installation of Sugrlva on, the throne of Klshkindht will not be so termed .1 The NStya-darpana, however, does not appear very
1. Palaka-tiayakasya sydt na svaktyam phalantaram S. D. V I 6 7 b . T he language of th e ' text is ra th e r ambiguous, fo r portion of the action w hich involves if th a t the personal acquisi the plot w herein Despite this diffi text o f
tio n of the leader is not to be included in PatSka, it, then, becomes difficult to fin d out a culty M m . o f Pataka.* v iew .f offer. sub-division in such subsidiary action m ay fin d its position. S iv ad atta ârm 5 seems to
explain the
V isvanatha so as to exclude the subsidiary result from the range R am acarana TarkavagTsa also holds out the same Mm. D urgSprasada h as a n ingenious in terp re ta tio n to He means th a t the subsidiary end, when achieved, is only
a short phase ; and as it is not Vycipi it is not Pataka proper. I f a t * t R ucirS p. 452, LI. 5 et seq. V iv rti p. 2 9 7 , LI. 1 -6 .
[ CHAP. I l l ]
DRAMATIC PLOT
75
much to favour the point of Pg.Mk& having .sowg jngjtive jof itsTSWrTfo/personal acquT?;titrfrrr:~ ^ ^ " " " ^ ' " , ( iijyP fa fc a fi fs an incideBf'Whieh is casual &n4 occupies a stnall portion of the dramatis res-business.2 It also helps the main c.apse but its length o f duration is much shorter than
a ll the term is applied to it, it is only in a secondary segse,. In
fact, the subsidiary end is not the le a d e rs gajn, b u t is another secondary achievem ent of the p rin cip al hero as his frien d s, ad van* tage, and so it is beyond the purview of Pataka* A ccording to M m . H aridSsa, V isvanStha purports to say th a t the leader of the Paiaka ia the first place has no persona} g a in to m ake out of his efforts, yet, if a t a ll there is any g ain , it should be a ll over before the close of the Epitasis, and if a t a ll the Patnkn continues to p a rtic ip a te in to some actio n upto the Apodosis, it is purely for the hero a n d m eant fo r the fru itio n o f his am bitions.f I t m ay, however, be subm itted th a t th e text of VisvanStha m eans th a t th e leader of the Episode m ay not, in general, have a cause different from the p rin c ip a l one. W hatever is his g ain , it is, in fa c t, th e In fa c t, V isvanStha for* The p ersonality of the subsidiary g a in o f the hero himself. in course of a n action of the play.
bids the presence of more th a n one molif to exist concurrently Pataka is to submerge into th a t of the hero; and a ll th a t the PatfikS can expect to have som ething is only as a meed for his valuable assistance in ^ K illin g the m ain m otive, so as to m ark , along w ith the success of the hero, a common glory o f all an d a comedy a t a ll fronts, as is seen in the illu stratio n of Sugrlvas in stallatio n w hich follows R am as acquisition of Sita.J
1. .N . D . 1 - 2 9 .
2.
-N. X I X - 2 6 ; S. D. V I - 6 8 b ; D. R. I - 1 3 b ; 2 0 1 - 1 3 ; P. R . p. 107 top ; M. M . p. 6 1 - 7 .
N. D .- 8 2 a ; B. P. p.
* t t
C haya p. 296, LI. 4 et seq. K usum a-pratim a p . 3 1 6 , LI. 6 et seq. Cf. Shakespeares As you like i t where the hym eneal hym n m arks the joys of all : A udrey & O liv er a t the end; or of the Pataka an d the Prakafi in G ra tia n o an d Lorenzo s rejoicings along w ith Bassanio s happy acquisition o f P ortia of Venice. in the M erch an t
76
that of" Pataka. The leader of Prakari has no personal end to serve at all .1 It has no stages of action for itself and hence t o anusandhis? To illustrate, in all the plays dealing with Ram as life, the performance of Jatayu reveals no interest o f his own save the one of helping the cause Of Rama. Like wise the help of Sgudaminl in the M alatl Madhavam may be deemed a suitable^lhistratlon"of Prakari. It generally occu pies' a posterior position to Pataka in the progress of the dramatic plot. Like Pataka', observes Visvan&tha, 'prakari does not embody within its purview any fruit or advantage which its leader may have incidentally derived from the assis tance so rendered by him . 3 To support this view, the acqui sition o f absolution by Jatayu is referred to by Tarkavftglâ.4 Saradatanaya, however, has a different meaning to attri bute to the term prakari. He defines that just as flowers and rice are the decorations for a sacrificial altar so is Prakari to the plot of a play, which consists of description of some season or other beautiful phenomenon suitable to the occasion .8 But this view of Saradatanaya does not find support in the NBtya Sastra or any other extant work on dramaturgy .6 Though some
1. 2. 3. 4. R. S. 111-14. B. P. p. 234, Line 10. S. D. Vi* 69a. V iv rti-p . 297, Line 10 : I t m ay, however, be added here th a t none o f the e x tan t d ra m a s dealing v/Uh the incident of Jata y u brings on stage his acquisition of liberation from the w orld and hence it seems quite beside the point. B. P. p. 202,- L I. 4 5 ; Mm. D urgaprasada D viveda reads as : " Sobhayai vedikadinam yatlia pushpakshatadayah ! Athartu varnariadlriim prasahge prakari bhavet / / Chaya p. 297. S arad atan ay a does not give any exam ple of this type of his Prakari, co n trary 6. to his ususal practice of illu stratin g these points w ith ap t denotations from am ong the classical dram as. I f a t a ll this is borrowed from any an cie n t canonist, it m ay be At an y ra te , R aghava K o h ala, M atrgupta or Subandhu whose works am ong those of others are not a v a ila b le for reference. B hatta invokes the authority o f S a rad atan ay a to support his
[ CHAP.
Ill ]
DRAMATIC PLOT
77
sort of description which pertains to the season or any other natural phenomenon forms one of the recommended conven tions in a dramatic composition, still to allot so important a position to the description of an environment as it may occupy a complete sandhi and be one o f the five elements of the plot is a little too much to think. This view hardly seems to be borne out even by the practice of the playwrights. It seems, therefore, sufficiently doubtful to uphold that Sara datanaya ever had this view of allowing the descriptions o f seasons to play the r61e of Prakari in a drama. Singa Bhupala who makes a reference to Sardatanayas work reads that the position of Prakari in a play is as ornamental as the flowers have on an altar, which seems to be more in keeping . with the spirit of the text.1 ' ( iii ) A Pataka-sthanaka is an indication o f a matter other than what is contemplated by the mention o f something which, though extraneous, tends to oblige the m otif o f the play. The matter thus indicated may be either means or an end, but it should help the attainment of the main cause in the
contention that the description of the spring season in the sixth Act of the Sskuntala forms the Prakari, as he does, not to believe the episode of Kanva, the fisherman or M atali as the point of P rakari* Curiously enough, Mm. Sivadatta Sarm5 includes this citiation o f the Sskuntalas reference o f the Vi Act , into the statement of Saradatanaya, which is not borne out by the available text of the Bhavaprakasa, ( G. O, S. )f 1. A reading of similar import is found in the printed text of the Bhavaprakasa ( G. O. S. p. 202, LI. 4 6 ). It is, however, yet to be found as to which text was relied on by Raghava Bhatta, from whom seem to borrow wi'thout further reference such scholiasts as Mm. Sivadatta Carina t and Mm. and others. * t t For further details Vide Book II, Chap.' I, Sec. VIII Infra. B. P. p. 2 0 2 , LI. 4 ... Rucira : p. 453. Ch5yS : p. 297, Foot-note 2, lines 2 - 5 . DurggprasSda
* r I
t--yA f ( ^ U n ^ 78
> V i^'J *' i
f dram&tic atin. It is ad- ornament of the dratuatte plot and { its use is reeonmendfed as often as possible in a drama. No r show is deemed to be perfect unless it is decorated by the E Pafaka-sthanaka at least once. It differs frofn PatBkV in the I sense that the former is an intermittent artifice t& SIifce the latter | " which contains some continuous matter preVaSlifig o W a large | .. ytiîSêXteM df the action. It is, in fact, a point 6 f |>iVOt which gives at times an interesting turn to the d ra a a ift action and involves a course of pathetic fallacy as well.- Sfradfttanaya h adds that this artifice helps a good deal in anticipatS&g. the operaL ytioris of Pataka1; or a_futureêvent: is hinted by soraethi'Bt u n der I some pretext or the other. Bharata and Dhanaflj&ya? 3 erxpli; citly define a Pafiika^sthurtaka as a spot whVfe'i; Sadd 1 1 introduction of some extraneous matter indicates, fey virtue of certain coTpmon characteristics, something already begun or about to begin.' ... ? The point of similarity betweeii the matter and the matter indicated may again be either in respect A o f situations ( samvidhana ) or in respect 0i attributes ( vise^ V .\% -shana ). Consequently, the patnkn-sthnnaka is of two kinds : ? ' one, known as tulya-samvidhclnaka or that which bears similarity between the matter indicating and the indicated. In this case the alahkara of anyokti offers the indication. Second, known as tulya-viseshanaka is that which indicates the matter of simila rity of attributes. In this case it is samasokti or the figure of suggestion that makes the indication. The author of the Rasarnava-sudhakara adds that the former is again of three kinds, and the latter is a type by itself. Thus the Pataka-sthanakas are, in all, four in number which is in keeping with the Bharatas dictum on the subject.3 No specific names are given to them; but they are distinguished inter se by the use of the ordinal numerals prefixed to them. According to Bharata and his followers they are verily defined as below : gy*
1.
2. 3.
B. P. p. 202-L l. 8 9.
N . X I X - 3 1 ; D . R. 1 - 1 4 ; S. D. V i-4 5 ; N. R. p. 1 2 0 -5 . R. S. 1 1 1 -1 6 , 13. P. p. 2 0 3 , LI. 3 -1 1 .
[ CHAP. I ll ]
DRAMATIC PLOT
79
^
1. The first (prathama) Patakct-sthandka consists of an abrupt revelation of facts|\vhich result in the acquisitiofl of a desired*ob]ect! Tne aHruptness is the source of wonder in t this case, and it amuses the visitors on account of the unexpected turn that the events take in course of the dramatic action .1 For instance, when SagarikS in the Ratnavall stran gles herself to death, the king Udayana takes her tt> be VSsavadatfca and relieves her of the noose. A moment, later, tUe hero recognises her and says, O ! how, my darling S5 g arika ! 2 Here on account of similarity o f situation there: occurs an. interesting pivot in the action, and so it presents the first and the foremost type of Pataka-sthanaka. It becomes a second (dvitlya) tiype of Pamka-sthfinaka where a statement is full of suggestion on account o f its text being capable of giving out more than one sense.3 An example o f the same is visible in the Venisamhara where the Sfagemanager says, may the sons of Kuru become svastha along with their servants !4 The statement arouses the wrath of Bhlmasena, who calls out, how could the Kauravas become comfortable so long as 1 am alive ! and then construes the statement by virtue of paranomasia (slesha) so as to mean that the Kauravas rfre despatched to heavens, which is only a euphemism for their being killed in the field of battle.
2.
Th third PatdkV-sthnnakTi presents itself at a spot where a* duplicate sense brought forth by means of a play on words suggests, an idea which falls in suit with the subject-matter in discourse .0 This is more appreciable when it consists of an equivocal catechism, as is presented in the Chamberlains dialogue with Duryodhana in the second Act of the Venisamhara
1. 2. 3. 4. 6. N. X?X, 3 2 ; S. D . VI 46; B. P. 2 0 2 , L l- 1 8 - 1 9 ; R . S. H I - 1 7 ; N . D. S 'W N . L. R. 1007. Rat. I I I -x v i-8 . N. X IX 33; S. D . Vi -47 ; B. P. p. 202, LI. 2 0 -2 1 ; R . S. 111-18; N. D. 3 1 a ; N . L. R. 1016. V em .X -7. N . X IX 3 4 ; S. D . V I-4 8 ; B. P. p. 202, LI. 2 2 -2 3 ; R. S. p. 113; N. D. 31b ; N, L. R. 1923.
80
or in the dialogue of Canakya and Siddharthaka in the MudrarSkshasa .1 *"'4. The fourth (caturtha) patftku-sttonaka becomes avail able where there is some statement full of pun which is directly related to the subject-matter of the play and brings in sugges tively the motive of the action .2 A suitable illustration is found in the Ratnavall, where by common adjectives capable of yielding dual sense, reference is made to the acquisition of Ratnavall who is put together with Vasavadatti as her co-wife.3 ' It may be noticed here that these four patakZt-sthSnakas can be frequently used by the playwrights according as it suits their sense of dramatic justice. There is no point in-making express rules for their use as some seem to prescribe to the effect that these four paffikB-sthariakas should be used in suc cession in the first four Junctures commencing with, the Pro tasis in a drama .4 The Juncture of Conclusion should, there fore, have no Episode-indication according to this school of thought .5 This opinion, hardly stands to any reason $ for the dramatic embellishmttnts as these artifices are, they can be used in any order and anywhere and as many times as they cater to the taste of the visitors sense o f appreciation and the playwrights art of execution. The view with regard to the free use of these indications is upheld by Visvanatha and also finds support in the practice of the playwrights .6 The Natyadarpana reverses the order of the third type into the fourth and the vice versa? but as the numerical order has very little to do with the order of merit and use, it is an insignificant divergence from the aphorisms of Bharata.
1. 2. 3. 4. 0. 6. 7.
VenT. I I -x x u i~ 2 ~ 7 ; M. R . p. 88-L 1. 1 - 4 .
N . X I X - 3 5 ; S. D . V I -4 9 1 0 3 4 ; R . S. Ibid. R at. I l- iv . N. L. R . 1037. Ibid. 997. S. D . p. 2 9 1 , LI. 9 -1 0 . N. D . vide pp. 4 5 , 4 6 . B. P. 2 3 - 1 - 2 ; N . D. 3 1b ; N. L. R.
1 3 ^ 7
[ CHAP.
I ll ]
DRAMATIC PLOT
81
These are the several divisions of the subsidiary plot. Every thing else is the main theme of the drama which covers the entire stretch of action o f the principal character, who reaps the fruits of his own labour as well as of the endeavours of all those . who support him. The makt action, therefore, must necessarily have a beginning and an end. But as these two stages cannot coalesce so as to endure the*interest in the action, the beginning and the end must be intervened by obstructions, efforts for their removal, success of such efforts and consequently the ultimate success in the undertaking. It seems to be the natural course for dispensation of facts if they are presented with an abiding interest before the spectators and readers.vTn view o f this psychological phenomenon, the entire dramatic action is divided into five stages.1 They are known as Commencement ( arambha ), Endeavour ( yatna ), Prospect of Success ( praptyasa), Certainty of Success ( nltyatapti), and Consummation ( phalagama ) or attainment of fruit. These stages are defined by Bharata as fo llo w s: I. Commencement ( arambha ) : It is that stage of action which reveals the* inclination &ncj zeal ,of the..principal hero for achieving the object of his desire. As the will preceeds all action, it is the expression of a will and an effective will that taem ow me flrst course o f the dramatic action .2 Endeavour ( prayatna ) : It is a zealous pursuit after the object of desire that marks the second stage o f action. It also covers the expression o f anxiety which is a mental phenomenon and propels the hero to find and try all sorts o f means to the end .3
1. N . X I X -9 ; S. D . V I -7 0 ; p. 206, LI. 1 -2 ; 2. D . R. 1 - 1 9 ; N . D . verse 34 ; B. P. N. R. p. 77, LI. 8 9 ; B. P-
M. M. p. 6 1 , 1 0;
N . L. R . 5 7 -5 8 ; R . S. I l l 23. N . X I X - 10 ; D . R. I - 2 0 a ; S. D. V I~ 7 1 b ; N. D . 3 5 a ; p. 206, LI. 5 - 6 ; p. 101, LI. 1 9 ; M. M. p. 6 1 , 12 ; N . L. R. 5 9 ; R . S. I l l 23b.
P. R . p. 1 0 5 , LI. 9 ; N . R .
3.
N . X lX -1 1 ; D . R . I-2 0 b ; S. D . V I-7 2 a ; N . D . 35a; B. P. p .
82
' LAWS OF SANSKRIT DRAMA
.Prospect of Success ( praptyasa ) lies in that stage of action which signifies some hops of hitting the mark though it is fret with chances of missing. There is every suspicion of losing the board, yet anxious endeavours are in full swing; and this stage of action5'culminates almost " in "that situation where it begins appearing that there are less misses than hits .1 ^Certainty of Success f niyatapti) arises when all _impediments that stand in the way of begetting success are removed. It is the fourth and the pen-ultimate stage of action .2 Accor ding to Agmakutta the failure of the aims of the opponent or the downfall of the rivals is a sign of surety of success for the hero .3 5. Consummation f phalagama ) : When 1all efforts of the hero, his counter-part and assistants are crowned with success and bear the result of total acquisition of the desired object, fhe dramatic action reaches its apex of fulfilment. Thus the achievement of the heros cause marks the finis of the play, and that is the last stage of action .4 M atrguptahas aptly drawn the distinction among the various stages of action by reference to the illustration of Ram as Victory against Ravana. He observes that in an action of the annihilation of Ravana, the onslaught on K hara and DQshana is the Commencement. As an opposition, the act of Sltas molestation arranged by Surpanakha has afforded an oppor tunity for endeavour on both the sides, viz., regaining the lost wife on the part of Rama and retaining his booty on the part o f Ravana. Then by amity with Sugrlva, prospect of success
2 0 6 , Ll. 7 -8 ; M, M. p. 6 1 , 13; P. R. p. 105, 10; N. R. p. 115, 13; I N. L. R. 66; R. S. I l l 24a. S. D. 72b; N . D. 35b; B. P. p. 206, P. R . p. 106, 1; N . R. p. 1 3 6 ,3 ; N . X I X - 12; D R , I-2 1 a ; Ll. 9 -1 0 ; M M . p. 6 1 ,1 4 , N L R,' 69; R. S. I l l 24b. 2. 3. 4 Ibid et seq.; N. R. p. 144, 2; N. L. R. 76. Arater apacaya-parampara, niyata ca phala-praptih. q. i. N . L. R. 8 3 , N X 'X -1 4 ; D . R . I - 2 2 a , S. D. V i-7 3 b , N. D . 36b, B. P. p. 206, 13; M. M. p. 6 1 ,1 6 ; P. R. p. 106, 3; N L. R. 89; R. S. IU 25, N. R. p. 1 5 3 ,1 3 ;
[C H A P .
H I]
DRAM ATIC PLOT
83
is secured. With the destruction of Kumbhakarna and the retinue of Ravana the certainty of success ensues. , And lastly, killing of Ravana by Rama in the interest, o f the divine race is the fruit which brings the hero the gain of all the three ends of human existence, viz. Dharma, Artha and Kama? ' " 1 C o l l a r t o the five stages of action, Bharata lays idown similarly five elements of plot known as -the ArthaPrakrtis which form the very substrata of the dramatic Story,, They differ from the K arvavasthas inasmuch as they renres e ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ m fy ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ fe ^ ^ e d J ^ ^ h ^ J a ttC T ^ o b je c trv ^ ^ These elements are the germ ( bija ), the drop ( bindu ), the episode ( Pataka ), the incident ( prakari ) and the denouement ( k a r y a j* . ... Germ f blja ) is defined as the cause of denouement which is manifested at the outset in a very small form, but gradually expands in manifold ways as the action proceeds. This is the first element which corresponds to the first- stage of actiontheme. For example, Dushyantas attraction at the first sight o f Jsakuntala, or the enthusiasm of Yudhishthira ignited by Bhlmas wrath in the Venisamhara or Canakyas zeal to win Rakshasa for Candragupta, his protege' in the Mudra-rakshasa may be cited as the illustration of the germ in a dramatic plot. Blja is, therefore, the so.urce of action which is always placed iiii*P<lilliiiflm ttw w w * minutely at the; outset and which develops at regular intervals and culminates into the fruition of action .0 .... -- '._ ' 'Vm .'-m ' M atrgupta looks at the bija from three points of view, the consequence, the object and the subjec^tôf the action. The seed that developsjmto fruit is the Phala-bija, the story of the play i^ th z/vastu-bija, and the hero is, according to him, the artha-bija.4 According to Sagaranandin there are three ways of setting in the bija, namely, by means of equivocal expression
1. 2. N. L. R. 102. N. X IX -2 2 ; S. D. V I-6 4 ; M. M. p. 60, 27; N. L. R. 131; B. P. p. 204, 21; N . D . p. 28. Ibid. et seq ; P. R. p. 106, 5; D. R. I-1 7 a . ChSya p. 296 - note 1.
3. 4.
84
( ilesha ),.^similarity of episodes ( chaya ), or direct statement ( upaksffepa j .1 > 2; The germ after being set in once in course of the plot gets for a while dislocated on account of the interruption of several synchronal events. After such a dislocation due to extraneous circumstances, there comes up, as it were a, drop of a certain matter which again helps the germ to shoot up and prevail in the plot. This sudden drop caused by some animate move or an action of a character in a play is called 'Bindu', which is defined by Bharata as the cause of resuming the main purpose of the play, when it gets interrupted. It continues to do so covertly right upto tn e end of the play.2. The Daârtlpaka defines it as the cause of resumption of the original theme at the close of some subsidiary event th at intervened it .3
- .......................| B n_ | | I| | IU | [ ..... - T ..t M l L. Iffi: i| i~-iii inirwiuM | | i)ij i )rr r i~ fi' irT-fiT>i*^*,niintH^ 1 f f ' i r iii i) iiiii t i iii f f ii^Miwiii>irr r- -
1. 2.
N. L. R. 139. N. X IX -2 4 ; S. D. V I-6 6 ; M. M. p. 61, Ll. 4 -5 ; N . D. p. 32; P. R. p. 106, 6; D. R. I-1 7 b ; N. L. R. 1 6 4 -5 ; N. R. p, 108, 15; B. P. p. 204.
3.
The
text
of
the Dasarupaka
is
avzintarSrtha-vkthult
bindur
aeeheda-karanam, which is translated by Dr. Haas a when the
secondary matter is interrupted, the cause of It* is the Expansion ( bindu ) *.
being
re*umed
Here it may be submitted that
the translation of the term vieehede as interrupted* and the solution o f the compound avantarartha-vicchede has presented a misgiving of facts. For it is not the resumption of the secondary matter which is done by Bindu, but it is the resumption of the germ or the original principal matter ( blja ), which got, as a matter of fact, disturbed by the introduction o f a secondary matter in the drama; e. g., the appearance of GautamI in the first Act and then the proposol of the General for going a-hunting dislo cated the theme Of Sakuntala and the Kings attraction for her in the AbhijnySna Sakuntala. After such dislocation or inter ruption due to the introduction of the secondary matter, when there is once again the resumption of the pursuit of Ssakuntala, there comes in the drop, Bindu or the Expansion. Therefore, i f the term viecheda in the phrase, then avantarUrtha-siechede
*
Haas Translation of D. R. ( Col. U. P. ) p. 8 bottom.
CHAP.
Ill ]
DRAMATIC PLOT
85
There are various interpretations suggested for the meta phorical sense which has given the title oL Bindu to the second element of the plot. Dhanika calls it mndu because it spreads over the plot like a drop of oil on the surface of water, thereby suggesting the extending capacity of this ele ment .1 Ramacandra and Gunacandra adopt this analogy in their exposition o f the term .2 More in consonance with the definition, at any rate, is the explanation offered by SingaBhupa who suggests that just as a drop of water often sprinkled at
is to m ea n A b h in a v a in te rru p tio n , as is in te n d e d by S a g a ra n a n d in and
K alid asa* a n d done b y
D r. H a a s ,
th e com pound w ill
be in s tru m e n ta l, m ea n in g in te rru p tio n by th e seco n d ary m a tte r a n d n o t of the secondary m a tte r. O r if th e expression viecheda
is to m e a n end or close a s is in te rp re te d by som e c o m m e n ta rie s ,t th e n it w ill be a genetive ( shashthi ) com pound conveying th e re b y the sense th a t at the close o f th e se co n d ary it at becom es Bindu. th e end of H ence th e p ro p e r m a tte r w hen the p rin tr a n s la tio n w ould be,
c ip a l m a tte r is resum ed by th e sudden d ro p o f th e a c tio n p ro p e r, the seco n d ary m a tte r , th e cause o f resu m in g keeping w ith
th e p rin c ip a l one is th e E x p an sio n , w h ic h is in
D h a n ik a s j e x p la n a tio n o f the tex t o f the D a sa ru p a k a . O r i t m ay b e su b m itte d t h a t the p ro p e r in te r p r e ta tio n o f th is Sutra re a d w ith D h a n ik a s lines w ould b e , th a t th e Bindu is t h a t p ro m in e n t the m a in th em e fro m
ele m en t w hich is th e cause o f re ju v e n a tin g the germ a t th e e n d o f som e su b sid ia ry a c tio n w h ic h severed
fu rth e r progression, a n d i t m ay be illu s tra te d f ro m th e R a tn S v a ll w here a fte r th e c o m p le tio n o f th e a d o ra tio n o f A p h ro d ite w h ic h set the m a in th em e aside, th e reference to U d a y a n a ( Udayanasyendor
ivodvikshate 1 -2 3 ) resum es i t a n d expands i t for fu rth e r develop

m e n t in subsequent stages o f a c tio n . 1, 2. A v a lo k a p. 5, L ine 15. N . D . p . 4 6 , L ine 20.
* +
N .L .R . 1 6 4 ; N . R. p . 1 0 3 , 15. P r a b h S p . 9, L i n e ? ; p . 3 1 5 , L in e 10. V im a la p. 4 0 2 , L ine 1 4 ; K u s u m a -p ra tim a
A valoka p. 5 , L ine 14.
86
"*
the roots of a plant results in the fruit-bearing, similarly such matters as awaken the main cause, if often dropped in, promote the denouement of the play .1 Thus Bindu is a widespreading element. ' Summarising all these views Kohala makes the idea very clear when he says that Bindu is that occasional reference to the main m otif of action which is, at times, side-tracked on account of digression created by introduction of sub-plots or other under-currents in a play .2 There is a school of thought referred to by Sagaranandin which holds that the Bindu consists in a constantsay, almbst in every Act and Juncture reminding of the main urge behind the action .3 The said urge may be prompted by reasons of love, insult or enthusiasm which may be found respectively in the erotic, retributive ,4 or heroic themes. That the gradual loss of opponents or failure of the impeding stock becoming continually perceptible presents the element of Drop is the observation of the same thought from another angle of vision made by some other scholar cited by Sagaranandin .8 Sarada tanaya states that Bindu owes its origin either to perverseness or to some-adversity, the former resulting - from anger and the latter from sadness .6 The view is altogether novel and does not find any support in Bharata or any other canonist noticed above. From the point of view of the constitution of the drama also, it seems both baseless and irrelevant as is shewn by the compilers omission in illustrating his classification. All the same, Rucipati seems to have some such authority in his mind as Saradatanaya has, which makes him believe that the Bindu may be available in the nature of perturbance, flurry or mental
1. 2. 3. 4. 5.
R . S. XXX-12. K o h a la as c ite d by B. P . p . 2 0 4 , L l. 1 3 - 1 4 . N . L . R . L l. 1 7 3 1 7 8 . R e f. V enTsam hara as a specim en o f re trib u tiv e im pulse. N . L. R . 183. B. P. p . 2 0 4 , L l. 1 5 - 2 0 .
6.
CHAP.
I ll ]
DRAMATIC PLOT
87
agitation (udvega). He further believes that the reference to Bindu should be sought in almost every Act of the play .1 3 & 4 : The third element of the plot is the Pataka, and the fourth one is ,the Prakari which are discussed under the head ing of the subsidiary plot .2 The Pataka and the Prakari are considered to be eternal (nitya) or necessary limbs of the dramatic action and they are advised to be inserted as far as possible (yatha yogam).3 Authors like Sihga Bhupala and Visvanatha insist on the use of these elements in a drama unless it becomes almost impracticable/to have them. Yet there are oft-quoted expressions found in different glosses which declare that the elements of the Pataka and the Prakari are of optional use .4 The Natya-darpana, however, agrees to the latter view. At any rate it should be distinctly understood that in case the Pataka and the Prakari are missing then it stands without mention that the element of Bindu will prevail in those dramas to a very wide extent so as to cover the stage of Endeavour, of Prospect of Success and also of Certainty of Success. 5. The fifth element of the plot is the denouement or the Karya which depicts the cause or the m o tif of the play. It % tH e-S 5rjôf_w hiah the attainment is desired, for which all efforts a re directed and the achievement of which closes the action .5 The objects of achievement which constitute the denoue ment of a play are the three objects of human existence ^ ;
Gloss on A. R . p. h e re t h a t
13 la s t lin e a n d to p of p . 1 4 .
I t m ay be added
R u c ip a ti also quotes th e d e fin itio n of Bindu f ro m N . S .
w ith a q u a in t re ad in g phala-mccheda-karanam, w h ic h is incongrous unless phala-viecheda is to m e a n c u lm in a tio n . 2. 3. V ide P p. 5 0 - 5 2 supra. B, P. p . 2 0 5 - 5 . N . D . p. 4 6 - 1 4 . F o r f u r th e r d e ta ils V id e p p . 9 1 - 9 3 infra. N. X IX 2 7 ; S. D . V I-6 9 ; D. R. I-1 6 b ; P. R . p. 1 0 7 -2 ;
4.
5.
88
as noticed above; and the Karya is said to be simple if it deals with one of them (suddha) or mixed (misra) if it is associated with one or more objects .1 The Natya-darpana opines that the use of the five elements may be made freely (yatha-ruci) and does not believe in the exis tence of these elements et sequence. Their order could be revers ed according to him. The order that he chooses for them is Bija, Pataka, Prakari, Bindu and Karya,2 which is not accept able to other dramturgists, especially to those who believe in the Co-ambulation theory of Junctures .3 He considers the above pentad not as the sources of plot but only as the means to the end, i.e . the cause of the achievement of the main object. According to him such cause is twofold ::animate and inanimate. The latter is again sub-divided into the princi pal and the sub-ordinate. The germ is the principal one, since everything else depends on it and the denouement is the sub ordinate one, perhaps due to the reason that it is attained as a result of the cumulative efforts of all other factors. In the opinion of other canonists, however, the order seems to be reverse. According to them the KQrya is the principal one inas much as it is, in fact, the real point of acquisition and the very fruit of all action. Then again, the Natya-darpana classifies the animate cause into two kinds, the principal and the auxiliary. There the principal one is the drop (Bindu) which bears the thread and watches the development of action. The auxi liary is also of two types according as it is imbued with personal interest or devoted entirely to the achievement of the purpose of some one else. Out of these two sets the Natyadarpana 4 considers the Bija as the most prominent of all the inanimate causes and the Bindu among the animate ones .5
1.
2. 3. 4. 5.
M . M . p . 6 1 , L l. 8 - 9 . N . D . verse 25. F o r d e ta ils v id e P p. 7 2 - 7 7 supra. V id e p ag e 9 0 infra. N . D . p . 4 2 , L l. 2 - 3 . Cf. M a trg u p ta as cited in N . L . R . L ine 4 7 0 .
J*
[ CHAP.
Ill ]
DRAM ATIC PLOT JUNCTURES
89
A Sandhi is the combination of different phases of the main action with its subsidiaries.1 Thus it is said to mark the com- V M , ponent divisions of the dramatic action. With regard to the 4o constitution of these Sandhis there are two schools of opinion: * f one holding that the formation of dramatic Junctures depends upon the combination of the different stages of action (avasthn) with the respective Sources of the plot (prakrti; the other demarcating them in view of the different phases of the dramatic germ sprouting from its initial appearance to its fruition at the end. According to the first school there are five Sandhis in a drama which respectively copulate each stage of action to its corresponding substratum of the plot. Thus where the germ (bija) is associated with the commencement of action, it pre sents the first Juncture known as Opening or Mukhc-sandhi, which may, on the analogy of the Greek drama, be termed conveniently as the Protasis of the play. In course of Mukhasandhi the main theme is introduced, the seed o f the action is sown .2 After the commencement of the action, it is usual that the main subject is digressed by the under-current of events which intervenes the course of development of the principal action. For such reasons, there starts the stage of Endeavour which is gradually associated with Bindu or the sudden drop of such events as resume the main theme. Thus the meeting point o f the stage of Endeavour with the element of Drop starts the Pratimukha Sandhi or the Expansion of the dramatic action .3 The third stage of action, namely, the hope o f getting the object is often associated with the Episode which helps in removing impediments that stand in the way of the principal character. In this way the conjunction of
]. R . S. 11 1 -2 6 ; M . M . p . 6 1 - L . 2 0 ; P . R . p . 1 0 4 , L. 5 .; S. D . V I 6 5 a .; E . P . p . 2 0 7 , L l. 5 8 ; N . R . p . 7 7 -L 1 . 1 4 - 1 7 ; N . D . 5 4 - 6 . 2. e. g. In A c t. I, S ak., th e young dam sel a n d the h eroine. h e ro is a ttr a c te d o f th e c h a rm s o f the
has a feeling w hich is g e n tly responded to by
LAWS OF SANSKRIT DRAMA PrUptyasci with Pataka presents the third Juncture known as: the Development of action, the Garbha-sandhi or Catastasis in a dram a .1 The Prospect of success is further pqt a premium, to by the actions of certain minor helpers whose efforts of shorter duration known as incidents ensure the Certainty of success. Thus the stage of Niyatapti blended with the element of Prakari brings in the Juncture of Vitnaria~ sandhi 2 or the Pause, which may be termed as the Epitasis In a drama .3 The surety of success thus anticipated, results in the fruition of the object, and the phalagama combines wrth the denouement ( karya ) of the play towards its end. It presents the fifth Juncture called the Nirvahana or UpasamhSra Sandhi, the Consummation or the Apodosis in a drama.* The view that the Junctures are meant for catenating the five stages o f action with corresponding five elerrtents of plot is held prominently by Dhanafijaya, Singa Bhflplla and Saradatanaya ,5 who seem to base their opinion more on the strength of the N&tyaveda than that of Bharatas Ntyyadfistra. Their th eo ry ,. which may be distinctively called as the Co ambulation Thepry of Junctures, can be clearly stated in the following form : Serial Stage of No. Action : I Arambha II Prayatna III Praptyasa IV Niyatapti V Phalagama
1. 2. 3. 4.
+ +. + + +
Element of Plot : Blja (Germ) Bindu (Drop) Pataka (Episode) Prakari (Incident) Karya (D en o u em en t)
Juncture = Mukha-sandhi = Pratimukha-sandhi = Garbha-sandhi = Vimarâ-sandhi = Nirvahana-sandhi
Sak. la tte r h a lf of I I I A ct. A lso spelt as Avamar'sa Sandhi . F o r E xam ple. O bs, the o ddities in Sak. A cts IV V I. S ak. A c t V II. In m ore in vogue, th e G reek d ra m a s as th e re is ,a tra g ic end
th e last stage m a y
b e rig h tly , term ed as C a ta s- aw are of tr a g ic
tro p h e , b u t as the S a n s k rit d ra m a s a re h a rd ly
conclusion, th e title C o n su m m atio n w ould be m ore s ig n ific a n t, 5. D . R . 1- 2 2 - 2 3 ; R . S, I I I 2 6 ; B. P . p . 2 0 7 , L l. 9 10.
[OHAP .111]
DRAMATIC PLOT
9:1
Dhanailjaya defines them in the following language: He' calls Mukhasandhi to be so, as it has the combination of Blja and Arambha.1 It is called Pratimukha-sandhi because it has the union of Bindu and Prayatna!l In course of Garbha-sandhi according to Dhanailjaya, there is a regular search for the germ which becomes sometimes visible and at others missing. It is further supposed that there is conjunction of Praptyasa and Pataka in this Juncture. Here it may be noted that he is not very definite in his opinion about the necessity of Pataka, as he says, there may or may not be the element of Pataka \ 3 After the statement he is perhaps reminded of his previous opinion in regard to the prin ciple of co-ambulation as well as of the fact that Pataka is often used by classical playwrights, he adds a clause that there is a greater probability of Pataka becoming available ( Syat praptisambhavah j .4 The fourth Juncture of Vimarsa shows that
1. 2. 3. 4. D . R . 1 30. D . R . Ib id . I b id . X 36. Praptisambhava m eans th e re is a p ro b a b ility of fin d in g Pataka in a p la y . D r. H a a s has a should n o t tr a n s la tio n of his ow n o f th is passage, a n Episode ( pataka ), or w hich says, ( In it ) ( else ) th ere th ere should be
be P rospect o f Success. ( PrSpti~sambhava to D r. H a as, Pataka is essential, th en , m ea n c e rta in p lay s a n u tte r th e re be
= Praptyain ) .* there can be riq
A c co rd in g
th e existence o f w hich is so m uch em phasised o ver th a t w ith o u t it hope o f success. consequently at : no W ill it,
fa ilu re o f the d ra m a tic a c tio n no Pataka a n d divid in g the
in case in
hope o f success ? D h a n ik a , th e and ( ii ) !syat o p tio n a l A ll
a u th o r o f th e A v a lo k a , o n th e c o n tra ry , ex p lain s the te x t by sub lin e ( i ) PatTika syat na va to him prapti-sambhavah. the sam e, despite w ill, T h u s a cc o rd in g its Pataka ' is
( autsargika ), w hich m ay o r m ay n o t be found in a d ra m a . absence he in te rp re ts t h a t there.
PrSpti'sambhava
o f course, + be reference
S tra n g e ly en o u g h , D h a n ik a does n o t ( ii ) b u t o n ly illu stra te s the
c la rify p o in t b y
th e sense o f th e clause the firs t
to a q u o ta tio n from the R a tn a v a ll, w hich, in lin e o f D h a n a n ja y a s text p u rp o rtin g to
fa ct, ex p la in s * ^
H a a s T r a n s la tio n on D . R . p. 2 0 , L l. 7 - 9 ( Columbia Univ. Edn. ). N. Ii. T h e e m p h a tic p a rtic le Eva is D h a n ik a s. own.
92,
the germ is in greater bloom as compared to what it appeared in the previous Sandhi, though it is not free from impedis ta tc a g a in how th e germ a p p ea rs a c tio n . becom es visible, D h a n ik a th e n d isa p p ea rs, a n d th en the thus often p la y in g th e w ill o the wisp in
d r a m a tic
also m akes a sa d om ission in his re g a rd to th e a lte rn a tiv e elem en t absence the
A v a lo k a in observing silence in
of p lo t w h ich w ould p re v a il in the th ird J u n c tu re in the of PatakS a n d how he in te n d s to m a in ta in
coherence w ith
o rig in a l te x t* w h ic h c ateg o ric ally sta te s t h a t fiv e Stags of a c tio n co-opt w ith fiv e elem ents o f p lo t and it is th e ir c o m b in a tio n
t h a t form s respectively th e fiv e corresponding Ju n c tu re s . T h e tra n s la tio n o f D r. H a a s is ju st the reverse o f D h a n ik a s com m ent on th e tex t, in asm u c h as th e la tte r says th a t th e re m ay
o r m ay not be pataka in the Garbha-sandhi, y et the hope o f success is th e re , a n d surely it is th e re ( i f the p h ra se prBpti'SQtnbhavah
is e q u iv a le n t o f Praptyasa as suggested th e fo rm er tra n s la te s
by D r, Haiftl ) whereas th e pataka
th a t the Garbha-sandhi m ust h iv e
o r else th ere w ould be n o prospect o f success. L ooking to the opinions o f o th er c an o n ists d e ta ile d below
a n d also the om ission o f Patfikn in some d ra m a s* , i t is su b m itte d t h a t the text o f D h a n a n ja y a m eans t h a t n o t be p re sen t, as it is o p tio n a l; syat, w h ic h m eans, th e re is, in being*found in d ra m a s , for th e tow ards e n su rin g - to b r in g o u t a success. th e PalakTi m ay o r m a y a ll th e sam e Praptisambhavah g e n era l, m ore p ro b a b ility o f its activ ities, of th e Pataka go b y fa r prapti-sambhava need
T h e p h ra se
n o t h a v e reference to Praptyasa. T h is suggestion c o rre c tly a tte m p ts cogent in te r p re ta tio n and o f th e text a n d believes D r. H a a s a re , how ever, m ay be th a t th e e x p la n a tio n o f D h a n ik a only p a r tia lly c o rre c t. a v a ila b le in a w o rth w hile to sta te th a t in
I n support o f th is suggestion i t
the o p tio n , w here Pataka is n o t
d ra m a , th e stag e o f Praptyasa is asso ciated w ith
th e p ro tra c te d presence o f Bindu , the business o f w h ic h is to shoot u p w h erev er the germ is felt th e absence o f Pataka in * + R efer D . R . 1 - 2 2 . F o r c ritic a l O b s e rv a tio n o f D ra m a s vide P a rt Xl; infra fa d in g in the p la y . T h is view So in such circ u m stan c es, Bindu is supposed to f i l l in the h ia tu s caused by the p lo t, is supported by
[ OHAP, III ]
DRAMATIC PLOT
93
merits largely due to anger, curse or some other calamity .1 Lastly, the Nirvahana-sandhi is defined by Dhanafijaya as a Juncture in course of which all such matters that contained the germ and occurred in the Opening and the subsequent Sandhis and were diffused here and there are brought together to one end .2
S inga B hupala,* w ith w hom th e a u th o rs o f th e N a ty a-d a rp an a t h a t since B lja a n d in a Bindu a re also seem to agree believed w hen they sta te
to be o f w ider p re v alen c e
d r a m a tic a c tio n , they
m a y b rid g e over th e lacuna: w h erev er found, t 1. In c id e n ta lly it s itu a tio n m ay be m en tio n ed here th a t a sim ila rly dubious J u n c tu r e
is left by D h a n ^ t o y a in q ueerly
case o f th e fo u rth
as w ell, w here, o p tio n a l lik e
eiiough, h e n e ith e r ad d s Prakari to be
the Pataka, n o r declares th a t the Vimarsa-sandhi is a been s ta tin g such does not e x a c tly It
c o m b in a tio n o f Niyatflpti a n d Prakari as he h a s c o m b in a tio n s d e te rm in e th e n o tic e d ab o v e. T h e silence
essential p o sitio n o r otherw ise o f th e Prakari. fa c to r is to by Siriga
m a y o n ly lead to th e conclusion t h a t its use is o p tio n a l. i t be so, w h ic h elu c id a te d a p p e a rs th e even
S h o u ld
occupy t h a t d u ra tio n is a p o in t n o t E hupS la. L ogically, how ever, it
t h a t th e
absence o f Pataka a n d Prakari m a y w ell f i t in.
d r a m a tic
developm ent in case o f m in o r shows o f Vyayoga, b u t in a full'fled g ed p lo t o f a d ra m a affo rd to r e m a in d e v o id o f th e
Bhana, IhZmrga a n d o th ers,
o r a Prakararyi, th e cause c a n i ll
assista n ce o f e ith e r o r b o th o f these elem ents, u n iv e rs a lly reco* gnised b y a ll th e d ra m a tu rg ists . 2. T he p h ra se to EkHrtham m ean th e th e upanlyante re co lle c tio n ii
in te rp re te d im p o rta n t in th e I t m ay
by som e episodes T he
sc h o la rs! rig h t
o f a ll
from
o p en in g o f th e reco llectio n the
d ra m a
u p to
the p o in t.
existence o f such here
c u lm in a tin g
fru itio n o f be n o te d
th e o b je c t d e te rm in e s t h a t th is view m ay
Nirvahana Sandhi. r e a lity in
h ave some
r a re cases as the
one in th e S a ty a H a ris c a n d ra , b u t, on th e w hole, it is likely to b e conspicuous m o re i n its b re ac h t h a n in its observance.
> t {
V id e R . S. I I I - 2 7 b . V ide N . D . p . 4 2 , lin e 3 a n d p. 4 8 , lin e 4, N . D . p . 5 8 , lin e 2 2 e t seq.
94
This-is the view of one school of thought that believes in the Co-ambulation theory, but in view of irregularity in the matter of juxtaposition of these two concurrent phases of dramatic action, the other school does not favotir the idea of defining divers J unctures in relation to the Avasthas with Prcikrtis ; but holds th 3 lXh&-Sand his mark the different phases of the germ like the one of its appearence or disappearence, its partial bloom or its decay, ana also its fruition at length. Thus the different situations of the Bija, the concentrated quintessence of all dramatic action, showing its rise or fall or involving efforts to sprout it and depicting anxious care to vivify it, no sooner than it appears fading or withering, determine the diffe rent Junctures that weave the enHre dramatic theme. According to this school of thought, the presence of Bindu, PatclkV and Prakari distinctly at particular stages has no significance. It is the purpose, the aim and object of pursuit nursed to its full development that matters, whether be it due to Pataka or or Prakari or Bindu or one or more or all. It leads to the conclusion that according to this school 0 f thought, endorsed even by Bharatas dictum, not only is the use of Pataka and Prakari optional but even their position could be reversed according as. it suits the sense of dramatic justice of the playwright. In the opinion of this school too, believing, as enunciated above, in the Drshta-nashta theory there are only five Junctures which are dfefined in the following terms :
1.
Mukha Sandhi: It is a Juncture which discloses th origination of the germ and introduces a variety of matters "and sentiments. It also puts the principal characters to some action in furtherance of the main m otif of the play. To illustrate, the first Act of the VikramorvasI be referred to, as it contains the germ of love between Pururavas and UrvasI, d isp la y s divers events, manifests different feelings of terror and comic, and the sentiment of Purva-raga, and also opens the stage of the Commencement of action .1
1. N . X IX 39 follow ed by M . M . p. 6 i , lin e 6 3 ; R . S. I l l 30 ; som e sc h o lars desire
S. D . V I - 76.
I t m ay be n o ted here t h a t
t CHAP. in ]
DRAM ATIC PLOT
95
2. Pratimukha Sandhi : That Juncture is designated as the A c n e o f Progressionjn course of which the germ that gained jro u n d 'in Protasis is sprouted, but is visible only partly. Here the germ is in its very delicate existence as it appears only sprouted and then seems as though it has subsided.1 For instance, in the second Act of the VikramorvaSl where the heroines approach of her own accord to her fiance displays the sprouting of the germ of love, the progression of which is soon hampered on account of her sudden departure for J n d ra s C o u r t where^ her attendence was urgently required at the performance of, the Laks W -s v a m g fflflEiu 3. Garbha Sandhi or C atastasis is., that Juncture where the germ which formerly attained the stage of a sprout is further developed, but its giowth is attended by frequent hindrance and is anxiously nursed by search and other attempts to juvenate it .2 The third Act of the Vikramorvasl, for instance, brings the heroine to the mortal world under malediction and unites the coupl erkut actuaTunion Is obstr ucteJBy the^presence of the Queen and takeTplace only after the departure of Citralekha. 4 . Vimarsa Sandhi or Ejjitasis^ is that Juncture during which the germ, which has had some development in the past, gets open to greater chances of decay and fears of consequent loss due to some calamity like the one of curse or of seduc tion .3 It, however, closes invariably with possibilities of re union. For example, the curse brings in the calamity in the IV Act of the Jsakuntala, and it is a self-imposed separation in the fourth Act of the Vikramorvasl which creates the whole ; trouble on account of the transformation of the heroine into a ] creeper due to her entrance into a forbidden grove of penance.
5.. Nirvahana or Upasamhfira Sandhi Known as Consumma tion or Apodosis is that portion of a play wherein the germ is
th a t b o th Bija a n d Bindu should be b ro u g h t in in course o f P rotasis, b u t a m a jo r ity o f o p in io n is in fa v o u r of using them successively. O bs. N .L .R . 5 4 7 . 1. \ N. X IX -4 0 . Ibid. X 1 X -4 1 . Ib id . X t X - 4 2 .
2.
-I,
96
fully developed and ripens to a stage of fruition. It is a link which demonstrates that the seed with all its good and bad phases is brought up well, .and its ^-oots are concentrated so as to yield the fruit of the long longed-for achievement by the principal character .1 The fifth Act of the Vikramorvasl is a suitable specimen where for the comfort of Pururavas, the hero of the play, the life-long union is granted by Indra who is the custodian of the heroine. SANDHYANGAS or Sub*divisions o f J u n c tu re s According to Bharata each one of these Junctures has a number of sub-divisions which are spread throughout its dura tion .2 Whereas among various schools o f dramatic theorists there has been some difference o f opinion in regard to the formation of Junctures, necessarily there is a casual diffe rence in the definitions of the various sub-divisions as well,
1.
2. N . X IX -4 3 . Irresp ectiv e d r a m a tic o f fu rth e r s'.'b-divisions, M s trg u p ta a c tio n in to M ukha-sanihi a n d o th ers, hito divides a d e fin e
fiv e ju n c tu re !, b e a rin g th e m rae p o p u la r b u t prefers to
title s as th e
th em a s d e a lin g respectively
w ith the d oer ( sSdhaka ), th e m ea n s
( sadhana ), th e o b jec t ( sadhya ), success ( siddhi ) a n d c o n su m m a tio n ( sambhtga ). tio n A cco rd in g to i.e . h im e a c h J u n c tu r e is a c o m b in a elem en t o f e n th u sia sm effects a n d also
o f th ree fa c to rs,
th ere is a n
associated w ith c o n te m p la tio n o f causes a n d w ith th e o b je c t o f a c q u isitio n mukha th ere is a v a ila b ility extension o f a c tio n m ean s in
in th e M ukha-sanihi ; i n th e Prati th e n th e
o f m eans o f a c q u isitio n , th e n
( prasara ) a n d of th e
a p p lic a tio n o f those the re m o v a l o f
fu rth e ra n c e
a c h ie v e m e n t;
o b stru c tio n ( udbheda ), p rospect o f ach iev em en t, a n d th e assista n ce o f friends a re th e d istin c tiv e features o f th e Garbha-sandhi; fresh rise o f im p e d im e n ts, a f u rth e r cloud, a n d y e t fu ll chances o f success
due to th e re in fo rc em e n t o f a c tio n becom e visible in th e Vimarsasandhi; a n d th e fu lfilm e n t o f desires, th e a c q u isitio n o f o b je c t th ree in g red ien ts o f th e o th e r w ords, th e
a n d the c u lm in a tio n o f a c tio n s a re th e Niruahanasandhi.* *
T h u s M a trg u p ta follow s, in
N . L . R . L l. 4 6 0 - 6 3 0 .
[CHAP. I l l ]
DRAM ATIC PLOT
97
which is noted at its proper place in course o f the discussion now to follow : ^ A. Sub-divisions o f M u k ta-S an d h i 1. Suggestion ( Upakshepa J ^--Presentation of the germ o r sowing of thei seed is called Upakshepa} It makes the first introduction of the heros desire, the very nucleus of the dramatic action. It is not necessary that the germ should be brought in by the hero himself, for any one interested in him may make a mention of what he wants to achieve; e. g. the hero himself suggests the germ of action in the Sakuntala, but it is Yaugandharftyapa in the RatnSvall or Canakya in the Mudri-rlkihasa,* According to Viivan&tha and Bharata, Upakshepa is that feature of Protasis wherein the very crux of the action is intro duced .8 Thus it brjefly states thft purport.Of the plot. But the illustration to this feature as pointed out in the statement of
C o -a m b u la tio n T h eo ry o f Ju n c tu re s . T h e illu s tra tio n s , how ever,
a s in c o rp o ra te d by S a g a ra n a n d in to m a r k these d iffe re n t J u n c tu re s show n by M a trg u p ta , a re b o th in a p t a n d u n th e o ritic a l, for w h ic h reaso n p e rh a p s his view becom es a c c e p ta b le only o n a o f d r a m a tic a c tio n . b ro a d p rin c ip le o f the d iv isio n N . L. R . L l. 5 3 0 . BhTma
5 3 4 ; e. g. I n th e BhTma-vS jaya, a n u n p ublished d ra m a , is show n to be the a g e n t ( SSdhaka ), is th e m eans ( sadhana ),
a m ace g iv en b y VSsudeva
th e r u in of D u ry o d h a n a is th e o b jec t
(sadhya) a n d the g a in of kingdom for Y u d h ish th ira is the success (stddht) a n d f in a lly the am orous e n jo y m e n t o f D ra u p a d t b y BhTma is th e la s t stag e of a c tio n (sambhoga). H ere it m a y be pointe.d o u t t h a t th e con su m m atio n ( sambhoga ) b e in g in te rp re te d as am orous e n jo y m e n t is a lto g e th e r o u t o f p lac e, a n d seems h a rd ly to b e a r th e v ie w -p o in t o f the g e n e ra l a p p lic a tio n o f these rules to o th er d ra m a tic w orks. ), 2. D . R . 1 -3 9 . F o r defn. V ide D . R . 1 - 2 7 ; R . S. 111 -3 2 ; N . R . p. 9 2 , 12 ; exam ples R ef. P. R . p. B. P. p. 2 0 8 , 11 ; For
1 4 6 , 10 ; M . M . R a t. 1 6 ( W h en
p. 6 2 , 2.
&Ek. 1 -1 6 ;
re p ea te d b y Y a u -
g a n d h arS y an a ) ; M . R . 1 -8 . N . X ! X - 68 a ; S . D . V I - 8 3 a ; N . L . R . 5 5 6 .
98
Bhlmasena, Oh ! I am alive and the sons of Dhrtarashtra are at ease ! 1 reduces the difference merely to a variety of P" ssion( 2 ) Enlargement (Parikriya or Parikara): The amplifica tion o f the germ (bija) by means of some statement which further explains the situation is called Parikriya .2 ViSvanatha, however, defines it as a feature showing the expansion o f the matter (kavyartha) thus sprung up ,3 e. g. the expression of the heros sympathy for the austere job of Sakuntala in the hermitage expands his affectionate regards for- her and presents the element of Parikara in the dram a .4 ( 3 ) Establishment (Parinyasa) : It is that feature which displays the development of the Bija so as to give it some concrete or tangible shape .5 The settlement of the matter so fa r sprung up in Parikara is the feature of Establishment according to ViSvanatha and a few others .6 To illustrate, the entrance of Sunas-sepa in the Bala-ramayana, which narrates the attempts of Visvamitra for tormenting the demons through , Hamacandra, settles the m otif of the play and gives a concrete shape to the task of the hero .7 Abhinava Kalidasa observes Parinyasa at a spot where some matter already in discourse is otherwise set in so as to refer it to the main m otif of the play .8 Sagaranandin, on the other hand, adds that a matter-of-fact statement may be deemed as Parinyasa .9 Firmness attained by the Bija by
1. 2. V enn 1 - 5 . N . X IX 68 b ; N. L. R . 568. 3. S. D . V I - 8 3b. R . S. I I I - 3 3 a ; B. P . Ib id . ; N . D . p . 6 0 , 19 ;
D . R . Ib id . ; N . R . p . 9 2 , 24 ; P . R . p. 1 4 7 , 8 ; M . M . p . 6 2 , 3 ;
4.
5.
S3k. I-rl6.
N . X I X - 6 9 a ; R . S. I I I - 3 3 b ; B. P. P . R . p . 1 4 8 , L in e 5. p . 2 0 8 , 13; D. R . I b id . ;
. 7. S. 9.
S. D . V I - 8 4 ; N . D . p. 6 1 , 2 ; M . M . p . 6 2 , 4 ; N . L. R . 5 7 4 . B. R . 1 - 1 7 , i - v i . N . R . p. 9 3 , 11. N . L. R . L l. 5 0 3 - 4 .
t CHAP. I ll ]
DRAMATIC PLOT
99
further clarification of facts is Parinyasa in the opinion o f the authorities cited by Katayavema and other commentators .1 ( 4 ) Allurement (Vilobhana) : The attractive description of some merits of the main characters o f the play ,2 or a presentation of the good points belonging to the purpose in hand is called Vilobhana,3 For instance, the well-known description of UrvaSl by the hero surmising about her creation is a feature of allurement.4 Similarly, Draupadi praising the resolve of Bhlmasena, my l o r d ! what is impracticable when you are in indignation 5 is a point of Vilobhana.5 In the opinion of Vlra-raghava even the description of Bija is a point of allurment .6 It may be noted here that a mere description of qualities which does not foster the main cause cannot fall within the purview of this sub-division.
f(5w Resolve ( Yukti ) : The recapitulation of measures already adopted or of those which are to be adopted in fur therance o f the dramtic m otif is called Yukti,'1 as is evident in the proclamation the fire o f Yudhishthiras wrath is all ablaze in the great woodland of the race of Kurus'.8
ViSvanatha, Singa Bhupala, Vidyanatha and Srlkrshna Kavi seem to believe that the determination of the purpose or purposes of action is the characteristic of this sub-division .9 Such a feature is available in the Balaramayana where a comparision is sought to be established between Parasurama and Ravana who are shown as the common adversaries of RamaX. 2. K . G. R . p . x v ii- 2 ; C a n d rik a on P . C . p . x x x v i-1 2 R . S. I l l - 3 4 a ; M . M . p . 6 2 , 5. P. R. p. 148, 9 ; B. P . Ib id ; N . D . p. 6 4 , 3 ;
3. , N . X L X -6 9 ;
4. 5. V ik ra , I 10. VenT. I 2 1 i.
D. R . I b id . ; S. D . Ib id . ; N . R . p. 9 5 , 10 ; N . L . R . 5 86.
6.
7.
B. T. S. P . 1 8 - 9 . N . X I X 7 0 a ; B. P. p. 2 0 8 , 14 ; N . D . p. 66 , 9 ; N. L. R. 593. D . R . 1 -2 8 ;
8.
9.
VenT. I - 2 4 d . R . S. I I I - 3 4 b ; P . R . p . 1 5 4 , 1 ; S. D . Ib id . ; M . M . p. 6 2 , 6.
100
candra .1 'Visvanatha observes the point of Yukti in the dialogue between Sahadeva and Bhlmasena which narrates the episode of the supplication for five villages for the Pandava princes in the Venisamhara .2 , Even clearance of doubt and consequent determination of an object is Yukti according to Katayavema .3 That Yukti is the determination of all such expedients as have some common purpose behind them is the opinion of Abhinava Kalidasa .4 In fact, any statement of facts or description of a situation falling under this category is meant to acquaint the audience with such ways and means as are employed by the hero or his assistants for amplification of the dramatic cause and which were not brought on the stage. It is very evident in the play of the Ratnavali in the first soliloquy of Yaugandharayana .5 ( 6 ) Attainment (Prapti) : Getting pleasure is defined as Prapti. Sagarikas elated statement, Oh ! is this the king Udayana whom I was offered by my father ! in the Ratnavali6; or the statement o f Draupadl, experiencing joy when Bhlma declares that he would crush the century of the Kauravas in the field of battle and so on, presents an illustration .7 According to Sagaranandin a mention of the central thought is Prapti,s His view is presumably based on some variant reading of Bharatas Sutra, and if it is accepted, the conno tation of Prapti would very much overlap in essence that of Samadhana, which is defined below.
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. B. R . 1 1 -1 5 . V eni. I - 1 5 - v to 1 - 1 7 . K . G. R . p. 2 , 1. N . R . p. 9 3 , 19. R a t. I - 6 - x xix. ( page 1 3 , N . S. E d itio n ). N . X I X - 7 Ob; R . S. I I I - 3 5 a ; B. P. p . 2 0 8 , 15 ; N . D . p . 6 5 , 10; D . R . Ib id . ; N . R . p . 9 5 , 14 ; P. R . p . 1 5 4 , 7 ; M . M . p . 6 2 , 7; S. D. Ib id . 7. R a t. 1 2 3 i ; V=ni. 1 -1 5 . N . L. R . 598. '
6.
8.
[c h ap .
Ill]
DRAM ATIC PLOT
101
( ( 7 ) / Settling (Samadhana) : The re-appearance of the main pomTor the germ is another sub-division o f Protasis. After the stage of Parinyasa, description of merits and recapitula tion of measures is likely to make the readers lose' their sight of the main drive. In order to avoid this, the feature of Samadhana is used to bring back the detracted visitors to the main subject .1 The heros statement that he was carried away by the tune of the tabor in the Malavika is an illustration of this feature .2 ( 8 ) Conflict of feelings (V id h a n a ): The blending of pleasure and pain is called Vidhana? It is a feature which is meant for avoiding an absolute enjoyment of pleasure and thus contribute reality to the dramatic action. For it makes one realise that every phase of life has two sides : the pleasant and the woeful. The substratum of this conflict o f feelings should always be the one and the same individual, e. g., the twofold feeling that Madhav^ experiences after finding M alatl in love with himself presents a pleasant conflict.4 ( 9 ) Surprise ( Paribhavana ) 5 : It is that element which circumscribes the mind with a feeling of wonder in respect of the main object by reasons of some attractive description .6 Any expression which fills the mind with curiosity is enough to present this feature according to Bharata and Visvanatha .7 Singa Bhupala believes that the expression which appeals as striking on account of the presentation of certain praiseworthy
1. N; X I X - 7 la ; R . S. 111-35 ; D . R . Ib id . ; N. D . p. 61, 24 ;
S. D. V I - 8 5 a ; B. P . Ib id . ; N . R . p . 9 7 , 26 ,- P . R . p. 1 5 4 , 10 ; ' M . M . p. 6 2 , 8 ; N . L. R . 6 0 5 . 2. 3. . M ai. 1 - 2 2 . N . X lX - J f lb ; D. R .- Ib id ; R . S. I I I - 3 6 a ; B. P. p . 2 0 8 , 16 ; . .
N . D . p. 6 7 , 3 ; S. D. V I - 8 5 b ; N . R. p . 9 7 , 19 ; P .R . p. 1 5 5 , 3; M . M . p . 6 2 , 9 ; N . L. R . 6 0 9 .
4. 5. v6 . 7.
M a. M a. 1 - 2 8 - 3 1 . B. P . I b id . ; N . D . p . 68 , 10 ; D . R . 1 - 2 9 ; N . R . p .. 9 5 , 6 .
N . X l X - 7 2 a ; S. D . V I - 86 a ; N . L . R . 6 1 7 . M . M . p. 6 2 , 10 ; P. R . p . 155, 6 .
102
qualities denotes the element o f Paribhavana,1 an illustration of which is found in an appreciative description of Slta by Ravana in the Balaramayana or in the speech of the gambler, * what, a wooden image ! in the second Act of the Mrcchakatika .2 ( 10 ) Disclosure (Udbheda) : DaSarupaka defines this ele ment as the one that discloses something which is till then unknown j and illustrates it by reference to the statement, the fire of Yudhishthiras wrath is yawning agape in the huge ^ fariiily o f the K urus ,4 which is cited by Visvanatha and the authors of the Natya-darpana to illustrate the feature of Samadhana. But a majority of canonists defines it as an ele ment which displays the sprouting up 5 or a slight progress of the germ .6 The Natya-darpana gives a better example from the Venisamhara in the speech of Bhlmasena who promises the princess of the Paflcala that she would not see once again Vrkodara without having exhausted the Kauravas .7 v. Rightly speaking, this feature has been looked at by the two sets of authorities from two different points of view; for, in fact, Udbheda is that sub-division of Protasis which breaks open the germ by disclosing some under-current or a secret point. ( 1 1 ) Division ( Bheda ) : There is again a difference of opinion ih regard to the connotation of this term. Bheda is that element which encourages some action tending to foster the main cause. This is the opinion of Dhanailjaya, Vidyanatha, Singa Bhupala, Saradatanaya and Abhinava Kalidasa .8
1.
2. 3. r . S. I U - 3 6 b . B. R . 1 - 4 2 . M RC. II-4 v iii. D . R . 1 - 2 9 ; P . R . p . 2 0 8 , 17 ; e. g. VenT. 1 - 2 4 . N . X I X - 7 2 b ; S. D . V I - 86 b ; R . S. I I I - 3 7 a ; N . L . R . 6 2 0 . N. D . p. 62, 1 1 ; p . 6 2 , 11 . 7. V enl. 1 - 2 6 . D . R . 1 - 2 9 ; P . R . p . 1 5 5 , 15; R . S . I l l - 3 7 b ; B. P . p . 2 0 8 , 18 ; N . R . p. 1 0 1 -1 3 . N . R . p. 100, 1 ; P . R . p . 1 6 5 , 10 ; M. M.
4.
5.
6.
8.
[ch ap .
I ll ]
DRAM ATIC PLOT
>103
The specimen of this sub-division according to this connotation is frequent among the Sanskrit dramas; and, to quote, one may be referred to in the eulogy of Rakshasa in the soliloquy o f Canakya, which enthuses the latter to extend his efforts for securing a grip over the former .1 Bharata followed by ViSvanatha and Ram acandra Suri lays down that Bheda is an element which is meant to dissociate the characters .2 Even with this connotation, the element of Bheda is invariably found in the dramatic works and may be specified in Dushyantas speech towards the close of the first Act of the Sakuntala . 3 Its existence helps the main cause inasmuch as it turns various characters to their own duties after their being put to-gether for some time for some initial task. There is yet a third opinion about the meaning of Bheda which is supposed to be found in such a move as will remove the obstruction in the growth of the germ .4 Sagaranandin observes that sorting of main purpose which is jumbled up presents the feature of Bheda.5 * ( 12 ) Resumption (Karana) 6 : It is an element to demons trate that the characters have begun engaging themselves in
1.
2. 3. 4. 5-
M . R . 1 - 1 8 e t. seq. N. X IX -7 3 b ; p . 6 2 , 12 . S sk. 1 - 3 3 . N . D . p . 6 5 , L l. 7 - 8 . N . L . R .-6 2 6 . M r. M . D illo n seems to h a v e confused the view o f S a g a ra n a n d in S. D . V I - 8 7 a - i i ; N. D . p . 6 4 , 12 ; M. M.
w ith ju s t its opposite given b y B h a ra ta w hom he refers to in his m a rg in a l notes as its e q u iv a le n t V ide N . L . R . - p . 2 7 . ( O xford E d. ) ; B h a r a ta for N . L . R . re ad s Sahghatena militasya ihahgo b h e d a h a n d read s as Sakghata bheiariartho yah sa bheda
iti kirtitah
N . X I X 7 3 .
6.
S S g a ra n a n d in spells it as Karana/ n o ta tio n .
b u t a ttrib u te s th e sam e c o n
104
the execution of their undertaking .1 If some task originally started but intervened by some subsidiary or casual action is resumed, then it presents the feature of Karana- F or Instance, Well, Paflcali! then we proceed for the anni hilation of the family of the Kurus, 2 or the statement of the hero in the Sakuntala, Oh ! all have gone, I shall also then proceed 3 towards the end of the first Act may serve as an example of the sub-division. The Natya-darpana records an opinion of some scholar who defines Karana as the suppression of calamities,4 but it appears that it will be inappropriate to introduce such an element towards the close of Protasis which marks the stage of com mencement only, and calamities are to loom large only in course of the stage of Endeavour and hence their suppression at this stage would hardly be in -keeping with the sense o f dramatic development. These are the twelve sub-divisions which are accepted by all dramaturgists with a slight variation in their order. The order in regard to the first seven sub-divisions is, however, acceptable to all the scholars. Thereafter excepting Singa Bhupala who reverses the order, all agree in placing Vidhana before Paribhavana. Then again, Udbheda, then Karana and Bheda is the order accepted by Bharata, Visvanatha, Dhanafijaya and Saradatanaya, bat Karana is placed after Bheda by Vidyanatha and Singa Bhupala.5 The dramatic execution, however, will not be found, on minute observation, to be upset in the least, even if facts are arranged according to any one of these orders preferred. For the reversion of the order is permitted by Bharata as well as by Saradatanaya so as to fit in the plot, the characters, and the
1. N . X IX -T 'S a ; R . S. I l l - 3 8 a ; B. P . p . 2 0 8 , 17 ; D . R . 1 - 2 9 ; N ..D . p, 6 3 , 12 ; S. D . V I - 8 6 ; P. R . 1 5 5 , 6 ; N . L. R . 6 2 3 ; M . M . p . 6 2 , 13 ; N . R . p . 1 01, 2 3 . 2. 3. 4. 5. VenT. I - 2 5 - i v . S ak. I - 3 2 - x v i i . N . D . p . 6 3 b o tto m . V ide c ita tio n s given supra. .
t CHAP. I l l ]
DRAMATIC PLOT
105
Tilling sentiment.1 Bharata further permits the blending of two or three elements even at one spot, if they could be suitably interfused so as to be in keeping with the state of action in hand .2 Although it is in no sense incumbent upon the play wright to put in all of these sub-divisions or to do so in a particular order, the Natya-darpana, all the same, directs that the first three elements, namely, Upakshepa, Parikara and Pari nyasa should bear the order of t succession, but other sub-divi sions can be used freely with the observance that Udbheda and Karana should appear almost towards the end, and Samadhana somewhere in the middle of the Juncture .3 Similarly, a play wright is at liberty to omit some of these divisions, if he thinks that it will not prejudice the flow of action. According to Dhanika, Upakshepa, Parikara, Parinyasa, Yukti, Udbheda and Samadhana are essential to the proper presentation of the first stage o f action, and the use of the rest is only discre tionary .4 At the close of the Protasis, the commencement of action culminates into the stage of attempt for acquiring the desired o b ject; and the seed, the first source of action, develops into a drop (bindu), and these two parallel elements run together in course of this Juncture with the result that the main theme (bija) is sometimes visible and at others becomes invisible like a flash o f lightning. The function of gradual expansion of action is thus spread over throughout the second Juncture by means of its thirteen sub-divisions the nature and scope of which is as follows : B. Sub-divisions o f the Pratimuklva-Sandhi
( i ) Craving (Vilasa) : The first sub-division of the Juncture of Progression is Vilasa, which is defined as longing for an
1. 2. 3 . 4. N . X IX 102 ; B. P . p . 2 1 4 , 2 0 . N . X 'X 1 0 3 . S uch in te rfu sio n is advan tag eo u sly done by K a lid a sa in his M S Iav ik S g n im itra m . N . D . p . 5 9 , L l. 1 1 - 1 3 . A va. p . 11 , L l. 1 1 - 1 2 .
106
LAWS OF SANSKRIT DRA M A
enjoyment of rati by Bharata who is adopted by Visvanatha .1 The text is explained by ViSvanatha as a desire for a woman or a man or an object o f love, who is the exciting cause e. g. in the Sakuntala, My beloved is in no way easy to obtain , says Dushyanta only to express his yearning for the heroine .2 In th e M a la tl Madhava also, Madhavas wistfulness at the sight of the heroine in the third Act is an expression of his longing for her .3 Jlvananda 4 explains the text of Visvanatha 5 as a desire for amorous enjoyments, which is also the purport of the com ment of Bhattacarya .6 Following this sidra of BM rata, Saradatanaya has made the idea more explicit by saying, Vilasa is an expression of the amorous sports of the loving pair at the honey-moon 7; and the Natya-darpana is equally unequivocal in defining Vilasa as an expression of wistfulness of a woman for a man or of a man for a woman .8 It is submitted that this view is not much at accord with the general dramaturgic principles if it is limited only to a feeling of amorousness or a desire for a sensual contact with each other in the mind of a couple. For the presence of this feature may be possible in case of the erotic dramas where rules the sentiment of love; but in case of purely heroic dramas and especially in the high-pitched ones like the Kamsavadha, or in case o f political dramas as the Mudra-rakshasa, or devotional dramas as the Caitanya-candrodaya and the Prabodha-candrodaya or the quietistic plays like the Bhartrhari-nirveda, it will not be feasible to present the amorous sports of a couple
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Samlha rati bhegSrtka vil&sa iti S. D . V I-8 9 . S a k . I I - 1. M a. M a . I l l - 6 & 7. V im a lS p . 4 1 7 , L l. 101 1 . Rati-bhogarthU sarrdha S . D . Ib id . et seq. V iv rti p . 3 0 5 , L l. 4 - 5 . R ati cesht3 vilSsas syad dampatyor nava-sahgame B. P* p . 2 0 9 , 10.. Vilaso nr-striyor ihii N . D . p . 6 9 , L l. 910. klrttitah' N . X IX 74a ; Cf.
6.
7.
8.
[ CHAP.
Ill ]
DRAMATIC PLOT
107
at all. Even if an attempt is made to present this feature I n this spirit, it will be nothing short of a serious poetic fault as is done by Bhatta Narayana in the second Act of the Veni samhara by introducing the scene o f Duryodhanas dalliance with Bhanumatl. It becomes repugnant to the flow of the heroic sentiment if the hero or the counter-hero is made to indulge in light sports or be soft, and anxious for sensual sports (samlha) at an hour when his spirits should, in fact, rise to vehemence. For nothing else is deemed by the rhetoricians as much derogatory as an insertion of an inapposite element in a Kavya which tends to pull down the ruling sentiment from its high pitch. It may be incidentally observed here that the problem does not become so serious in such devotional plays as the Jlvanandana or the Vidya-parinaya where the hero, Jlva is anxious to be associated with his beloved Vidya and so a desire for the union may by metaphorically super-imposed on the characters of the play. But the situation becomes serious in such plays as have no female characters as in the Mudrai rakshasa; nor can it be argued there that a classical play of the reputation of the Mudra-rakshasa can do without the first and the foremost element of the Pratimukha Sandhi which is sup posed to bring in the germ afresh after the close o f the first Juncture. Since the Pratimukha has an element of Drop (bindu) in it, the element of Vilasa has to be there as a prominent characteristic of this Juncture. In order to avoid facing this difficulty Dhanika has not illustrated this feature by a quotation from the Venisamhara, a heroic play from which he always gives examples to alternate with the erotic play of the Ratnavall .1 Viivanatha also resorts to this omission .2 Dhanika has gone still further to the length of discarding the element of Vilasa from the list of the important features of the Prati mukha Sandhi, a point in respect o f which the Natya-darpana seems to agree with him .3 The other way of avoiding the difficulty is invented by some critics in illustrating this feature
1. 2. 3. V id e A v a lo k a p . 12. S . D . p . 3 0 6 to p . F o r D h a n ik a vide A va. p . 1 6 - 2 ; N . D . p . 6 9 , LU 5 -6 *
1 ;i f e by depicting the wistfulness of some one f or the other, as does f Sifiga Bhupala in pointing out in the Balaramayana, a heroic play, the passion of Rama fo r Stta expressed as O ! here is this |f Slta in the third Act .1 As the Germ of the dramatic cause | in the Balaramayana is the success o f Rama in his early life and the denouement is of his heroic deeds how the volup tuousness o f Ravana or lust of Rama constitutes the first feature o f the Pratimukha Sandhi is a matter for serious consideration. In order to provide for such side-tracking, Singa BhOpala defines the element of Vilnsa as an attempt for union 2 and the MandSra M aranda in the same vein adopts it .3 In order to face this difficulty an unknown rhetorician has defined it as a passion forthe object in view.* Still another course is devised fo r the same purpose by Harid&sa in his gloss on the Mudrarfikshasa by showing that the passion for the Royal Splendour (rUjya-lakshml) which Rakshasa is courting, and his anxiety to wtat the same may be .deemed, in a tropical sense, the presenta tion of amor (ratt-teehn) and thus providing for the element of craving in the drama. Similar is the attempt of VidyaaitHa who demo nitrates the desire of the Royal Splendour to be associated with Pr&t&pa-rudra as the specimen of Vilasa? All these attempts go by far to show that the critics feel to some extent the indispensability of the element of VilUsa ; and for this reason the Sutra of Bharata, which is, to their mind, so univocally pertaining to the sentiment of Love confronts with a difficulty which seems incapable of being overcome but for such artificial and round-about explanations. As a Bharata never it is - 1J .-. matter | , of 1 M - fact I * * '* * * " ._ _ r ^V T . contemplates - . w , , ,, that a conjugal passion that comprises the element o f , Vilasa. W hat he really means is the anxious prompting of mind for
1. 2. 3. 4. B. R . I l l --20 x & III 23 i. R . S. 1 11-41. M . M . p . 6 9 , 20. C a n d rik a on P. C. p. 6 7 , L l. 1 4 - 1 5 , Drshtartha-vishayarmhUm
108
Vilasah parieakshate. 5. C . C . p . 2 1 4 , 18 ( M . R . 1 1 -12 ). P. R . p . 158, 13.
6.
[ c h a p . Ill ]
DRAM ATIC PLOT
109
\
enjoying or materialising the object of desire by the hero nf the play, . For if it is a devotional play the acquisition o f the devoted by the devotee is the crux, and the Vilnsa is his anxious desire to be in unison with his object dear and near to his heart. If it is a heroic play, the object of success to which he is so passionately devoted is the theme, and an expres sion of his ardent desire for getting into a close proximity with the same means VilSsa. It it is a political drama like the Mudra-rakshasa, success o f the heros scheme is the nucleus of the enthusiasm, an expression of which is meant to introduce the element of VilSsa.1 Jh u s.th e conclusion is that in Bharata!. opinion an anxiety for getting at the object of interest (rati)'1 is Vilasa. 2. Pursuit ( Parisarpa or Parisarpa) : It is a feature o f Progression which depicts the heros pursuing the object of his desire that gets closer to him at times and then seems to disappear or slip again from his approach .3 It is evident in PurOravas brief contact with UrvaSl in his palace garden .4 The Sahityadarpana defines this element as the pursuit of ones object of desire which appears to be out of reach for the moment.5 It omits the element of being visible and then appearing as lost, which is deemed as a qualifying adjunct to the object of desire ( bija ) by other canonists. Singa Bhupala defines Parisarpa as a feature that presents a constant reminiscence of the desired object, which becomes, as a
1< P . R . also agrees to th is view : v id e p . 1 1 0 , 6 . I t m ay be add ed t h a t th e w ord R ail is used here in its ra d ic a l
2.
sense m e a n in g le a n in g o f m in d tow ards a n o b je c t w h ic h p e rsiste n tly c irc u m scrib e s th e m in d o f the th in k e r. By th e rh e to ric ia n s also
' R ati is defined as ralir manonukule arthe manasah pravariayitarn, m ea n in g A m o r is t h a t mental d e votion to a n o b je c t w h ic h ap p ea ls to m in d . Vilasa m a y , th ere fo re, be d efin ed a s o n ly th a t e le m en t
o f E xp an sio n w h ic h d isp lay s th e a rd e n t desire o f th e h ero ; h e re ,
10 be asso ciated w ith o r to d ra w n e a r th e o b je c t o f h is desire.

I, 4( Bi Nf. X I X - 7 4 b ; D . K . I - 3 2 b ; B. P . p . 2 0 9 , 11 ; P . R . p . 1 5 9 , 1 1 . V lk ra . A ct I I . Si D . V I - 8 8 b ; e. g. v id e K . L . p . 6 4 , 18.
110
matter of fact, forgotten on a c c o u n t'o f the close of the previous Act and the like reasons .1 Srfkfshija Kavi agrees with him .2 The Natya-darpana, however, calls this feature as * anusarpana and places it as the last sub*division of the aecond Juncture, but attributes the same connotation to it as Bharata and other# do .3 Disinterest ( Vldhnta ) * ; Canonists differ in their opinion in regard to the definition o f Vtdhutd. VUvanltka basing his view on the aphorisms of Bharata holds th a th li a nonacceptance of a courtesy or an advance shown, by one to another ;B as is found in the S&kunatala where the heroine says to her f riends in the presence of the hero, Enough 6f detaining the Mah&r&j& at length who i anxious to' be in the midst of his people in the harem / 1 or in the non-acceptance of the conciliatory request of RIma by Bbtrgava who aiMrts that the son of Repukt Is not capable of being propitiated by such salutations,'T There is another view forwarded by Dfcaoafljaya a r | others that defines VidhBfa as unrequitedness due to fruitleiineii of efforts .8 As Progression is a Juncture during which the stage of Endeavour ( yatna ) prevails, some of the efforts even go barren, the resultant failure only meaning to non-plus the hero and his mates in the beginning and to cause unrequitedtiess consequently. It is found, for instance, in the statement of Agnimitra: all glory of these eyes has sunk in the absence of
1. 2. 3. 4. -5.
R . S. I I I - 4 2 . M . M . p . 6 2 , L l. 2 1 - 2 2 . N . D . p . 8 1 , 14. A lso spelt as Vidkata, Vidhrta. N . D . calls i t Dhunana, a d o p te d as Vidhunana in a v a r ia n t show n in P . R . ( B. S. S. ). S. D . V I - 9 0 ; N . X I X - 7 5 a ; R . S . I I I - 4 4 a ; N . D . p. 70, 17 ; N. L. R . 663.
6.
7.
S ak. I l l - 2 1 -x ix . B. R . I V - 5 7 - v i . D . R . I- 3 3 a ; R . S. 111-43 ; M . M . p . 6 2 , 2 3 & 2 4 .
8.
t CHAP. I l l ]
DRAM ATIC PLOT
III
M&lavikas sight.1 Saradatanaya defines it as want of respite in the hearts of the loving couple due to lack of sensual grati fication .2 This view is obviously unilateral inasmuch as it is possible only in the erotic themes where too such pining in the earlies of the second stage is too rapid and detrimental to the spirit of endeavour. In fact, all what Vidhuta is meant for is to show a slight set-back in the activities of the hero. display of disinterest in the main object seems to be the element of Vidhuta in the opinion of Vidyanatha, for he defines it as the upsetting of mind caused by some undesirable incident,3 but illustrates it by reference to Pratapa-rudra's disinclination towards nomination as a prince .4 4. Torment (tapana) : It is a sort o f a check in the move o f the principal character due to his inability to find means to further his cause of achievement, observes ViSvanatha.5 Such a position is experienced by Pururavas when he finds no means to get at the celestial nymph and permits in remorse the God of Love to be victorious over him .6 According to the Natyadarpana such a feature is attributed to a sub-division which is named as Rodha . 7 It, however, defines Tapana as an impend ing disaster and agrees thus in this respect with - the Natya^ftstra .8 4 A. Pacification (Sama) : There is a school of thought represented by Dhanailjaya, Singa BhfJpala, Saradatanaya, Srlkrshna and Vidyanatha that does not recognise Tapana as 1. Hal. 11-11. 2. B. P. p. 209, 12.
I. P . R . p. 1 1 0 ,7 .
4 , ? R . p . 1 6 2 , 1 .
, S. D. VI-91a. Vlkra. 11-11.

' f, N. D. p. 7 1 , 3. S tric tly speaking, th e ele m en t o f Rodha, as d efined b y N . D . is m id-w ay betw een fTnpana a n d Mrodhana o f Other c an o n ists because N . D . defines rodha in term s o f arti fcntl fin d s its cause in a check in course o f th e h e ro s a c tiv itie s or In some d isa ster. , N.
D.
p.
76,
17; N . X I X - 7 5 b .
11?
LAWS 6
an dem ent of the Pratimukha that such a mental phenomenon is covered bjf titA dMifciOn of the VidMta according to them. Since the tomiMt Mduowqui* tedness require pacification before a freak quote of\ Zfltl for further efforts can be anticipated, the elerqeat o f alleWktloa i extremely necessary to the proper development o f Action. Hence they believe in the existence of $ama or alleviation as a sequel to Vidhuta, which allays the feeling o f unrequitedness.1 ViSvanStha, who does not admit the feature of alleviation in his scheme intends probably to counter-effect the disinterest ( Vldhnta) by means of a joke which the playwright may intro duce at this stage. Bharata, however, does not require the us of alleviation for the apparent reason that he does not define Tapana as V&van&tha doe*. For according to Bharata it is only an appearance of clouds or some chance of mishap that falls under the purview of Tapana. 2 ^ / 5 . Joka ( narma) : A humorous speech presents the feature of narma 6 in the Pratimukha Sandhi, as is available copiously in the Jesters remarks to Radauikfi in the third Act of the Mrcchakatfka .4 Sagaranandin believes this sub-division as indentical with narma, an element of the KaUikl-vrtti It may be observed in this connection that the introduction of humour may be of great use even in the non-erotic themes for the sake of alleviating the surfeit of any particular sentiment to avoid boredom. \
1.
1. D. R. I - 3 3 a , ii; R . S. 11 1 -4 4 ; B. P . p . 20.9, 13; M . M . p . 6 2 ,
2 5 ; P . R . 1 1 0 , 7. I t m a y be n o te d th a t 1 9 4 3 E d n . o f N . gives a v a r ia n t re a d in g defines i t 316
in th e foot-note w hich reads for Tapana, Samana a n d as tasyepaSamanam yal-tu 'samanam nUma tad n . N o . 10.'. 3. X I X - ? 6 a ; "R . S . I l l - 4 5 a ;
bhavet, N . p .
S. D . V I ~ 9 1 b ; D . R .I ~ 3 3 b , i ; B. P.
p . 2 0 9 , 14 ; N . D . p . 7 4 , 1 , M . M . p. ,62, 2 6 ; N . R . p . 1 1 0 , 6 ; P . R . Ib id , also see p . 1 6 3 , 5. 4. 5. M RC. I l l 21 ii to 2 6 , 6 . N . L . R . L ine 6 7 2 & th e n 1 3 1 0 .
Ic h a p . I ll ]
M A M A T iC PLOT
6. Amus&ffieni ( NOhfta^dyuti ) :.It is an elme'ttt expressive Of a mental satisfaction or a gleam Of husiotif .1 It is seen in the Ratnavall in the thrill of Sagarika enjoying the joke of her ffiend Susangata in the second Act,, where She is held upby the hftaft).5 8 According to the Natya-darpana the purpose o f this element is to conceari some fault .3 I t is evident in the same play in the Jesters remark about the still posture of the thrush comparing her to a Vaidika scholar ready to recite a hymn ,4 Bharata has the same view. But the Rasarnava Sudhafcara and the KSvyendu-PrakaSa think that an introduction of humour for purposes of camouflaging anger is Narma-dyuti?' Humour used for purposes of mitigating of abating anger is Narma-dyuti according to the Mandara Maranda." Vidyaaatha and Abhinava Kalidasa hold that an expression of affection f priti ) is the element of Narma-dyuti,9 Sagaranandin, |however( defines f it only as a joke, just meant for playing a little prank ,9
1: Response ( Prdgamana10) : There are two alternate readings of the text of the Bharatas Sutra which defines Pragtt~ frtana or as Otherwise spelt Prasamana. One of the readings 11 means that it consists in high and low speeches, which seems 10 be an idiomatic expression for harsh and soft words used for purposes of conciliation .12 Another reading, which is accept*
1. 3; D. R. I-3 3 b -ii; S. D. VI 91b-ii; B. P. Ibid. Rat. n - 1 7 - i. N. B. The author of the PrabhS has made a mess of Avaloka Wblle showing thi* feature, but citing the definition of N ., wMch does not support him. ( Vide PrabhS p. 98, Ll.6-5 ). N, D. p. 75, 17. Rut. p. 77-3, N. XIX- 76b. R. S. III-45b; K. P. cited by ChSyS : p. 307, 4. M, M. p. 63, 1. t , R. p. 110, 8 & 163, 11; N. R. p. 110, 15. N. L. R. 674. N. h*l n alternate title "pragamna or pragayana . N. X lX -77*, Fn. ' Adharottara-vfikyam .
I, , f, ft I* V#. i p|
* i% of. Hindi Idiom ! UneU nie% kaha.
114
ed by the editors of the text-and also largely depended on by later canonists, purports to define Pragamana as a statement consisting of an excellent answer (Uttarottara Vakya).1 The text, Uttarottara Vvkya which is adopted ad verbatim by VisvanStha has afforded room for different interpretations. The Vivrti and the VimalR explain it as a beautiful response : the first Uttara' meaning better, and the second one meaning a reply. 8 The Rucirft differing from them explains it as a Statement which is wonderful of the wonderful and does not admit any element of reply into the connotation of the term .3 The Kusuma Pratima, on the other hand, radically derives the word, and expounds the term 'pragamana as one which conveys in a dignified manner some elevated sense by way o f a -response.* A conversation consisting of some inquisi tive query and its reply is the purport of Sagaranandins interpretation of the Bharata's definition of the Pragamana?
To illustrate his viewpoint ViSvanatha refers to a fine conversation between Urvaft and Pururavas wherein the former on her approach proclaims the customary address, May your highness be victorious Accepting this greeting with joyous dignity the King replies, Mine, indeed, is the victory, whose greeting is thus uttered by you, my darling ! 6 The Dasarupaka has no point o f excellence in the element of the Pragamana. It is, according to it, a type of reply which ; will expose the responsive -affection or any other feeling be- , tween the hero and his counter-part .7 The M andara Maranda and the Rasarnava Sudhakara have the same view as that of the Dasarupaka .8 Dhanika, however, interprets that a conversa tion tending to reveal the real interest of the parties is the
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. N . Ib id . V iv . p . 3 0 7 , 8 ; V im . p . 4 2 0 (sa). R u e. p . 4 6 7 , lin e 13. K us. P r. p. 3 3 1 , 7. N . L. R . 6 7 4 . V ik ra . 1 1 -1 6 . D. R. I-3 4 a .
6.
7.
t cgAp. m ]
DRAM ATIC PLOT
115
Pragamana} This view is adhered to by Vidyanatha and Abhinava Kalidasa .2 An outwitting reply consisting o f a series of retorts is * pragamana according to the Natya-darpana ; whereas even a befitting reply is enough to constitute this eleniep.t in the opinion of the Bhava-prakaga.3
8. Impediment ( Nirodha ) : It is named as Nirodha or Nirodhana by a majority of authors including Bharata,. but ViSvanatha calls it Nirodha, which is adopted by Vidyanatha and a few others.
Bharata defines the term as a feature presenting a rise of some fresh trouble .4 This view is followed by Visvanatha, Sagaranandin and Singa Bhupala .5 An illustration of Nirodha in this sense may be found in an attempt o f the king HariScandra in granting protection to the Vidyas, which invited the wrath of the sage Visvamitra at whose sight the King exclaims, Out of temerity, here have I stepped over a blazing chunk of fire like a blind man. 6 Vidyanatha, Abhinava Kalidasa and the author of the M andara M aranda agree in defining Virodha (is an element impeding the course of welfare under some pretext or the other .7 The Dasarupaka, however, defines it as frustration of a move .8 The Natya-darpana goes a step further
1. 2, S. A va. p . 14, lin e 13. P . R . p. 1 6 4 , 6 ; N . P . p. 78, 20 ; N . X I X - 7 7b. S. D . V I - 9 2 b - i ; N . L. R , 6 8 3 ; R . S. I I I - 4 6 b . C. K . 1 1 -2 2 iii. P. R . p. 1 1 0 , 9; N . R . p . 1 1 0 , 2 0 ; M . M . p . 6 3 , 4 . I t m ay be. observed h e re th a tN . R , p . I l l , 7. B. P . p . 2 0 9 , lin e 15.
4.
C, 0. 7.
B> - D . R . I 3 4 a ii; B. P . p . 2 0 9 , 15. D. R. reads th e d efn . th e
of N iro d h a n a as hita-roiho mredhanatn co m p o u n d i n th e d e fin in g th ereb y te rm , him m ea n in g of
*nd D h a n ik a redhah w ith th a t
solves
g enetive case is a
( hitasya rodhah ),
F r u s tr a tio n
f e a tu r e w h ic h
p re sen ts
p re v e n tio n
lom e good to accrue.
I t is a
loss o r postponem ent o f
an advan
ta g e ; a n d surely n o t a p re v e n tio n o r a check to benefit th e cause
:a <
o f the h e ro s p u rp o se , a sense w h ic h is p u rp o rte d to be con veyed by D r. H a a s tr a n s la tio n o f hita-rodha as b e n e fic ia l pre-.
116
. arid holds that the resultant calamity ensuing from such frustra tion is 'rodha.1 A striking example of such frustration is available towards the close of the third Act of the Malatl Madhava where the hero finds his friend Makaranda in a state of swoon , and exclaims, O ! he is unconscious ! mama, save me ! 2 Apology ( ParyupUsanam ) : Begging pardon f o ra fault previously done is called Paryupasana.3 It is one of the most popular features of the second Juncture and may bs illustrated by reference to the apologetic statement of Makaranda address ed to KSmandakl in the earlies of the fourth Act *, or ia the VrkramorvaSl where the King falls at the feet of Auinarl. An attempt to make amends for the wrong done made by ones own people is Paryupasana according to Srlkrshna, Vidyanatha and Abhinava Kalidasa ,6 a specimen of which is available in AnusOyas apology to Durvasas on behalf of the delinquent heroine in the Sakuntala .7 The authors of the Natya-darpana choose to name this sub division as 'santvana', but define it only as an attempt to appease the angry one. 8 Katayavema seems to agree with the title
v e n tio n .* S u c h a tr a n s la tio n could be possible i f th e .com pound in ap p o site a n d
could be solved w ith th e d a tiv e case, b u t b e in g opposed to th view o f P t. th e c a n o n ist, D r.
H a a s expression is
erroneous h e re .
G o p a la
D u tta , how ever, is to th e p o in t
w hen he tra n s la te s i t as a n in c id e n t w h ic h b a rs h a p p in e ss.f
1.
2. 3. 4.
N . D.. 7 1 - 3 . M S. M S. I l l - l i n e 2 4 5 ( B. S. S. ). N . X lX - 7 8 a; R . S. I I I - 4 7 a ; S. D . V I - 9 2 b ; D . R. I-3 4 b -i;
B. P . p . 2 0 9 , 1 6 ; N . L . R ., 6 8 7 . M S. M a . IV - 6 ( L l . 1 0 8 - 1 1 ). V ik r a . 1 1 -2 0 (iti padayoh palati. ) M . M . p . 6 3 , 5; P . R . p . 1 1 0 ,1 0 ; N . R . p . 110 , 1. Sak. IV 1 - x iii- x v i. N . D . p . 7 2 , 7. D . R . ( C e l.U . P . ), p. 18, 6 2 . D . R . { Gcndol ) p . 5 1 , 6 .
6. 6.
7.
8.
* +
( CrfAP.
Ill ]
d r a m a t ic
plo t
117
chosen by the Natya-darpana but extends the connotation Inasmuch as an attempt to appease a person in the midst of erplexity or impatience is also included in santvana. 1 G allantry (Pushpa) : It is a statement which describes lonie point of excellence in the principal character, 2 e. g. the King in the Ratnavall describes the excellence of Sagarika, O, indeed she is Grace, and her hand too a sprout of Parij&ta ,3 or the acolytes description of the excellence of Diishyanta in the 5>akuntala.4 Sagaranandin adds that such excellence should pertain to some particular action which is referred to In the midst of some other action .5 It may also mean some momentous statement, observes Singa BhQpala, a Visesha v a c a n a 6 which is explained by the Chaya as a statement Creative of interest ,7 or by the Avaloka as one revealing Interest.8 It is so accepted by Abhinava Kalidasa as well as by t M andara Maranda. 9 jra ) : It consists in a stern or an unpleasant remark .10 Bharata defines it as a curt reply made to ones own face.11 For instance, a stern remark is found in the Sakuntala where the hero calls his Jester a silly lad, and tells him that there il altogether a different tax collected from the ascetics which to In the shape of an inexhaustible merit .12 Similarly, an unplea sant remark is found in the Maiatl Madhava where the heroine
I, K . G . R . (M a i.1 ) p. 36, 6. N . X I X 7 8 b ; S. D . V i - 9 3 a ; D . R . I - 3 4 b - i i ; B. P. Ib id ; N . D . p. 71, 2 !.
9.
* .: 4i I, . f, r Ii p .M |i "'H i . 'i l l
*. Rut. i i 17.
fo k . 1 1 -1 5 & 16. N . L. R. 6 9 1 . R . S. I I I - 4 7 b ; P . R . p . 3 66 , 7. O hlyB p . 3 0 8 , F n . 2. A v. p . 1 5 - 8 . N . R. p . 1 1 4 , 10; M . M . p . 6 3 , 7. P. R. p. 3 6 5 , 1; N . p. 3 1 6 , F n . 1 9 ; N .R . p . I l l , 1 5 ; N . L . R . 6 9 7 . N . X (X 7 9 a ; D . R . I 35a ii; S. D . V I - 9 3 b - i ; R . S. I I I - 4 8 a ; M , M . p . 68 , 6 ; B. P. p . 2 0 9 , 17; N . D . p . 7 9 , 15.
II-1 8 -v i.
118
says in the third Act, Gentleman! you, the very Delight of my eyes, are seen only till this moment, thereby hinting Madhava that it is no more possible fo r her to continue life in view of her marriage being settled with N andana .1 An example of curt ness is available in a reply given by Ramacandra to Paralur.ama, so you are anxious to receive hospitality in the third Act o ft the Balaramayanam .2 Intimation or Propitiation (Upanyasa) : In Intimation there is a statement which embodies some strategem ( upaya ) according to Dhanailjaya .3 There is a greater consensus of opinion of many a canonist in agreeing to the view of Bharata which holds that a statement putting forward some argum entor a chain o f reasoning is Upanyasa.* Its illustration is clear in the dialogue of the Jester and Pururavas in course of which the former desires the latter to go and appease the angry queen, but in his turn the latter thinks the move to be improper, and for refuting the suggestion of the former advances a very cogent reason that the empty supplications with a counterfeit of affec tion never appeal to the mature women just as a cultured gem fails to attract a real jeweller.3 Visvanatha, whom the Bhavaprakasa follows, defines in agreement with Dhanika'the element of Upanyasa or Propitaition as a statement meant for securing gratification .6 An illustration of the feature in this sense is found in the consoling speech o f Susangata who grants relief to the King in his perplexity .7 The view of Visvanatha seems toJbe based op a belief that an attempt for Propitaition should be set in after the fall of Bolt ( vajra ). It may be added here that the introduction o f Propitiation may have some justification in that scheme of dramatic constitution wherein the Bolt precedes it, otherwise in face o f almost a similar
1. 2. 3. 4. fyls. M a. I V - 7 - i . B. R . I V - 6 0 - i i . D . R . I-3 5 a -i. N. X IX -7 9 b ; . N . L. R . 7 0 0 . : 5. V ik ra . I I 21. P . p . 2 0 9 , 18; A va. p . 1 5 , 1 5 ., N . D . p . 8.0, 2 3 ; R . S. I I I - 4 8 b ; M . M . p. 63, 8; .
6 . S. D . V I - 9 3 b - ii;
I CHAP.
I ll ]
DRAM ATIC PLOT
119
element of Paryupasana being present in the Juncture, the use of t/ panyasa. in this sense would be quite out o f place. At places even a mediate course may become available, where pro pitiation is sought by putting forward a cogent reasoning. This golden_mean of the two views seems to be more appro priate, a striking illustration of which becomes visible in the MSlatl Madhava where Madhava logically concludes his friend M akarandas union with Madayantika and appeases him by narrating his adventurous sacrifices for the sake of his beloved.* All the same, there is still another view forwarded by Abhinava Kalidasa and Vidyanatha who hold that an expression of the cause of interest ( anuraga) is the U panyasa.2 It is worthy Of notice here that Vidyanatha defines Upanyasa in the same language as Abhinava Kalidasa does ; but while illustrating It in his own composition, he approaches much nearer to the view of Bharata as stated above, though Kumarasvaml has tried to stretch it as close as possible to his own definition, but only with a small success.3 O f this divergence of views in regard to the connotation of the feature of Upanyasa, ample notice seems to be taken by the scholiasts on different dramatic texts who zealously venture to point out this sub-division at different spots with different connotatiops'm the same play, as is, for instance, done by Rflghayaf^Bhatta in his Artha-dyotanika 4 on the Sakuntala. Congregation ( Varna-samhcira ) : It consists ia the preIWtation of the four varnas according to Bharata .3 A host of Canonists has interpreted the term varna meaning a caste and 10 the instruction (sutra) of Bharata is said to mean that the VarWiamhdra is a congregation of or reference to the four castes .6 'T i * * .* ...,. _______; ___ ; ________
I. J, I. J Ii MB. M s . I V - 9 . N . R . p. I l l , 20; P . R ; p. 110 , 11 . P. R . p. 1 7 1 , 10 and Ra tnSpa na p. 1 7 2 - i. V ide A . D . p . 1 0 7 , 19 fo r Upanyasa a s p ro p itia tio n a n d .p . 1 0 8 . lin e 11 for UpanyUsa p re sen tin g a rg u m e n t ( Upapatti.). . f* * $ r# , N. X D 0 8 0 a . I . S . V I 94a; D. R. l-3 5 b ; R . S. I I I - 4 9 a ; B .,P . p . 2 0 9 , 18;
P. R . p . 1 7 3 , 5.
120
LAWS Og SANSKRIT DRAM A
, j
- An oft-quoted illustration of the feature is found in the Mah% 'h vlracarita in Vasishthas enlightening speech of admonition to ParaSurama, Look, here is an assemblage of the great saints, here is old Yudhajit and also the king Lomapada with his ministers and so on. 1 It is there in the Balaramayana also where reference to four castes is done in Paraûramas soliloquy commencing with, what, do you say who is not surprised at the feat of DSârathl in rending Sivas bow, upto Rama, i the class-mate of Guha will himself look for Raina in the fourth Act.2 ' Abhinava-guptapada, however, differs from the above view, and holds that the term Varna in the definition of Bharata means characters and not castes .3 Thus according to him the element of Varha-samhara is a congregation of different charac ters who were dissociated in the past on some mission or the , other. This view appears to be more correct and may have wider application than the former one. Vartfa-samhara in this 3 sense may be denoted in the fourth Act of the Mrcchakatika where Vasantasena sends word to Carudatta for meeting in the evening, which tends to put together some of the characters o f the play .4 ' The M andara M aranda is conspicuous in its view which defines Varna-samhara as the dispersing of all characters .5 \ Though this view is not accepted by all others yet etymologically samhara means disintegration, and so it may rightly mean the dispersal of characters. Moreover it suits better to have such an element at the end of the Juncture which will rank pari passu with Bheda? the last element of the Protasis, Sagaranandin considers Varna-samhara to consist in slighting, disregarding or concealing an object already
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. M. C. I l l - 5. B. R. IV-5 5 - i to 5 7 . r. i. S. E>. p. 309, line 14 et *eq. M RC. IV - 3 2 -xxi, M. M. p. 6 3 , 9 . Vide p. 102, 11 supra.
I CHAP. H I ]
DRAMATIC PLOT-
121
dwcribed .1 This view is recorded by the Natya-darpana, though not accepted .2 The specimen of the Varna-samhara of thll type also becomes available in the Ratnavall where Vasantftka remarks of Susangata as a talkative wench and suggests tome gift for her to shut her mouth, lest she should carry lb* tale of the Kings love fo r Sagarika to the queen.3 If this connotation of the Varna-samhara is accepted, even the statement Of Dushyanta denying the reality o f his interest in the hermitgirl to his departing Jester in the second Act of the Sakuntala Will be an instance of Varna-samhara, which, in fact is, tOCOrding to Bharata, a specimen of the special Juncture Called Concealment or Samvrti.5 These are the thirteen sub-divisions of the Pratimulcha Satidhi, 0Ut of which Pushpa, Pragamana,Vajra, UpanylSsa and PariHrpa are to be necessarily inserted in course of this Jtincture ICCording to the Natya-darpana and Dhanika .6 The rest of A t lub-divisions are to be utilised in accordance with their suitability to the ruling sentiment in a dram a; for instance, Cilice Narma and Narma-dyuti are the members of the Kaisiki jNcring 7, their presence is more at accord with the erotic or M OOmic sentiment than with the fierce or the horrific one. A lth o u g h they can be used regardless of any order of succesII, yet the use of the sub-divisions beginning from VidMta t ending with Narma-.dyvti is recommended to be made ad 'atom* It may be recalled here that VilSsa is very important for ducing the element o f drop ( bindu ) in the second Junc I after the dislocation of the germ by subsidiary action, but Canonists have omitted this, due to their partial definition.
*>1, |. N . L. R . 7 0 4 . N . D . p . 73, 2 0 .
li
Mi
X t-13-xxvi ( p. 93 ).
eisk, 11 19 .
V ide Eook I f , C h a p . I , See. I infra.
N . D. Ibid; A va. p. 16, 2; M . M .
p. 6 3 , 10; P. R. p. 110, 12.
fjh
'ill
Vide Chap. VII [ I ],

B. f . p. 209, 20.
infra.
122
At th e. close of the second Juncture, the. germ seems to be well-settled ; and so the third Sandhi is characterised by that phase of action which shows that the germ is carefully nur tured and all obstacles are weeded out. The Juncture promisesthe fruition of the germ. It has the following twelve sub divisions which present the episode in different dramatic phases as detailed below : C. Sub-divisions o f G arbha-sandhi Mis-statement ( Abhutaharatja 1 ) : A statement full o f m is called Abhutaharana.2 It is evident in the deceptive statement of Bhagurayana, the spy o f Canakya, which is used for disintegrating the alliance of Malayaketu and Rakshasa in fourth Act of the Mudra-rakshasa.3 Vidyanatha adds that such a statment to become Abhutaharana should be in behoof of the purpose in hand.4 Even a disclosure of a strategem contem plating to practise some deception falls within the meaning of Abhatnharaya according to K&tayavema.3 ^ It may be noted here that any move calculated to be stra tegic, and used beyond the Juncture of Catastasis or before, wilt ordinarily be a case of the special feature of Deception i statement of truth. It reveals some real purpose or declares a reality or a universal truth.7 An illustration of the first type is found in the Jsakunr tala where the King says, O ! the speech of my darling has
1. 2. N . D . c a lls it AsaiyUharana. N. X I X -8 la ; D . R-. I - 3 8 b - i ; S. D . V I -9 6 a ; N . D- p. 9 1 , 7; M . M . p . 6 3 , 17;
B; P. p . 2 1 0 , LI. 2 0 , 21;
N . R . p . 1 1 9 , 16;
N . L. R . 7 2 7 ; R . S. I I I - 5 2 a . 3. 4. 6, 6. 7. M . R . I V - 7 - x v et seq. P. R . p . 1 1 6 , 8. K . G . R . p . 40 lin e 6 . V ide Sec. on SA N D H Y A N T A H A ' infra. P. R. p . 1 7 8 , 1; N . R . p . 1 1 7 , 8; R . S. I I I - 5 2 b ; N . X I X -8 1 b ;
S. D . V I -9 6 b ; N . L R . 730; B. P. p. 2 1 0 , 22; M . M . p . 6 3 , .18; D . R . I -3 8 b ; N . D . p. 9 0 , 11.
[ CHAP. I l l ]
DRAM ATIC PLOT
123
cleared all doubts, 1 which, in fact, has revealed the real cause of the heroines ailment, viz., her passion for Dushyanta. The second type is visible in the Candakausika where the hero tells the impatient sage, Kindly accept the amount which I have gained by the sale of my wife and child; 'for the balance 1 am making arrangements by auctioning myself to the Caijdala? An instance of the last one is available in the Mudra-rakshasa where Candragupta states a universal truth that a job of a king is really a source of great discomfort, for the Royal Splendour ( rajya-lakshml J it is very difficult to propitiate.3 \S S . Reflection ( Rupa ) : In the opinion of the DaSarQpaka and the Sahitya-darpana, a statement full of reflection is ru p a f which is found in the VikramorvaSl where the King congra tulates his one limb, namely, the shoulder which had the good luck of dashing itself against the shoulder of Urvasl and calls the rest of his body only a burden over the globe.5 The definition of Bharata has also a nearer approach to this view. He defines this element as some inconclusive remark due to a variety of curious things presented at the occasion.6 But the Natya-darpana and the Sudhakara call rupa to be that feature which consists in an expression of some doubt. It may be instanced in the M alatl M adhava by the speech of the hero who says, what could it be after all ! the voice is so shrill as the shrieks of an afflicted osprey. 7 4. Exaggeration ( Udahannja) : It is an expression of excellence 8 ; e. g. the excellence of joy felt by Pururavas
1. 2. 3. 4. 8. 6. 7. 8. IsSk. I l l 1 4 - i ii . C . K'. 1 1 1 -3 1 . M . R . III--5 . D . R . I - 3 8 b ; S. D . V I - 9 6 b - i i, V ikra. I t l - l l . N . X IX -8 2 a . For. D cfn. V ide N . D . p. 8 3 , 9; R . S. 11 1 -5 2 ; M . M . p. 6 3 , 17; B. P. p. 2 1 0 - 2 2 ; For the Exam ple see M S. M s. V - 2 0 . N . X lX -8 2 b ; D. R. I -3 9 a -ii; S. D . V -9 7 a ; R . S. I I l- 5 3 a ;
M . M . p . 6 3 , 9;
N . D . p . 8 5 , 15; N . L. R . 738; B. P. p , 2 1 1 ,2 ;
P . R . p. 1 7 8 , 15; N . R . p. 1 2 2 , 1; N . D . p . 8 5 , 2 3 .
ftt
after attaining UrvaSi is expressed by him to his Clown, my dear friend, I have never felt so happy even with my sove reignty over this Earth as I do today by placing myself in the service o f my darlings feet. 1 An exaggerated statement is also a specimen o f Udaharana found in Carudattas speech in the Mrcchakatika, May there be a cloudy day for a hundred of years with an incessant fall of rain and flashes o f lightning, since I am associated now with my love who is indeed very difficult to be had by persons of my sort. 2 rogress ( Krama ) is the element expressing the reality o f some emotion,3 as is clear in the speech of Dushyanta, while my darling is setting words in her billet-doux, her coun tenance with an eye-brow raised speaks her affection for me through her thrilling cheek. 4 The Daârupaka differs from the above view of Bharata, and defines Progress f kram a) as a feature which' shows some attainment of what one is earnestly thinking a b o u t; 5 and, to illustrate, Dhanika quotes a passage from the Ratnavall where VatsarSja has got a feigned Sagarika before him.6 All the same, the DaSarOpaka recognises the view of other scholars who believe that an acquaintance with the feelings is Krama.1 Sagaranandin, however, defines Krama as the knowledge of what is to happen ( bhavishya ),8 and Jagaddhara has a similar authority to cite in his scholium on the M alatl M adhava.9 Propitiation ( Sahgraha ) is a statement which purports
1. 2.
3.
V ikra. 111-19. MRC. V- 48.

N . X L X -8 3 a ; S. D . V I -9 7 b ; R . S. I I I -6 3 b ; M . M . p . 6 3 , 20; B. P. p . 2 1 1 , 3; N . D . p . 8 5 , 2 3 .
4. 5.
SSk. 1 11-18. D . R. I -3 9 b -i; also B. P, Ibid, P. R . p. 1 8 0 , 1; N . R . p. 1 2 1 - 3 , M . M . Ibid;
6. 7. 8. 9.
R at. I I I - x . D . R . I - 3 9 h - ii. N . ]L. R . 740; also N . D . p. 8 5 , 2 3 & Levi j>, 4 6 . TikS on MS. MS. p. 3 3 9 , 4*
I CHAP. Ill ]
DRAM ATIC PLOT
either to make' some conciliation or offer sonie gift,1 as is evident in the offer of a gold bangle by the King Udayana to his Jester.2 Dr. Haas interprets Propitiation as a reeonciliatory present,3 and thus makes the offering of present ( probably ) meant for conciliation as a feature o f Catastasis. In fact, it is not gift for conciliation nor gift following some course of appea sement, explains the Kusuma Pratima,4 that constitutes the characteristic of'Catastasis. But the phrase Suma-dana is to be distributively construed to the effect that it may mean the use of conciliation at places, gift at others and also of other expedients, if necessary. An illustration o f pure and simple conciliation coupled with threat appears in the M ahavlracarita where Ja$ayu -is accosting Ravana who is eloping with Slta and inubbing him for his evil conduct.5 Inference ( Anumana) : A logical conclusion is Infe It differs from yukti in the sense that it consists in t conclusive determination of facts based upon certain pre m ises, whereas yukti is a mere conjecture and there is no a I fflo r i conclusion. An example of anumana is vividly seen in lie Svapnavasavadattam where Vatsaraja feels the warmth o f slab of stone and says, flowers afe trampled over and be bench of stone is also warm; surely, someone must have here who is suddenly scared at my appearance. 7
rence.6
^ f.
8, J&equest ( PrUrfhana) :
N- X I X - 8 3 b ;
it expresses a wish fo r some

S. T3. V i - 9 8 a ; R. S. I ll-5 4 a ;
D . R. I~ 4 0 a ;
M .M . p . 6 3 , 2 1 ; B .P . p . 2 l l , 4; N . L. K . 7 41; P .R . p . 1 8 0 , 1 4 ; N. D. p. 8 2 , 12. R t. I I I - 4 xxiv ( p . 1 1 7 ). D . R . ( Columbia U . P . ) p. 2 2 , Line 13.

K u j . Pr. p. 3 3 6 , lin e 9,
M . C. V - 1 8 . N . X X -8 4 a ; D . R . I - 4 0 a - i i ; M . M . p. 6 3 , 22; N .D . p. 8 * , 4 ; S. D . V i - 9 8 b ; R . S . ,111-54 ; P. R. p . I l l , 9 ; ,
B. P. Ibid,- N . L . R . 7 46; N . R . p. 1 2 3 , 7.
i , V,
I V - 4 ( N . S. Edn. ).
126
enjoyment, fe.stivity 6r rejoicings.1 An instance is available in the third Act of the R atnavah where the King invites his beloved for giving the pleasure of her company.2 This feature is not admitted to the class of the sut zivisions of the Garbha~sandhi by some canonists like Dhanafijaya, Singa Bhapl a and Srlkrshna Kavi who seem to represent Kohalas school of thought, whereas it is included in this list by Bharata and Vivan2tha. According to those who belong to the latter school, there are thus thirteen sub-divisions of the third Juncture} but then, for the reason that this sportive anxiety can possibly be a characteristic of only a type of dramas, the use of-Hiis element is deemed optional. Revelation (Kshipti ) : What unravels the secret amounts to Kshipti .3 By the DaSarupaka and a few other texts a feature of Akshepa is accepted in stead of Kshipti, and it is defined as bringing out the seed which is invisible and inside.4 The definition of the two sets of scholars are almost synonymous and so it would not be erroneous td identify Kshipti with Akshepa, which is even spelt as Utkshepa by SSgaranandin.5 \VidyanStha, however, defines Akshepa as the pursuit of the desired object.6
y
To illustrate, Kshipti, in the sense in which ViSvanatha has chosen to define it, is available in the Sakuntala where the! heroine opens the sluices of her heart before her friends and admits her attraction for Dushyanta as the cause of her malady;7? and Akshepa is found in the Prataparudra-Kalyana where the priest declares that the Elephant-faced god is himself approach ing that way to celebrate the coronation of the king Prataparudra.8
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. N . X l X - 8 4 b ; S. D . V I - 9 8 b ; N . L. R . 7 49; N . D . p . 8 4 , 17, R a t. I l l 1 1 ., N . X l X - 8 5 a ; S. D . V -9 9 a ; N . R . p. 1 3 5 , 11. D . R . I - 4 2 b ; B. P. p . 2 1 1 , 8; M . M . p . 6 4 , 3; N . D . p . 8 8 , 14. N . L. R . 7 5 1 . P. R . p. I l l , lin e 9 . '5 < ;
Sak.
II I-1 3 -i.
P. R . K . IXX-20.
[c h a p . I l l ]
DRAM A^fC PLOT
127
10. Quarrel ( Totaka j 1 : An indignant speech is called Totaka or Trotaka? The Natya-darpana defines Trotaka as an excited speech expressive of any strong emotion, be it due to anger or ecstasy.3 But popularly, the connotation of this element is limited to an angry speech. A reference to the statement 4 of Austnarl who gives a suitable retort to the coax ing speech of the hero, why, oh good lady ! should you thus torment your tender body by observances of these vows,5 will offer an illustration of Totaka. 11. Outwitting ( Adhibala ) : A cunning deception is called Adhibala,6 and its example is found in the Balaramayana where Mayamaya and Sarpanakha disguise (themselves and practise deception upon Rama and Vamadeva.7 A deception practised in furtherance of the purpose in hand is Adhibala in the opinion of Vidyanatha.8 The reversion or nullification of deception is Adhibala according to Sagaranandin.9
4 r, Some authors recorded by the Natya-darpana define K Adhibala as a taunting speech, an instance o f which is found is the Venlsamhara where Bhlmasena speaks to Dhrtarashtra, B " Enough of anger, sire ! you remain witness to the deeds of y o u r sons and grandsons. 10 Adhibala is a presentation of
T h e title m eans that w h ich rends the heart, ( totayali tli ) N. X lX - 8 5 b ; D . R . I - 4 0 b & 4 1 b ; S. D . V I -9 8 b ; R . S. I l l 6 5 a ; M . M . p. 6 3 , 23; B. P. p. 2 1 1 , 6; P. R . p. 1 8 6 , 18; N . L .R . 7 5 5 . N . D. p. 9 1 , 20; N . R. p. 1 3 4 , 2. 'Etasja vratasya ayam prabhavo y a d p. 1 3 0 , 6. V ikra. I l l - 13. N . X !X -8 6 a ; D . R. I - 4 0 b - ii ; S. D . Ibid; R . S. I I I - 5 5 b ; M . M . etavad oadati aryaputrah V ikra.
p . 6 3 , 24; B. P. 2 1 1 , 5; N . R . p . 1 1 9 , 5. B. ,R. V I 4 x et seq. P. R. p. 1 1 1 , 9 . N . L. R . 7 5 8 . N , D. p. 9 0 - 4 ; e. g. Veni. V - 2 9 .
128-
greater intellectual strengh of the orte of the two parties engaged m an intrigue for taking the other in.1There are some canonists referred to by the Daiarupaka and the Mandara M aranda who believe that a cutting statement like Totaka is called Adhibala? in which sense, however, Vastu* vicara Speaks to the King in the Prabodha-candrodaya* / Oh ! a five-arrowed warrior of floral bow is to be conquered. W hat, does it need then my holding weapons ! sure, only with a mental operation I shall uproot passion. 3 The Ch&ya, following the M andara M aranda notes an opi nion of some stray scholar who thinks that the wise critics recognise the association with a dear object as the characteri stic feature of Adhibala. * 12. Dismay ( Udvega): It is an element that introduces fear which may arise of a king, an enemy, a thief, a fierce animal or the like. It is not limited to fear proceeding from an enemy only in the opinion of Dhanafijaya and a few other scholars. 6 In order to support the view of Dhanafijaya, Dhanika took the expression enemy in its widest sense extending it even to a feeling of emulation or jealousy between co-wives.7 In fact, even the most delicate feeling of hesitation, I think, is included in dismay as is found in the Sakuntala, where the heroine says, my heart trembles for fear of being disregarded. 8 13. Terror ( Vidrava, also termed as Sambhtama ) : It is an extreme fea t and trembling, which may be due to any fright1. 2. 3. 4. 5. N . D . p . 8 9 , l l , 13. R ef ctted to in D . R . 1 - 4 l a P. C . IV 10 to 15. ChSyS p . 3 1 3 , 11. N . X lX -8 6 b ; N . L. R . 7 6 1 . 6. D . R . l - 4 2 a ; B. P . p . 2 1 1 , 7; P . R . p . N . R . p . 1 2 5 , 21. 7. 8. A v a . p . 2 0 , Ll. 4 , 5. SSk. I H - 1 5 - v i i i . S. D . V l-lO O a ; R . S. I I I - 5 6 a ; M . M . p . 6 4 , 1 ;
M , M . p. 63 26.
187,
i o ; N . D . p . 8 6 , 22;
C H A P.
I ll]
DRAM ATIC PLOT
12?
ful object.1 F or instance, it fills. the minds o f M alatl and ^[apala-kundala when they find Madhava and Aghoraghanta crossing swords with one another.2 Sagaranandin calls Vidrava to be a cumulative presentation of all the three feelings, namely, apprehension ( ianka ), fear ( bhaya ) and uneasiness ( (rasa ), which may be by reference to different substrata ( alambana Some panic caused by fright and uneasiness is Vidrava in the opinion of the Natya-darpana, which is more logical inasmuch as it presents some clear distinction between Udvega and Vidrava.4 1 Out of these thirteen sub-divisions of Catastasis Dhanika believes that the Abhutsharana, Marga, Totaka, Adhibala and Hkshepa are important; and others may be conveniently used by the playwright in his works.5 Sirtkrshna Kavi, Vidyanatha and the authors of the Natya-darpana agree to this view o f Dhanika.6 One point, however, is worthy of notice in this Connection : Dhanafljaya believes that the?e are only twelve lub-divisions of the third stage o f action, whereas other Canonists desire to divide the Juncture into thirteen sub divisions. As the number of these sub-divisions is only iCommendatory, the exclusion of one does not matter much. But on close analysis it appears that Dhanafljaya has omitted wtdrava from his scheme, which he pushes forward to the WtlfiarSa Sandhl and places it in juxtaposition with Drava. lilt elements of Drava and Vidrava with some variation in M r connotations cannot be conveniently put up by a feywright unless there is a long gap created by a soft situation the midst o f the dramatic action. It, therefore, appears be more suitable if they are placed in two different
g i, N . X lX - 8 7 a ; D. R. I 42a ii; S. D . V l-lO O b ; R. S. I I I - 5 6 b ;
M . M . p . 4, 2; B. P. Ibid; P. R . p . I l l , 10; N . R . p . 1 1 8 , 11* M *. MS. V3 1 - i ii . N, L. R . 7 6 6 . Observe th a t B harata has also a varian t read ing for the d efin ition o f Vidrava stating ahka-maya-trasa!i which. i better th an "nrpagnibhayasamyuktah/ the la tter confusing, Vidrava w ith Udvega, fear o f the king being the overlapping feature. [ Vide N . S. ( N . S. Edn. ) p . 3 1 7 , F n . 13. ]
Av,
N , D . p . 8 8 , 4. p . 2 1 , lin e 3. P. R . p. I l l , 11; N . D . verse 5 2 .
M . M, p . 9 4 , LI, 5 - 6 ;
f c ^ * * H * . N * PfaP<i lOffie dramaturgists jt* < h * m M t of V l U r n h I te th ird Juncture and yet feave twetlk sub*dlvUloai otaly, by omitting Prorthana from their lis t.1 The next Juncture is of Epitasis or Vtmaria Sandhi, which is spelt in divers ways as Amaria, virmar&a or avamarsa Sandhi by different dramaturgists, but the difference is in no way substantial. The fourth Juncture presents the stage of removal of impediments and culminates into certainty of success assured in fulness of time. The efforts in the Pataka that created hopes of success in the previous Juncture are supplemented by the activities in the Prakari, the cumulative effect of which becomes visible in greater hopes for gaining full success, which, in its own turn, is much near at hand. This Juncture jîs also, like others, a number of sub-divi sions; but no other Juncture seems to present such diversity in their acceptance as is found in the case of the Vimarsa Sandhi. The important ones, however, are as follows : D. Sub-divisions o f V itn ars'a -S a n d h i Censure ( Apavada ) : Declaring the fault o f another is called Apavada? It is found in the Mrchhakatika in the statement of the Rake who laughs at the silliness of the Sakara with the words, The Earth is loaded with the burden of fools who are only columns of flesh. 3 Declaration of ones own fault is included in the connotation of Apavada in the opinion of the Natya-darpana.4 . ' ^ J l . Rebuke ( Sampheta ) : A fiery speech full of anger is rebuke.5 It is found in the Mrcchakatika where in the eighth
* 1. , For' further details vide Vidraba p. 131 infra. 2. N . X IX -8 8 a ; N . L. R. 8 0 1 .
3. M RC. V III-6 . D . R . I-4 5 b ; M . M . p. 6 4 , 13;
S. D . V l-lO O b;
R . S. H I 60a; P. R. p. 112, 6; B. P. p . 2 1 1 ,1 9 ; N . R. p. 136, 7 ,
4. 6.
N. D . p. 94, 14. N . X IX -8 8 b ; S. D . V I -1 0 2 b -ii. D . R. I - 4 5 a -ii. M . M . p . 6 4 ,1 4 ; P. R . p. 1 9 3 ,6 ; B. P. p. 2 1 1 , 19b; N . R . p. 136, 12; N. D. p. 9 3 , 1?; N . L. R . 8 0 6 .
t CH AP. I l l ]
DRAM ATIC PLOT
131
Act the Rake addresses the Sahara, O Villain ! wait a while. 1 This element is very popular inasmuch as it directly relates to the m otif o f the play.2 Singa Bhupala thinW that Sam pheta is a result of censure, and consists in some statement which touches the evil that has taken place.3 3. Contempt ( Drava or Abhidrava ) : It is a statement which contains disrespectful language used for elders and persons worthy of reverence.4 A notable illustration of this feature is available in the speech of Lava who is satarizing at the greatness of the doings of Sri Ramacandra who is referred to as an elderly personage of such conduct as should not be put to any scrutiny and so on. 5 ViSvanatha, however, holds out Drava as an apology for such transgression due to some/ grief or excitement.6 \ / '~4. Tumult ( Vidrava ) : It is defined by Dhanafljaya as a feature which shows combating,7 slaying, imprisoning or causing such horror as will amount to tumult.8 An illustra tion of this feature may be found in the M ahavlracarita where Bali when killed by Rama regains his original form of divinity and narrates the story of his being cursed.9 Here slaying has caused tumult. Similarly, conflagration in the harem has done so in the fourth Act of the Ratnavall.10 There are scholars who do not believe in the existence of two such elements as Drava and Vidrava in course of one and the same Juncture. Bharata has no position for Vidrava in
1. 2. 3. 4. M RC. V l l l - I I - i v . A va. p. 22 , 8 . R . S. I I I - 6 0 b . N . X IX -8 9 a ; D . R . I - 4 5 a - i i ; M . M . p . 6 4 ,1 6 ; P. R . p . 1 94, 8; R . S. I I I - 6 2 a; B. P. p . 2 1 1 , 20; N . R . p . 1 3 6 , 28; N . D . p . 9 2 , 24; N . L . R . 8 1 3 . 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. U . R. V -3 5 . S. D . V I - 1 3 3 b . Added by P . R . vide p. 13 6 , 19.
D . R . I - 4 5 b - i ; P . R . 1 9 4 ,2 ; B. P . p. 2 1 1 , 2 0 . M . C. V - 4 5 R at. I V - 1 4 . et seq.
133
' LAWS OF SANSKRIT DRAMA
his own-scheme. Even th e" examples given above appear as ; \ weak ones; and is so, in no less degree, the one, pointed out by 7 Dhanika in the Ratnavall where V3savadatt& makes a mention of- Sagarikas situation behind the bars when fire has broken out in the inner apartments of the King.1 Such scenes, as a matter of fact, seem to fall within the scope of the Sambhrama discussed above. Like-minded with Dhanafljaya, Singa Bhupala also maintains Vidrava as one of the elements of the fourth Juncture and includes inter alia conflagration alsoâs one of the elements to cause tumult as shown above.2 He illustrates it by the assisination of Kumbhakarna, the consumption of the figure of Indrajit and senselessness of Ravana in the ninth Act of the Balaramayana. The M andara Maranda also agrees to this view,3 but it affords a point for closer scrutiny as to how far the introduction of Vidrava which encompasses within its scope the presentation of slaying and imprisonment falls in fitness with the dramatic conventions accepted by the extant authorities on D ram aturgy.4 Placating ( Sakti ) : Bharata and a host of other cano nists define Sakti as an attempt to reconcile a disagreement.5 It may be instanced in the statement of Lava, Opposition has ceased; an atmosphere of calmness rules in the Uttara* ramacaritam.6 Allaying the wrath is Sakti in the opinion of the Natya-darpana.7 In this sense the element is evident in the heros statement in the Ratnavall, Her anger has o f
1. 2. 3. 4. Ib id . p . 1 4 8 , Ll. 3, 5. R . S. I I I - 6 1 b . M . M . p . 6 4 , lin e 15. V ide'C hap. V I I -
C onventions
infra.
It, however, appears that
Vidrava m igh t have
been accepted as a sub-division o f Avimarsa a good follow ing
Sandhi by K ohala who seems to possess quite in later dram aturgists. 5.
N . X I X - 3 9 b ; S. D . V I - 1 0 4 b - i ; D . R . I - 4 6 a - i ; M . M . p. 6 4 , 17; N . L. R . 8 1 9 ; P . R . p. 1 9 5 , 3 ; B. P. p . 2 1 1 , 21 ; R . S. I I I -
62b ; N . R. p. 14 3 , 2. 6. ?. U . R. V I-1 1 . N . D . p . 1 0 0 , Line 2.
[ CHAP.
Ill ]
DRAM ATIC PLOT
133
itself pacified. 1 The Natya-darpana also records the opinion of some author who admits command ( ajna ) in place of $akti to the list of the sub-divisions of the fourth J uncture.2 Reference ( Prasahga ) : A casual utterence of ones ancestors is Prasahga.3 It -also includes to refer to oneself by ones own patronymic name, as it appears in the state ment of the hero in the Sakuntala in the fifth Act in response to the rebuke of the disciples of Kanva, Perdition to catch the Pauravas ! Impossible ! 4 According to Saradatanaya, Prasahga is a reference to something beyond the subject under description.5 This* view is noted by the Natya-darpana as well. But the Rasaranava Sudhakara has just the opposite view, for a suggestion to the subject-matter in hand is Prasahga according to it, which at any rate, is the direct meaning o f the term in the popular parlance. 7 Assertion (Vyavasaya): In the opinion of Bharata and his followers j t is the mention of a resolution or determi nation and of the means for carrying it out.8 The Vijfiapriya clarifies the statement that Vyavasaya consists in the expression of the fulfilment of the determined vow.9 It is visible in the speech of 'Bhlmasena in the Venisamhara, Here is Bhlma with his head bent low ( in obeisance to
1.
2. 3.
R at. I I I - l .
N . D . p . 1 0 0 bottom . N . X I X - 9 0 a ; D . R . I - 4 6 b - i ; M . M . p. 6 4 ,1 9 ; S. D . V l - l 0 4 b - i i ; P. R . p . 1 7 6 , 1 3 ; N . R . p . 1 3 8 , 21 ; N. D . p. 93, 2 ; also n oted 'b y R . S . I I I - 6 4 a .
4. 5. 6.
S5k. V - 3 6 - i v . B. P. p. 2 1 1 , 2 2 ; N . L. R . 8 2 6 . A lso recorded by N . D . p. 9 3 , 8 .
7.
8.
R. S. III-6 2 b .
N . X l X - 9 0 b ; S. D . V I - ! 0 3 a ; B. P. p. 2 1 2 , 2,* N . L. R . 8 2 4 . the V ivrti as Pratijna , hetu, toy oh N . D . p. 1 0 3 , 9; T he text is Pratijna-helu-sambhavah, explain ed by sambhavak m elanam ... ...
etc....V id e Vivrti. on S. D . p. 3 1 4 Line 1 et seq>

9. V . Pr. p . 3 0 6 (h a ). ,
TS4
LAWS OF SANSKRIT" DikAMA of Duryodhana and
you, Sire"! ) , who broke the thigh exhausted the Kaurava brothers. 1
Assertion is declaration of ones own capacities in the opi nion of Dhanafljaya and a group of other canonists.2 Such an element is Samrambha in Ram acandras list of the sub divisions of the fourth Juncture.3 The Natya-darpana has in this case adopted altogether a new course. It has two different sub-divisions made out of these two opinions about Vyavasaya. In the sense in which Dhanafljaya uses the term Vyavasaya , it calls that element to be Samrambha, whereas it accepts a separate element of Vyava saya in fair agreement with Bharatas view. As it stands, it defines Vyavasaya as an association or contact with what is likely to bring one nearer the goal.4 The feature is illustrated by reference to Yaugandharay anas . association with the magi cian whpse performance is prospective of bringing him nearer to the point of culmination.5 ^ A , Excitement ( D y u t i ) : It consists in reprimanding and inciting the feelings of others.6 In the latter sense it is found in the Malavikagnimitra in the speech of the Jester who says, O friend ! a reptile has fallen on me. 7 Dhanika interprets it as an excitement caused in, ones mind by threats and provocation by another.8 Contempt is Dyuti according to the Natya-darpana, which is more comprehending and agreed to by Sagaranandin as well.9 '
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. Venn V - 2 8 . D . R . I - 4 7 a - i ; M . M . p . 6 4 , 21; P. R . p. 1 9 7 , 12; B. P. p. 2 1 2 , 1 ; R . S. I l l 65a ; N . R. p. 137, 17. V ide N . D . V iv ek a 1, verse 5 6 . Ibid. p. 1 0 3 , 91. R a t. A ct IV , p. 1 6 9 , lin e 6 , to p. 175; lin e 4. N . X IX 9 1a; D . R . I - 4 6 a - i i ; M .M . p. 6 4 , 18; S . D . V I - 1 0 4 a - i; P. R . p. 1 9 6 , 6 ; B. P. p; 2 1 1 , 21 ; p. 1 3 7 , 9. 7. 8. 9. M ai. A ct IV , p . 8 0 , line 9. A va. p . 2 4 , lin e 2 . i / R . S. H I-6 8 a ; N . R.
N . D. p. 9 6 , LI. 10 & 18 ; N . L . R . 8 2 9 . ,
CHAP.
I ll
DRAM ATIC PLOT

'
135

9. Dejection ( K h e d a ) : There is a set of authorities which believes in accepting Kheda as one o f the elements of the fourth Juncture, and defines it as an expression of the loss of spirits on account of msntal exhaustion or physical fatigue.1 For example, lassitude is noticed in Pururavas statement, Oh ! I am fatiguedI should like to refresh myself with the cool breeze on the banks of this mountain river. 2 Mental exhaustion, however, is perceptible in the MalatlM adhava where the hero expresses, My heart is broken. s Dejection in the form of despair is also Kheda which results in languor, a specimen of which is found in Rakshasas speech in the Mjidra-rakshasa, Ah, wretched me ! where do I go n o w ! - * / 0 . Prevention (Pratishedha or Nishedha): The obstruction in securing the desired object is Prevention.5 Only a few canonists, namely Bharata, Visvanatha and Sagaranandin believe in the existence of this feature constituting the fourth Juncture. A striking example of Prevention is, however, found in the speech of despondent Rakshasa, It is indeed Providence that is hostile to the descendents of Nanda and notjjhis brahmana ( Canakya).6 / ' ' II. Opposition CVirodhana ) : It is that feature which pre sents an excitement caused among those that are bewildered.7 Contempt for the excited is an alternative definition suggested by the BhavaprakaSa.8 Bharata, on the other hand, holds that Virodhona is an element which presents an exchange of unpleasant remarks.9 An illustration to this may be found in the Venlsamhara in the dialogue^ between Duryodhana and
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. N . X I X - 9 1 b ; S. D . V I - 1 0 5 a ; N . D . p . 9 6 , 2 0 ; N . L. R . 8 3 2 . V ikra. IV 51 iv ( p . 1 9 9 , 4 ). M s. M 5. I X 12. M . R . V I 6 et seq. N . X I X - 9 2 a ; S. D . V I - 1 0 5 ; N . L. R. 8 3 8 . M . R . V I -!'. M . M. p. 64 , 22 ; P. R . p. 198, 3 B. P. p. 2 1 2 , 3 . . B. P. p. 2 1 2 , 4, . .
- -
N . X I X - 9 2b ; D . R . I - 4 6 a - i i ; R . S. I l l 6 5 b ; N . R. p . 1 3 8 , 8,.,
Bhlmasena where the two excited characters rebuke each other.1 Dhanika confuses Virodhana with Chalana by attributing to the former the same characteristics as Dhanafljaya does to the latter.2 Sip.ga Bhupala also maintains this view, but Visvan at ha and Ramacandra define Virodhana as an element which signifies some impediment or delay in the fruition of the dramatic cause.3 An illustration of the same may be found in 4this sense in the Vikramorvasl where the King refuses to pick up the gem of union ( sangama mani ).4
12. Disrespect ( Chalanam) : 3aradatanaya, Vidyanatha and Dhanafljaya include the element of Disrespect among the sub-divisions of the Vimarsa Sandhi.5 From the illustrations cited by them it may be concluded that disregard contemplated here is by reference to the principal characters of the play, e. g. the hero or the heroine, or the hero and his counter part. To illustrate, Rama amply evinces lack of concern in regard to Slta when he quits her in the Uttararama-carita; or in the ninth Act of the Balaramayana Rama shows disregard for Ravana and the latter his contempt for the former. Simi larly, Vasavadattas spite towards Udayanas quest of love is again a specimen of Chalana in the Ratnavall. Srlkrshna Kavi adds that it is only a purposeful disrespect which falls within the compass o f Chalana,6 On the other hand, the Natya-darpana records the opinion of some scholars who think that Chalana is bewilderment.7 In this sense, it may be illustrated by referring to a piece from the Venlsamhara in the sixth Act where Yudhishthira is addressing the Carvaka, Please tell me, by all means, O revered Sir, in brief
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7.
VenT. Act V30 to 34. V ide A va. p . 2 5 , lin e 2 8 . S. D . V I - 1 0 6 a ,-N . D. p. 9 7 , 15 ; N . L. R. 8 4 0 . V ikra. I V - 4 3 . B. P. p . 2 1 1 , 1 ; P. R . p. 1 9 7 , 9 ; D . R . I - 4 6 b - i i . M . M . p. 6 4 , 20.
N . D . p. 95, 16.
{ CHAP.
Ill ]
DRAMATIC PLOT
i37
or in extenso about my dear boy, of whom to listen here have I lent my attention to thee.1 In the Rasarnava-sudhakara, it is not a simple disregard which is believed to present Chalana, but the author holds that disregard shown towards the culmination of the drama tic m otif is really what may constitute Chalana.2 Bharata, Vifsvanafha and Gunacandra do not accept this element as a feature of this Juncture, but suggest instead the element of Chadana, which, in fact, views objectively what the former does only subjectively.3 13. Praise ( Vicalanam or Calanam) is a self-panegyric statement.4 But it should be befitting the occasion, adds Vidyanatha, with whom concurs Abhinava Kalidasa as well.5 The statement of Mirake& alias Sanumatl in th e sixth Act of the Sakuntala may serve as an illustration, "where she boasts of her capacity to know everything by means of meditation.6 The authorities like Bharata and Vi^vanatha among others do not, however, accept the element of Praise as a sub-division of the Vimarsa Sandhi. Logically, o f course, such an element is likely to have its position in the scheme of every drama, because after strenuous efforts when one is able to steer through all storms of impediments, one is likely to give vent to ones own feelings of just pride and thus providing room for a complimentary statement. 14. Forbearance ( Chadana ) : To put up with an insult or a similar discomfiture for the purpose of securing ones own object is called Forbearance.7 It is found in Dushyantas
1. 2. 3. 4. Venf. V I - 15. R . S. I I I - 6 4 b ; also accepted by N . R . p. 138, 1. For further p articu lars vid e N o . 14 below. D . R . I 48a i ; M . M. p. 6 4 , 2 4 ; B. P . p . 2 1 2 : 6 ; R . S. I I I 6 6 b i. 6. 6. 7. P. R . p . 1 9 8 , 9 ; N . R . p. 1 3 8 , 2 7 . Sak. V I - 1 - l v i i , N . X IX -9 3 b ; S. D . V I-1 0 7 .
138
LAWS O F SANSKRIT DRAMA
putting up with the insults showered upon him in the fifth A ct by the disciples o f Kanva. The pinch of the insult is acknow ledged by himself when he says, I am all the more insulted.1 In a tropical sense, a beautiful specimen of this element is found in Madhavas statement expressive of his endurance of an insult in the shape o f indifference shown to him by the Lord of elephants who does not care to respond to the hit addressed to him.2 The Natya-darpana differs from this connotation of the element of Chadana, and points out that an attempt to reconcile or do an act which will end the effect of insult is Forbear ance.3 He offers only a weak illustration from the Ratnavall where t h e ,? iaioine says, Luckily, this conflagration will, terrsiaate all my miseries. 4 Sagaranandin holds that only an insulting speech is enough to make for this element, and he chooses to spell the title as Sadana in place of Chadana.515. Projection ( Bh&vZtntara ) : There are some scholars who believe that change of motive is also a sub-division of ,the Vimarsa Sand hi.6 It consists of a situation like this : where one wants to do a deed with a particular motive, there is another person who attempts to further the performance of that very deed, but with an altogether different motive. In such circumstances the element of projecting the motive (bhavantara) is found. An illustration is cited from the Tapasa-vatsarSja where minister Yaugandhaiayana wants to spare Vasavadatta from committing suicide; all the same he orders Vinltaka, from a different motive, to arrange for the pyre.7 16. Precursion ( Prarocana ) : A statement which shows signs o f achievement of success 8 or shows proximate success,
1. 2. 3.
SSk.
V 1 8 - v i. .
M S. M 3. 1 X - 3 4 et scq. N . D . p . 9 5 , 2.
4 . , R a t, JV16 - x v i ( p.. 18 ? top ). 5. 6. 7. 8. N . L. R . 8 4 9 . Recorded by N . D . p. 1 0 0 , 2 Jt. T . P. A ct V I ( p. 6 8 , lin e 15 ). N . X IX 9 4a; S. D . V I -1 0 6 b ; N . L. R . 8.57; N . D . p. 101 bottom .
[OHAP.HI]
DRAM ATIC PLOT
'
139
as almost achieved1 is Prarocaria. For instance, the speech of Agastya in the Mahavlracarita-which points out the success of the hero against all demons and consequent coronation of Ram a amounts to Precursion.2 The Natya-darpana recalls that some scholars define Prarocaria as honouring others.3 He further adds that some omit Prarocaria altogether from their scheme and admit the element of Yukti in its stead.4 17. Summary ( Adana) is the resume of action.0 The insertion of this feature helps in bringing to mind afresh the real m o tif of the play. An example is available in the M alatl M adhava where M akaranda in his long soliloquy bewails in sympathy for his friend Madhava who suffers a gross dis appointment in losing his fiancee.6 In the Prabodhacandrodaya also there is Adana in the speech of Sarasvatl who is telling Mana that the place and pleasure of Kshetrajfta depends on his steadfastness.7 Some commentators read this element as Ananda rather than Adana, but this choice hardly seems to suit the definition. Ramacandra and Gunacandra define the element as showing the nearness o f gaining the fruit.8 These are various sub-divisions of the Vimarsa Sandhi in regard to the acceptance of which there is a diversity of opinion among different canonists with a consensus that all agree to admit only thirteen sub-divisions to mark this Juncture. Out of them, Apavada, Sakti, Vyavasaya, Prarocana and Adana are, in the opinion o f Dhanika, indispensable for
1.
3.
D . R. I-4 7 b ;
B. P. p. 2 1 2 , 5;
M . M . p. 6 4 , 23; ' P. R . p . 1 98,
3 5 ; .R . S . l l l - 6 6 a ; N . R . p . 1 4 1 bottom . LatikS-dvipa-gatam ni sacarcrkulam krtsnam parabhuyate M . C . V I1 6 . N . D . p. 1 0 2 , 1 3 , line 1 4 . Ib id . p. 1 0 2 , 2 2 . N . X I X - 9 3 a ; D . R . I - 4 8 a - i i ; M .M . p . 6 4 , 24; S. D . V I -lO T a -i; P. R . p , 1 9 6 , 4; B. P. p . 2 1 1 , 6; R . S. I H - 6 6 b - i i ; N . R.' p. 1 4 2 , 17; N . L. R . 8 4 4 .
4. 6.
6. 7. 8.
M a. MS. IX 3 8 . P. C. V 33. N . D . p. 1 0 3 , 2.
1#
LAWS J0F SANSKRIT DRAMA
tjic development o f-th e dramatic action.1 The Natya-darpana considers the last four of the above-mentioned as principal I ones and makes the use of the rest only discretionary.2 In course of the last and the fifth Juncture the dram atic cause attains fruit. It presents a happy combination of the denouement and the fruit. It is, therefore, named as the Nirvahaija or the Upasathhura Sandhi? It has fourteen sub divisions of the following description : E. Sub-divisions o f N irvahana-S andhi 1. Junction ( Sandhi ) : Towards the close of the drama, the germ ( bija ) once again becomes directly visible in the fullfledged form, and its appearance marks the feature of Sandhi.4 , For example, in the VikramorvasI the hero gets at the arrow thrown by Ayus and reads his name inscribed in the form as of one, born of UrvaSl. 5 This situation brings the King back to his love for Urvagl and her bearing of his child, which form the very germ of the dramatic cause. In the Sakuntala as well, the element of Sandhi is found on similar lines when Dushyanta meets his child in cognito and wonders if Sakun tala could be the name of the mother of the boy.6 Thus it once again brings to the mind of the reader an idea of the original germ, viz., of the heros affection for the heroine. Hence such passages are deemed to present the element of Sandhi.
1. 2. 3. A va. p. 2 7, lin e 3. N . D . p. 9 2 , verse 5 7 a . It bears the title o f Nimahana Sandhi because it involves the p oin t o f cu lm in ation . because it Some scholars nam e it as the Upasamhura Sandhi and purports to bring together to
concludes the p la y
one end a ll m atters th a t the subsequent Junctures. 4.
took place in the Mukha-Sandhi and in
N . X IX 9 5a; D . R . I - 5 7 a ~ i; S. D . V l - l l O a i; B .P . p . 2 1 2 , 1 8 i ; R . S. I l l - fO a -i; N . D . p. 1 0 4 , 3; N . R . p. 1 7 7 , 2; P. R . p. 2 0 0 b ottom ; M . M . p . 6 5 , 6 . JV. B. Sagaranan din calls th is feature Artha. V ide N . L. R . 8 6 1 .
fi, 6.
V ikra. V 7. ifek. V I I - 2 0 - x i v .
[ CHAP. H I ]
Dr a m a t i c
plo t
14t
2. Vigilance ( Vibodha) : The* second sub-division of the fifth Juncture is a feature which presents search for the denouement.1 It is defined by scholars with almost the same connotation, but is named differently. It is called Virodha by the Natya-Sastra, the M andara M aranda and the Rasarnava Sudhakara. The Natya-darpana,' on the other hand, calls it Nirodha, whereas the Ratnakosa chooses to name it as Anuyoga. In this respect there is no substantial difference except that the Natya-darpana lays more stress On the scrutinising aspect of the search than on a simple quest for the denouement ( Karya ) of the play.2 An illustration of this feature may be seen in the statement of Canakya to Rakshasa, Dear Minister ! are you anxious to spare the life of Candanadasa ? 3 This very query aims at bringing Rakshasa round, and making him accept the sword of allegiance on behalf of Candragupta, and that is the denoue'ment of the play. 3. Hint ( Gratkanam ) : It intimates the end of the play by showing that the fruition of the germ is near at hand,4,
N . X I X -9 5 b ; D . R . I - 5 1 a - i i ; 18b; R . S . III-5'O a-ii; S. D . V l- llO a - ii; B. P. p . 2 1 2 , to p ;
N . R . p . 1 4 0 , 16;
P. R . p . 2 0 2
M . M . p . 6 5 , 6 ; N . L. R . 8 8 6 . 2. 3. 4. N . D . p. 1 0 5 , 3. M . R . V I I - 1 4 - i to V I I - 1 5 - i . N . X IX -9 6 a ; D . R . I - 5 1 b - i ; S . D . V l - l l O b ; B. P. p . 2 1 2 , 19; N . L. R . 8 6 4 ;
R . S. I l l 79b; N . D . p . 1 0 5 , 5; N . R . p . 1 4 8 , 18; P. R . p . 2 1 S top; M . M . p . 6 5 , 7.
It jnay be noticed here th a t the d efin ition o f Grathana is given by D h an aiijaya as Tadnpakshepah , hardly believe in the pronoun T a t stan d in g or the dram atic to fa v o u r the one for the for Karya, the denouem ent o f the p la y . The- Sanskrit playw rights p lu rality o f the denouem ent
motif, and the d ram aturgical canons donot seem attem pt o f w eaving causes or ob jetcs more than ends o f the dram atic plot.
Despite th is fact, V isvanStha, perhaps,
only follow ing the arch aic text o f B harata, has defin ed Grathana a s Upahhepas-lu karyanam , p lacin g the word 'Karya num ber, w h ich seem s less suitable in! the p lu ra l
unless th e p lu r a l is m eant to
142
LAWS QF SANSKRIT DRAMA
e. g., the statement of Sarvilaka in the last Act of. the Mrecliakafika, requesting Carudatta to order what sentence should be awarded to the villain Sakara, suggests that the finis is almost to follow.5 4. . Narration ( Nirnaya ) : Relating some past experience amounts to Nirnaya ,2 which is evident in the statement of the Buddhist monk, Samvahaka who narrates the story of the rescue of the heroine in the last Act of the Mrcchakatika.3 5. Conversation ( ParibhSshana ) : Mutual conversation in which one or more characters participate, and which is significant of the culmination of all efforts into success amounts to Paribhashatja.4 To illustrate, the talk between Upanishad and Santi Devi in course of which the latter says to the former, Your enemies are undone; all your ambitions fulfilled 5 may be cited. Dhanafljaya, in defining ParibhSshana as stated above, has differed from Bharata who defines it as a talk full of censure.6 A clear illustration o f such vituperative statement is available in the $akuntala in the seventh Act where the ascetic lady, when inquired of the name of Sarvadamanas father, replies,
signify the various item s o f Karya in the dram a.
W ith this reading
o f VisvanStha there is the concurrence o f the Ratnakos'a as w ell. A ll the same, A valok a on the Das'arupaka states Karyasyq upsmya_ satf* and also V isvanatha him self in his notes below the illu stra tio n remarks kSryasyopakshepSd i d . of m ere m etrical adjustm ent. 1. 2. 3. M RC. X -5 2 -x i. A ll texts Ibid. et seq. M R C . X - 4 5 - v i i et seq, Thus the p lu ral m ay be
deemed only a levity o f expression in th is case, used for purposes
4.
5.
D.
R . I - 5 2 a - i j B . P . p. 2 1 2 , 2 2 ; R . S . I I I - H a ; P . R . p. 2 0 4 ,1
M . M . p. 6 5 , 9. P. C. V I - 9 - i - v . ( p . 2 1 1 ). S. D . V I -1 1 1 b -i; B. P. p . 2 1 2 / 2 1 ; R . S. Ibid; 6 . \N . X I X - 9 7 a ; Xv. L . R . 8 7 4 .
[ CHAP. Ill ]
DRAM ATIC PI20T
who would utter the name of him who has deserted his legally wedded wife! 1 Censuring ones own self is Paribhashana in the opinion of the Natya-darpana2 who illustrates the view by reference to the heros speech, With your delightful glances, O Queen ! grace me, who proved both unloving and shameless. 3 Abhinava Kalidasa, however, differs from this view inasmuch as he thinks that censuring one another is Paribhashana. 4 6. Consolation ( Krti ) : Dhanafljaya defines Krti as an element which conveys the feeling of pacification due to success in getting the desired objects.5 The purpose of this feature is to show a sort of joy resulting from suppression o f all impediments which were so far causing despondency, and also to anticipate that the full attainment of the desired end is not far off. The dialogue between Udayana and his senior consort Vasavadatta about the acquisition of Ratnavall is cited as an illustration of the element of Krti by Dhanika, for it removes all uneasiness from the m ind o f the King.6 The above text of Dhanafljaya is translated by Drl Haas as Substantiation of the result attained. 7 This meaning is not borne out by the text under translation. It seems, how ever, that Dr. H aas is perhaps influenced by the view advanced by Ramacandra, Singa Bhupala and a few others who define Krti as an element which suggests that the object attained has gained ground and is settled with firmer roots.8 Dhanika
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Sak. V I I - 2 0 vi. N . D . p . 1 0 6 , 4. T. V . V I - 6 . N . R . p . 1 4 8 , 11. D . R . I - 5 3 a - i ; Labdhartha-'samamm K rtih S . D . V I - 1 11 b - ii also noted by B. P. p . 2 1 3 , 2 a . 6. 7. 8. A valok a p . 3 0 , lin e 8 . Haas* T rans, o f D . R . ( C olum bia U . P . ) p . 3 1 , lin e 1 2 . Krtir-alha labdMrtha-su-sthin-karanam ." R . S. I l l 7 2 b , also follow ed by N . D . p . 1 0 7 , 17; P. R . p. 2 07, 9. B. P . p . 2 1 3 , 2 6 ; M . M . p . 6 3 , 13; .
144
also confirms this view while illustrating Krti b y reference to> a passage from the Venisamhara, Here are sages like Valmlki and others who have commenced the ceremony of Installa tion.1 Abhinava Kalidasa also agrees to the latter view, but reads Sthiti in place of " Krti as the title of this element.2 With the same connotation as given by Dhanafijaya, Bharata has the sixth sub-division of the final Juncture in his scheme which he prefers to call " Dhrti 3 or Dyuti .4 There are, however, some such canonists, whom Ram candra refers to, as believe in Dyuti to be an element which expresses removal of opposition.5 An example may be had from the Mudra-rakshasa where Canakya finds that opposition from Rakshasa is sunk no sooner than the latter declares, There is no other go, well ! here I accept the sword for the Maurya. 6 Some canonists, on the other hand, interpret this element as one which shows the subsiding of wrath or indignation,7 or jealousy or any other trouble.8 Krti in this sense is found in the Venisamhara where Bhlmasena addre sses Draupadl, There lies the King of the Kurus with his body, all gory with trickling blood for putting out the fire ignited by his insult to you. 9 Likewise, the sense of womanly jealousy appears to be subsided in the heart of Vasavadatta no sooner than she comes to know of her relation with Sagarika.10 7. Graciousness (Prasada) : An apology or courtesy is the element o f Prasada which is named as Upasti or Paryupasana
1. 2. 3. 4. A va. p. 3 0 , I I or V enl. V I - 4 4 . N . R. p. 147, 9. N . X IX -9 7 b . T he VSrSnasT E dition o f N . S. reads as Dyuti, but the Bom bay reading Dhrti is preferable, for it avoids confusion w ith its
nam esake, Dyuti am ong the sub-divisions o f Epitasis. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. N . D . p. 1 0 7 bottom . M. R. V II-1 6 -v . Ref. N . D . 1 9 8 , l 2 . N . L. R . 8 7 6 . V eni. V I - 4 1 . R a t. A ct IV , p . 1 9 8 top. '
[ ch ap.
Ill]
DRAM ATIC PLOT
145v
by the Natya-darpana.1 It is clearly visible in the attitude o f Purusha towards the mother Upanishad in the Prabodhacandrodaya.2 The Natya-darpana further records an opinion of an unidentified author who holds that Prasasti is one among the sub-divisions o f the Apodosis, and defines it as a joyous attitude arising from some favourable deed, or an amiable behaviour of another person. 3 An illustration is put forw ard from the TapaSa-vatsaraja where Udayana congra tulates his minister and his general Rumunvan for capturing the prince of the Paficalas.4 8. Bliss ( Ananda ) : The attainment o f ones own desired end results into bliss. It is evident in the speech of Candragupta to Canakya, here is Candragupta who is basking cosily in the grace of your good self 5 or in the Mrcchakatika where Ssarvilaka exclaims with joy, O ! Luckily you have gone beyond the immeasurable ocean of great calamities. ! 6 9. Deliverence ( Samaya ) : An escape from misfortune or deliverence from a calamity is Samaya? It appears in the Sakuntala where Dushyanta pays his homage to Marlca with the words, First I had the accomplishment of my desires ; and afterwards your sight, O revered . Sir ! hence unprecedented has indeed been your favour on me. 8 This
1. N . X i X - 9 8 a ; D . R . I - 5 2 a - ii N . L. R . 8 ? 9 ; 2. 3. 4. 5. P. C . V I - 11. V ide N . D . p. 1 0 7 , 15. T . V . V I7. N . X IX 98b ; D . R . I -5 2 b -i; S. D . V l - l l l a - i i ; B. P. p. 2 1 3 ,1 a ; S. D . V I - 1 1 2 a ; R . S. I I C - r ib ; P. R . p. 2 0 4 , 8 ; N . R . p.
B P. p. 2 1 2 , 2 2 ;
1 6 1 , 2 4 ; N . D . 1 0 6 - 2 2 ; M . M . p. 6 5 , 10.
R . S. I I l- 7 2 a ; N . D , p . 108 bottom ; N . R. p . 1 5 3 , 18 ; N . L. R . 8 8 1 ; P . R . p . 2 0 5 , 11; M . M . p . 6 5 , 1 2 . e. g . M . R . V I I - 1 6 . 6. 7. M RC. X 49. N. X IX 9 9a; D . R. I 5 2 b -ii; S. D . V I - 1 1 2 b -i ; B. P. p . 2 1 3 - l b ; R . S. I I I - ? 2 b ; 2 0 6 bottom . 8. Ssak. V II 29 i. , . N . D. p . 1 0 9 , 8 ; N . R . p. 153, 6 ; P. R . p .
10
146
element is called Sama by the Benares Edition o f the Natya-Sastra, though the connotation is the same as that of the Samaya.1 Ssrlkrshna Kavi thinks that Samaya is a posi tive feature and consists in the enjoyment of a feeling o f happiness,2 which appears to be more consonant with this Stage o f action. Sagaranandin, on the other hand, holds that cessation of hostilities or opposition is Samaya .3 10. Surprise ( UpagUhana) : Upaguhana or ParigUhana, as the Natya-darpana would like to call it, is an element which introduces sgme un-foreseen circumstance tending to present some marvel in the play.4 This element is prominent in the seventh Act of the Uttararamacarita where Prthri and Ganga bring out Sita, each holding in hand one child of hers.6 An element of surprise is equally prominent in the VikramorvagI where the King wonders, Oh Lightning ! Ah, here is the revered N arada. 6
This is one element where there is no divergence or an alternate opinion suggested by any canonist for the reason that it is meant to satisfy the requirements o f an important dramatic convention o f introducing marvel in the fifth Juncture of a play .7
11. Satisfaction ( Bhashana ) : Award of consolation or of prize is Bhashana 8 It includes an appeasing state ment or acknowledgment of noble deeds or services done and also conferment o f honour richly deserved.9 It is
X. 2. 3. 4. N . S. X X t - 103a. M . M . p. 6.5, 12. N . L. R . 8 8 3 . N . X I X - 9 9 b ; D . R . I - 5 3 b ; S. D. V I -1 1 3 a - i ; R . S . I I I - 7 3 a ; B. P. p . 2 1 3 , 4 ; N . D . p. 1 0 9 , 19 ; P. R . p. 2 1 2 , 6 ; 1 4 7 , 18 ; M . M . p . 6 6 , 15 ; N . L. R . 8 8 9 . 5. 6. 7. 8. U . R . V II-1 7 . V ik ra . V - 1 8 - v i i . V ide Chap. V I [ iv ] infra. N . X lX -lO O a ; D . R . I - 5 3 a - ii ; 2 1 3 , 3; 9. N . L. R . 8 9 1 . S. D . V I - 1 1 3 a -ii ; E. P . p. / N. R. p.
N . D . p . I l l , 6 ; R . S. I I I - 7 3 a .
[ CHAP. I l l ]
d r a m a t ic
plo t
147
available in the speech of Vasishtha in the tenth Act of the Balaramayana which recapitualtes the merits of Ramas family; 1 or in the attempt of Dushyanta for offering once again the signet-ring to Sakuntala who, however, repudiates its acceptance and prefers a floral adornment in its stead as a token of their re-union.2 Abhinava Kalidasa reads this element as Abhashana and defines it as an expression of greetings or hailing the acquisition.3 This view is shared by Vidyanatha and Srlkrshna Kavi and is also used for purposes o f citation by Dhundiraja in his commentary on the Mudra-rSkshasa.4 12 : ( I ) Anticipation ( Purva-bhava ) : An anticipation o f the fulfilment of the dramatic cause is PUrva-bhctva in the opi* nion of Dhanafljaya, Srlkrshna Kavi and Abhinava Kalidasa.5 For instance, when Yaugandharayana suggests the offering o f Ratnavall to Udayana, it anticipates the achievement o f the denouement.6 ( i i ) Bharata and his followers mention Parva-vakya as the twelfth sub-division of the Nirvahana Sandhi instead of the Pnrva-bhava as stated by others. It consists in making a mention of the action determined to be done in the earlier stages of Protasis. It makes a reference to what has been stated as the principal action ( karya ) in the opening of a drama.7 For example, on attaining success, B hlm a. calls for the handmaid Buddhimatika and tells her to go and ask
1. 2. P>. R . X 102 ( Ramo itn ta ia'sananah. ..) S sk. V II 2 5 - iii- v ii.
3
4. 5.
N . R. p. 148, 1.
P. R . p . 2 0 8 , 6 ; M . M . p . 6 5 , 14; V ide DhundirSjas VySCkhySna. on M . R. p. 3 1 3 , 9 ( Telangs Edn. )
D . R . I 53b ;
M. M . p. 6 5 , 15 ;
P. R . p. 209, 1 ;
N . R. p. 149, 4 .
6. 7. R atn . X V -1 9 -x K ii-x x v .
N . X lX -lO O b ; S. D . V I -1 1 3 b ;' B. P. p. 2 1 3 , 4 ; R . S. I I I - 7 3 b ,
N . D . p . 1 1 3 top ; N . L. R . 8 9 4 .
148
Bhanumatl, the wife of Duryodhana to disgrace once again the consort of the Pandavas.1 ^ { 3 . Termination ( Kavya-samhara ) s Towards the close o f drama it has become a usual mode that some elderly personage who has been helping all along the hero, asks him, What else should I do for you . Since this question is put up only after the fruit-sbn has taken place, there prevails a -feeling of complete gratification in the heart of the hero, Which is expressed by him in a usual phrase, Could there be anything sweeter than this ! This readiness to confer a boon on the part of the senior person responded by a feeling of gratification on the part of the hero marks the termination of the dramatic res-busihess of a play. Thus it has two parts : one is the element of offering a boon, and the second is the expres sion of content. Some canonists define the sub-division of Termination ( Kavya-samhara ) by reference to the first part2, whereas others do so by reference to the second part.3 In .fact, it is the set of both the elements, viz. readiness to do so some further good and the corresponding gratification, that completes the feature of the Kavya-samhura. It has be come a favourite element with all playwrights. An instance may, however, be seen in the Rati-manmatha where the Devi addresses Manmatha and says, Dear one ! what other service should I do unto thee ? 4 y 14. Benediction ( Prasasti ) : A valedictory pronounce ment purporting to pray for the general weal is Prasasti.5 It is otherwise known as the Bharata-vakya, which title signifies more or less the stage-direction meaning that the verse is to
1. 2. Vent : V I - 4 1 - i . N. X lX - lO la ; D . R . I - 5 4 a ; S. D . V I - 1 1 4 a ; B. P. p . 2 1 5 , 5;
M . M . p . 6 6 , 7; N . D . p. 1 1 3 , 13 ; N . R . p . 1 5 3 , 10 ; N . L . R, 8 8 6 ; P. R . p. 21?'' 11. 3. 4. 5. R.
S.
III-7 4 a .
R . M . V - 2 7 - v . [ p. 10 1 . ]
N . X l X - I O l b ; D . R . l - 5 3 b - i i ; S. D . V I - 1 1 4 b ; B. P. p . 2 1 3 , 6; N . L. R . 8 9 7 ; N . D. p. 1 1 4 , 1 7 ; N . R . p. 1 5 3 -b o tto m ; R . S. I l l , 74 ; M . M. p . 6 5 , 18 ; P. R . p . 113, 11..
[ OHAP. I l l ]
DRAMATIC PLOT
149
be sung by an actor, or preferably by more than one actors forming a chorus in the melody of which lies embedded the finis of the dramatic enactment. This is available in the .last verse of every play; still reference, for example, may. be made to the Kundamala where the sage Valmlki pronounces benediction by invoking the Grace of God Siva.1 These are the fourteen sub-divisions which compose the fifth Juncture of a play, and there is consensus of the opi nions ofdifferent canonists that almost all the sub-division^ are necessary to the proper presentation o f the scenes of culmination of the dramatic cause. \ If all the members of the five junctures are put together they make the well-known sixty-four sub-divisions o f the dramatic plot. Though the use of all the junctural sub-divi sions is to be made in keeping with the type of the hero, the dramatic sentiment and the tone of the dramatic plot; still much emphasis is Jaid on the use of the sixty-four sub divisions.2 Further stress is laid by the canonists when it is said that no dramatic composition is capable of proper enact-, ment without these sub-divisions ( ahgas ), just as no man deprived - of limbs is competent for any action.3 That play alone bears a beautiful model which is well adjusted with the diverse angas, the juse of which is said to foster the dramatic relish.4 P u rp o se s o f Sandhis According to Bharata the use of the junctural sub-divisions tends to serve a six-fold purpose and thereby oblige the execution of the dramatic res-business.5 The main purpose of these sub-divisions is well defined under the following six heads by Bhoja Deva in his Ssrngaraprakasa : 6
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. K . M . V I- 4 5 . R . S. U l - 7 5 - 7 7 ; B. P. p. 2 1 3 , LI . 7 - 9 . S. D . V I - 1 1 8 ; B. P. p. 213,16-21; N . X 1 X -6 1 . S. D . V I - 1 2 0 ; B. P. p. 2 1 3 , 22 ; N . X I X - 5 2 - 5 3 . N . X I X - 5 0 ; P. R . p . 1 1 3 , 1 ; M . M . p . 6 5 , 20 seqq. Refer B. P. p . 2 1 5 , 11; ^r, Pr.
150
( i ) Suitable Arrangment ( Racana) : The first purpose sought to be served by means o f the junctural sub-divisions is the proper and progressive arrangement o f . the dramatic plot.1 It contributes To the symmetrical setting of the subject chosen fdr the dramatic execution with the effect that no particular stage of action remains under-developed nor is it profusely extended, in case care is taken to weave the plot ip, accordance with the scheme ljjid down by the Sandhis and their angas. (ii) Concealment ( G u p ti) : The sub-divisions are so arranged that their use as prescribed will expose only such aspects o f the dramatic m o tif as is proper to do and will conceal, all such matters as are undesirable to be brought on the stage at all or in a* particular scene. By maintaining a seasoned balance between actual presentation and suggestion the scheme thus tends to avoid all chances o f the failure o f Sentimental relish, and consequently o f marring the enduring interest o f the audience. ( iii ) Disclosure ( PrakSiana ) : Conversely, the scheme promotes proper presentation pf the items to be disclosed before the spectators. It places in proper perspective every important aspect o f the dramatic m o tif with due emphasis, by weeding out all what is not adequate for presentation. ( iv ) Emotion ( Raga ) : The dramatic plot extends over a wide range o f success and failures. The swing o f action buttre sses the zest o f the characters and also fosters the interest o f the visitors in going through different scenes. Thus the rise and fa ll o f emotion and o f the dramatic interest to its apex or its nemesis is well marked out by the various sub-divisions which are meant to maintain a uniformity o f emotional development, which, in fact, is the crucial test of all dramatic art. ( v ) Surprise ( Ascarya ) : The end o f all poetic works and o f the scenic art in special, lies in wonder ( camatkara ), which forms the striking feature in every action. Unless there is an occasional introduction o f the element o f marvel, the dramatic composition cannot cast its bewitching spell on the
1. D . R . I - 5 5 a ; S. D . V I - 1 1 6 -1 .1 7 ; B. P. p. 2 1 3 , L I. 1 2 - 1 4 .
[ CHAP. I l l ]
DRAMATIC PLOT
151
visitors. All pivots, therefore, as envisaged by these various sub-divisions, go by far to leaven the dramatic plot by the introduction o f the element o f charming surprise at the proper places. ( vi ) Sustaining interest ( Vrttanupakshaya ) : The sumtotal o f all the advantages enumerated above lies in creating a sustained interest of the visitors in the dramatic show. Hence sustenance o f interest is the top advantage o f this scheme. SANDHYANTARAS Besides these sixty-four sub-divisions of Junctures, theancients believe in some special features to be set in the dramatic texture. Their frequent use is prescribed specially in the Nataka which is a model show o f all the scenic art. These special features are called Sandhyantaras" or particular charac teristics which are found in the midst o f the ~Sandhis~&M their members. They dcnot belong to any particular Juncture or the stage o f action, nor to any particular emotion, but they, are such elements as generally conduce to the proper weaving o f the dramatic plot. They anticipate such possibilities j>oth o f fact and o f means as are inevitable in the constitution of the plot, either heroic or erotic. They act as inter-links, and can be used with advantage anywhere throughout the play or even more than once, if suitable. They are counted by Bharata1 as twenty-one, which are defined by different canonists as below : ^ Conciliation ( Santa j is a statement which is pleasing and also expressive o f the speakers affection.2 A statement which tends to avert some wrong by means o f sweet words is SUma in the opinion of Sagaranandin.3 Offer ( Dana ) is a gift made by one to another in his sweet memory as a keepsake.4 ,
1. 2. S. 4. N . X I X 1 0 4 107. R . S. I l l 8 3 a : e .g . A gnim itra appeasing M 3lavik5 i n M S l .l V - 1 4 . N . L. R . 9 3 7 . R . S. I l l 8 3 b ; N . L. R . 93? : e. g. M S latls offer o f her garland to LavangikS in her memory w hen the former resolved to m olest herself. M a M a. V I 1 1 -x ii ( p . 268 top )
154
fO. Indignation ( Krodha ) : An exhibition of wrath is Krodha according to Ratna-koâ.1 . Singa Bhupala adds that it should be justified on grounds o f some serious offence or blunder.2 Enterprise ( Sahasa ) : An adventurous deed which may involve risk of even ones own life, is said to present the feature o f Enterprise.3 * Consternation ( Bhaya ) : An un-anticipated, horror introduces the element of Bhaya in a Juncture.4 Deceit ( M a y a ) : Practising deceit in one form or the other, whether by pretence or disguise, -misrepresenta tion or jugglary, forms the feature o f M aya in a dramatic action.5 For example, misrepresentation o f facts is found in the Sakuntala where Dushyanta conceals himself and his personality in the first A c t ; disguise is found in the Mudrarakshasa where Viradhagupta moves about in the form o f a snake-charmer. Yaugandharayanas move in placing Vasavadatta as his sister in the hands of Padmavati in the Svapnavasavadattam is a pretence. The presentatian of the Conju ration Scene -in the Ratnavall is a specimen o f jugglary. Concealment ( Samvaratja ) : An attempt to repudiate ones own statement, or to construe otherwise what is stated previously is known as Samvarana.6 A clear illustration o f the feature is available in the Sakuntala where the King, having first acquainted his Jester with his mind for Sakuntala, con siders at the time o f his departure that he is his light hearted fool unworthy o f retaining his confidence, and so
1. 2. 3. N . L. R. 9 6 5 ; e. g. V ide VenT. 1 8. R . S. I l l 8 7b ; e. g. V ide R atn . ( Mylapore Edn. p . 1 0 4 ) R . S. T It-8 8 a ; N .L .R . 9 5 4 ; e. g. Refer to M sdhavas recontre w ith Aghoraghanta in the M alati M sdhava A ct V. 4. N . L. R. 9 5 7 ; R . S. I I I -8 8 b -i ; e. g. the nym phs ( apsarfis )
shouting for help in the V ikram orvast ( Vide p. 7 ). or, the V idushaka shouting for help when attacked by M Stali in the V I A ct o f the 5iakuntala. 5. 6. R . S. I I [ - 8 8 b - ii ; N . L. R . 9 6 3 . R . S. I l l 89a.
(CI-IAP. I l l ]
'
DRAMATIC PLOT ^
155
conceals his heart by recanting his previous statement by saying, 4 <where is she ! brought up in the midst o f fawns, and where we ! It was all pure jest, dear friend, dont you take it seriously. Sagaranandin differs from this definition and thinks that the concealment consists in avoidance o f narrating that part of story which is not quite relevant to the occasion.1
1 5 , Mistake ( B h rm ti) : It is a wrong understanding for want o proper conception o f facts.2
Assistance ( Dutya ) : Rendering help in fulfilment o f some action which is otherwise difficult to achieve amounts to assistance.3 Even merely conveying a message amounts to assistance in the opinion o f Sagaranandin.* V/X17. Conclusion ( Heivavadkarana) : Determination o f certain facts by process o f reasoning is Hetvavadharaya.5 Sagaranandin holds that the element o f conclusion consists in falsifying a reasoning ( hetu ).6 __^1-8. Vision : ( Svapna ) : A statement which reveals the secret o f the speaker who is prating in his jdreamy state introduces the feature o f Vision in a play.7
1. 2. N . L. R . 974. R . S. I I I - 8 9 b ; N . L. R . 9 7 7 : e. g. Yudhishthira m istaking Ehtma as Duryodhana; or, D uryodhana, l)eing unaw are o f BhSnum ati s v ision, misunderstands the situation in VenT. A ct II. S. R . S. I I I - 9 0 a : e. g. C hitralekha in the A ct III o f V ikra., or
BakulSvalikS in the M sl. where she accepts to render help to the Jester in bringing out the union o f the loving couple. S im ila? is - the office o f KSmandakT in the M sla tt-M sd h a v a . 4. 5. N . L. R . 9 9 3 . R. S. 1 11 9 0 b : e. g. D ushyanta reasons out this conclusion in by showing the
regard to the naive sagacity o f the wom an-kind
illustrative conduct o f the cuckoo who gets her young ones brought up by other birds as ravens SSk. V - 2 3 . 6. 7. N . L. R. 9 7 8 : e. g. VenT. 1 1 1 -3 8 . R . S. I I [ - 9 1 a ; N .L .R . strength 1 9 8 5 : e. g. MSI. p. 8 0 , lin e 3 : Jester M alavikS, You surpass Iravatl in .
u tterin g in his dream , O !
156
+~/i9: Parchment ( Lekha ) \ It is a feature which consists in a written statement expressive o t ones own mind.1 In the lists' o f Sagaranandin Lekha has found no place. Instead of this he admits the element of Treachery ( Upadhi ) which is not so accepted by Bharata and also seems superfluous inasmuch as it finds full scope in M ay 3 as. stated above.2 , v>^0. Intoxication ( M ada ) : A state o f intoxication due to spirituous liquors and drinks becomes a feature o f M ada when presented in course o f a dramatic action.3 Portrait (Chitra^ ) : It is a feature which marks the presentation o f a situation before the minds eye.5 It is a mental picture appearing before a dramatic character, as has Dushyanta the picture of his beloved Sakuntala when in course o f his remorseful condition he is retrospecting over his own injustice in repudiating her for no reason.6 Ratna-koga differs from this view of Singa Bhupala as it defines that Chitra is the presentation o f the desired object by means of a portrait.7 ' These interim ju n c tu r e s:^ to be inserted, observes Sagaranandin, by means o f speeches from the void or through written expressions. 8 The presentation o f these features goes a long way in modelling the dramatic plot, hence they can be freely and frequently used in the fanciful fibres of the fable.
1. S.. S. I l l 9 1 b ; e. g. UrvasI sends,a w ritten letter o f love to Pururavas in V ikra. Act II, or, Canakya puts in circu lation a sealed letter for d isin tegratin g the forces of Rakshasa. 2. 3. 4. N . L. R. 9 8 4 , also included by B. P., vide p . 2 1 4 , 9. R . S. IU .-9 2 a -i; N . L. R . 991 ; e. g. reference be made to the
M alavikagn im itra where IrS vati is seen under a drunken f i t . It is read as !> C it!a by the N . S. Edition o f the N atya-sastra; Vide p . 3 2 0 , line 8 . T h is title supports the connotation given to the an attribute to
term by Singa Bhupala w ho gives more striking th is feature than w hat Sagaranandin does. 5. 6. 7. R . S . I I I - 9 2 a. Sak. A ct V I ( Akarana-parityaganu sayah ) N . L. R . 9 8 7 ; e. g. N ag. I I - 9 .
OHAP. I ll]
DRAMATIC PLOT
157
They can be used with advantage in minor shows as well, for they contain lesser number of junctures and may thus depend on these Sandhyantaras to fill in the missing links. All the same, among later cononists there seems to be a tendency o f mini mising the importance o f these special features, for none o f the authors like Dhanafijaya, Vi^vanatha, Ramacandra, Snkrshna Kavi, Vidyanatha and their followers deal with them in their treatises on Dramatics. The reason for their disregard seems to be based on a feeling that these features simply form an assorted lis t o f emotions, junctural elements and some dramatic situations.1 For instance, consternation, indignation,' intoxication and enterprise are the ancilliary emotions,- and assistancce and parchment are mere dramatic phases o f action. Hence according to the later school a separate recognition o f these features is not acceptable, although there are con* servative canonists like Bhojadeva, Saradatanaya and Singa. Bhupala who, though sufficiently modern, insist upon the use and acceptance o f the special features as independent character istics, and thus fall in line with Bharata. Thereby they mean to believe in an effective distinction o f spots meant for the Sandhyantaras, for if theijyfnclusxon is sought to be made somewhere within the sub-divisions o f the junctures or the ancilliary feelings then there would be little justification in dealing differently with the dramatic characteristics ( Natyalakshanas ) and the dramatic figures ( Natyalankaras J, which are all verily accepted by all schools o f thought as varied embellishments o f a play.
D R A M A T IC EM BELLISHM ENTS
In addition to the Junctural sub-divisions which stand as constituent elements of the corpus dramatis, there are several other characteristics recognised by canonists as dramatic em bellishments. They are called lalcshavas or distinctions which
1.
N. D.
p.
1 1 6 , 4 seqq.
158
are stated by Bharata1 to embellish the Kavya. Bharata does not care to define what the lakshana is, nor does he illustrate the different ones, but by what can be gathered from the defini tions o f various lakshanas given by him and other canonists, the exact nature o f the lakshanas seems to be o f beautifying character. They donot form the body o f the play ( natya sarira ), but act as such fafures that signify the gtory o f the dramatic'execution.2 In the structure o f a play their positiofftS' TiktXte^Stifhudrika lakshanas" or lineaments of nature which include such marks o f grace as' the sportiye looks a n d , the slow gait and other brilliant features in the body o f the finer ~gex. Just as tfie latter show the grandeur o f the personality oFan individual, similarly the existence o f the former contri butes to the greatness o f the drama. In fact, they are the grace ful characteristics o f every' dramatic action, and are recom mended for their adept use in the development o f the plot. They donot belong to any particular Juncture, and can be freely spread throughout the play. There is no restriction for their use more than once, should the dramatic execution permit such frequency without fear o f repetition or monotony. The influence of the Lakshanas has been so great that they have been acknowledged by later rhetoricians as adornments not only o f the dramas ( rupakas ) but also o f all poetry in general. This recognition is evident from a separate head allowed to the lakshanas by Plyushavarsha Jayadeva in his treatise on Rhetorics,3 which is by no means a text on Dramaturgy. Similarly, Dandin has also admitted to his list
1. N. X V I-4 2 : H ere the use o f the generic term Kavya could be the subject-m atter
lim ited to the sp ecific sense pertain in g to under treatm ent, v iz. the scenic poetry a sim ilar use in
( drSya-kuvya ), bu t from
case of the four figures o f speech and metres term 'Kavya to
recognised by Bharata it appears that he uses the denote a ll poetry in C hap. X V I 4 3 .) 2. A . B. p. 2 9 5 , line 9 ; Vol. I I ) 3. C. L. Chap. III. also p. 2 9 6 , lin e 2. general, ( V ide N .
Chap. X V 172 also ( G. 0 . S ., 1 9 3 4 ,
[ CHAP. I l l ]
DRAMATIC PLOT
159
of poetic figures these lakshaqasx as described in other Sllstras, presumably referring to the magnum opus o f Bharata himself. Bharata has in his concluding remark chosen to call these lakshanas as embellishments o f Knvya. The reason why lakshanas could secure such a position is not far to seek : they _consist o f such striking features and elements o f basic besPlaty that, in essence, they have contributed to the formation o f several poetic figures o f speech enunciated by the later writers.2 Since the historical study o f the various elements o f poetics is not within the scope o f the present work, the different views with regard to the nature and development o f the lakshanas as recorded by the Abhinava Bharatl,3 and their original and subsequent position in Sanskrit Poetics is not dealt with at length here.4 [i ]
NA TYA-LAKSHANAS
The numerical strength o f the lakshanas also presents some diversity. They are counted thirty-six in number by Bharata, but the Natya-sastra seems to have been presented to the later canonists in at least two recensions, each one admitting a set of only thirty'Six lakshanas but with a variation in case o f a few members. Some of them are common to both the lists, hereinafter distinctively referred to as A List and B List; 5 and in respect o f the rest, the two recensions donot corroborate with one another. This diversity has led to several complica tions resulting in a way in the recognition of sixty-four dra
1. 2. 3. K . D . It-3 6 ^ . In d ication s alon g these lines are m ade below w h ile d ealin g w ith specific lakshanas in case o f some striking analogies.
A. B.
has noted as m any as ten view s, known as Dasa-paksht
w hich m ay be called "Decemviral Theory o f Lakshanas [V id e NX. S. ( G.O.S. Edn. ) V ol. II p. 2 9 5 , 6 et seq. upto p. 2 9 8 end. ] 4. For H istorical survey in details vide D r. R Sghavan s cepts o f the AlaiikSra Sastra ( 1 9 4 2 ), Chap. I. 5. V ide N 3. { G. 0 . S . ) C hap. X V I - A ppendix pp. 3 4 8 - 3 6 4 ; and Chap. X V I for B List pp. 2 9 4 - 3 2 1 . Some Con*
160
matic figures by Bhojadeva and Ssaradatanaya.1 Vi^vanatha has, ingeniously enough, divided them into two categories : j o n e , under the caption o f Nalya-lakshams" which are retained only thirty-six in deference to Bharatas dictum; and the other, under that of the Natya-alahkaras;2 but he makes a total o f sixty-nine by adding to the second group some charac teristics which otherwise form the features of sftme o f the minor shows.3 Jayadeva recognises only ten of these lakshanas and yet has elected five from each list.4 To the commenta tors on various Sanskrit dramas available, both the recensions o f the Natya-sastra seem to be of acquaintance inasmuch as Raghava Bhatta, Jagaddhara and others cite Lakshanas as men tioned and defined in both the lists. For this reason it.becomes necessary to take notice o f such dramatic distinctions first as are available in both the recensions, which will be followed by a treatment of those that are alternatively dealt with in the Natya-âstra in the two varying groups. J . Ornament ( BhQshana ): It is that remark which expresses a striking sense by means o f poetic excellences and figures; 5 e. g. reference may be made to R&kshasas comparison of Mahanandato the Moon among kings, and his bewailing over the pale light of the Moon in the absence o f Mahananda; 6 or to the remark o f Carudatta describing to his friend Maitreya how the breast of Vasantsena is being incoronated as
1. V ide A . B. L I. 1 1 -2 2 2.
p. 2 9 4 fo o t-n o te ; Saradatanaya professes to m ention

& p. 2 2 4 top. does not poin t out any d ifferen tia to
6 4 Lakshanas, but actu ally enum erates on ly 5 4 . V ide B. P. o , 2 2 3 ,
V isvan Sth a, how ever,
distinguish the lakshanas from
alahkaras. But it appears that the
latter enjoy s till subsidiary position because he calls d ram atic figures as decoratives, w h ich rank pari passu w ith other alahkaras the position of w h ich is determ ined by him as the jew ellery worn by a person. S. D . C hap. I. 3. 4. 5. S. D. V I - 1 7 l b - 1 75 C . L. C hap. III. N . X V I -6 ; S. D . V I - 1 7 5 ; N. L. R. 1 5 0 5 ; R . S. I I I - 1 0 1 . & 1 9 1 -1 9 8 .
[ CHAP. I l l ]
DRAMATIC PLOT
160a
a prince by the Kadamba flower showering drops of water over it.1 Agreeing with Bharata, Rupa Gosvamin cites an example from the Lalita Madhava in which Krshna describes the rise o f the Moon with striking figures of speech and poetic excellences o f sweetness and perspicuity.2 v J . Compression { Akshara-sanghata = Combination o f letters ). It CQnsists in a pithy statement which suggests in a striking manner, something which is beautiful.3 An illustra tion will clear the idea. The hero asks the friends of Sakvntala in the Arbour Scene, I hope your friend is not suffering too much. A pithy reply from Priyamvada, the malady will, however, soon disappear now, as the remedy is available is amply suggestive o f Dushyantas union4, and presents the dramatic lakshana of Akshara-sanghata. 3inga Bhupala and Rupa Gosvamin hold that in the Akshara-sanghata the striking suggestion should be o f some thing different from the subject-matter under' description through the aid o f a double entendre5. To illustrate, Suparana in the Lalita Madhava recalls to Krshna his beloved Candravall by name, while describing the beauty of the nocturnal sky.6 In fact, these two canonists define Akshara-sanghata
1.
2. M rc. v 35. suddheshu vidyelale,
Lakshtrilh kairava-kSnaneshu paritah Santmrga-druhi Nakshatreshu
sarva-'sUnara-kule pronrriilati kshinalU / kshudratmasu prZyikt, raja purastad-disi 11
kilodbhavatyapaeitik
Sahke Sahkara-maulir
abhyudayate
L alita M adhava I X - 10, 3. N . X V I - 7 ; S. D . C. L. I l l 1. 4. 6. 6. S3k. I l l 21 v - v i i. R . S. I l l 1 0 2 a ; N . C. Verse 1 7 3 . Vaktrfini bhttnti parito harinehshamnSm, ArOdha-harmya'sirasatn bhavad-tkshantna / Tair-nirmitSni tar as a Saraszruhaksha / CandrSvali-paricitnni nabhas-talSni / / L alita M adhava V 32. 17 6 a ; N . L. R . 1 5 0 6 ; B. P ., p . 2 2 5 , 1 -1 2 ;
160b
LAWS
&F SANSKRIT
DRAMA
in terms o f what Bharata and ViSvanatha would call the lakshana of &obha, for which they have, as of necessity, a different connotation. Where a pithy statement expresses a good deal o f sense it makes for Akshara-sahghata or Compression according to Acyuta Rai, who seems to lay more stress on the quantitative than the qualitative strength of this feature.1 J y 'o Q auty ( Sobha ) : According to ViSvanatha and Bfiarata the dramatic feature o f Beauty is said to be found in a statement which conveys some charming sense through a double entendre2 with the result that some unknown fact gets revealed by means o f some established facts,3 e. g Dushyanta on his way to Marlca exclaims, Oh ! the name of the mother o f this child is fsakuntala ! May be, the e are several namesakes rn this world here the Prakrta phrase, Sqktmta-ltivannam suggests the name o f Sakuntala through the pun, Sakuntafa-vamam 4. Rupa Gosvamin confines this feature to revealing the individual feelings o f a young couple, and illustrates by citing the address of Radha to the Cloud requesting to scare himself away so as not to impede the course o f catching a glimpse o f Krshna. On the other hand, Krshna also feels elated to have had a sight o f Radha and indulges in appreciating the charms o f the first bloom o f his beloved.6
1. 2. 3. 4. 5.
S. S . V I I - 1 9 3 . S. D . V I -1 7 7 a . N . X V I - 8; N . L. R . 1 6 1 3 . &Ik. V I I - 2 0 - x - x v . Sobhn sva-bhHva-prSkatyam yunnranyonyam ucyate. N . C. 1 7 7 . Dhavatyakramitum muhuh iravanayoh simUnam akshmrdvayi,
6.
Paushkalyam haratah kueau vali-gunair tibadhya madhyam tatah / Mushmtas-ealatnm bhruvau earanayer udyad-dhanur'vibhrame, Radh3yas-tanu-pattane nara-patau bdlyabhidhe slryati 11
L alita M Sdhava IV .
[ CHAP. Ill ]
DRAMATIC PLOT
161
Where two young persons admire one another out o f affection it presents Soblia in the opinion of Singa Bhupala.1 According to the Rasarnavasudhakara the definition o f tfobha thus takes into account chiefly the erotic plays, but in case the definition be treated in its illustrative sense, it may mean an admiration o f one party for the other (alambdria ). This view seems to find favour with Saradatanaya who defines the term in more general sense and holds that an expression o f ones own feeling is Sobba.* Jayadeva and Acyuta Rai, on the other hand, opine that even when a well-known flaw is slighted on account o f the description o f merits expression.3 it presents the beauty ( S obha ) o f
\ ^ 4 . Illustration ( Udaharana ) : Where with a view to esta blishing a fact under description some other analogous fact is stated, it is characterised as Udaharana.4 For instance, Makaranda refers to the blooming of lotus with the rise o f the Sun in order to establishing the spontaneity o f affection between Malatl and Madhava.5 Bharata, however, holds a different view, and means that Udaharana is a feature in course o f which there is a clever interpretation or significance o f ones own object expressed in a very pithy and pregnant speech.6 To illustrate this feature, reference may be made to the verbal quibble made in the Mudra rakshasa, where the self-same verse is read out by Malayaketu and Rakshasa by alternating the personal pronouns SO a s to suggest a different sense.7
1.
2. 5. 4.
R.
S.
in-104a.
B. P. p. 2 2 5 , 9. C. L . I H - 2 ; S. S. V I I - 1 8 6 . S. D . V I - 1 7 8 a ; 1578. R . S . I I I -1 0 3 b ; B . P. p . 2 2 5 - 1 0 ; N . L. R .
6. 6. 7.
M a. M a
1 -2 4 .
N . X V I-9 . M . R. V -1 9 .
162
LAWS OF SANSKRIT D RA M A
v / 5 ^ Reason ( Hetu J : It is a concise statement made fo i establishing a position by according some reason for the same.1 In the opinion of Bharata it is an attractive artifice and is also o f frequent occurrence in the Sanskrit dramas.2 Where by denial o f several other characteristics one is attributed to a particular object under description, it amounts to Hetu in the opinion o f Jayadeva.3 VhST" Doubt ( Samiaya ) : Where on account o f multiplicity o f thoughts uncertainty is implied in the statement o f a person ^ who is unaware o f the truth, it is said to contain the element o f doubt,4 e .g . Malayaketus desire to know the reason behind the inquiry o f Rakshasa in regard to Candraguptas variance with Canakya in the Mudra-rakshasa.5 -7; Example ( Drshtanta ) : It is an interesting illustration put forward for establishing the truth o f the fact undei reference.6 Inset of. words ( Padoccaya ) : Where various words are used-in different clauses to indicate ultimately one and the same sense, or where an object is described by the use ol several metaphorical impositions indicating the presence ol a particular attribute in that object, it presents the dramatic figure known as Padoccaya? It also includes regular paralle descriptions which bring out a common attribute betweer the object o f description ( prakrta ) and something else f apra k r ta ) . An illustration will clear the definition o f Bharata and a reference, for instance, be made to the description of
1. N . X V 1 -1 0 ; S. D . V I - 1 7 8 ; N . L. R . 1 5 2 2 ; B. P .p . 2 2 4 , 14-i. 2. 3. 4. t 6. 6. , e. g. M S. M S -(B . S. S .). A ct. V II (p. 2 9 9 , Line 6); M RC. I X - 2 2 G . L. I l l - 4. N . X V I - 1 1 ; S. D . V I - 1 7 9 a ; B. P. 2 2 4 Line 15. , M . R . I V - 10 x ii. N , X V I - 12 ; S. D . V I -1 7 9 b ; R . S. I I I - 1 0 5 a ; B. P. p . 2 2 4 N . L. R . 1 5 9 6 ; R . S. I I I - 1 0 4 b , R .S . IH ~102b
14 ii ; N . L. R . 7.
1 5 6 0 : e. g. MS. M s. X - I 5 ;
SSk. I I - 7 .
N . X V I 22 ; R . S. XII111 ; N . L. R . 1 5 9 5 .
5V
"
[ CHAP. I ll ]
DRAM ATIC PLOT
163
KarpHramafijaris state o f afflicted health due to wistfulness. Which is beautifully brought forth by means o f a striking parallelism shown in the elongation of the day and night with the measure o f the heroines breath, the dropping of the jewelled bangles with tears, and hopes o f life withering along with the frame of her body.1 >' , ViSvanatha, however, calls Padoccaya as a feature which presents an agreement between sound and sense. Accordihg to him it is a rhythmic beauty consisting in the structure having the same cadence as the thought contained therein.2 For; example, the description of Sakuntalas person has the same delicacy o f structure as the one of sense.3 Thus Bharata lays stress on a beautiful parellelism in sense, whereas Visvanatha emphasises over the consonance o f words with the sense. Bharata believes in the artifice o f zeugma or in series o f metaphors as Abhinavabharatl4 puts it, while Visvanatha believes in that o f onomatopoeia as the basis o f the dramatic figure o f Padoccaya. Inference (Prapti or Jftapti5) : If by reference to certain peculiarities in an object, some conjecture is made in regard to it in its entirety it amounts to Prapti. Where the existence o f the. whole is inferred from even apart o f it, though it may be on grounds o f semblance only, it is deemed enough to constitute the element of Prapti .6 For instance, the con clusion o f Pururavas that the swan has concealed his beloved, for he has adopted her gait, is only a conjecture.7 10. Exagerration ( Atisaya ) : An expression o f qualities which are beyond comparision presents the dramatic distinc
J. K ar. I I - 9. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. S. D . V i - 1 8 0 b . &Ek. 1 -2 0 . A. B. ( Vol. I I ) p. 3 0 8 , 1 8 . : '
A v arian t adopted by the B engal edition o f the Sshityadarpan a. N . X V I13 ; S. D . V l - 1 8 2 b ; N . L. R . 1 5 3 6 ; R , S I I I - 1 0 3 a . V ikra. I V - 3 3 ; also vide SSk. H I - 5 .
164
LAWS OF SANSKRIT D R A M A
tion called Atisaya.1 The statement o f Pururavas raising an elephant to the high rank o f a prince in the VikramorvasI illustrates the point.2 Where some speciality is shown after pointing several features o f similitude with others it becomes Atisaya or contrast in tlie opinion o f Singa Bhupala with whom Ssaradatanaya concurs.3 . Narration ( N iru k ti) : Relation o f past events is called N i r u k t i The past event thus narrated should, o f course, be momentous on the occasion, e. g. Madhavas reiterating the episode o f Malatis request for the garland o f Bakula through Lavangika and his instantaneous offer is the narration o f a past event which has a great bearing on the germ o f the dramatic plot.5 Saradatanaya, however, holds that a faultless expression or an expression showing absence o f flaw is N irukti .6 Sagaranandin, Singa Bhupala and Jayadeva, on the other hand, spell the term as Nirukta, and define it as an etymo logical derivative given in support of ones own statement.7 Jayadeva agreeing with Bharatas classification given in the B list holds that the Nirukta is o f two kinds : real (tathya), and imaginary ( atathya - anrta ) according as it is proved by facts, or supported by grammatical formations, or is simply fanciful.8 12. Declaration ( Siddhi ) : There is a good deal o f divergence o f opinions among different canonists in regard to the connotation o f the term, Siddhi. Where a mention o f several important characters is made for carrying out an intended purpose it presents the figure known as Declaration ( S id d h i) according to Bharata, e. g. in the Ssakuntala, the
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. *7. 8. N . X V I - 2 0 ; S. D . V I - 1 8 6 a ; N . L. R . 1 5 8 0 . V ikra. I V - 4 7 . R . S . I I I - 1 1 4 ; B. P . p. 2 2 4 , 3. N . X V I - 16 ; S. D . V I ~ I 8 6 b . M a. M a. I - 3 2 - v l . . . f f . B. P. p. 2 2 4 , 2 1 - i . N . L . R . 1 5 50; R . S. I l l 1 15; C . L. I l l 6. Ib id .
( CHAP. Ill ]
DRAM ATIC PLOT
165
Statement o f the friend o f the heroine, the kings are heard to have several interests is a reference to other consorts o f the King, which has a specific purpose o f scanning the feelings o f the hero for her.1 Vigvanatha defines this feature as a declaration o f qua lities verily belonging to several characters as combined in one individual which is so done with a view to conveying some inner sense.2 &nga Bhupala has an altogether different definition. According to him Siddhi is an unexpected association with the object o f desire,3 which is available in the Malavikagnimitra where the. King unexpectedly meets Malavika on his way to the garden where he was going for keeping his time with Iravatl. * It is that beauty o f expression, observes Jayadeva, which contains a mention o f certain well-known facts that are analogous to the subject o f description. 5 13. Conciliation ( Anunaya ) : It is an accomplishment of ones own purpose by means o f sweet words.6 A suppli cating speech is also Anunaya according to Singa Bhupala.7 Saradatanaya calls it simply 'naya, and defines it as an appealing or an agreeable statement.8 ^ ^ 4 . Similitude ( Sarnpya ) : Presentation o f similarity by reference to certain attributes observed, heard of, or expe rienced makes the feature called SafUpya .9 Vigvanatha, however, holds that the purpose o f this feature is to cause agitation, and on the strength o f this similarity in structure and constitution there arises a confusion. To wit, Yudhishthira
1. 2. 3. 4. J5. 6. 7. 8. N . X V I17; N . L. R . 1 5 5 8 . : e. g a k . I I I - 2 2 - i . S. D . V I1 8 6 b . R . S. I I I -1 0 7 b ; N . P . 2 2 4 , 4 -ii. M SI. A ct. I l l ( p . 40 N . S. E d n .) C . L. I I I -8 . N . X V I2 8 ; S . D . V I - 1 8 8 b ; N . L. R . 1 6 3 8 : e, g. V ikra. I V - 6 9 . R . S. I I I - l ) 8 a . B. P. p. 2 2 4 , 2.
166
LAWS OF SANSKRIT DRAT#A
harshly addresses Bhlmasena, O Wicked Duryodhana ! for his having mistaken his own brother for Duryodhana in the Venisamhara. The element o f agitation which does not find place in the definition o f -Bharata has found room in Visvanathas connotation perhaps due to his illustration of Yudhishthiras perturbance as cited above.1 All the same, Sagaranandin has an alternative definition which says that d conclusion with regard to a particular object on the basis o f its qualities once noticed, is the feature o f similitude.2 This view takes into account Sarupya in its logical sense, Which is a means o f proof ( upamiti pramana ). I . sA 5 . Interrogation ( P rccha) : An inquiry in a suppli cating language is called Prccha, e. g. Pururavas attempt to find out the whereabouts o f UrvasI from the cuckoo, or Madhavas quest for Malatl in a similar frantic mood.3 Sagaranandin permits also an inquiry to be made to ones, own self in course o f a soliloquy.4 Prccha is that beauty o f expression where the question itself becomes its answer.5 Description ( Gunakirtana ) : ViSvanatha defines it as a description o f qualities. It is found in Madhavas charming appreciation o f Malatls qualities.6 It may, however, be noted here that in case a simple description o f merits should constitute this feature, then it will be supposed to be traced only in later descriptions and not in the appreciation o f qualities at the first association. For the very first appreciation after the introduction o f the germ, is the fourth sub-division o f Protasis, namely, Allurement ( Vilobhhana ). So any other subsequent occasion which gives an opportunity for the appreciation of the merits o f a character will amount to Gum-kirtana.
1. 2. 3. S. D . V I191b; N . L. R . 1 6 8 8 . N . X V I - 34 ; B. P .p . 2 2 5 , 7; S. D . V I-1 9 0 b : R . S. I l l J.21 j N . L . R. 1 6 8 3 .
e. g. V ikra. I V - 2 2 - ii ; & M a. MS. I X - 2 9 . 4. 5. 6. N . L. R . 1 6 7 1 . R . S. I I I - 1 2 4 ; e. g. V ikra. I V - 5 1 . S. D . V I -1 9 2 b ; B. P. p. 2 2 6 , 16; N . L. R . 1 7 0 8 .
a mere description of qualities. In his opinion Guna-kirtand il a striking artifice which consists in presenting one and the same attribute, or the merit o f a character by referring to leveral names possessing that particular . attribute. For example, Vasantt, in the Uttara-rama-carita, reprimands R lm acandra by referring to his sycophant addresses to Sita thatf describe her as the very second heart o f the speaker and a* streak o f moon-light to his eyes, and so on.1 > Ambition ( M anoratha) : An expression o f some inner desire under some pretence is Manoratha, as for instance, Buddhi-rakshita speaks to Madayantika in her frantic state, Well how would you feel if you were made a consort by your love as was Rukminl made by Purushottama ? Mada yantika replies with a sigh, how, do you console me ! , and thus hints that she is not so fortunate as may have the luck o f being done so, and thereby conveys her readiness to elope with Makaranda.2 v ,xf8. Gratefulness ( P r iy o k ti) 3 : In the A list o f Bharata it is the last characteristic, and it consists in a sweet speech full of reverence. It is an expression o f gratitude by one character to another, as is found in Dushyantas speech to Marlca.4 In the opinion o f Saradatanaya it is also an expression o f satisfaction o f a superior at the achievements o f his juniors. For example, Gaurl says in Nagananda, Long live Jltnutavahana ! I am much pleased with you for your doing good to the world even at the cost o f your life. 5 ' Singa Bhupala thinks that it is a conversation in which a character compliments the other, as is found in DaSarathas
1. 2. N . X V I - 3 9 ; R . S. 1 1 1 -1 1 6 ; e. g . U . R . I I I - 2 6 ; also M R C . 1 -4 8 . N . X V I36 ; S. D . V I -1 9 3 b ; N . L. R . 1 6 9 2 . 3. 4. 5. R . S. calls the term as MadhurabhSshana; B. P. c a lls Praharsha. - ' N . X V I 41 ; S. D . V I - 1 9 4 ; N . L. R . 1 7 2 0 ; e. g. SSk. V I I - 3 0 . B . P . p . 2 2 6 , 6; e. g . N 5g. V - 3 3 . R . S. I I I - 1 2 0 a ; B. P . p . 2 2 5 ; 1 ;
168
addrfcss to Visvamitra in the Anargha-raghava in which he inquires o f the welfare o f his distinguished visitor.1 These are the eighteen dramatic distinctions ( lakshanas ) which are common to both the lists o f Bharata. The remain ing eighteen are peculiar to the A list only; and they are not common even with dramatic figures shown by later cano nists.2 For reasons of their peculiarity, only as dramatic iakshanas, the remaining ones are detailed first as given in the A list. 19. Conclusion ( Abhipraya ) : A supposition o f an impo ssibility o f a fact on grounds o f parallel instances or an expre ssion o f an impossible relationship between two parallels is a beauty o f expression called Abhipraya .3 An illustration will clear the point. The statement of the Jester consoling the wistful King in the Vikramorvasl concludes an impossibility of UrvaÎs betrayal, which is artistically suggested by saying, would she belie your expectations in fruit-bearing after she has once borne flowers on the plant o f your ambition ! 4 The statement o f Dushyanta about the attempt of Kanva in exacting the ascetical duties from so delicate a person as iSakuntala being equal to an attempt o f cutting the Sami plant with the edge o f a lotus leaf is a specimen of the term Abhipraya in another sense.5 Singa Bhupala records the opinion o f certain scholars who think that Abhipraya is an expression of ones interest in an object agreeable to him.6 t%/20. lllustrtaion ( Nidariana ) : When well-known facts are adduced in order to refute the opinion o f others, it amounts to Nidariana ,7 e. g. the statement o f Dushyanta esta1. 2. 3. 4. S. 7. R. S. I I I - 1 2 3 , c. g. V ide C hap. III.
A.
R . 1 -2 5 .
infra.
N . X V I - 1 4 ; S. D , V I - 1 8 2 a ; N . L. R . 1 5 4 0 . Vifera. p, 7 6 , LI. 1 - 3 . & k . 1 -1 7 . B. P. p. 2 2 4 , 5 . N . L. R . 1 5 4 5 ; R . S. I I I - l 0 6 b ; N . X V I -1 5 ; S. D . V I - 1 8 1 ; *
6 . . R . S. I l l 1 05b;
B. P. p . 2 2 5 , 3.
[ CHAP. I ll ]
DRAMATIC PLOT
169
bllsh.es the factum of iSakuntalas celestial birth by citing a

,<2^ 0 g asjj ^ i c h is trem uio u s]y racjia n t.
surface of the Earth. 1 Visesha or Viseshana ) is a feature which proves the excellence, or brings out a peculiarity of one o f the two things under comparision so as to present an inter resting contrast between two sets o f things.2 For instance, in the Mudra-rakshasa, when Rakshasa has accepted the position of the minister to the King Candragupta, Canakya remarks, 'let everyone be free from bondage, except the tuft o f my hair, which is being tied by me after fulfilling my determined vow. 3 After describing several well-known facts, when something is added anew, it introduces the element o f Visesha accord ing to Singa Bhupala.4 22. Analogy ( Tulya*tarka ) Where the surmise o f some thing unknown becomes possible on account o f some similarity in circumstances expressed by means o f a similie or a metaphor, it presents the element o f Analogy.5 A suitable illustration may be found by reference to the statement of Madhava which expresses his surprise at the modification in the feelings after looking at Malatl compared with a change found in a moon-stone when it contacts the Moon,6 Differing from Bharata, VivanStha defines Tulya-tarka as a surmise made from certain cicumstances which pertain to the matter in question ( prakrta ).7 PurOravas, for in stance, in his mental state o f frenzy mistakes a river for UrvaSl at the first sight, but, later on, concludes that it is, in fact, a river, or else, how could she leave Pururavas and go o f iter own accord to the ocean. Just then, he remarks, Success
1. 2. 3. 4. 6. 6. 7. UsSk. 1 26. N . X V I-1 8 ; M . R. V II-7 . R . S. I l l 1 1 0 . N. X V I-2 1 ; N. L . R. 1590; R . S. I I I - 1 1 2 . M s. MS. I I I - 6 . S. D . V I1 8 0 a . S. D . V I - 1 8 5 b ; N . L. R . 1 5 6 3 ; B. P. p . 2 2 4 , 20.
170
-
s is attained not by despair, which, however, signifies the proximity o f the re-union o f the hero with Urva&L1
I. c, g . V ikra.
p.
2 0 8 , 4 . T h is is the id ea o f V isvan sth a according by Dr. R oer, but the Bom bay Edition o f reads the text as " Prakrti-gSminS " and not:
to the text adopted Mm. DurgSprasSda
p r a k r t a - g S m i n i A ccording to the Bom bay read in g, Tulya-tarkais a surmise m ade from some m atter w hich is co llateral w ith / the natu ral disposition, or coincident w ith N atures course. again , the alternative Here-
interpretation is possible, for the tern t m ean N ature
" P rakrti m ay m ean on es own nature or m ay itself. A n illu stration
from the form er poin t o f view m ay be
found in the statm ent o f KSmandakI ( M a. M S. I V - 5 ), whereshe m aintains her n atu ral disposition towards her endeavours in bringing about the m arriage o f M a la tl an d M sdh ava ( Tat
sarvatha yatnah prana-vyayenap i maya vidheyah ). the
In the latter sense
talk between the V idushaka and D ushyanta in the sixth A ct
o f the 553k. m ay be an instance, where the possibility o f regaining' SakuntalS is surmised; an d the former depends on the very course o f N atu re, w hen he to see for long remarks, N o parents can , o f course, afforddaughter suffer the separation from h e r
their
lord . ( SSk. V I - 1 0 - x i ). From the illu stration s giv en by V isvanStha, neither inter p retation seems to be quite perfect. from the Venl. The author gives an example-
and relates the episode o f Bhanum atls vision in
course o f w h ich she sees a mongoose devouring one hundred reptiles. From the sig n ifica n t number of one hundred, she the hands
concludes the destruction o f one hundred K auravas at
o f the PSndavas w ho are represtented by the nam esake N ak u la. To m ay construe the illustration, the term P r a k r t i - g S m i n a th e n ,
m ean som ething w h ich goes to conform to the relevant con I f stretched, it m ay m ean that
clusion based upon sim ilar facts.
mangooses devouring snakes is a course o f nature, w h ich makes her conclude the victory o f the righteous claim ants in th e
PSndavas against the usurping K auravas. For these reasons, prakrta-gHminU seems to be a better reading, though the d ram atic features ( laksharm ) seem to include all. a rtifices in their w ide sense and they need not have any lim ite d con n otation .
t CHAP, III]
DRAM ATIC. P L O T
171
23. Description ( Dishta or Drshta ) : A striking presenta tion o f an object by reference to such time, place or the form II creates interest amounts to the dramatic figure known as Dlshla.1 Agnimitras description o f Malavika after the demon stration o f her dance in the second Act o f the Malavikagnimirta may be referred to as an illustration to the feature.2 Ssradatanaya and Singa Bhupala classify dishta into two kinds : direct, when it is made o f an object that is present at the spot; and indirect, when it refers to an object in absentia? 24. Admonition ( Apadishta or Upadishta ) : It is a piece o f advice imparted on the lines o f the dictates of the fastras,4 1 as is found in the well-known precept o f the great sage Kanva to Sakuntala in the Parting Scene; or the KSmandikls advice in the sixth Act o f the Malatl-madhava.5
^ ^ 5 . Argument ( Vicara ) : Where by process o f reasoning, some inference is drawn o f a conclusion in regard to certain matters that are not evident, it is characterised as the dramatic feature o f Argument.6 For example, the fact that UrvaSl is afflicted by love which is otherwise imperceptible is con cluded by Citralekha in her statement, Is it not betrayed by her very limbs which stand in good comparision with the faded stalks o f lotus T 7 inga BhQpala thinks that an indication o f more, than one means for the attainment o f an object is Argument; whereas a proper presentation of facts is Vicara in the opinion o f Saradatanaya.8
X. N . X V I 23; 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. M ai. II 6. R . S. p . 2 6 3 , 18; N . X V I-2 4 ; 5>ak. I V - 2 0 ; N . X V I25; B. P. p . 2 2 5 , 8 . N. L. R. 1612; R . S. 1 1 1-125; S. D . V I 18 4 a ; M s. MS. V I -1 .8 . S. D . V I - l8 3 a ; N . L. R . 1 6 1 9 . S. D . V I -1 8 3 b ; N . L. R . 1 6 0 5 ; R . S . I I I - 1 2 6 .
B, P. p . 2 2 4 , 7.
V ikra. p . 74 Line 2. R . S. I I I - 1 1 3 a ; B. P. p . 2 2 4 , Line 18; e. g. M s. M S. 1 - 3 4 .
172
% A 6 . ' Alteration ( Viparyaya ) : It is a Ghange of resolution due to some doubt ;T e. g. the alteration in the conclusion o f Makaranda doubting whether it was for good or for bad that Madhava was taken away by the Yogini is an instance o f Viparyaya? Singa BhOpala agreed to by Saradatanaya takes Viparyaya as a failure o f Vicara in its technical figurative sense, and holds that it consists in presenting several means at the disposol o f the speaker and yet his incapacity to serve his purpose.3 , Deception ( Gunatipata ) : A statement which points out the action o f some one contrary to ones attributes brings in the element o f G u n a t i p a t a To illustrate, the observations o f Dushyanta are very pertinent when he says that the floral arrows o f Cupid and the cool rays o f the Moon seem to be otherwise in case o f people like him ( who are affected by Love ).5 Where description o f certain facts suggests some conse quential events, it becomes Guwbhipata according to Singa Bhupala, who illustrates the feature by reference to the speech o f Bhlma and Arjuna who narrate the past deeds o f Duryo dhana whom they had approached some time ago, thereby suggesting the truancy o f Duryodhana.6 Sagaranandin, however, adds the element o f sternness o f speech to the o f this feature.7 p ( Bhramsa or Dhvansa } " . It is that feature which shows some digression from the matter in discourse. A sudden departure from the subject-matter o f description is a
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. N . X V I 26; S . D. V I - l8 7 b ; N . L. R . 1 6 2 6 . M s. M 5. I X - 5 3 - 5 4 . R . S . I l l 1 1 3 . N . X V I-1 9 ; Sak. I l l 4. R . S . I l l 114a; e. g. VenT. V - 2 6 . N . L. R. 1 5 6 9 . S. D . V I - l8 4 b ; B. P. p . 2 2 4 , Line 16.
[ CHAP. Ill ]
DRAM ATIC PLOT
173
Slip In the opinion of Bharata.* For instance, reference may be made to the amusing talk between Ravana and the Bowbearer o f Janaka in the Prasanna-raghava : Ravana asks,
"W hither is S lta ? Mafijarlka, the Bow-bearer replies, " first here is the bow ( dhanush), and then will appear the maiden ( kanya ). Ravana remarks you are a perverted lort o f a fe llo w ; even astronomers donot think so, for they have first the Virgin (Kanya) and then the Archer (dhanush). 2 This digression from the topic o f discourse presents the feature o f Bhramsa. ViSvanatha, on the other hand, defines the term in more radical a sense, and calls it a speech o f a vain person oj* o f an intoxicated individual who states just the reverse o f what he, in fact, means to speak.3 In the Venlsamhara, for instance, Duryodhana says out o f slip to the ennuch, Ere long will Pandus son through his prowess slay Duryodhana in the battle along with his vassals, his kinsmen, friends, sons and brothers. 4 Here Duryodhana spoke just the reverse o f
---------- 4 ------ 5 ) is a series o f an offer to do some thing for another for the purpose o f attaining ones own object,5 as for instance, does Dushyanta in offering to do a number o f services to comfort the uneasy Sakuntala.6 This is how Visvanatha defines the feature o f Mala. But Bharata sees nothing striking in the offer o f services, but believes that M ala is a feature where several points are mentioned seemingly for arguments sake, but the purpose o f which, in fact, is the attainment o f ones own ends.7 For example, Ramacandra sweetly describes several virtues o f Slta to appease her in
u*
oaK* m - z o .
7.
N . X V I -2 9 ; R . S . I l l 1 2 2 ;
B. P. p . 2 2 4 , 8;
N . L. R . 1 6 4 2 .
174
LAWS OF SANSKRIT. DRA M A
f a
apology o f his order o f destrting her in the Kundamala.1 Similar feature is visible in the Dhanafijaya-vijaya where Arjuna declares a number of points in favour o f taking festively the opportunity for fighting the Kauravas at the instance o f their robbery of cattle in the domains o f Virata.2 30- Complaisance ( Dakshinya ) : Compliance with the wishes o f another in words or in action is the feature of Complaisance.3 It is very evident in Siddharthakas readiness in accepting a job on a mere request from Canakya in the Mudra-rakshasa.4 ' / 3 1 . Censure ( Garhana ) : Where there is censure in words but eulogy in sense, or vice versa, it amounts to the dramatic feature o f Garhana.5 That artifice is also within the purview o f this feature where by declaration o f faults some useful purpose o f admiration is served, or by declaration o f merits disgust is caused. Thus it is an artifice both in expression as well as in effect. For instance, censure purported to eulogy is . found in the Venlsamhara in the speech o f Krpacarya, who fies on all concerned, only to mean to recapitulate the past d?eds.6 For creating the effect o f admiration through the declaration o f fault, reference may be made to the Malatt Madhava where the bark garments o f Kamandakl have turned into nursing of M a la tl; or the description o f Madhava as the vendor of human flesh has gone to win him the admiration o f the heroine as an adventurer.7 Visvanatha thinks that a strong reproach o f a person by reference to his faults is the feature o f Censure.8 In this sense, however, an illustration is available in the Mrcchakatika
] . K. M . 1 -1 2 . 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. D h . V . p. 8 verse 1 6 . N . X V I30; B. P. p. 2 2 4 , 4. M . R . p. 8 6 , Line 1. N . X V I - 3 1 ; R . S. I l l 117. VenT. 111-13. M a. M a. X - 4 - ii; also A ct V - 2 7 - i. S. D . V I190a; N , L. R . 1 6 5 4 . ' ..... R . S. I l l 108;
S. D . V I - 1 8 8 a ; : N . L. R . .1 6 4 6 ;
DRAM ATIC PLOT 175 it where Candanaka openly reproaches Viraka for his faults.1 S&radStanaya holds that Censure is an expression o f contempt, be it due to anger, jealousy or, self-conceit.2
CHAP.
I ll J
^ 3 2 . Announcement ( P rasiddh i) : A declaration o f the well-known merits or other qualities inherited by virtue o f ones descent is Announcement.3 Pururavas, for example, tells his rt-vn high parentage and merits in the VikramorvaSl.4 Tn prove ones own statement by well-known truths is Prasiddhi in the opinion o f Singa Bhupala and Ssaradatanaya.5 \ s 3 3 . Suggestion ( L e s a ) : Conveying an idea by means o f comparision is Lesa according to ViSvanatha.6 It m ay, t be illustrated by the statement o f Duryodhana who refers to the possibility o f the Kauravas doing a wrong action which he justifies by comparing it to the one presented in the Pandavas defeating old Bhlshma by leading Sikhandl in the fore-front.7 Sagaranandin does not seem to reduce this feature to such a simple scale as this, but believes that Lesa is an artifice which unravels the secret cleverly by using some pithy and suggestive sentences, as is found in the sweet dia logue f Priyamvada and Sakuntala respectively saying, If father Kanva were here at the m om ent! Sak. Then what would have happened ? Priyam. Could have honoured this distinguished guest by his very best possession ...and so on.8 Bharata has almost a similar view about this feature as has Sagaranandin, but with this much o f variation only that he emphasises over the mode o f expression as well, namely,
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. M RC. V I -2 2 . B. P. p . 2 2 4 , 6. N . X V I 33; S. D . V I - 1 9 l a ; N . L. R. 1 6 6 4 . V ik ra. I V - 3 8 . R. S. I l l 108a ; B. P. p . 2 2 4 , 13 : N ote : H ere the word
Prasadar.a seems to be used in the defn. in a loose sense perhaps as an equivalen t o f PrasSdhana . 6. 7. 8. S. D . V I193 a . V snl. I I - 4 . N . L. R . 1 6 9 6 ; e. g. Sak. 1 - 2 7 et seq.
176
'
* similarity. To wit, the Jester, while askingtDushyanta to keep on with fortitude, says, O friend ! does it behove you ? the great men are never overpowered with g rief; Lo ! the mountains donot stir even in the midst o f gale. x Singa Bhupala does not admit Lesa as one o f the dra matic Lakshanas, but has in its stead one named by him asLekha, and defines it as a statement which contains an epithet competent to convey a sum-total o f feelings expressed through gesticulations.2 34. Imposition ( Samkshepa or Samkshobha ) : ViSvanatha calls it a dramatic feature where one is shown to have placed oneself at the disposol o f another.3 In this sense there is an illustration in the statement o f Pururavas to AuÎnarl, O Noble la d y ! why do you thus exert your tender limbs for no reason ! Is he to be propitiated who eagerly longs for your gracious fa v o u r? 4 ; or in the Malatt Madhava where Makaranda keeps himself entirely at the disposol o f Madayantika.5 Imposing upon oneself something what is not there is Kshobha according to Saradatanaya.6 But Sagaranandin defines Samkshepa as a feature which shows that a character is imbibing within him self a similar feeling o f pleasure or pain as the other character does, but for altogether different reasons.7 An example is offered from the Mayalakshana where Ravana is comparing himself to have the same feeling as Slta does, but due to different reasons ?* She is emaciated as she is dragged here, we are reduced on account o f Loves affliction; she weeps for her husband, and we do for her; she is miserable for want o f w eal; we are so for want of union with h er;
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. N . X V I - 3 7 ; e. g. &Ek. V I - 8 - 3 6 . . . et seq. R . S. I I I - 1 1 9 . S. D . V I-1 9 2 a . V ik r . II I-x H i. M S. M a. V l l - i i . B. P . p. 2 2 5 , 1 3 . N . L .R . 1 7 0 1 .
[ CHAP. I ll ]
DRAMATIC PLOT
177
still Slta is not kind to us though we are in similar situations.'L With this definition of Sagaranandin, Bharata names this feature as Kshobha3 and not Sank shepa? \ Singa Bhupala, however, does not admit Sahkshepa to the list o f the Natya-lakshaijas, but recognises Kshobha as one o f them, though with a different connotation. He defines Kshobha as that feature where cause is found in one place and the effect is seen in another. The general rule o f causation is that the cause and the effect co exist. But disorder in this relation is a disturbance in the rule o f Causation, and hence it is a Kshobha .4 To illustrate this view, reference may be made to Udayanas statement in the Ratnavall, O Vasavadatta ! when the noose is round thy neck, the breath has reached my throat ( just to get out o f it,). 5 35. Fulfilment ( A nukta-siddhi) : Where the purpose is shown to be served in full, without actually asking for it, it makes the feature o f Fulfilment.6 For example, in the Kundamala, PrthvI asks, Is Janakl p u rified ? At this mere query o f Sltas mother, she is informed in the follow ing sentences, o f the union of Rama and Slta by formers acceptance of the latter under the bidding o f Valmlki.7 36. Deduction ( A rthapatti) : The feature o f Arthapatti is a sweet expression, where some sense other than the denoted one is deduced 8 e. g. Kamandakls description o f her affection for Malatl is expressive o f her desire for the latters repeated visits to her.9
1. 2 3. 4. 5. 6. Ib id . 1 7 0 3 . W hile d e fin in g , N . spells it as Dosha. N . 1 6 , 38 & N .S . 17, 38 N . X V I 46. R . S . I l l 1 1 9 . R a tn . 111-13. N . X V I-4 0 ; S. D . V I1 9 4 a ; N. L. R . 17 1 2 ; R . S . I I I -1 2 0 b ;
B. P. p. 225, 21. 7. 8. K . M . V I-3 8 . N . X V I-3 6 ; S. D . V I -1 8 9 b ; N . L. R . 1 5 7 ; R . S . III-1 0 9 ;;
B. P. 214, LI. 9. 9. M S. MS. X - 5 .
12
178
The above-mentioned thirty-six lakshanas close the A. list given in Bharatas Natya-âstra. Out o f these thirtysix, first eighteen are common to both the A. and the B. list -and the rest are peculiar to the former only. It then follows that out o f those given in the B. list, there are eighteen lakshanas which are not found in the A. list. In fact, the B. list is an assorted set o f some features recognised by later canonists as dramatic embellishments or figures ( alahkaras ) and a few lakshanas other than those mentioned in the A. list. Thus, out o f the remaining eighteen features given in the B. list, eleven bear the same title 'as is given to eleven out of thirty-three Natya-alahkaras mentioned by Visvanatha and Sagaranandin, and seven are such features as are found neither in the A. list of the lakshanas nor in the Natyaalahkaras o f the later canonists. Since they are so peculiar only to the B. list o f the lakshanas, they are dealt with first: . L *Similitude ( Gunanuvada) : Where something in ferior is said to have qualities similar to those possessed by the superior one, it presents the dramatic feature o f simili tude.1 It is very much like the figure o f speech, Similie ( Upama ). It is found in Dasarathas comparison o f Kaikeyi with the orb o f the Sun and her gait with that o f the lion in the Yajfiaphala.2 Abhinava Bharati records a variant in the reading of ' the definition o f this feature, according to which a description^ -of an object is done through secondary force o f expression '( Gauni V r tti) by establishing identity with some other object.3 e. g. Dushyantas description o f Sakuntala as a flower not hitherto smelt, or a young leaf not scratched by nails and so on, or Ramas description o f Slta as the very goddess o f Wealth and so on, in the Uttara-rama-carita.4 The point o f
* I f reaa in continuation w ith these features th a t are com m on with.-those mentioned in the A . list, this one an d the subsequent six m ay be numbered as 1 9 - 2 5 o f the B. list. N s. p . 3 0 5 Y . P. 1 1 -1 8 . A. B. ( en M . Vol. I I - G . 0 . S . ) p. 3 0 5 , Foot-note N o. 2.
1. 2. 3.
4. J>ak. 1 1 -1 1 ; U . R . 1 - 3 9 .
"FT
{ ch ap.
Ill]
DRAMATIC PLOT
179
distinction between the two definitions o f this lakshana is that the former recognises the element o f similitude as the feature o f wonder ( camatkara ); whereas the latter does so only when identity between the object o f description and the standard o f comparision is established. Thus the former brings it nearer to the figure o f similie, whereas the latter brings it closer to the metaphor. Saradatanaya1 looks at the feature from slightly a diffe rent angle o f vision, and defines it as the one which contains repeatedly panegyric descriptions o f the youthful couple. Presumably he makes an attempt unnecessarily to limit the extent o f this feature to the erotic dramas only, unless the youthful couple is intended to include the bellicose pair o f heroes as well.2 ^-^Construction ( Mithya-adhyavasaya ) : Where, by means o f certain objects or relation of objects which is either non-existent or non-true, a determination o f an object which is similarly non-existent or untrue, is made, it is said to contain the beauty o f expression called M ithya-adhyavasaya. Abhinava Bharatt elucidates this by saying that it is a feature found in a statement expressing the determination of some object which is either non-existent or not-true through similarly non-existent or untrue facts.3 This Natya-lakshaija is much too akin to the Nidarsana alahkara as recognised by the later poeticians. The feature may be illustrated by reference to the statement o f Dushyanta in the Ssakuntala where the non-existent relation o f instru mentality in chopping the Sami tree is attributed to the edge o f a lotus leaf, and thereby, a similar improbability is conveyed regarding Sakuntalas capacity for performing the austere services in the hermitage.4
1. 2. B. P. p. 2 2 5 , lin e 1 8 . Even then it can n ot cover a ll the heroic dram as, because it is n ot necessary to have only com batant youths as heroes. 3. 4. G. 0 . S. ) X V 1 -1 7 ; A . P . p. 3 0 7 bottom . Sak. 1 - 1 7 .
180
AbhLnava Guptapada, however, brackets it with the feature o f Reversion ( Viparyaya ) o f the A. list.1 Plyusha-varsha Jayadeva has altogether different a connota tion given to this term. He defines Mithyti-adhyavasaya as a feature which consists o f an attempt in achieving a non existent or improbable end by means o f similarly non-existent means;2 and illustrates the same by requesting one to put on a garland o f the flores cceli wreathed in a thread o f the luna^ rays.3 '"''3. Denial ( Pratishedha ) : Where a prohibition o f an un desirable action is suggestively done not by direct speech but by a clever contrivance it presents the element o f Prateshedha .4 Abhinava Bharatl rightly identifies it with Lesa given above in the A. list.5 Suggestion ( Nirbhashana ) : A statement, which con sists o f many clauses expressing several steps of action taken to fulfill different purposes, is said to contain the element o f Nirbhashana,6 which very much resembles the feature o f Mala o f the A. list.7 5. Interpretation ( K a ry a ) : Where some defect in an object is shown as a merit, and vice verfca, it becomes a lakshana called Karya.8 It is covered more or less by the feature o f Arthapatti defined in the A. list.9 $aradatanaya takes the term, Karya more literally, and defines it as a mention o f ones own purpose.10 In such a case there seems little justification for including" it among the dramatic embellishments.
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. A . B. ( G. 0 . S . Vol. I I ). p . 3 0 8 , 4 . \ C. L. I I I - 7 . Ib id . N a. X V I 23. A. B. ( G. 0 . S . Vel- I I ) p . 3 1 2 , L I . 7 - 1 0 NS. X V i - 2 6 . A . B. ( G. 0 . S . V ol. I I ). p. 3 1 3 , 8 NS. X V I37. A . B. ( G. 0 . S . Vol. I I ) . p. 3 1 9 , L I . 1 2 - 1 6 B . P . p . 2 2 5 , lin e 2 2 .
I CHAP. I ll ]
DRAMATIC PLOT
181
If an action done by one results in a benefit to some body else, it is* K arya in the opinion o f Jayadeva.1 For instance, the statement, The moon has risen to subside the wrath o f the fair-browed on es contains the element o f Karya, because the rising o f the moon here has turned to the benefit o f the riayaka, for it has caused his beloved to give up her perverseness. Similarly, even if some incident benefits an other, the figure o f Karya will be found there. Transference ( Paridevanam ) : The dramatic figure o f Paridevana is available at a spot where something stated about some one with a definite purpose becomes applicable to some body else for the reason that real facts about the former are quite well-known.2 For instance, in the sixth Act o f the Balaramayana, while Vamadeva is narrating to DaSaratha and Kaikeyi on their return to Ayodhya, the story o f Ramas exile by a mock-Dagaratha and a mock-Kaikeyl presented in the town by some wily demons, the faults attributed to King DaSaratha and Queen Kaikeyi for banishing Rama and others virtually become applicable to the demons who imperson ated the King and the Queen, for, the fact of their absence from the capital city was well-known to all those who were present there.3 Forbearance ( Kshama ) : Even when insulted in the midst o f the respectable company by such harsh words as are capable o f arousing anger, harmony o f spirits maintained by the hearer is Forbearance. Its presentation in a play is a dramatic figure called Kshama * The Kings attitude in the Act V. o f the Sakuntala is a vivid specimen o f the same. To conceal a wrong done is Forbearance in the opinion o f Saradatanaya.5
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. C . L. I l l 11; .e g. Ib id l i b NS, X V I 39 ( A lso A. B. below ). "Narendro vrddhas stri-vasa iti mayi nyastamayaso, Nishanm dauratmyesviti malinitH Kekaya-sutU II B. R . V II S . N . X V I-3 1 . B. P. p. 2 2 6 , lin e 6 b. . .
182
From Gmanuvada to Kshama, these are seven features which are peculiar to the B. List o f the lakshanas inasmuch as they are neither found in the A . List o f the Natya-sastra nor in the list o f the Natya-alahkaras accepted by the later canonists. Apart from them, there are eleven such lakshanas in the1 B. list as are not in common with those mentioned in the A. list, but are in common with the Natya-alahkaras given by ViSvanatha. Their connotations and illustrations wherever necessary, are succinctly noted b elo w :
. [ ii ] NATYA-ALANKARAS
Benediction ( a s ih ) : It is an expression of the good will o f one for another. It may contain a wish for the ful filment o f some ambition1 or a blessing for long life.2 Abhinava Bharatl cites as illustration the Nandi verse o f the Ratnavall, but adds that the entire statement cannot, on the whole, be an asih ; for, the devotional element is the predo minating factor in the verse.3 It, therefore, follows that the expreression of some pious wish for the general weal as is generally expressed in the opening or the closing verses o f a drama may not ordinarily be deemed to be the specimens o f this alankara. 2. Hit ( Akranda ) : It is an expression o f a plaintive heart in the form of loud lamentations or bewailing.4 Sagara nandin defines it as a lamentation by prostrating oneself on the ground and making repeated shrieks due to loss o f forti tude as a result o f some bereavement.0 The view o f Sagara nandin is very narrow, for such doleful lamentation is possible only in the pathetic scenes, or in a frantic state o f mind, which are not common to all sentiments. It is, therefore, more in fitness o f dramatic constitution to believe that akranda means a shriek or a vocal expression o f perturbance,
1. 2. 3. 4. 6. N . X V 1 -2 8 ; N . L . R . 1 7 4 6 ; B. P. p . 2 2 5 , line 4. A . B. ( Vol. I ) p. 3 1 4 lin e 1. S. D . V I -1 9 9 a - ii. N . L. R . 1748. S. D . V I - 1 9 9 a - i.
F * ....
..
[CHAP. Ill]
DRAM ATIC PLOT
183
be it due to horror, sorrow or an abject disappointment. For it may be accepted evidently as an illustration o f akranda when being pestered by the drone Sakuntala shouts for help, or when Carudata bewails over his sad plight in the ninth Act o f the Mrcchakatika. Bharata has attributed more o f an artistic element to the nature o f this embellishment when he defines akranday as an artifice by means o f which something that cannot be directly stated is expressed through a description of some parellel phenomenon having a direct reference to ones own desite.1 The title, Wcranda is significant inasmuch as it contains an expression o f some strong inner urge which cannot be directly stated. Illustrations of this artifice abound in Sanskrit poetry, and Abhinava Guptapada gives his own composition to illu strate the feature. It is an address o f a lady to a sojourner; and the hour is o f the moonrise. She says, Why do you hasten so much hence, O Sojourner ! look at the Night, who, raising her bright head and maintaining ahead a sanguine situation, holds out a hope o f kissing the very disc o f the M oon.2 This statement is expressive of the speakers anxious mind to have the pleasure of the hearers company, which cannot be otherwise directly so stated. ^ /3 . Disguise ( Kapata ) : Concealing oneself with some pur pose or design! amounts to Kapata .3 Vigvanatha calls that ele ment as Kapata wherein one disguises oneself to defraud or de ceive another and illustrates the point by reference to the Rakshasa leading Lakshmana away by assuming a different form.4 According to this view, Kapata will be possible only in a very 1.
2.
NS. XVI-19.
K im pantha ! tvarase vilokaya ni'samyd hyunmukht pandurd Candram cumbitum ihate prakalayantyagre sartlgam sthilim I TadvU nftgara-bhloga-durlalUakair nyastapi na jfidyate,
CrSme grSmya-janopabhega-subhagam nirvyaja-ramyam sukham //
Vol. I ) p. 309, 14-1 7

3. A. N . X V I - 3 0 ; N . L. R . 1 7 6 2 . S. D . V I - 1 9 9 b .
184
particular type o f plot; and such a connotation, therefore, can hardly have a wide application. Kapata is, therefore, to be understood in a wider sense as Bharata does. It may then follow that Dushyantas attempt to call himself one, who is in charge o f law and order ( dharmadhikara ) in the Pauravas administration, or his attempt to say that the Signet-ring is a gift to him from the King, is as good a deceit as is the attempt o f Viradhagupta in assuming the guise o f a snake-charmer in the second Act o f the Mudra-rakshasa. Similarly, the heros attempt to call himself a low-born in Bhasas Avimaraka is as good an illustration of the dramatic figure o f Deceit as is the act o f Samvahaka in standing still in the empty temple and look like a statue in the second Act o f the Mrcchakatika. Then Yaugandharayanas attempt to announce Vasavadatta as his sister and place her in the hands of Padmavan is as much o f Kapata in the Svapna play as is the assumption o f the form o f Malatl by Makaranda in the sixth Act o f the Malatlmadhava. According to the Abhinava Bharatl Deceit may be in course o f events ( vastu-krama ) by some super-natural power, or in the nature of a-n enemy action.1 Bhojadeva, however, observes that Kapata lies in deceiving an unwise person by a change o f form, be it celestial ( divya ) or other wise.2 , J(. Repentence ( Pascattapa ) : An expression o f Repen'tSnce proceeding from a retrospect o f ones own shyness, or inability o f availing oneself o f an opportunity once had, is a dramatic artifice, a specimen o f which may be found in the Sakuntala when Dushyanta feels sorry for his having only raised the downcast face o f his beloved and did not caress it; or in the Anutapanka4 wherein Ramacandra sadly expresses
1. 2. 3. 4A . B. ( V ol. I ) p . 3 1 5 , 5 fo il. Ib id Fn. 1 ( Recorded by R . K avi ). S. D . V I - 2 0 3 a ; N . L. R . 1 8 2 3 ; B. P. p. 2 2 4 line 1 1 .
Prof. D illo n in his E dition o f ' N . L. R . (O xford-1927 p. 14 6) iden t if ie s AmUSptmka w ith sh e V I .Act o f the Sakuntala, w h ich no the K ing for the wrongful
doubt, contains the rejjentence o f
CHAP.
Ill ]
DRAM ATIC PLOT
185
that he was not fondled b'y his Queen with whom he shared, his bed in vain. 5. Reasoning ( U papattih ) : To forward an argument for the sake o f gaining ones own object is called Upapattih,1 e. g. the statement o f the Clown in the Sakuntala showing the unexpected acquisition o f the Signet-ring as a specimen o f similarly unexpected union with Sakuntala in' future.2 Rejecting different alternatives by showing some reason or the other for the same is Upapattih according to Bharata.3 That Upapattih is the feature where some reason is shown in favour o f a particular course o f action seems to be the view o f Sagaranandin.4 \ S Encouragement ( Protsahanam ) : To pursuade a per son to do some action by using words o f encouragement is Protsahana according to Visvanatha, e. g. ViSvamitra encou rages Rama to kill the fiend in Tadaka, Why do you shirk from killing her, O Rama ! thinking her to be a woman ? In fact, she is as dreary as the g h a s tly Night herself. 5 To ask a person to do something from which he is desisting is Protsahana according to Sagaranandin,6 and its example may be found in a speech from the void which
repudiation o f his wedded w ife, s till it is not this A ct nor this
text-book w hich has an yth in g to do w ith the qu otation s extracted therefrom by the C om p iler, Sagaranandin ; q.nd hence it is sub m itted that 1. 2. 3. 4. S. D . V I - 2 0 3 ; SSk. A ct V I. NS. X V I -3 5 . N. L. R. 1800. It m ay be noted in this connection that the conjecture o f Prof. M yles D illo n is incorrect. B. P. p. 2 2 5 , 19.
SfTgaranandin fails in g ivin g a general connotation to this figure. H e defines Upapatti as an abandonm ent o f a w eapon in for the reason to that it is useless. hand
Probably het is carried away
describe the feature by
reference to the exam ple he has in
his m ind o f D rona doing so after AsvatthSm Ss death. 6. 6. S. D . V I - 2 0 7 a . N . L. R . 1 7 6 3 .
186
encouraged the king Pururavas to pick up the Gem o f Union when he was loathe to do so.1 Bharata thinks that Protsahana is that artifice in which one encourages another by an indirect expression o f his qua lities through the description o f similar qualities in some other object.2 According to the explanation given by the Abhinava Bharatl, the artifice o f Protsahana thus serves as the basis o f the figure o f speech, Aprastuta-prasamsa recognised by the modern poeticians.3 7. Boastfulness ( Abhimana ) : It is an expression o f self-assertion or determination to carry out the undertaking.* It is evident in the statement o f Duryodhana, O Mother ! how timid is your speech ! 5 According to the Bhava-prakasa it is an acceptance o f a compliment ( artha ) out o f joy or the like feeling.6 A pursuit o f an undertaking upto its end is abhimana,* says Sagaranandin.7 Bharata, swerve from and also by boastfulness this element however, observes that when one does not doing an action even if dissuaded in several ways means o f expedient reasoning, the element o f is said to be found in him. Presentation o f in a drama is the lakshana o f abhimana.8
8. Complaisance ( A nu vrtti ) is gallantry o f speech in the opinion of Vi^vanatha.9 It is found in the statement
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. V ik r a . I V - 6 4 . NS. X V I - 1 0 . A . B. ( V o l. II ) p . 3 0 3 , 1 6 . S. D . V I2 0 8 b -i. VenT. V - 3 .
6.
7. 8.
R. P. p. 225, 5.
N . L. R. 1 7 5 0 . N a. X V I- 8 . It m ay be recalled here th a t A . B. seems to h a v e
a sligh tly different feature w hen he illustrates the figu re o f abhimana. 9. H e perhaps m eans abhimUna as alm ost sim ilar to
Sarspya o f the A . list. S. D . V I - 2 0 8 b -ii.
[ CHAP. I l l ]
DRAM ATIC PLOT
187
o f Kamandakl welcoming her senior disciple Saudaminl in the Malatl Madhava,1 or in the statement o f Anusuya who is according reception to the King in the Sakuntala.2 Sagaranandin takes it in a more radical sense and says that it consists in chasing a person who has gone away out o f distraction. He points out the feature in Sahadevas following Bhlmasena in the first Act o f the Venlsamhara.3 Saradatanaya thinkiTthat the feature consists in doing a deed as desired by the other,4 to which Bharata adds that such performance o f action may be out o f affection or complaisancy.3 Importunity ( Yacha) : It is a request made per sonally or through an agent,6 e. g. Yaugandharayana begs o f Padmavatl to extend her protection to his sister in Vasavadatta.7 Mutual request for union is Yacha according to Saradatanaya, who seems unneccessarily to limit thereby the scope of this lakshana only to the erotic plays.8 According to Bharata Yacna is an inciting speech likely to provoke anger followed by sweet words, which tend to promote joy in the hearers mind at the end.9 From the illustration given by the Abhinava Bharatl it appears that YZicna is a milder form o f Akranda, its purpose and , effect being almost similar.10
188
10. Allusion ( Akhyana) : Some reference to histori cal events is called Akhyana . 1 Mention o f merits is also Akhyana according to the text o f the Bhava PrakaSa as read by Ramakrshna Kavi.2 According t)0 Bharata Akhyana is more beautiful an artifice which consists in the determination o f several inter-related facts by means o f questions casting doubt about them which is solved by an appropriate answer in retimf or by means o f simple assertion o f fa c ts .3 'K M . Resolve or Aggregation ( Yukti ) : It is a determi nation to do an undertaking. It is generally supported by showing some reason for doing it.4 According to Jayadeva it is said to establish an excellence o f the subject-matter o f description by showing some distinctive features.5 Bharata, however, adds that the figure o f Yukti is said to be found in a statement wherein the grandeur o f something is tried to be established by an aggregate o f the individual greatness o f its several ingredients which are in harmony with one an other.6 Here the title, Yukti cal sense which connotes to join, Cf. jungare ) o f making up the grandeur is to be understood in its etymologi an aggregation ( yojanam from v/yuj the greatness o f several items, thus o f the entire whole.
Sagaranandin observes that the figure o f Yukti consists in anticipation o f a future event or mention o f the same out of an envious feeling.7 The Bhava Prakasa does not admit Yukti to the list of dra matic embellishments, and in its stead has U kti with an altogether different connotation.8 ------- 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. S. D . V I - 2 1 l b - i ; B. P. p . 2 2 5 , 15. NS. X V I -2 1 ; A . B. ( V o l . I I ) p. 3 1 0 , 8 , 14. S . D . V I 211 b-ii. C . L. I l l - 9. NS. X V I36. N . L. R . 1 8 1 1 . V id e p . l a y . infra , N . L . R . 1 777; B. P. p . 2 2 5 , Foot-note C ,
f CHAP. Ill ]
DRAM ATIC PLOT
189
The above-mentioned eleven features complete the B. list1 o f the Lakshanas as given in the Natya-Sastra o f Bharata. These eleven features are, as stated above, common to the list of the Natya-alahkaras which are thirty-three in total according to Visvanatha and Sagaranandin. The remaining twenty-two figures are defined by them as given below : 12. Intolerance ( Akshama ) : When the slightest insult is not brooked, ijCpresents the figure known as Akshama. It also includes, according to Sagaranandin, the intolerance o f the vanity o f another, which may not amount to any direct insult to him. Visvanatha means by this figure an intolerance o f an insult given ; whereas, Sagaranandin means that it is a spirit not to tolerate the boastful attitude of another.2 From the former point o f view, 3arangaravas attitude towards disacknowledging Dushyanta, 3 or Kamandakls wrath at MSdhavas submission contrary to the machination devised for Makarandas marriage with Madayantika4 is a specimen o f intolerance according to Visvanatha. In the latter sense, there is a sample in ASvatthamas kicking Karna at his head in the Venisamhara in response to Karnas boastful statement, What would the son of Drona do unto me ? .5 Conceit ( Garva ) : A statement full o f presumption is called Conceit. Here also there is a slight difference o f opinion between the two canonists : Visvanatha calls Conceit to proceed from the egotistic vanity, whereas Sagaranandin calls Conceit to be a just expression o f ones self-confidence in regard to ones personal skill or dexterity in art.6 The dra
1. T he B. list thus is com prised of 18 - to the A . list lakshanas w h ich are com m on to itse lf
and 7 such lakshanas as are pecu liar
plus 11 such lakshanas as are inclu ded am ong the Natya-alahkaras recognised b y V isvan atha and others. 2. 3 .. 4. 5. 6. S. D . V I - 2 0 0 a ; N . L. R . 1 8 1 8 . >ak. A ct V. M s . MS.- V I. VenT. I I I - 4 0 . M a. M a. X - 1 6 . Thus the B. List c o m - , pletes its list o f 1 8 + 7 + l l = 36 lakshanas.
' 190
matic literature abounds in illustrations : in the former sense Kamandakis announcement from behind the screen declaring how she spared the life o f Bhurivasu is a specimen o f Con ceit whereas Vishnuguptas statement declaring that he uprooted the Mahanandas like the maladies in the heart of the Earth, or Bhairavanandas proud statement in regard to his esoteric skill in the Karptiramafijarl2 may 'Serve as examples o f Conceit in the latter sense. 14. Effort ( Udyama ) : A resolute intention to do a diffi cult task is called Effort.3 It is found in the activities o f Yaugandharayana, Oh, I have hit at the right means ! in the Svapna play.4 15. Shelter ( Asraya ) : Taking refuge with another for ones own advantage, or joining hands with another for making some common cause amounts to Asraya.5 For example1 ., Darduraka joins Aryaka, the boy o f a herdsman who is fore told to be th e <next ruler.6 To Asraya thinks out o f take shelter with some one superior to oneself is according to Sagaranandin;7 but Saradatanaya that granting protection to the one who is scared fear is Asraya ,s Agitation ( Kshobha ) : Visvanatha 'defines Kshobha as using insulting speech.9 It is found in Vlrakas speech to Candanaka in the Mrcchakatika.10 But Sagaranandin defines it as a graduation o f feelings due to some unpleasant incident.11
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. M . R . 1 -1 3 . K ar. 1 - 2 5 . S. D . V I - 2 0 0 b - i i; S. V . I - 8 - i . S. D . V I 201a. M rc. 1 1 -1 2 . ' N . L. R . 1 8 0 8 . B. P. p . 2 2 6 , 2. S. D . V I-2 0 2 b . M rc. V I - 2 3 . N . L. R . 1 7 6 0 . N . L. R . 1 8 0 6 ; B. P. p. 2 2 5 , 2 0 .
1 CHAP. Ill ]
DRAMATIC PLOT
It is found by Vatsaraja in Sagarika commiting suicide referring to which hp is told by the Clown, Oh, friend ! remove this noose. 1 An experience o f some feeling which was not hitherto present in the mind o f a character is Agitation in the opinion o f 3aradatanaya.2 '"^17. Desire (Sprha) : Being attracted by the innate charms o f an object, when one has a craving for it, it amounts to Desire.3 A clear example is found in Madhavas longing for a sweet embrace by Malatl in the fifth Act.4 Sagaranandin does not believe only in a mental action, but goes a step fuither, and thinks that an expression o f an effective desire by means o f pursuit after the desired object makes for the dramatic figure o f S p rh a 5 The adventure o f Madhava in visiting the ghastly environments o f the Cremation ground ( smasana ) in quest o f his beloved is a specimen of the same. I 18. Hope ( Asamsa ) : An optative expression is called Asamsa. 6 In course o f this, one expresses a longing to get something for oneself, as is found in an eloquent expression o f the last wish by Carudatta at the gallows.7
1. 2. x3 . R atn . p. 1 4 1 , 7. B. P. p. 2 2 5 , 13. S. D . V I - 2 0 2 a ; E. P. p . 2 2 5 , 6.
-V M a. M S. V - 8 . \ N . L. R. 1 7 5 8 . D . V I 2 0 4 a ; N . L. R . 1 8 2 6 . frc. X 34. It m ay be observed here th a t both V isvanStha and to this feature by referring Could I see once a g a in her face, ( MS. M S . V -.9 ), w hich It is, as a m atter o f fact, a
Sgaranandin-offer a n illustration j the statem ent o f M Sdhava,
\ very auspicious H om e o f Cupid Ihardly an optative expression.
expression o f the heros longing ( sprha ) for the associa'îth his beloved. Sprha in w ell, SSgaranandin observes the characteriinstance o f
this verse yet repeats it as an thus ignoring
the subtle nicety o f d istin ction
iiie tw o. ( Com p. N . L. R . 1 7 5 9 - 1 8 2 6 )
192
19. Determination ( Adhyavasaya ) : Ari expression of a resolute mind is Adhyavasaya.1 It is found in the statement o f Ravana, The daughter o f Janaka must surely be seen, so that^Ke lord o f Lanka may rejoice. 2 'y/lO . Consequence (V is a r p a ): It consists in the presen tation of a deed leading to an adverse result,3 like the act o f Madayantika to precipitate a proclivitous fall from the peak of a mountain.4 A hasty statement causing an undesir able effect is Visarpa according to Sagaranandin.3 21. Demonstration (U lle k h a ): To show a course o f action is Ullekha.G For instance, mention o f the purpose o f their going out by the two acolytes in the Sakuntala and their direction to the King to visit the hermitage o f Kanva amounts to Ullekha.1 22. Pursuasion ( Uttejanam ) : U se o f harsh words for applying one to do the needful for the achievement o f an aim presents the .element o f Persuasion.8 It is ,a sort o f whip to a slug to put him to action. An example is found in the exciting speech of the Time-keepers in the Mudra-rakshasa.9 Reproof ( Parlvada) : It is a remonstrance for an inaction or a mistake, for non-feasance or malfeasance,10 e. g. Pururavas reprimands the ruddy goose for his silence;11 or Duryodhana reproaches the charioteer for the wrong that he does.12 Falsely finding fault with another is Parlvada
1. 2-, 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 1 1. 12. S. D . V I 204a ii; N . L. R . 1 8 8 0 B. R . V 7. S. D . V I - 2 0 4 b . M a. M a. X - 7 , 8. N . L. R . 1 7 8 2 . S. D . V I2 0 5 a -i. & k. I - l l - v . S. D . V I - 2 0 5 ; N . L. R . 1 7 9 0 .
M . R . 1 1 1 -2 2 , 2 3 . S. D . V I 206a i; N . L. R . 1 7 9 7 . V ik ra . I V - 3 9 . Vent. I V - 5.
DRAMATIC PLOT 193 * according to the text o f Saradatanaya as recorded by M. Ramakrshna Kavi in his edition o f the Natya'-sastra.1
CHAP.
Ill ]
Conduct f N i t i ) : To act in accordance with the provisions o f the Sastras is the proper conduct.2 The state ment o f the Clown to the King, Enough of clemency, for the guilty i should be punished is an advice for doing some thing as the Sastras ordain ;3 or the statement o f Dushyanta that the penance grove should be visited in a modest form is in keeping with the rule o f conduct laid down by the Scriptures,4 or conventions.5 25. Repetition ( Artha-viieshana ) : Repetition o f a state ment with a view to taunting the hearer is defined as Arthaviseshatia by Visvanatha.0 An example may be found in the continuous admonition of Sarvilaka in the fourth Act o f the Mrcchakatika, while he is characterising the general conduct of harlots in special, and the womanfolk in general;7 or in the reprehensive statement o f Sarangarava, Kanvas disciple who is condemning Dushyantas sense of disbelief in the unsophisticated lady o f Sakuntalas reputation.8
1. Na. p . 3 2 0 shed in am ong the title bottom . Curiously enough, the text o f B. P. p u b li recognise Panvada even
the same series does not
varie leetiones given in the foot-note. B. P. has, however, < eApavada for the feature o f given connotation, w h ich ( V ide B. P. p . 2 2 5 20 )
suits better w ith the sense. 2. 3. 4. \ \ 5. 6. 7. S. D . V I j ^ 6 a ; V ikra. V - 2 - i i . Sale. I1 4 - v . B. P. p. 2 2 5 , 11. S . n . V I2 0 7 a . M rc. IV , 1 2 - 1 7 . N . L. R . 1 7 7 5 .
Sagaranan din, however, once again dabbles here in d efin in g the term by reference to some p articu lar example in his m ind when
he says th a t the Artha-vi'seshana is accepting, rejecting or q u alifyin g a statem ent by the nod o f head or an affirm ative interjection T he
,( like huhkara ) when som ething untoward has happened. definition
thus makes it a dram atic figure only o f bearing or the stage, for this beauty can on ly be
acq u ittal o f a n actor on
13
194
/ 2 6 . Apology ( Parlhara ) : Begging pardon for a wrong "done is apology.1 It is evidenced by - the text of the letter despatched to Madhava by the king of Padmavatl in the M alatl Madhava.3 Sagaranandin defines Parlhara as a retraction from ones own statement;3 which is available in the speech of ASvatthama, I say so out of affliction, not due to any insult from any one, who is valiant. 4 Indication ( Nivedana ) : When some neglect o f duty is shown to a delinquent person, it amounts to Nivedana .5 Reminding o f an action already contemplated is Nivedana according to Sagaranandin and Saradatanaya.6 ^ 2 8 . Aid ( Sahayya ) : Rendering assistance in times o f difficulty is Sahayya .7 For example, reference may be made to
realised by the em phatic gesticulation reading o f dram as, and not otherwise. T he
therefore, can hardly perm it an apprecia given by SSgaranandin
tion o f its charm and so the connotation
becomes o f doubtful acceptance, unless it is interpreted on ly to m ean a suggestion o f some representation o f taun t through a particular gesticu lation . op in ion of Ssrad stan aya, ( N . L . R , LI. 1 7 6 3 - 1 7 6 6 ). Artha-vi'seshana is a statem ent In the w hich
proves some special facts ( ViHshia artha ) . B. P. p . 2 2 5 , 1 4 . 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. . S. D . V I - 2 1 0 a ; B. P . p . 2 2 6 , 1. M S. M s. X - 2 3 . N . L. R. 1804. VenT. I I I . p. 8 7 . S. D. V I-2 1 0 b . N . L. R . 17 9 4 ; B. P. p . 2 2 5 , 1 7 . The only d istin ction betw een S . D . and N . L . R . is due to the change o f a whereas N . L. R . vow el in the readings ! S. D . has 'avaihirita
has "avadharita, and it m ay not be wrong to
surmise that it is due to some scrib al error in the M anuscript. S till a ll the glosses on the S. D . have tried to avadhmta and the m ean in g avajnata sam e cited both by V isvanatha adjust the reading and Sagaranandin
w ith the illu stra tio n , w h ich is one
from the R agtavS bh yudaya. 7. S. D . V I - 2 0 8 a ; N . L. R . 1 8 1 6 .
t CHAP. I l l ]
DRAMATIC PLOT
195
Vasantasenas assistance to the gamesters by giving them the ornaments in the hour o f their need.1 / Ecstasy ( Praharsha ) : An expression o f an immense joy is Praharsha,2 It is appreciably felt in Dushyantas expression o f joy when he could identify the young boy in the hermitage of Marlca as his son by Sakuntala. 30. Narration (Utkirtana) : It is a relation o f past events.3 It is found in the Balaramayana where Rama is narrating to Slta the past incidents, Here was the snake-noose used against your brother-in-law f Lakshmana ), and so on. Sagaranandin differs from Visvanatha here, and believes that a mention o f the purpose o f an action, or the action itself which is being undertaken is Utkirtana; and illustrates it by reference to Bhlmas reply to Sahadeva, Yes, I have to speak to Paficall.4 ^ 31. Direction ( Pravartana ) : Commencement o f some pleasant action or o f the one which is most appropriate to the occasion is Pravartana; 5 e. g. Yudhishthiras orders for commencing festivities in the honour o f Vishnu and for the commemoration o f the victory o f Bhlmasena.6 Sagaranadin has a different view, and he calls removal of doubt as Pravartana, an example o f which is found in the statement o f Dushyanta about Sakuntala, Oh heart, you may now entertain some hope ; for what you considered to be a chunk o f fire is, in fact, a gem which is grateful to touch. 7 32. Derision ( Utprasana ) : It is a ridicule expressed to abash a person who is, in fact, a wrong-doer, but poses to be
\ \ 1. M rc. A ct II. B. P . p . 2 2 6 , <
2 . S. D . V I -2 1 2 a -i; S. D . V I - 2 0 9 a .
. ) 3.
Vt. N . L. R . 18 3 2 ; e. g . VenT. I. S. o. f. S. D. V I-2 1 l a . VenT. A ct V . N . L. R . 1 7 5 6 ; e. g. Sak. 1 - 2 7 .
196
the most righteous pesson.1 For instance, Dushyanta was derided by Sarangarava at the deriliction o f his wedded wife. This figure is not accepted by Sagaranandin. 33. Instruction ( Upadesa ) : It is a didactic suggestion.3 It is found in Priyamvadas suggestion to Sakuntala, Dear one ! it does not behove a hermit to go away, leaving behind a distinguished guest without according him due reception. This also does not find place in the list o f the dramatic figures given by Sagaranandin. There are, however, authorities who add alternative em bellishments to some o f the above mentioned ones which may be taken into account now : In place o f Utprasana and Upadesa given above, Sagara nandin has two different elements namely, Ahahkara and Gmanuvada which he defines as follows : ( a ) Ahahkara : A proud expression o f ones conscious ness o f ones own capacities is an Ahahkara.3 It becomes clear that ViSvanatha defines Garva in terms of Sagaranandins Ahahkara who has a different connotation for Garva as shown above. \ X b ) Gunanuvada : It consists in the enumeration o f the merits o f a person by a character who was previously de nounced by another out o f sheer conceit and insolence.4 Among the embellishments recognised by Saradatanaya which are fifty-four in total number, a few are such as. are different from the ones discussed above, and hence their separate mention here may not be out of place. They are : ( i ) Abhijnana is a momentous information.5 t
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. S. D . V I - 2 0 lb . Ib id . V I -2 1 2 a - ii N . L. R . 1 8 2 8 . N . L. R. 1 8 3 7 . B. P. p. 2 2 5 , 7.
f C H A P j III ]
DRAM ATIC PLOT
197
\J<?i i ) Desa is an inferential knowledge.1 ( iii) Ukti is a mention o f facts with a purpose of either censuring or praising some person or a thing.2 ( i v ) Apavada is one.3 falsely attributing some fault to some
Some recensions o f the Natya-sastra read Artha as sepa rate from Anuvrtti among the dramatic lakshanas and define Irth a as a dramatic figure which presents a combination o f several striking things.4 Apart from the thirty-six lakshanas and thirty-three alah* karas o f the Nataka which are discussed above, there are fifty-seven features which are the constituents o f other types o f the rupakas and yet recommended for being used in 'a riataka in order to enhance the excellence o f the dramatic /plot. Out o f the fifty-seven excellences referred to above, thirteen are the sub-divisions of the Avenue ( Vithi ), which are dealt with above.5 Ten are the sub-divisions o f the Gentle Dance ( Lasya ) which will be discussed under the title o f Dance and Music.6 Seven sub-divisions of the Bhapika are also among the ornaments o f a riataka and they are defined previously.7 N ow remain the twenty-seven sub-divisions o f the Silpaka. Most of them are similar, both in title and connotation or in eiîer, to those already discussed under different classed o f dramatic ornaments. Nevertheless, since the canonists have laid stress on their appropriate use in the structure o f a drama, they are very succinctly stated below in the same order in which Visvanatha records them : , -
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7.
R. P. p . 2 2 6 , 6 B. P. p . 2 2 6 , 3. B. P. p . 2 2 5 , 1 0 . .
Citrartha-samavayQyah sortha ityabhidhtyate p, 3 0 7 , Foo.t-Note L .4 . V ide. p. 46 ff. supra. V ide. C hap. VII V ide. p. 2 7 supra. infra . e. 8 .: : > si
,3
198

s il p a k a n g a s
* :
^ f \. Asamsa : To long for the acquisition o f an object which is not easily accessible is Desire, e. g. Malavikas long ing for Agnimitra expressed in, Unattainable is my love.... 1 '~y2. Tarka : To interpret a particular situation in terms of ones own feelings is Guess; a striking example being available in Dushyantas interpretation o f all movements of Sakuntala to refer only to him and her love for him.2 v / 3. Sandeha ( Samsaya ) : An indecision is a doubt. For example, in the Viddha-gala-bhafijika, the hero wonders as to who the one could be at the top o f the terrace.3 ^ 4 . Tapa : It is a grave repentence4 as done by Dushyanta in the VI Act after repudiating Sakuntala. 5. Udvega is a mental disturbance due to loss or separa tion o f a kinsman as does Dhrtarashtra while addressing GandhSrl towards the close o f the Venisamhara.5 ' '' 6. Prasakti is a close attachment to an object.6 Sagara nandin does not recognise Prasakti but inserts Prasasti instead; and seems to indentify it with the last sub-division o f the Apodosis or the Nirvahana-Sandhi.1 Prayatna is an endeavour which is carried upto the end, and there is no retraction from it till success is got. It is seen in Pururavas attempt in finding out the whereabouts o f Urvagl in the fourth Act o f the VikramorvaSl.8
* 1. 2. 3. For a ll the 2 7 SilpakShgas V id e S. D . Chap. V I. 2 9 8 - 3 6 0 . N . L . R . 3 0 6 0 , e. g.
Mai. I I - 2 . Dulllaho piyo... A. B. V ol. II.

'
N . L . R . 3 0 6 6 : e. g . fk k . II2 ( Kami svatam pasyati ). N . L. R . 3 0 7 1 : e. g. Upa prakaragrc prahimi nayane tarkaya manag / atmkn'se koyam lalita-harinah sita-Hranah II V . S . B. 1 - 3 1 .
4. 6. 6. 7. 8.
N . L . R . 3 0 7 6 : e. g . & k . A ct V . N . L . R . 3 0 8 1 : e. g. VenT. V - 3 . S. D . 2 9 8 a . N . L. R. 3145. .
N . L .'R . 3 0 4 6 : e. g . V ikra. A ct IV . '
[C H A P .Ill]
DRAMATIC PLOT
199
V ^ . Grathana is a close contact resulting in the most affectionate understanding between the two parties, as is evidenced in Madhavas statement about M alati .1 9. Utkantha is a longing for a loveable object. It is found in the Sakuntala in the statement o f the King in appreciation o f the heroine.2 10. Avahittha is a concealment o f an object from one who has become aware o f it.3 ' 11. Pratipattih is an understanding of what is to be done.4 Sagaranandin, however, calls it Apratipattih, and defines it as presentation o f one, being at ones wits end, or ones incapacity to know what to do at a particular juncture.5 \ 12. Vilapa is an expression o f grief, e. g. in th eU ttararamacarita, O Slta ! my dear companion in my sojourn in the woods o f Dandaka. 6 ViSvanatha does not accept Vilapa but reads instead VilSsa which may mean amorous pursuit, as is found in case: o f Avimaraka pining for Kurangl.7 13. Alasya is a physical fatigue. An illustration may be found in the Kundamala where Slta says, Oh, dear Lakshmana ! my heavy feet donot proceed any further. Please go ahead and find out how far the Mother Ganges is from here. 8 14. Bashpa is a flow o f tears. It is an outburst o f feelings o f grief which is often come across in the dramas under the stage-direction Iti roditi. " 9
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. -N. L. R . 3 0 5 5 : e. g . M 2. M S. 1 - 2 8 . N . L . R . 3 0 3 8 , e. g . Sak. 1 - 6 . N . L. R . 3 0 4 2 . S . D . V I - 2 9 8 , V ide M m . D . P . D v iv e d a s ChSyS. N . L. R . 3 0 9 4 . N . L. R . 3 0 97; e. g. U . R . 1 - 4 3 ( p . 3 6 8 N ote. 3 ) S. D . 299 a . N . L. R . 3 0 8 9 : e. g. K . M . : 1 - 4 , 17. S. D . V I 299a.
200
There is an alternative reading to this element which is ' stated to be *V&mya, and is recognised by Sagaranandin who defines the term as an attitude which is perverse or uname nable to all attempts o f propitiation or appeasing.1 45. Praharsha is an ecstatic delight, as is enjoyed by the King Pururavas when he opens his eyes and says, Ah me, indeed my darling UrvaSl.2 16. Asvasa or Asvasana is to appease another in the mid/t o f his sorrow.3 /1 7. Mudhata or M ugdhata: It is straightforwardness or credulous simplicity. In the Ratnavali, for instance, Oh ! in my fathers house, God is adored in a picture, but here it is done in person ! 4 w Sadhana is a promise to do something for another, as is found in Bhairavanandas statement for rendering magical help. 19. Anugamana is going joyfully after another who is gone or is ready to go, as does Slta in the Mahavlracarita,6 20. Ucchvasa i s ' regaining senses after one has fainted*?* It is repeatedly found in .the Uttara-rama-carita. * , 21. Vismaya is a suprise which is felt at -having unanti* cipated occurrence.8. 22. Prapti is some blissful acquisition.9 Sagaranandin, however, has no element like Prapti. in his list. Instead, he has Sunyata which means forgetfulness.^0 It is found in Rakshasa.s forgetfulness of Viradhagupta in the Mudra-rakshasa.
1. 2. 3. 4. 6. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. N . L. R. 3 1 0 1 . N . L. R . 3 1 4 3 : e. g. V ikra. I V - 10. N . L. R . 3 1 3 2 . N . L. R . 3 0 8 6 : e. g. R atn . 1 - 1 6 . N . L R . 3 1 1 3 : e. g. K ar. 1 25 ( for its result, see A ct IV ). N . L. R . 3 1 0 5 : e. g. M . C . l V - 5 2 - i . N . L. R . 3 1 1 5 . N . L. R . 3 1 1 1 . S. D . V i - 2 9 9 b . N . L. R . 3 1 2 0 .
[ C H A P. Ill ]
DRAMATIC PLOT
201
'A.'i. Labha or Pralobha: It is an inducement given by one to the other for gaining ones ob ject; as does Sahara in offering one hundred gold mohurs for killing the cour tesan.1 v/24. Sampheta is a wrathful statement. Technically, it means going beyond ones limit out o f anger. It is found in the Mrcchakatika, Get down, Oh, wench ! thou takest away my cows. 2 25. Vaisaradya is an expression o f ones own skill.3 >^26. Prabodhana is an awakening or reminding one in respect o f what one ought to do.4 27. Camatkara is something marvellous.5 a striking deed, a presentation of
In this way, something like ninety dramatic excellences6 are recognised by the canonists, the appropriate use o f which adds to the interest in a drama and beautifies its structure. In the opinion o f the conservative canonists like Kohala, the use of ninety features o f excellences is deemed a neces sary ingredient in the make-up o f a Nataka, who declare that the wise call that composition to be a Nataka which contains thirty-six and ninety excellences in all.7 The plot o f a play on the whole, consists essentially o f the five elements o f the story, five stages o f action and various sub-divisions o f the'Junctures marking different features of
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. N . L. R . 3 1 2 1 : e. g , M rc. V III. N . L. R . 3 1 3 0 : e, g. M rc. p. 1 7 8 . N . L. R. 3 1 2 6 . N . L. R . 3 1 3 7 . N . L. R . 3 3 1 7 . It may be noted here that the various features g iv en m en tal above
dem onstrate either some phase o f action or a the adept and poetic
attitude, so as it
presentation o f w hich in a dram a
m ay create poetic wonder ( camatkara ), becom es the Natya-bhushana or alahkara as the case may be. 7. Vide Chap. V II infra.
202
the development o f the dramatic res-business. The plot may contain a large variety of poetic artifices which contribute the essential element o f wonder to the dramatic action. It may also have a number o f varied embellishments which foster the sustenance o f interest in .the action. But the entire success o f a dramatic plot and the appreciation o f the skill o f the playwright depends upon the execution and the quality o f persons who figure in his work o f art. It is the set of characters that sets in the proper character of a play, and it is their nature with all its subtleties that determines the proper estimate o f a composition from a critical point o f view. The next topic o f study should, therefore, be in respect o f the characters o f drama.
- CHAPTER IV
HERO AND OTHER CH Af& CTERS Dramatic characters present a panoramic View o f society and the sociological conditions o f the land prevailing for the time being. The liveliness or the sombre outlook o f the dramatic characters forms an index to the annals o f a peoples history.1 Their nature and their variety is not only a gallery o f amusing social pictures but the vignettes o f their life disclose the standard o f living and comfort, ways and habits, accomplishments and drawbacks o f the nation at large.2 It calls, therefore, for a highly sophisticated art and a catholic taste in the playwright when he assumes the task o f drawing the pen-pictures o f several individuals whom he chooses to introduce in his work o f art. The study in characters and their various patterns opens a leading avenue for investigation in the field of dramatic literature. The Sanskrit dramatic literature clusters round the axle o f the amatory or the heroic sentiment, and the type o f charac ters introduced in a play abide by the ruling sentiment. But whatever the sentiment or the motive o f the play be, there is always a principal action or the denouement therein. Whosoever is to enjoy the benefit o f all efforts or in whose interest are all movements directed is the person who reaps the real harvest. The m otif or the resultant benefit is called the fruit ( phala ) and the enjoyment o f the phala is called the adhikara .3 One who has the adhikara is, no doubt, the adhikarin, and it is he who becomes virtually the principal character in a drama. He is called the Neta, Nayaka or the hero, because the entire dramatic action culminates ultimately
1. 2. 3. N . S. 1 - 7 8 . Ib id . 1 - 8 4 , 4 4 . D . R. 1 -1 2 .
204
'
LAWS
OF SANSKRIT DRAM A
into his'benefit.1 He, in fact, becomes the substratum of all actions and is the basic or the pendent factor2 ( alambana) o f the principal sentiment in a show; and thus ranks foremost for consideration.
A hero may be o f different types nay as o f many types as human beings can possibly be with all shades o f difference in their natural disposition and modes of acquittal. So complex is the human nature with its numerous leanings and tenden cies that it hardly admits o f any division capable o f making compartments suitable enough for demarcating lines o f classi fication. Still the ancient scholars have made attempts to determine the broad characteristics o f different characters, and they have, in the first place, defined the personal merits o f a hero. the essential qualifications o f a hero are enumerated by Abhinava Kalidasa as generosity, grandeur, high birth,- pru dence, comeliness, valour and piety.3 These different quali ties make him a perfect man. He is maganimous and is an imp ressive personality. He is adventurous and yet God-fearing. He is eminently regardful o f his duty to himself, to, his peoples, and to his religion. Without this much of personal equipment none is deemed worthy o f being a leading character o f a play for want o f (imitable virtues in him. To these qualities, Singa Bhupala adds a few more characteristics, as cleverness.in conversation, sense o f gratefulness, statesman ship, self-confidence, brilliance, love o f art and amiability of disposition.4 Profundity o f character, sympathetic tempera ment, sense, o f emulation and purity are a few features which are added by Srlkrshna Kavi to the other accepted features o f a hero in general.5 Vagbhatta, o f course, has got the longest
1.
2. N . L. R . 2 5 7 . S. D . XII 57.
3. ' N . R . p . 2, L I . 20, 2 1 . 4. 5. R . S. 1 - 6 2 , 6 3 . M . M . V I I I - ? , 3.
c h ap.
IV ]
HERO & OTHER CHARACTERS
205
list o f qualities necessary for a hero, that comprises as many as twenty-eight covetable accomplishments ; 1 but all that is required of a principal character is summed up by Visvanatha in his text,2 Munificent, clever, high born, handsome, youthful, enthusiastic, prompt, devoted by people, powerful and tactful is the nature o f a hero. To be posses sed o f the Sastric vision is one o f the essential merits o f a hero according to Dhananjaya.3 Gunacandra is still brief in defining a hero who is possessed o f the prominent virtues, neither vicious nor befallen in calamities.4 The hero or the principal character is classified into four types ; namely, dhirodatta, dhira-lalita, dhiroddhata, and dhiraprasanta? Though the naive tendencies of each o f these types depend mainly upon the heredity, social environment and professional career as discussed âbove,6 still for purposes o f dramatic delineation, it is their mode o f acquittal, their actual frame o f mind, line of thought and action that deter mines their type according as they disclose, on the whole, the Udatta, the Lalita, the Uddlxata or the Prasanta character. All the same, it becomes an essential qualification of, a hero that he should be at all events dhlra, i. e. full of fortitude and courage, and should be possessed of the nerve to bear the brunt and withstand all the undulations o f the billows that toss him up and down in the tidal waters o f human life. v^X^hero is deemed to be Udatta or. o f gallant character if he evinces a spirit o f tolerance ( kshama ), gravity o f outlook ( ati-gambhirata ), absence o f boastfulness ( avikatthanah)
1.
2 .
K'. A. C hap. V p. 62; P. R . I 1 1 , 12. Tyugi krlz ktillnas su'srlko rupa-yauvanoisahi

/ ,
Dakshoniirakta-iokas tejo-vaiadgdhya-'sllavan neta 11 S . D . I l l 30. 3. 4. 5. D . R . 1 1 -2 . N . D . V I - 1 6 0 p. 197. N . S . X X I V - 3; 1 D . R . II3;
S . D . 1 1 1-31;
. S. S. X I - 2 ;
R . S. 1 - 7 2 , 3; B. P. IV p . 9 2 , 2; M . M . p. 7 6 , 29; P . R . V - 2 7 ; S.K . p. 6 8 1 , 6 8 2 ; U . N . M . p. 3 2 , 35; K .A . p. 6 1 ; N .L .R . 2 6 7 . 6. V ide Chap. I, p. 4. supra.
206
steadfastness in action ( sthirata), exceedingly harmonious mind ( mahasattvah ) and latent self-assertion (nigMhahahkara)? Vidy-adhara desires him to be compassionate and full o f symr or gay if he is free from anxiety, he is fond o f fine arts, and happy and gentle.3 Saradatanaya attributes to him a luxurious life given to amatory pursuits.* Sweetness o f speech, all-pleasing manners ( dukshinyam), fastidiousness in dress and other dainties o f life and dandysm are the features o f the Lolita hero according to Srlkrshna Kavi.5 ^ / A hero is called Prasanta or the calm who is possessed o f the general characteristics o f a hero shown, above,6 Gunacandra specifically defines him to be easy-going, and a straightforward person endowed with all gentlemanly quali ties.7 He is modest yet a diplomat; he is kind and gentle.8 Srlkrshna Kavi observes that high moral character, sense o f discrimination, mental equilibrium, clemency and truthfulness are the determining virtues of the Prasanta hero.9 hero is Uddhata or bold when his character is domi nated by jealousy and self-conceit. He is presumptive, treacherous, ficle, tar-tempered, deceitful and vehement.10 The self-panegyric element is added by ViSvanatha amongst other characteristics o f an uddhata hero.11 The Mandara Maranda believes him to be irascible and full o f enterprise.12
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. N . S. X X I V -3 ; S. D . 1 1 1 -3 1 etc. P. R . p. 2 8 . D . R . II 3j S. D . I l l 34. B. P. p . 9 2 1 1 . M . M . p. 7 7 L l . 1 5 . ; N . D . 1 - 9 ; S. S. X I - 4 . D . R . 1 1 -4 ; S. D . 1 1 1 -3 4 , N . D . 19. Ibid. M . M . V III, L l . 11, 12. D. R. II-6 . S* D . III-& 3. M . M . p. 77, 2 2 , i
\ [
CHAP.
IV ]
207
That he has got a taste for magical feats is the observation of Vidyanatha.1 Acyuta Rai, however, does not a ccep t'Uddhata as a type o f a hero; for he defines heroes o f the first three types only.2 These are the four popular types of heroes who lead other characters whether their action is to pursue for an accom plishment o f love or the heroic exploits. Should he be a hero o f an erotic composition, his pursuits are all directed to amatory causes. As polygyny was much in vogue in ancient India and more prominently in the princely order, an amatory hero is further classified into four types according to his conjugal behaviour towards his spouse or spouses. In the first place a hero may be either a monogamist or has more than one spouse at a time. A monogamist makes a class by himself and is called anukula or faithful like Nala or Rama. But a polygynic hero has got divided affection amongst his different beloveds and he may behave in different ways with them : v - < f ) A hero, when he is enamoured o f another woman, may behave gallantly, showering his affection equally on all o f his spouses and remain kind to his previous lady-love. Such a hero is said to be Dakshina or the gallant one, like Udayana or Yudhishthira. ( i i ) While in pursuit o f another woman, a hero, who hides his unfaithfulness from his pervious love and clandes tinely approaches the subsequent one, is called Satha or the deceitful hero, like Pururavas. , v -< f^ ii) A hero is called DhrsKfa o t the bold one, when he is so disregardful o f his previous love that he does not feel abash ed o f his appearance with amorous marks visible on his person which betray his association with another woman. This is how Dhanafijaya defines the bold hero. But more aptly his character is defined by Visvanatha when he qualifies him
1. 2. P . R . p. 2 2 , Verse 30. Tredha nets prakirtitah S. S. X I ~ 2 .
3.
D R. 11-10.
\
7 I
208 LAWS OF SANSKRIT DRAM A as one, who does not feel shy even though he has committed a wrong or a breach o f conjugal trust and is not abashed even if scolded or directly reprimanded.1 He seeks shelter in speaking lies when he is caught red-handed and his offence is brought home to him. The author o f the Alankara Sekhara2 agrees to the view o f ViSvanatha. Such a hero is the one o f the Abhijflana Sakuntala. % These are the four types o f the hero who is a married husband. But it is not always necessary that the hero should only be a married consort, and hence from the objective point o f view, a hero may again be deemed o f three types, namely, Pati or a legally wedded mate, or Upa-pati the paramour, and the Vaisika or the one who indulges with a courtesan.3 To amplify, Rupa Gosvamin adds that Pati is the one who accepted the hand o f a virgin according to marital rites and Upapati is the one who is an object of love o f a woman other than his wife and has become willing to transgress the conjugal limitations under the influence of Amor, which makes him court another girl.4 The principal character in the heroic plays is also classi fied objectively according as the nature of the object of his enthusiasm differs. For example, a hero may have purely meritorious pursuits and he may exhibit his best zeal for the righteous accomplishments. Another hero may have chivalrous pursuits and may be anxious only for trampling over his foes, or he may have the best zeal for running risk for the benefit o f another, or he may be most charitably disposed. Thus they are respectively called Dharma-vira ; Yuddha-vlra ; Daya-vira or Dana-vlra. Besides these dispositions a hero may have an ardent zeal for the display o f his personal strength, learning, duty, truthfulness and other virtues in accordance with which they may differ in a number of ways as heroic characters.
1. 2. I 3. 4. S. 11 1 -3 6 . A l. 3. X X - 9 . R . C . p . 3 4 , L I . 2 , 10. U . N . M . V v. 9 -1 5 .
^ ^
y T CCh a p . IV ] HERO & OTHER CHARACTERS 209
Their essential nature as heroes is determined in terms o f the type of sentiment that rules over their activities and pursuits. Whichever be his type, a hero has certain general charac teristics as his personal merits and they are eight in number.1 ^ / L Beauty of character ( Sobha) : Sympathy with the inferiors, emulation with the superiors, chivalry and skill omprisec Sobha. J . Vivacity of character ( Vilasa ) : Steady glances, firm, steps ajjd smiling speech form Vilasa. ' < Sweetness ( Madhurya ) ; Equanimity o f behaviour and undisturbed demeanour even in the midst of great calamity is Madhurya. Mental equilibrium ( Gambhirya ) : Absence o f change in mental attitude even when there is cause for agitation shows gravity oêharacter. 5 . /Steadfastness ( Dkairya or sthairya ) : Unflinching devotiqn to the purpose, though confronted with a host o f obstacles depicts sthairya o f character. / o . Brilliance ( Tejas ) : Sense o f self-respect and intole r a n c e ^ ! respect of an insult is called Tejas. %J7'. Affability ( Lalitya ) : Sweetness o f temperament, ami able disposition and engaging manners constitute the Lalita character. ^ 8 . Magnanimity ( A u d a r y a ) : A tendency to oblige some one /else even at the cost o f self-interest is a specimen o f Audarya. Every hero has his counterpart, and he is known as the subsidiary hero or the anu-nayaka. The leaders of the Episode ( pataka ) or the Incident ( prakarl ) are generally such charac ters. They are the principal helpers to the hero in achieving his end. An Anu-nayaka, therefore, is a character whose part is slightly less prominent than that o f the hero.2
ll .<
1. 2.
D . R . 1 1 -1 5 ; B. P. p . 1 0 , 2; K . A n. V II; N . D . p . 1 97. N . D . p. 160.
14
210
A character who is adversely interested in the activities o f the hero, or the one who is the declared foe o f the hero is called the adversary or the Prati-nayaka. He is generally found in all the heroic plays, for on the prtiti-nayaka depends the heroic enthusiasm of the hero. Since the hero of a drama is always a dhira character of imitable virtues, the opponent against whom the victory o f the hero will form the denoue ment o f the play, should always be characterised as an avari cious, vicious, sinful and voluptuous person,1 possessed, of course, with ample resources and great might. There may be a series o f Prati-nayakas to a hero, as is found in the Balaramayana, where, though the principal opponent to Ramacandra is Ravana, still Paragurama has proved as much o f a Pratinayaka in the Janakapurl as did Ravana and his retinue at the outskirts o f Lanka. In an amatory play, the partner is necessarily the lady love; and she and the hero constitute the Zilambana of the erotic sentiment. The heroine and her types will be, there fore, discussed in all main particulars below. Even in an amatory play their can be a Parti-nayaka in a co-suitor to one lady, as is fSalcara in the Mrcchakatika or Nandana in the Malatl-madhava. * HIS ASSISTANTS The hero in all cases is the centre o f all activities and holds the helm in directing the host o f his helpers who assist him in the accomplishment of his object. A large* number o f helpers is, therefore, necessary for a hero to see that he succeeds in different walks o f his undertakings. Accord dingly, in consonance with the purpose before him, he has different types o f assistants. Three-fold is the human object o f achievement ( trivarga), viz., Dharma, Artha and Kama. In matters o f religion and duty, his helpers are the ascetics, the seers, the holy priests and the jurisconsults.2 They are also his helpers if he is a seeker after truth. The achiev<~~
1. 2. Ibid. 166.. S. D. 111-45.
[C H A P . IV ]
211
ment o f artha depends on various factors' like internal peace, proper administration of the State, plans of construc tion and also protection from external invasion on the one hand, and military expeditions against foes on the other. So far as the- local administration goes, the ministry assist the hero. These statesmen around him make plans for building the State and administration o f justice within the realm. They are also the political advisers to him.1 In matters of protection from the foreign invasion or o f invading others, the brother princes, relatives, vassals and the General o f his forces are the helpers. Amongst th ese^ on e who takes the leading part is called the Pithamarda as Sugrlva o f Sri Ramacandra.2 Since the achievement o f Kama or the object^ of love presents a peculiar delicacy o f situation, it*calls for the aid of a technical class o f people to help the Jastg, T h m > grincipal h elp w s,. in this ^behoof are the Court jester J Vidushaka), lads and lasses and the waiters in the harem and the messenger^ ( duta and dutls ).3 As they present different pictures and discharge different duties they are respectively called as Dharma-sahaya, the Artha-sahaya, Danda-sahaya and the Narma-sahaya. From the view-point o f his reliance on his different ministers for getting success in their respective branches, the constitution of a hero may be in the nature o f a sovereign monarchy and his ministers remain purely executive officers. Such a hero is called Svayatta-siddhi. The other type may be in the nature of a constitutional monarchy wherein the minister or a body o f the ministers runs the adminstration in the name of and for the benefit of the hero. It is called Mantri-sattamaka constitution and the hero is known as the Sacivayattasiddhi. The third may be an amalgamation o f the two, where the King and the Ministers combine and run the administration, in which case the hero is the Ubhayayatta Siddhi. In addition to the ministers, there are some other
1. 2. 3. Ibid. 111-43. Ibid. 111-39. I ll 40.
212
characters. who help the cause of the hero. The principal among them are the leaders o f the Pataka and the Prakarl, Plthamarda and Vidushaka belonging to tlie better class o f assistants to whom ' may be added others like the Vita Ceta and Sahara who are of the low type. The leaders of the Pataka and the Prakarl are already defined, and the individual characteristics of the rest will be discussed under the sub-heading of the minor characters towards the close of j the Chapter. Besides the human assistance, the hero, at times, receives, by virtue o f his merits or moral strength, help 'from the superhuman beings including gods and goddesses as well. To wit, in the plays o f Kalidasa the heroes beget help from the divine forces, or Bhasas Avimaraka has the -Vidy&dhara to help him in the event o f his dire need. Such super-human help justifies the prowess of the hero who is qualified by Bharata as one who has immortal friends. 1 HEROINE The next important character is the heroine ( NtiyikTI) who is the very life-breath o f an amatory play, It is the portrayal of this character that may be called the touchstone of the playwrights skill o f acquittal which is to vouch for the ultimate success of the dramatic art, The heroine, as in other respects too, surpasses the hero in diver sity of her characteristics as well as her qualities, both personal and natural. The types o f the heroine may be, in the first place, consi dered from the point o f view o f nature of her association with the hero. She may be associated with him as his legally wedded wife, in which case she is the Sviya Nayika or the married consort. The heroine may not be the married consort and yet may have fallen in love with him. In such a case she is called Paraklya as distinguished from the one w he belongs to the hero. The third type of association may be of a courtesan, a dancing girl or a common harlot arresting the
1. S. D . I I I - 5 6 , 6 7 , 6 4 ; D . R . 11-16; R . S. 1 -9 5 .
[C H A P . IV ]
213
heart of a lascivious hero. Such a courtesan is called a commoner or a ( Sadharana-strl. So the heroine is primarily o f three types whose natural characteristics are as follow s : The Married consort ( Sviya=A tm iya ) : She is a caste lady devoted to the domestic duties, modest in behavi our and straightforward in her dealings. She is a partner both in times of weal and o f woe like Slta o f Ramacandra.1 - i f The Unwedded ( Parakiya ) : She may be a virgin or a mistress. The former is a bashful girl, blooming in youth and is without the wedlock. The latter one is an immodest adulteress seeking an association while in sojourn or in out door frivolities, being prompted or pressed by her libidinous tendencies. Dhanafijaya holds the view that such a character should not form the substratum o f the principal sentiment and be not ordinarily introduced in a play as the chief character except in case o f the Farce ( prahasana j.1
'*
v / 3 . Commoner ( Sadharanl) : She is a common girl allow ing free admittance to the one and all. She is always fully developed and is a self-controlled figure. She is stern in attitude and stiff in behaviour. Her love is mostly a pecuniary gamble. She is remarkable for her inconstancy and does not abhor the vicious, nor w oo the meritorious. She has got a group o f lick-pennies around her, rakes, fools, thieves and eunnuchs who fleece her habitue's who are, when robbed o f all their possessions in due course, driven out of the house through the agency o f the grannie or the old beldam who is her marker in the art o f love-making.2 Among the commoners also, some-times, though rare, there is a courtesan or a hetaera who is found extremely devoted to one lover and showers genuine affection upon him. It may be noted here that the dramatic literature has only th e ' latter type o f hetseras who may be socially o t profes
1. 2. D . R . 1 1 -2 2 ; N . D . p . 173; S. D . 111-67, 71. S. D . Ib id .; R . S. 1 -1 1 7 . heroines. Note th a t R u d rata an d îngibhupS la to employ commoners as do not consider it to be u n d ra m a tic
V ide R . S. p . 3 0 , L l. 1 3 , 1 * .
214
sionally called courtesans; but virtually^they are as sweet and chaste as any other type o f the heroine could be expected. O f this class Urvagi or Vasantasena stand as instances. Although from* the view-point o f the nature of*their asso ciation with the hero, the heroines are thus of three types; yet, in fact, it is their behaviour that forms 'the crucial test for purposes o f classification. Their stage of love, its development or depth is the factor to determine their type. Accordingly, each one o f the above-mentioned may be o f three kinds : the shy, the free, and the bold. They are defined as follows : 1. Youthful ( Mtigdha j ; She is a shy lady whose passion is concealed out o f modesty, and who has budding youth, coyness in love and gentleness even in anger. Such a character is visible in newly-wedded brides or young maidens who are modest and bashful owing to their inexperi ence o f amour.1 2. Adolescent ( Madhya ) : She is somewhat a free beau gone beyond the stage o f shyness. _Her frequent associa tion with her love has made her free from extreme reserve. Her youth is advanced. She takes delight in amorous pur suits and is fairly capable o f expressing her feelings and thoughts. Dhanafljaya calls her passion to be so developed as to permit her indulgence in dalliance o f love to the extent o f forgetting herself.2 3. Mature f P ragalbh i) : She is bold in temperament and wholly engrossed in passion. She becomes crazed on account o f love, blinded by youth and is acquainted with diverse sports o f love. Mask of bashfulness is cast off by her, and she holds her full sway over her lover. She is capable o f manifesting her feelings fully, and o f indulging in all kinds o f sport. She is even sarcastic at times in her remarks. The last two types, namely, the free and the bold, are said to be again o f three types each, according as they evince
1. S. D . 111-58. I t m ay be added here th a t alm ost a ll canonists
o f repute agree in respect of J/SyikSbheda, hence they are n o t separately cited here. 2. D .R . 11 -2 7 . '
[ CHAP. IV ]
215
their stamina to withstand opposition or adversities in their connubial life. Since the youthful ( mugdha) heroine is shy and inexperienced, she does not notice the failings of the hero, her sense o f womanly jealousy * is not developed, her amorous feelings are not acute, she is free from several mental tortures to which the latter ones are subjected on account o f their longer standing and wider experience. There fore the adolescent and the mature are again classified into the dhirH, dhiradhira and adhira who are respectively self controlled, partly self-controlled and lacking in self-control. As the admixture o f these tendencies with their native charac teristics o f being Madhya or the Pragabha will lead to varied modes o f behaviour, they are individually examined here : A. The Adolescent ( M adhya) heroine, angry mood when in heir
( i ) has the fortitude to face the shortcomings o f the hero and makes bold to rebuke her erring lover with sarcasm and indirect speech, is said to be self-controlled ( dhira ) ; 1 ( ii ) cannot summon courage to reprimand the defaulting lover and gives vent to her restless heart in weeping, is partly self-controlled ( dhiradhira ), and she silently rebukes her love only with tears; 2 ( i i i ) bursts out o f remorse in harsh words and is wrathful against her lover, is said to be lacking in self-control ( adhira ).3 B. The Mature ( Pragalbha ) heroine is said to be : ( i ) self-controlled ( dhira ) when she conceals her anger and is outwardly self-respectful but is indifferent to pleasures o f love and thus exhibits her wrath at the failings of her lover; 4
1. 2. 3. 4. S. D . I l l 60. Ib id . I l l 61. S. D . 111-62. S. D . I l l 62; D. R. 11-30.
216
( ii ) partly self-controlled ( dhiradhira ) when she becomes prone to tease her lover by ironical speech and volcanic remarks full of satire and sarcasm; 1 ( i i i ) lacking in self-control f adhira), when she is wont to scold and even vapulate her guilty lover.2 Above are the three dispositions o f a heroine when she is angered at the failings of her lover.3 It is held by ViSvanatha, Dhanafijaya and Srlkrshna Kavi that the Mugdha, M adhya and Pragalbha are the three types o f the married consort.4 As a corrollary then, it follows that the three dispositions, viz. dhira, dhiradhira and adhlrH also belong to the Sviya only. This view is also supported by Vidyanatha and Singa Bhupala as well.5 Hi
I-!
li I,
But really speaking, the classification o f the Mugdha, M adhya and Pragalbha is based upon the age and experience o f the heroine in her amatory activities. These'three stages can be well had among the married consorts, as well as among the maidens and no less among the courtesans. Each one o f these types can be meek and gentle, can be free and also bold and dashing. Similarly, when any heroine is to notice a failing on the part of her lover or a breach of his conduct towards her or when she is positively offended by him, she is bound to be indignant and, have perverseness o f attitude ( m ana). A certain lady may be tolerant and grave by temperament and thus express her indignation coolly, and so, she may be a dhira heroine, no matter whether she is a married consort or an unwedded mistress or a courtesan. Likewise, each one of these types may be impetuous and may not be able to tolerate the failings of her lover and may not be bold
1. 2. S. D. 111-63 ; D . R . 1 1 -3 0 . S. D . 111-64 ; D . R . 11 -3 0 .
3.
4. .
R. C. p. 6, 3.
S. D . II I - 6 7 b , & 6 3 b ; LI. 1, 10. R . R . p. 3 3 , 36; R . S. 1 -9 5 . D. R . I I - 1 6 b & 2 0 a ; M . M . p. 82,
I CHAP. IV ]
217
enough to scold him; and hence the only way to lighten her heart is to let out her grief by tears, and thus she may be dhiradhira. Then again, each one o f these three types may be able to make bold, when offended by the hero, to scold and flog him and thus behave herself in the manner of the adhira heroine. Since it is purely a matter of temperament rather than of legal wedlock or otherwise, it does not quite stand to reason as to why these types o f dispositions should be limited only to the wedded wives and not extended to other two types o f heroines who can as well be the Madhyas and Pragalbhas possessed o f individual characteristics o f being the dhira, dhiradhira or adhira. Rupa Gosvamin seems to support this view partly,1 as he extends the scope o f this classification to Sviya and Parodha, i. e. anothers wife in love with the hero. It does not become clear why Rupa Gosvamin should not see these three stages o f experience and three dispositions in the state o f anger in case o f the unmarried ones, and the courtesans, who can be young and at the primitive stage o f their career as contrasted with other bold ones o f longer standing in the profession. For reasons stated, it becomes evident that the division by way o f Mugdha, Madhya and Pragalbha belongs to all the three types o f heroines, viz, the married consorts, un wedded associates, either virgins or mistresses, and the courte sans. Temperamentally then, the variety of the threefold dis position, dhira, dhiradhira and adhira may be said to be found only in the M adhya and the Pragalbha heroines, because .their developed sense o f conjugal obligations may permit them to behave with their lovers in whichever manner their nature permits them to do. They are o f three types on the basis o f their age and experience. This distinction is based upon the stage o f love; and it is their behaviour in their indignant mood that determines the sub-type. But in case o f the Mugdha heroine it is difficult, in the first place, for her to notice the conjugal
1. U . N. M . p. 107, Verse 71 ( N . S. E d a. )
218
violations committed by her lover ; and secondly, to summon enough courage to question his conduct and hence the only - way o f expression of her wrath which she can resort to is " to trickle into tears. Thus, in general, the Mugdha heroine may be of adhira disposition. It is, therefore, not necesssary to classify the Mugdha type into further sub-divisions. Yet there is a third basis of classification of heroines and that is their situation.1 Each one o f these types o f heroines may be placed in different situations in their amatory career. Such situations, though countless on account o f different shades, are observed as eight by all the canonists.2 Thsy make the heroines o f eight kinds verily to be determined according to circumstances, which may be summed up as follows : ~A . Vasaka-sajja : The Rasacandrika defines Vfisaka-sajjn as that heroine who is busy making preparations for meeting her love whose association is certain on that day. She is in a pleasant mood and is dressed in proper costumes. She has beautified herself with all cosmetics and decked the meetingplace with perfumes and lovely arrangements. Pleasantness o f mood on account o f certainty o f meeting her lover is the crux o f this situation. ^ / 2 . Virahotkanthita : The heroine who is distressed on account o f her separation with her lover is called an eager heroine. The situation in which she is missing the absence o f her lord makes her Virahotkanthita.
1. D r. H aas bases this classification on the ground of the relations of the heroine w ith the hero. based. It is subm itted th a t this view is not correct, for, it is on this ground th at the first classification is T he eight-fold division is based on the situation or the M oreover, the sam e heroine m ay be o f condition of the heroine as m ay be deemed in case of Abhisarika,
Khandita an d so on.
more th a n
one type a t different R u d ra ta p . 1 2 ;
occasions according to the S. K . V -1 1 3 ; K . A. p . 3 0 5 ; Al. S. p. 70;
circum stances in w hich she is placed for the time being. D . R . 121, 22; Vag. p. 63; R . M . p . 105. P. R. I - 4 1 , 42;
R a sa ra tn a . p. 37; S. S. . . . X - 2 1 .
f CHAP. IV ]
219
Svadhma-bhartrka : The heroine who enjoys the company o f her lover and holds full sway over him is Svadhina-bhartrka. The situation in which her lover is entrirely at her disposol and she enjoys the pleasure o f his company makes for this type o f the heroine. 4. Kalahantarita : The heroine who is afflicted at heart on account o f womanly jealousy or quarrel with her lover is said to be in a turbulent state o f mind. She is, however, remorseful after the quarrel. A . K handita: The heroine with whom the promise is woken by her lover is Khandita. The situation arises when her lover, having made an appointment with her, does not keep the time and tarries on account o f some other engage ment. She is thus disappointed in her anticipation to meet him at the usual hour, or at an hour and place fixed for such meeting. ^ / 6 . Vipralabdha : The heroine who is deceived by her lover is Vipralabdha. The deceit may be caused in various ways : namely, not to fulfil his promise to do or not to do a particular action ; to forget meeting when it was pre arranged; to do a particular action with a motive different from the one outwardly shown, and so on. _ The Vipralabdha differs from the Khandita inasmuch as the latter is disappointed on account o f her lovers approach to another damsel, whereas the former situation may be due to reasons other than the one that makes a heroine Khandita. The element o f disappointment, however, is common to both the situations. , 7. Proshita-bhartrka : The heroine whose lover is gone out o f station on purpose is Proshita-bhartrka. Such a heroine swerves from applying cosmetics on her body and from dressing her locks and using like ornamentations. She does not like even to put on bright and gala' dress. 8. A bhisarika : A lady who, ailing from the malady o f love, either moves 0 / her own accord towards her lover or invite's him to herself is an Abhisarika. Of the two types o f Abhisarikas, one who approaches her lover o f her
I 220 LAWS OF SANSKRIT DRA M A
own accord is believed again to be o f two kinds : Jyotsni or $ukla and Tamasl or Nila. The former is one, who approaches her lover during the moonlit nights decked in all white and dressed in a simple form. The latter is one who moves in the dark nights with a black veil on her body. She avoids all ornaments for fear o f being detected. All Abhisarikas do not use bangles or anklets to avoid twinkling noise ; they generally mask themselves and are attended with a bosom friend.1 Out o f these eight types, the Svadhina-bhartrka and the Vasaka-sajja are characterised by sportive radiance, light heartedness and joviality ; whereas the remaining ones dis play reflection, dejection, weakness, sighing and weeping.2 It may be true o f the remaining ones except the abhisarika. For although she is love-sick and may have paleness, still she is sportive and has the heart to dress herself up in a charming way. She bears some brilliance, shooting out o f eagerness and other bright features. From the point o f view o f the quantum of affection enjoyed by a, lady when there are more than one woman attached to the hero, the heroines are classified into the senior ( jyeshtha ) and the junior ( kanishtha ) consorts. The seniority or otherwise does not depend upon the priority o f acceptance, but depends upon the amount of affection that is bestowed upon her by the hero.3 Apart from the popular sub-divisions, certain rhetoricians who have felt interested in marking the minutest shades of differences in the youthful dalliance of ladies, their mode o f behaviour, their enormous varieties o f coquetry and amorous pursuits have gone in further classifications and have made a capital out o f the study o f the Types o f Heroines ( nayika-bheda ), which may be an unnecessary digression here. Bharata has a different scheme altogether for the classification of heroines. He makes a four-fold division,
1. u . N . M. p . 138, V v. 6 8 , 6 9 . 2. D. R . H - 4 6 . 3. S. D . I l l 6*.
i.
>v : '>
i|
sj > | \ / I | i V 1 I 1 J
f- |
! V,
[C H A P . IV ]
22!
and calls them verily as divine ( d iv y a ), the royal consort { nrpa-patnl), a housewife or a noble lady ( kulastri ), and a courtesan ( ganika ).1 The division seems to be primary and purely arbitrary inasmuch as it does not admit of any basic principle o f division adopted by later canonists. How ever, Bharata is found further to lay down that each one o f these four types has a variety o f character in ones being either patient ( dhira ) or gay f lalita ), or gallant ( udatta } or grave ( nibhrta ).2 He further adds that the royal consort and the divine heroines may have any o f the four varieties; whereas the housewife could be either gallant or grave only, and the courtesans either gallant or gay only.3 Moreover, Bharata has got a classification o f the diffe rent ladies o f harem who have connubial relations with the hero which is based on status and gradation. Some o f them hold status as his wives, some are mistresses and others are attendents who are amenable to the advances of the hero at his will and pleasure. They are as many as eighteen in number and the prominent among them are the Queen Con sort ( M ahadevi), the queen (devi) and the mistress ( bhogini ).4
n a y ik a l a ^ k a r a s
Like the hero o f a play, a heroine is always supposed to have noble qualities and, in general, all those merits which are enumerated as eight in the case o f the heroes, are equally found in them. But in addition to those common qualities, the heroines have certain natural features o f personal beauty, delicacy of feelings.. and artistic behaviour and mute expres sions that embellish their character. Such embellishments are called Nayikulankarcts. They are divided into three species, viz. personal ( angaja ), natural ( ayatnaia ), and inborn, ( svabhavika J.5
1. 2. 3. N. X X IV -P a , N . X X lV -8 a . N . X X IV -9 .
4.
6.
N. XXXV 15 et seq*
N . X X II -5 e t seq. ; S. D . 111-53, D . R . 11 -3 3 ; R ..S . 1 -1 9 2 ; K . A. V I I - 3 H ; B. P. I, LI. 1 1 ^ 1 2 .
{ (
222
LAWS OF SANSKRIT D R A M A The personal embellishments are three in number :
1. Feeling ( Bhava ) is the first rise of an amorous feeling in the heart o f a young girl who was hithero unaffected. 2. Emotion ( H a va ) is an advanced stage of bhava in which the perturbation of mind becomes slightly visible through peculiar looks and the knitting of brows. 3. Passion ( Hela ) is a clear manifestation of the emotion, and is a stage higher than the one expressed in hava. The natural embellishments are o f seven types and are defined as follows : Beauty ( $obha ) is comeliness o f body having hand some lineaments o f Nature.
2. Grace ( K a n ti) is the charm which is lent to beauty by Aphrodite. It presents natural loveliness. , 3. Radiance ( D lp ti) is that feature o f grace which is pjC âccom panied by delightful lustre. It is only a higher degree o f kanti ., Sweetness ( Madhurya j is the uniformity of charm in all states o f life according to Vigvanatha.1 The DaârOpaka defines it as a feature which is not gaudy nor dazzling, but contributes a great deal towards her capacity o f attraction.2 ,^5; Fortitude ( Pragalbhya) is that natural accomplish ment which maintains mental equilibrium by avoiding agita tion in amorous pursuits.4 ^ -6 , Dignity ( Audarya ) consists in politeness in behaviour at all occasions. ^ Restraint ( Dhairya ) is the steadfastness of mental bear ing and freedom from vanity.
1. 2. 3.
4.
S. D . 111-97. D . R . 11-36. A va. p. 63, line 21. N. X X II-2 9 a .
[C H A P . IV ]
223
Besides the two-fold embellishments noted above, there are ten more according to Bharata. They are" invariably found among the ladies, and are considered as inborn charms v with them. They are : \ y i . Sportiveness ( Lila ) is a tendency to imitate her lover. Probably it is with a desire to display herself as a counter part o f her lover and agree with him in his tastes.1 Sagaranandin suggests that Lila is an imitation o f her lovers gesticulations by a lady in separation, which is done with a view to diverting herself while she is in the midst of her fejnale friends.2 / I . Dalliance ( V ilasa ) is the delightful sportiveness in movements which becomes apparent in a lady at the occa sions when she is associated with her lover.3 It differs in numerous ways according as she is afforded on opportunity to look at him from a distance or nearness o f situation, .while alone or in the midst o f his or her friends, juniors or elders. It is the most artistic bearing that a lady* is proud of among her various accomplishments. Bharata says4 that it is a graceful mode o f standing, walking or sitting, and includes coquetry o f brows, eyes and manual gestures.^Decency ( V icch itti) is the desire to augment personal beauty with a tasteful dress, ornaments and cosmetics.5 Bharata purports to say that Vicchitti is a sense Of natural decency rather than one had by the -use o f unguents and other cosmetic appliances,6 which are scantily and reluctantly
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. N . X X I I - 14 ; N . L. R . 2656. S. D . I l l 99 ; D. R . II -3 8 a ; B. P . 9, 6 ; N . L. R . 2 9 2 0 ; S. K . A. p. 6 1 8 - 6 . N . X X I I - 15 ; N . D . p . 2 0 5 , S. D. I I I - 1 0 0 ; N . X X II -1 6 . B. P . p . 9 - 8 ; S. K . A. 6 1 8 , 13. Verse 1 8 4 b . N. D . p. 2 0 5 ; N. L . R. 2631; D. R . I l - S / b ; B. P . 9, 5 ; N . D . Verse 185 ;
S. D. 1 1 1 -9 8 ; S. K . A. p . 6 1 8 - 1 .
324
used.1 Sagaranandin adds that Vicchitti consists in an unwill ing decoration o f body at the instance o f friends by a lady who W cross with her lover due to some breach on his part.2 Fluster ( Vibhrama) is that state o f mind in which there is exuberance o f eagerness exhibited by a lady mostly by misplacing ornaments or beauty marks on her body.3 v 8- . Delight ( Kilakincita ) is that feature which presents a confusion o f feelings in the nature o f some hysterical jo y produced by meeting with ones best beloved.4 It is a com mixture o f various states o f smiling, laughter, fear, pain, weeping, fatigue and eagerness caused more than once on surfeit of joy.5 nifestation ( M o tta y ita ) is a mute expression o f affection by a lady in the absence o f her lover. It comprises o f such gesticulations as scratching the ear or the ground when some reference to her beloved occurs in course o f rsation. It makes a tacit expression o f her love.6 Pretension ( Kuttamita ) is an assumed perveseness shown towards the endearments o f her lover although she is filled inwardly with a feeling o f joy.7 Such an expression is an outcome o f initial shyness or her maiden coyness. It is usually expressed by means of putting off a closer physical contact with the one loved by her. Bhojaraja defines Kutta mita as an expression of joy made by a lady even in the midst of her uneasiness felt at the grip o f her hair or other limbs. Bharata, however, thinks conversely and observes that
1. 2. , 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. D. R . I I - 3 8 b . N . L . R . 262 5 . N . X X II -1 7 ; D . R . I I - 2 9 a ; N . D . p . 205, 4; N . L. R. 2636, 40; S. D . I l l 104; S. K . A. p , 6 1 8 , 16; B. P. p. 9 -L 1 . 10, I I . S. D . I l l 101; B. P. p . 9 , 12; N . L. R . 2651; S. K . A. p . 6 1 9 - 1 . N . D . p . 206 Verse 1 8 8 a; D . R . I I - 3 9 b ; N . X X II -1 8 . S. D . I l l 102; N . X X II -1 9 ; S. K . A. 6 1 9 -4 . N . X X II-1 2 j S. D ..111-102; B. P. p . 9, 9, D . R . II - 4 0 b ; N . D . 187a. 13; N. L. R . 2757; S. K . A. Verse f 19, 4; D . R . I I - 4 0 a ; N .D . 1 8 7 b . B. P . p . 9, 14; N . L. R. 2657;.
[C H A P . IV ]
225
it is a super-imposition of a feigned trouble over a pleasant situ a tio n ^ Affected lndifferen:e ( Bibboka ) is marked when a lady displays her wilful disregard, due to haughtiness or shyness, shown towards an object or an action even if it is, in fact, welcome to her.2 \9 ./O r a c e fu ln e s s ( Lallta ) consists in a lady's placing of her Tunbs with elegant delicacy.3 It also includes fluttering o f eyes and brows which signifies amorousness.4 Ramacandra and Gunacandra think that Lalita is a delicate movement o f limbs without a direct purpose, e. g. stretching o f hand with out any object to pick up, or casting glances without some special object to be seen and so on.5 It, therefore, means that a random movement o f limbs is Lalita and purposeful movement o f them is Vilasa. Reserve ( Vihrta ) consists -in keeping silence out o f modesty even when there is an opportunity for a lady to speak. It may be two-fold according as it is either natural or an affected one.6 In addition to the above-mentioned embellishing, features o f a woman, Visvanatha includes eight more characteristics to the list o f natural beauties.7 They are : 1;' Arrogance ( M a d a ) which is visible by means o f a 'cliange wrought in the demeanour of a lady by effulgent cir cumstances or charms of youth, is also a mark o f beauty.
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. N . X X II 20; S. D . I I I - 1 0 3 ; N , L. R . 2663; S. K . A. p. 6 1 9 , 7; B. P. p. 9, 15. N . X X II 21; S. D . I I I - 1 0 0 b ; B. P . p . 9 , L l. 17,18; S. K . A . p. 6 1 9 , 10; N . D . 185b; N . L. R . 2 6 7 4 ; D . R . 11-41. S. D . I l l 105a ; B. P. p . 9, L l. 19, 20 ; S. K . A. p. 6 1 9 , 13 ; N . L. R . 2681. N . X X II 22; D . R . l l - 4 1 b . N . D . p. 2 0 6 , Line 11. N . X X II 23; S. D . I I I - 1 0 6 a ; N .D . 1 8 6 a ; B P. p . 9, L l. 2 1 -2 2 ; S. K , A. p. 6 1 9 , 16 ; D. R . I I - 4 2 a . S. D . I I I - 1 0 5 , 110.
226
LAWS 6 F SANSKRIT D R A M A
x-2'r' Uneasiness (Tapana) is displayed by restless movements under the influence o f Amor. Simplicity ( Maugdhyam ) consists in such inquiries as are done by ladies with feigned ignorance relating to objects that are so well-known. Perturbation ( Vikshepa ) is that beautiful situation o f a lady wherein she is found to have placed her ornaments only j r , and is in vain looking for something on all sides and speaks but little in confidence to her beloved. Inquisitiveness ( Kutuhala ) is that striking movement of a lady that makes her astir at the sight o f something which is simply fascinating. v. Smile ( H a sita ) is that womanly grace which is an outcom e o f youthful dalliance and makes her express her mirth without an ostensible reason. ' y ^ J }* ' Flurfy ( Cakitam ) is that beautiful state o f a lady in which she is seen taken aback in the presence o f her lover either due to awe or a sudden rise o f some feeling ( sambhram a). ^ Sport ( Keli ) is an embellishment in itself which is visible in a lady when she is playfully behaving with her lover or is seen in her artistic freaks and frisks due to amorousness. Most o f these additional features given by ViSvanatha are, in fact, the after-effects ( anubhava ) lo f amorous affectation and they present to a large extent the different states o f , a Iov6-stricken lady gather than her natural characteristics o f beauty. In case o f a polygynic hero, his prior love is bound to exist. A heroine may have in such cases co-heroines or the previous consorts o f her lover. Such co-heroines are almost always jealous of the subsequent love which refers to the heroine. They mostly appear in a drama as the madhya or th< pragalbha heroines o f the Khandita, Vipralabdha or Kalah f ntarita type. They are generally harsh to the heroine ar
[ c h a p . IV ]
227
serve as watch-guards on the movements o f the loving pair only to impede the course o f action for the time being. To help the hero in the midst of such impending circum stances by carrying tales of love from one side to the other and sustain their loving instincts and create favourable oppor tunities for their interim meetings, there are characters like the Clown ( vid&shaka ), a eunuch ( Varshavara ), a rake ( Vita ) and other inferior attendents. They have their own charac teristics which are in a way conspicuous and peculiar to themselves and deserve a casual notice : x ^ ^ fE e clown (Vidushaka) is the most important companion o f the hero and is supposed to render first grade help to him in his intrigue of love. He is a peculiar character noted for hutaorousness and is mostly an olderly brahmaija. He is suppos ed to be fond o f eating various dainties, and is constitutionally made to show his great concern with the kitchen. He has a free access to the seraglio and is shown keenly interested in setting some quarrels among different members o f the royal harem. He is the keeper of the heros conscience and is his confidant. All the same he is mostly responsible for placing often the hero in awkward situations. He behaves with the hero very freely and is addressed as a friend, though fool is his proper epithet. He is generally given soft names, observes ViSvanatha, related mostly to flowers and the Spring season. 1 By status he is supposed to belong to a middling character, and for purposes of the language that he is to use, he is placed at par with the womanfolk with whom he is much in contact. 2. Varshavaras are such characters that are effeminate in their nature with little virility in them. * They are clever but not wicked. They generally serve as helpful agents in nego tiations o f love.2 3. Vita is a rake who is acquainted with women of all ranks, and is an intimate friend of courtesans. More or less he is a Master o f their Trade Union, and ushers the youngsters
1. 2. S. D . I l l 249 30; N . X X IV -1 0 3 b -i; D . 1^. 11 -4 7 . N. X X IV -5 4 .
228
in profession and directs them in various modes o f coquettish life, He is well-versed in the erotic science and speaks in Sanskrit. Mostly he is a votary of free and flippant love, and condemns the marital bonds of a wedlock that fetters them to a conjugal life which, according to him is so jejune as compared with* the aviating copulations done and dismissed at free will, 4. Sahara is another character who is a blinking idiot. He always plays the role o f a villain and is a mischievous miscreant. He is one who is said to be the brother o f a royal mistress and is, on that account, a self-conceited, arrogant and an unmannerly lout living like a parasite on the resources of the King, and appalling others by his wicked tendencies.1 Sahara is sometimes a helper to the hero in a Nataka, but may be an obstruction as well. A wistful heroine is also in need of some helpers to carry her far in her pursuit o f love and she has largely to depend on her female associates who act as her agents in case o f need, They are technically called emissaries ( d u tls), who play_an important r61e by fostering the dramatic cause. In view o f their technical duties, such emissaries are said to be possessed of certain qualifications which are enumerated by the canonists as follows ; The merits o f an agent are loyalty to the cause o f the principal, arduous zeal for the accomplishment of tlje purpose, acquaintance with fine arts, capacity to know the mind of others, retentive memory, amiablility o f temperament, sweet behaviour, spokesmanship and knowledge o f various kinds o f erotic artifices. 2 There are three categories of an agent 3 : one, shrewd (N isr shtartha) ; the other, reserve (Mitartha); and the third, messagebearer ( Sandesa-harika j. Shrewd is that agent who is capable enough to surmise the feelings o f both the parties and offer a suitable reply at his own initiative. The one who handles
1. 2.
Z.
N. X X IV 102; S. D . I I W 4 . S. D . I l l 129, 30. S. D . 111-47.
[CHAP. IV ]
229
the job gracefully is said to be the NisrsMartha agent.1 Such an agent is very useful in driving out the wedge o f discord from the heart o f one against the other. Reserved is that agent who speaks but little and yet cle verly accomplishes the task entrusted to her. Such an agent is very useful in handling delicate matters and only for the sake o f the appropriateness o f her action, she is known to be Mitartha.2 The third category is o f those agents who simply convey the message as stated by the principal. They simply run on errands and are known as the Sandesa-harikas.3 Such agents may be either male or female, and may be employed by the hero or the heroine o f an erotic play. They can be o f use even to the principal characters and their helpers in heroic plays in conveying messages to and fro, and also in acting as diplomatic embassies or ambassadors on behalf o f one in the court o f another. They axe deemed a class o f persons o f eminent responsibility who have certain privileges of freedom o f action and are capable o f commit ting their principals to particular situations. They are gene rally those who are in close contact with the principal. In case o f a heroine in particular, her foster-mother, neighbour*women, intimate friends, actresses, young girls o f nascent age, nuns, laundresses and other female artisans serve as agents and emissaries. The canonists believe that in case of emergency a heroine may herself act as an agent for inviting her love in which case she is supposed to be a Svay'am-dmi. It is to be wondered by the crities if she can, in such a circumstance, be identified with an Abhisarika. In addition to these various characters, there are many others like the bards ( sUta, magadha and bandi ) o f various
1. 2. 3.
S. D . 111-48. Ib id . IIIv-49. Ib id .
i
230 LAWS OF SANSKRIT D R A M A 1 ' 1' classes, time-keepers ( V aitalikas), chamberlains ( Kahcukins );x warders, portresses and attendents o f various orders ( cetas and c e tis ). Other agents are the office-beares o f different ranks and file entrusted with different domestic and out-door duties, and such other characters in society as are in keeping with the requirements o f the dramatic fable who become capable o f being introduced by the dramaturge in accordance with his skill o f presentation. It may be noted that all types o f characters cdn be o f high, middling or low standard. All what is necessary "to proper delineation o f chara cters is the realisitc nature o f such introduction which may not ordinarily go against the rules and conventions enjoined by the Sastras and social usage.
1.
A Kancukin is a
braharriana grown old
in the royal service; he
bears a staff an d alw ays m oans over tl\e infirm ities o f age. H e speaks S anskrit. high tone. S im ilarly , a chario teer( sita ) speaks in a
CHAPTER V
FEELINGS A N D SENTIMENTS N atya is the representation o f every day life which is full o f diverse activities prompted by different desires, longings and yearnings o f a human being. The ordinary state o f human nature is composed o f p assion' which makes a man long for the attainment o f the desired object with a consequent success or failure. This usual mental state o f a being depends upon the three fundamental elements of Nature (prakrti) noted by psychologists as sattva, rajas, and tamas. They are seldom found to be operating in their pure individual form. Generally, it is an admixture of any two or even at times o f all the three that functions the entire machinery o f human mind. These three elements in their admixed state generally behave in a compromising manner with the effect that one usually remains dominant at a particular moment and the other or others remain subservient to it. As a result o f their operation, a large number s o f mental states are formed which become visible in the actions o f mind, speech and body o f a human being. N atya aims at the imitatation o f these varied actions o f a man represented through an actor or the body o f actors. Such men whose psychological state and the consequent actions are imitated in the N atya are not necessarily the persons whose character is reproduced, but it is also the poet whose make up o f mind is mirrored in the dramatic composition. Thus even the characters in a Natya, irrespective o f their personal traits, move in accordance with the imptamatur o f the drama tist, who is the whole and sole creator of his Universe and the monarch o f all that he surveys.1 Bhojaraja in this respect
1
ApSre Kavya-samsare kavir ekah prajapatih I TalhUsmai roeate vissam tat tathaiva pravaitate
//....
A gni-pur5na 3 3 9 -X
232 rightly
LAWS OF SANSKRIT D RA M A observes, If the poet is aesthetic ( rhgafi), the
whole universe is full o f rasa, and if he is devoid o f that sense, the external world is indeed all dry and insipid.1 It becomes then the very vital breath o f a composition to delineate the different mental attitudes which a dramaturge does by means o f presenting different characters noted above. A dramatist is, therefore, said to infuse the inner spirit in his characters which vivifies them and to present their varied states in accordance with the extraneous circumstances that make his characters real, and his composition realistic. It is only the realistic appearance o f the human life through lively characters that makes the presentation charming and its enactment popular. The popularity, in fact, ensues from the sympathy which the spectators enjoy during the course o f presentation made by the actors. The actors, as a matter o f fact, imbibe the spirit o f the original character who in himself bears the stamp o f the poets aesthetic heart and his suscep tible mind. The presentation of different mental moods crea ted in a character by a dramatist by means o f so apt an imi tation done by actors as to make the latter in unison with the self o f the former is the height o f the skill o f enactment which results in producing similar feelings in the hearts of the spectators. The process o f transference of feelings of the dramatic characters to the spectators by means o f actors faithful imitation is technically known as the relish or Carvana. It is an outcome o f the fusion o f the spirit, a total agreement o f hearts, a complete harmony o f minds caused by the symphonic reproduction of tones, imitation of gesticulations and modes o f action and an appropriate repre sentation o f situations by like costumes, manners, outward bearing and other environments. This is what is known as Emotional R esponse J hrdaya-samvuda ) which culminates into absorption an absorption tliaFtransposes an individual from the mundane atmosphere to the realm o f bliss, the ananda >
X.
Srhgari eet kavih kSvye jatam rasamayam jagal / Sa eva eed a'smgarl ntrasam sarvam eva tat. / / S. K . A. V. 3.
| CHAP V ]
FEELINGS A N D SENTIMENTS
233
which is the source o f repose ( visranti) and springs from the enjoyment o f rasa} The power o f sympathy or the capacity to get into others moods is the true test o f the aesthetic sense ; and according to Bharata the creative power is the feature o f a/dramatist and the appreciative faculty is the characteristic o f a spectator,2 which verily distinguish both o f them from the mass public and make for their cultural development. The presentation of feelings and their appreciation is, therefore, the cultural aspect of every representation ( N a ty a ) and forms the kernel o f the dramatic composition and the very soul o f every poetry. Complex being the human nature, numerous are the activities o f men as social beings which constantly give birth to various feelings. They die and rise and present all day long a transitory state o f human mind. JSuch transitory moods are varied and incapable o f enumeration ; yet some of them have made themselves prominent on account of their frequent and general occurrence and also due to their capa city to sway over the human conscience and to propel a mans activities from time to time. For this reason the great psychologist Bharata has tried to do the impracticable and has enumerated the most prominent o f these mental states ( bhfivas )3 by forming a group o f thirty-three feelings which are o f universal appeal. These feelings are engendered by certain causes known as Vibhavas and create certain effects called anubhavas. Human career being blended with pain and pleasure with more o f the former than o f the latter, dejection or disappoint ment is a feeling of general experience which Bharata takes up first and calls it Nirveda.
)
Raso vai sah, rasam hi eva ayam labdhva anandt bhavali.
"Fait. U p. II -v ii.
fa s tushte tushlim ayfili soke sokam upaiti ea / llainye dtnalvam abhyeti sa natye prekshakas smrtah. // N . X X V II-5 2 .
3.
The word Bhzva is derived from the root j B h u w ith an
instru
m ental suffix m eaning a state w hich is the Cause o f a n em otion.
234
'xX. Despair ( Nirveda ) : It is a feeling o f fieing upon oneself. Such a feeling may be aroused by extreme indigence, down-trodden condition brought by some curse, great misery, or intolerance o f a rivals glory, constant insults from the superiors,, public censure, penal servitude, separation or loss o f some dear kinsman.1 It is also an outcome of the know ledge o f the Truth or o f the unreality o f this world and other temporal relations.2 The existence o f despair is gene rally judged by tears and sfghS and also by pensiveness. Disgust ( Glani ) : It is in the nature o f moroseness or a particular type o f uneasiness.3 It arises from mental worries, weakness due to illness, amorous indulgence, loss o f strength, fatigue, paleness, or languor. Lolling eyes and sleeplessness are some o f the features that exhibit the existence , o f this mental state. Hesitation ( Sanka) : It is a mental scruple born o f the pricks of conscience which is guilty o f some offence like felony, or high treason. This mood is often created by the commission o f some sin or moral wrong.4 Vivanatha thinks that some impending cruelty to be done by another also causes such a mood.5 According to his view, then, it is a state which is softer than the one found in con sternation. It is expressed by the presentation of unsteady looks, hiding ones face, parching throat, licking ones own lips, turning o f facial colour and tremour. Bharata believes that as an after-effect o f this feeling, the face generally be comes dull and lustreless.6 4. Jealousy ( A siiy a ) : It is an incapacity to tolerate the virtues or accomplishments of another person. It is gene rally caused by the display o f the attainments of the rival,
1. 2. 3. 4. N. V I I - 2 8 . D. R . IV 9; S. D . I l l 142; P. R . p . 2 4 3 , 1. N . V II-3 0 ; D. R . IV -1 0 ; P . R. p. 2 4 3 , 8; S. D. I l l 1 70.
N. V II-3 3 ; D. R. IV -7 ; S. D . I I I - 1 4 ; P. R . p. 2 4 4 , 1.
6. S. D . I l l 14. 6. N . p . 114, line 3 ( N . S. Edn. ).
[ ch ap. V ]
.23,5
h ii opulence and joys. It is to be expressed by the open declaration o f the faults o f the other, belittling his merits and by means o f ones own attitude having dpwncast face, dosed eyes and knitting o f brows. In moments o f over powering sublimity such a state o f mind results in censuring ones own self as well.1 Inebriety ( Mada ) : It is an infatuated state o f mind caused by the use o f stimulants. Its after-effects vary ac cording as the nature o f the person differs. If he is noble and o f harmonious temperament, the influence o f intoxicants induces him to sleep; if he is passionate, he either indulges in music or bursts into peals o f laughter. If he is dominated by inertia and belongs to a low class, he falls in hysterical fits, sheds tears or resorts to random talks or loud shrieks and abuses. Inebriety has different stages as well : in its initial stages it is depicted by means o f indistinct voice, stammering speech, disconnected talk or faltering 'pace; in its slightly advanced stage it is betokened by waving of arms, tumbling down, staggered voice and reeling looks. In its virulent form which is to be shown only by reference to base chara cters it presents a slip at every step, loss o f memory and frequency o f sneezes and hiccoughs. Tn such a state the mouth of the person is sometimes full o f foam or remains wide agape.2 ^ ^ 4. Exhaustion f Sram a) : It is a state o f fatigue due to exertion either physical or mental. Heavy breaths, yawnnlng, twisting o f limbs, rubbing ones own face or desire for massage are the few ensuants o f the exhausted condition.3 (7. Sloth ( / llasya ) : It is that state o f mind which is pro3uced by want o f energy. It may be due to over-work, hunger, uneasiness o f mind or indisposition. With some
1. N . V II, 36, 37; D . R . IV -1 7; N. B. 2. 3. T here is mostly an S. D . I I I - 1 6 6 ; agreem ent P . R. p . 2 4 4 -7 . am ong the different
canonists here, hence only divergent views are noted. N . V I I - 3 8 , 43; S. D . I l l - 4 6 b ; D . R. IV -2 1 ; P . R. p . 245, 1. N . V II-4 7 ; S. D . I I I - 1 4 6 a ; D . R . I V - 12; P. R . p. 245, 7.
r
236 LAWS OF SANSKRIT D RA M A
characters, however, it is a natural mood. In case o f women such a condition is also a result o f pregnancy. It is to be brought forth by means o f showing disinterest in every action, quiet posture, moroseness or sleepy condition.1 Depression ( D a in ya ) : It is caused by mental worries, squalor or even by a particular type o f disease. It is f depicted by uncleanliness, heaviness o f body and pallour and lack o f energy.2 ^ A . Anxiety ( Cinta ) : It is a mental state resulting from loss o f power or wealth or from obstacles in course o f ones success. It is generally shown by heavy sighs, meditation, thinness o f body or by brooding mood. It also causes absentmindedness, recklessness and inattention. It weighs heavy on ones heart or corrodes the inner senses. Coupled with this, fortitude should always be shown in higher characters ( of uttama-prakrti j.3
v 10. Silliness ( Moha ) : It is occasioned by some divine frown, anger o f some one superior, an unexpected calamity, grave disappointment and reminiscences o f previous associa tions, privations and hostilities. It should be presented in the form o f senselessness, reeling sensation., sudden fall on the ground and staggering looks.4 / 11. Remembrance ( Smrti j: It is recalling to mind the past experiences of pleasure and pain occasioned by sleep lessness, physical illness or observation o f similar items or actual reference by another. The mental state is to be expressed by nods o f head, knitting o f brows, investigating looks and inquisitive expression o f face.5 <Ji2. Content ( D h rti) : It is a delightful mood created by intense satisfaction or knowledge o f truth, acqusition o f
1. 2. 3. 4. 6. N . V II 48; S. D . I I I - 1 5 5 ; D. R . IV -2 7 ; P. R . p . 246, 1. N . V II 49; S. D . I I I - 1 4 5 ; D . R . IV -1 4 ; P. R . p . 2 4 6 , 9. N. V II-6 0 ,5 1 ; S. D . I I I - 1 7 1 a ; D . R . lV -1 6 a ; P. R. p. 2 4 7 -5 . N . V II-5 2 , 53; D . R. 11-26; P. R. p. 2 4 8 -1 . N . V II-5 4 ; R . G . p . 94, 17; S. D . I I I - 1 6 2 . R . G. p. 97, 13; S. D . I I I-1 5 0 ;
[ ch ap. V |
237
power, extreme devotion to God or guru, practice o f rbligion, and duty, nnd high standard o f morality. This condition o f mind I* free from fear or sorrow. It is to be shown in the ihnpe o f general indifference without extreme passion for Jftlnlr)g some object or grief in case o f want o f something.1 v f3, Bashfulness ( Vrida ) : It is a state both of, modesty and of shame. Any transgression of limits or sense o f repontence creates such a state o f mind. It is expressed ns n result o f shyness and the first affectation o f love. It is shown by means o f dullness in eyes, lowering o f the head, scratching o f nails, muttering of words, scribbling o f some text, rocking a ring up and down in ones own finger, gentle touches frequently done to ones own plait o f hair, feeling one'* own clothes often or squeezing the frill o f a garment nnd lirjjllar other features.2 Inconstancy ( Capalatci) : It springs from affection, hatred, intolerance, envy and sense o f opposition. It is in the shape o f the lack o f uniformity o f action and behaviour. According to Bhojadeva it is an outcome o f the desire to make oneself conspicuous.3 It, however, leads to extremes, such as termagant speech, severe reprimands, vapulations, arrests, assasinations /and the like.4 Joy ( Harsha ) : It is a state of light-heartedness, a pleasant mood. It owes its existence to the achievement o f a longed-for object, an association with a beloved or a dear kinsman, prosperity or some favour shown by the superiors. It Is expressed by means o f blooming face, sprightly glances, courteous speech, vivid smile, horripilation, perspiration, thrilling limbs and even flow o f cool tears.5 16. Agitation f A vega) : It is a state o f perplexity or flurry. This mood is of frequent occurrence and has a plu rality o f reasons behind It. The nature of flurry varies both
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. N. V II-5 6 , 57; R . G . p. 0 8 , 1. S. D . I I I - 1 6 8 . N , V tI - 5 2 , 53; R . G. p. 96 bottom ; S. D. I I I - l 6 5 a . S. K . A. V - M 9 . N . p. 1 1 9 -L 1 . 13-15; R . G. p. 115 bottom ; S. D . I l l 169a. N . p. 120, 1-3; R . G. p. 9 4 , 6; S. D . I I I - 1 6 5 b .
238
LAWS .OF SANSKRIT DRA M A
in its kind as well as in its after-effects according to the nature o f its cause. It may be due to some portentious phenomenon (utpata), a strong gale, a conflagratipn, torrential rain, presence of some wild animal, some - dismal tidings, invasion by an enemy or some other physical injury. Some times even a sudden happy news also causes a flurry. Each one o f these types may have again different reasons . to cause a peculiar type o f flurry; e. g. an agitation occasioned , by some veritable portent may be due to fall o f a meteor, peals o f thunder, lightning, appearance o f a lodestar or an eclipse o f the Sun or the Moon. Such an agitation is to be portrayed by means o f distress in limbs, standing aghast, loss o f facial colour or a wonderstruck posture. An agitataion caused by a strong gust of wind be presented in the shape o f veiling oneself, rubbing ones eyes, tightening clothes or acceleration in pace of walking. The mood of flurry brought out by excessive rainfall may be shown in the form o f squeezing ones limbs, running away speedily, use of umbrellas, stucking up o f garments and the like. Conflagra tion resulting in a flurry is to be put forth with an atmosphere filled with smoke and the characters to be portrayed with their eyes watering with tears, reddened face, a hurried exit, and distressed limbs. The flurry caused by the presence of wild beasts becomes remarkable by a quick exit, sudden shriek, fright, standing o f hair on their- ends, and constantly looking behind. With sighs and shrieks, groaning lamentations, loud outbursts o f cries, sudden departure from the spot and stunned vacany o f mind, an agitation caused by the dismal tidings is to be presented. Flurry occasioned by foreign invasion or an attack o f thieves or similar use o f pressure is to be shown by a chaotic disturbance involving some sudden action , resort to arms , scaring, indignation or in certain cases even with a thoughtful brow. Hearing of some very good news may also cause flurry which may be demons trated by a sudden jump, clamping in a seat, embracing the news-bearer, putting on a gala dress, jubilation, horripilation or even a flow of cool and joyous tears.1
1. N. p. 1 2 0 , 1 2 1 ; R . G. p . 1 1 2 ,9 ; S. D. 111-143, 145a.
| c 'iiai. V ]
FEELINGS AN D SENTIMENTS
239
Bhojitrflju has replaced Sambhrama for Avega and calls 1( tt flurry caused by a particular type o f appreciation.1 w l 7. Stupor ( J ad at a ) : It is that mental condition in which *11 lenso of appreciation is stupefied. It is caused by pro truded illness, witnessing o f a horrid sight or hearing some grievous news. It results in dumb-foundedness, steadfast gi loss o f energy and physical movements.2 Conceit ( Garva) : It is a mental attitude swollen with egotism, It springs from power, opulence, high status, and more so from consciousness o f ones high rank and birth, handsome figure, charming youth, dauntless courage, invin cible strength ,oir unparrallelled learning, skill or any other art. It Is to be portrayed by means o f contemptuous behaviour with others, irresponsiveness, gazing at ones own self, sarca stic smiles, rough manners, insulting demeanour, affected deportment, disregard shown to elders, presumptuous speech, insolent mode o f walk and such other ways o f assumption Despondency ( Vishada J ; It is an attitude which shows an utter loss o f vigour. It may be due to failure o f purpose, want of expedients to achieve success or fall o f some irre mediable misery.4 According to Jagannatha it is also an outcome o f repentence for ones own wrong doings or offence to the guru or the king.5 It may be exhibited by such actions as attempting for alliance in quest o f helpers, or finding out means. Even lack o f zeal, disinterest or failure o f the per suasions of others also demonstrate a feeling of 'despondency, which among the low characters specially causes physical restlessness, parching of lips, drowsiness, heavy breaths or frequent licking o f either ends o f the mouth.6
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. S. K . A. V -1 6 0 . N . V II-6 0 ; R . G. p. 112 bottom ; S. D. 111-148. N. p. 122, 1; R. G. p 103, 3; S. D . I I I - 1 6 4 . N . p. 122,6; S. D. II I-1 6 7 . R . G. p. 11 top. D . R . IV -3 1 . ( also A valoka ) '
240
20. Eagerness ( A utsukya) : A mental altitude which craves to gain the desired object without further loss o f time is eagerness. It arises from the separation from ones beloved, craze for the union with the same, or constant remembrance o f the desired object. It becomes evident by long sighs, lowe red face, pensiveness, sloth and laziness.1 Slumber ( Nidra ) : It is a state o f stillness o f mind. It arises from weakness, fatigue, exertion, indolence, wakeful ness, gluttony or anxiety. With low characters, it is somewhat natural too. It is imitated by a show o f yawning, closing of eyes, worn-out face, fit of drowsiness, staggering looks, inhaling and exhaling o f breaths, feebleness in limbs and cessation o f activities, snoring and snorting.2 22. Catalepsy ( Apasmara ) : It is a diseased condition o f mind caused by intolerable separation, extreme grief, horror, a ghastly sight, possession by evil spirits, residence in desolate homes, uncleanly habits or disturbance of humours. Throbbing, tremour, sighs, tumbling down, random move ments, perspiration, fit, foaming mouth, licking by tongue and unseemly behaviour are a few noted after-effects of the epileptic condition o f mind.3 Vision ( Supta ) : It is a conscious state of sleep. It follows slumber. Long breaths, snoring, stillness o f limbs, closed eyes, inaction o f outer organs and prattling are the symptoms which proceed from dream.4 Pandita-raja calls supta as synonymous with dream and considers prattling ( ja lp a ) as its after-effect. He disagrees with Bharata and thinks closing of eyes, stillness o f limbs and the like features to belong to sleep, and not to dream as its distinctive charac teristics.5
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. N . p. 123, L I. 6 - 8 ; S. D . I I I - 1 5 7 ; R . G. 10 3, 17; D. R . IV -3 3 . N . p . 1 2 3 -L 1 . 1 -5 ; R. G. p. I l l bottom ; S. D . I l l 15 9 ; D. R . IV -3 2 . N . p. 123, 13-16; R. G. p . 115, 7; S. D . I I I - 1 6 3 ; D . R. 1 V -2 5 . N. p. 124, LI. 5 7; S. D . I I I - 1 5 2 . R . G . p. 105, 7.
.i_____________________ ______ _
% [CKAP.V] FEELINGS A N D SENTIMENTS 241
Wakefulness ( Vibodha ) : It is a state o f conscious ness regained after sleep. Breach of slumber, indigestion and ftimult are the few causes of Vibodha. It is demonstrated by yawning, rubbing the eyes, straightening o f limbs and snapping o f fingers.1 According to some psychologists state o f wakefulness is also attained by loss of ignorance or removal o f nescience. Freedom from false notion s also' fosters the awakened attitude.2 , . 25. Wrath ( Amarsha ) : It is a perturbed state <jf ini nd; or an infuriated mental attitude. It is caused by disobedi ence of the inferior, insolent treatment, insulting behaviour; or an impeachment of authority, status, learning or wealth; or an infringement o f a right. It is to be indicated by redness ia 'eyes, furious inhaling o f breaths, loud speeches, harsh {one and taciturnity. At times, even a pensive pose, busy finding out means o f retaliation or avenging for the wrong done goes to suggest a wrathful attitude.3 26. Dissimulation ( Avahittha) : It consists in hiding ones appearance or an attempt to appear in a manner diffe rent from what it actually is. It is an outcome o f shame, awe and cunning. Uttering falsehood, giving circuitous replies, a sham show of fortitude, boldness and self-assump tion are the few characteristics which betray an attitude o f dissembling.4 27. Acrimony ( Vgrata ) : It is an attitude o f sternness caused by beseige, arrest o f an offender, false statement or a reconitre with a foe.5 Pandita-raja Jagannatha, how ever, calls it aS a non-plussed attitude, full o f vehemence which.makes, one feel in terms of what to do o f this person who wronged me thus in the past ! 6 The acrimonious
1. 2. 3. N. p. 124, 13; R . G p. 106. N . pp. 1 2 0 , LI. 3 -5 ; IV -1 8 . C. N . p. 125, LI. 1 0 -1 5 ; S. D . I I I - 1 5 8 ; R . G. p. 108, 1. 6 . N . p, 126 bottom ; S. D . I U - 1 4 9 a ; D. R. IV -1 5 . 6 . R . G. p . 108, 13. S. D . I I I - 1 5 6 ; R . G . p . 107, 8; D. R . S. D. I l l 151.
242
attitude is to be shown by attempts o f belabouring, capturiti) : It is a mental attitude which forms definite conclusion gained by the study of the Sastras, observation o f facts, deduction from given data and a firm belief in ones own convictions. Removal o f doubt, instructions to others, self-assurance and acting upon conclusions drawn are the few features o f the deter mined attitude o f mind.2 w 29. Illness ( V yadh i) : According to Bharata it is due to the disturbance in humours. It results in fever or similar diseases.3 Pandita-raja defines illness as a state o f mental uneasiness caused by constitutional sickness or a particular malady in the shape o f being love-lorn or by a shock due to some severe loss.4 Bhojadeva has the same view.5 Sluggishness o f limbs, heavy respiration, debility, loss of energy are some o f its ensuants. 30. Derangement ( UnmUda) : It is a loss o f mental equilibrium, a disorderly state o f mind. Such dementedness is often due to some shocking death o f a kinsman, sudden loss o f wealth and possessions, continued woeful condition o f life, unbearable grief, separation from the beloved, fit o f insanity, disproportion o f bile, phlegm or the wind in the body. It is to be depicted by untimely weeping, inopportune laughter, regular shoutings, random talk, wanton movements, rolling in mud, splashing in turbid water, beating ones own limbs, biting others, putting off clothes, throwing articles that a :by, and through such other irrational deeds.6 Mortality ( Maratja ) : What is to be understood b y this state is not the actual cessation of life, which is the
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. R. G . p. 108. N. p. 126, L I . 4 -8 ; R. G. p . 103 bottom ; N. p. 126, L I. 9 -1 5 ; S. D. T II-1 6 4 a. R . G. p v 1G4, line 7t S.-K . A. V, 158* N . p. 127, L I . 3 -1 1 ; R. G. rj. 109, 5; S. D . I I I - 1 6 0 . S. D . I I I - 1 6 3 .
[ CHAP. V ]
243
etymological sense o f the term. Death is forbidden to b t protected on the stage. It is, therefore, the proximity o f dtath, the condition of impending loss o f further breath which is the meaning o f the term o f mortality. It may be due to a fatal blow o f a weapon, fall from a height or an attack o f an animal, incurable stage o f illness, deadly effect o f some poison or a snake-bite. Rolling on bed, ghastly looks, blackening o f face and nails, moistening o f nose, jolting quiver; convulsions, senselessness and stupor are some of the pre-mortem features o f a person.1 32. Fright ( Trasa ) : It is an afflicted condition o f mind. It is often caused by the roar o f clouds, and o f fierce ani mals, thundering noise/ bolt from the blue, trumpet-sound of a battle and similar other circumstances. The after-effects o f this mood are squeezing o f limbs, scaring away from the odd situation, hiding oneself in a place o f safety, stunned condition o f body, choked voice, tremour, screaming and horripilation.2 33. Dubiousness ( Vitarka ) : Want o f determination presents the mental situation of doubt. Sometimes lack of confidence is also responsible for the rise of this feeling. The situation is generally expressed by means of lolling o f head, inquisitive brows, searching looks, cautious steps, .careful statements and direct queries as well.3 Sagaranandin appropriately omits Supta from his list o f thirty-three transitory moods and inserts in its stead another important mental attitude o f Serenity ( Sauca ) * It is caused by the analytical study o f the Cosmos and is -a result o f ontolo gical' pursuits. It is an outcome of discrimination, and it becomes visible in the form of straightforwardness o f behaviour, self-control, absence o f perturbance, truthfulness and content.4
1. 2. 3. 4. R. G. p. 109 ( fn. Kavya-pradTpa agreeing ).
N. p. 128 bottom; R. G. p. 1 0 4 ,1 4 . (contra N. p . 127,12 bottom).

N. p. 129, 3; R. G. p. 110, 8; S. D. 1 II-1 7 1 .
N. L. R. LI. 2089 et seq.
244
All canonists, Dhanafijaya, Ramacandra and Gunacandra, Singa Bhupala, Saradatanaya, Acyuta Rai, Hemacandra, Dandin, Vidyadhara, Vidyanatha, Mammata, Srlkrshna Kavi, Vigvanatha, Visvegvara and Sagaranandin and others follow Bharata in counting these mental attitudes to be thirty-three only. Pandita-raja, however, observes a possibility o f many more such states, but thinks that Bharatas list is wide enough to cover, all prominent attitudes which are worthy o f special mention.1 . Bhojaraja also agrees to this view, but has diffe rent names, mostly synonymous, for some o f these transitorystates; e. g. he chooses to caN^Jfcfrana as PralcwQ, Vitartca is Uha^jîitsulcya as Abhilasha, Moha as MudJmta, Vyadhi as Gada and Avega as Sambhratpa. He, however, excludes Apasmara from his list and suggests C ittardratch^f quick thinking as an emotional state which stirs or causes fusion o f mind for no apparent reason.2 These feelings are called Vyabhicari-bhavas or transitory states, for they are susceptible to any major feeling or emo tion of longer duration. Moreover, they can subserve, as prevailing only for a while, and arouse any other permanent state o f mind, whether it may be soft or harsh, erotic or heroic. As they can move along freely with any other strong emotion, they are otherwise termed as the Sancari Bhavas as well.3 They may have their respective causes which give birth to these attitudes and are called the Uddlpana Vibhavas or ' excitants, and they have their own after-effects on the .persona lity o f an individual and are distinguished as the Anubhavas. Both the Vibhavas and the Anubhavas of each one o f these states are mentioned above so as to help the detection o f the particular state of mind at the moment in a character. Apart from these transitory states there are a few involun tary ones inasmuch as they are self-existent. They are the natural consequences o f some o f these feelings and exhibit
1.
2.
3.
R. G . p. 118, L l. 3 -1 3 . S. K. A. V 149.
They are translated generally as T ransitory States, or A uxiliary Moods or A n c illa ry feelings.
t CHAP. V ]
245
tfacmwlves t* ie* r own accord. Since they are the very okaraoteristics of human flesh and blood, they ate called the SSttvika-bhHvas 1; and they cannot be forcibly Or artificially brought out. They donot pertain to any particular emotion, and appear freely with one or more attitudes of mind. They are recognised by all the canonists as eight in number and are described as given below : ' SATTVIKA BH a VAS Perspiration ( Sveda ) is a natural consequence o f exer cise, heat, exhaustion, sickness, anger, excessive joy, bashfulness or restlessness. Stupefaction ( Stam bha) is an outcome o f wonder, g rief,, some disease, fear or an ecstatic joy. Tremour ( Kampa j is a result o f cold, fear, anger, joy, senility, some peculiar physical contact or disease. 4. Tears ( A&ru ) proceed from jubilance, lack of fortitude, smoke, use of collirium, yawning, grief, or consternation. Even steadfast gaze, extreme cold or certain diseases .."are capable o f producing tears. According to the poetic -belief, tears proceeding from excessive joy or ecstatic exultation are suppos ed to be cool, and are distinguished as Anandmru from what are known as $okdru which trickle out on account o f bereavement or grief, and are conceived to be hot. > -o . Horripilation ( Romahca) is a physical state in which hair stand on their ends on account o f the epidermic contact or fear, excessive cold, joy and anger, or due to bodily infirmity/Or some disease. . Change of voice ( Svara-bheda ) is caused by an in toxicated state of mind, old age, sickness, or by fear, anger or joy.
], They are called Suttmkas because the a c to r 'w h ile representing assumes the same saliva or b earin g as the orig in al characters did. N. p. 130, 3 seq.; S. D . I l l 1 3 4 -1 4 0 a ; D. R. 1V -4, 6; 1 -2 9 8 seq.; N. L. R , LI. 2 0 9 6 -2 1 3 0 ; N . D, V v. 1 4 8 -1 5 . R. S. B. P, p. 30,19 seq.;
LAWS OF SANSKRIT D RA M A '-''7. event, lants, strain 1 Swoon ( P ralaya) may spring from some unbearable grief, extreme exertion, over-dose use o f poison, protracted sleepleessness or caused by beating, flogging or some other shocking o f stimu physical grievous
llor ( Vaivarnya ) is a change in the colour o f the complexion or loss o f bloom on a human face. It is generally due to some hesitation, dejection, grief, or failure o f purpose. Change o f colour is wrought by intoxication,, wrath and acrimony as well. In the latter case, the face gets coppercoloured, and eyes are reddenned. Any change in the normal hue o f the face is called Vaivarnya. Rupa Gosvamin very appropriately considers that these physical states belong to four different grades according as their expressional^yalues differ, and figuratively names the#f as fumade ( dhUmayita ), flagrant ( jvalita ), gleaming ( dipta ) and aglow ( uddipta^fon the analogy of the existence o f fire which becomes only surmisable in its smoky form, visible when it is burning, bright when inflamed, and brilliant when it is blazing. Similarly, when a consequential state existing all alone or grouped with another is only in an inferential stage and is capable o f being concealed, it is said to be in the fumade form.1 When a particular mental state coupled with one or two allies assumes a noticeable form and can be con cealed only with great difficulty, it is said to be in a flagrant form.2 When a feeling associated with a larger number o f its auxiliaries ( say, three, four or even fiv e ) becomes so manifest as cannot be concealed it is said to be in its gleaming / bright form.3 VOnce after becoming manifest it develops into a full-fledged form it is said to have blazed aglow.4 feupa Go svamin further adds that the consequential states look very charming when they have thus assumed their brilliant (sliddipta)
X. 2. 3. 4. Refer Locana-rocTnl : Ishad-vyaktn apahnotum asakya dhm nyitn
matah U . N. M . p. 338, 7. Ref. L. R . p . 339 b ottom . Sakya kreehrena nihnotum jvalitnh. " Samvaritum asakyaste dipta dhlrair udahrtah. -S b id . p. 340, 5. Artdha paramotkarsham uddipta id kirtitUh . . .lh \d . p. 340, 8 . ,
[ CHAP. V ]
FEfiLINGS A N D SENTIMENTS
247
, form ; and they then help a good deal in the manifestation of

the prevailing sentiment. STHaYI-BHaVAS A close analysis o f the nature o f the different mental states noted above, makes it evident that they are inca pable o f developing themselves to such an extent as may enable them to hold sway over a character for a certain length o f time. For, their effect is generally o f very short duration. To illustrate, suppose there is a rise of anger ( amarsha). It is provoked by the sight o f the wrong-doer. As a consequence, a person affected with amarsha, scolds the wrong-doer, vapulates him or otherwise punishes him. After its expression in any o f these ways, it cannot, after all, last long ; it must subside and give room to another attitude. It cannot even afford to recur often and thus hold ground for good for want o f frequency and continuance. Moreover such a state cannot be conclusive in itself so as it could be the be-all and end-all o f all the activities o f a charac9 ter. All that it can be, is only in a provocative form, always leading to a further query as to why does it after all arise and, in fact, what it is essentially due to.1 Once its rootcause is thus found out, it becomes evident that it is a passing
1. A n illu stratio n w ill m ake the position clea r. For instance, when D ushyanta cravej to visit the herm itage a second tim e in the JsSkuntala and asks hisVriend to fin d out m eans for doing so, it clearly brings out his m ental attitu d e in the form of eager A fter the m ainfestation of this autsukya, the W h a t in fact is this autsukya for ? T he reply is ness ( autsukya ). craves to be there.
query starts as to why D ushyanta is lo ath to re tu :n home and is th a t the eagerness is for the sake of catch in g a glimpse of Ssakunta l5 , w hich a t once expresses his rati for her. lost interest in a ll o th er pursuits in life. is very vividly known by the reader, by itself.
Cinta does not -stop
D ushyanta
found in a mood of anxiety ( cinta ) in the second Act and has T he state o f Cint3 b u t the suggestion of
I t further leads one to in fer T he reply would be th a t it meet S ak u n tals. After
as to why this CinlTi at a ll is.
stands for findin g out expedients to
a long lapse of tim e let D ushyanta be approached, and in the
248
attitude, and is only subservient to some thing more enduring,

sixth Act he is once ag a in thev ernal festivities. found in the state o f disinterest
( glin i ), when o n e ' hears th a t he has p rohibited the holding of I t becomes subsequently associated w ith luke-warm interest. Both the states despair ( nirveda ) when he expresses th a t his ancestors receive libations from him w ith a verily become evident, but they donot ru le long, since no sooner they become m anifest, th a n they loudly rin g the bell to ask w hat is this glfini or nirveda in. the m ind o f D ushyanta due to, and the answ er is : th a t it is for reasons of his separation from SakuntalS o r hopelessness in the m a tte r of regaining h e r. This h in t does strike the note ; and the tune is o f D u shyantas rati for SakuntalS. Even in a picture o f S akuntala draw n by D ushyanta, he finds a bee attacking S akuntalas face an d he goes to th re a te n him w ith th e words, in case you would thus offend, I would cause This
you to be arrested w ithin th e petals of the l'otus-flower.

V
ejac u latio n not only brings out the existence of w ra th ( amarsha ) in the m ind of D ushyanta, b u t im m ediately h in ts a sense of jealousy ( irshyU ) against the riv a l bee. Almost in the next m om ent, when his friends rem ind h im th a t after a ll it was only a picture, the m en tal state of frenzy ( unmada ) becomes evident to every reader. ed, there But th en w hat happens, astiya has disappear
amarsha has
is no m ore th re a t, th a t
evaporated
and unmada also seems to lose its effect.
A ll the same, the
inquisition is there as to why this amarsha an d astya are there, a n d due to w h a t there is this unmada. A m om ents thought gives a flash th a t there is the existence o f the em otion of
rad in
the m ind of D ushyanta for Sakuntala, w hich has, at
every step manifested itself, w hether it m ay be through anger or anxiety, w hich prove to be the states evanescent in nature, rising and subsiding. Yet there rem ains a constant cu rren t of some This pervading, state of m ental state w hich pervades throughout a ll the activities and m ental attitudes of the c h aracter. m ind is more effective; it holds sway-, for a long d uration, deve lops itself in process of tim e, and despite several tran sito ry under currents, it seems to flow like Tennysons Brook w hich is conspicous in its mode, M en m ay come a n d men m ay go, But I go on for ever.
[OHAf. V ]
249
which Jut, In fact; gained a strong hold latently over the g jillio tir o f that individual. Thus the latent moods are ydltyf states o f mind which are promoted by a variety of tvaniltory states. The distinction becomes quite clear, for Jt divides the mental attitudes into transitory and perma nent ones. The transitory one can subserve any o f the per*ItttBent emotions and help in its manifestation. Hence the former are called only bhavas or vyabhicari-bhavas and the latter ones as the sthayi-bhavas. Briefly they may be better" distinguished by calling them feelings and emotions respec tively. In this sense, feelings are not deemed competent to abide by the continuous interest o f a character which is evinced only by the lasting emotions that are more powerful - and strong enough to retain themselves till they transform into a relishnble state of rasa or sentiment. While drawing a line of demarcation between the tw o subtleties o f mind, no hard and fast rule can be easily and successfully enunciated, yet the convention evolved by a large number o f canonists has admitted eight mental states to the category o f lasting emotions ( sth a yin s), deemed capable o f maturing into a relishable state ( asvadyata ). / ve ( r a t i ) : It is an emotion o f amor prevailing in the mind of a man by reference to a woman, or in the mind o f a woman by reference to a man. It becomes a permanent state only if it subsists between persons o f opposite sex, and is a desire to achieve conjugal pleasures. It has many forms and stages which deserve a detailed analysis here. When the feeling o f rati is conceived in its abstract form ns distinguished from its operative part, it is called raga. By reference to some tangible object it means interest and begins with a very fundamental state o f liking of one for the other. This primitive liking gradually develops into a sense o f partiality or identity of purpose which creates a feeling o f being kindred f atmlyata ). The latter notion gives place to rdga or interest. When the raga in the heart of one is respond ed to with a similar interest by the other, it becomes anu-
250
raga'; for-, it becomes a continuous flow o f bilateral raga. This mutual interest in its lasting form1 becomes the subject-matter o f dramatic delineation. N o sooner it arises than its progress can be perceptibly marked and it takes its own course. For,when the mututal interest gains some ground it becomes Prema, and there is no break in it in spite of. reasons to the contrary. Just as the rising Sun melts a lump o f butter- similarly the rise of premU melts the heart. In its molten form it then becomes sneha, and it pervades all the activities. When sneha has gained strength, it has its own anticipations and it holds sway over its object. This complete mastery scares away the sense o f fearful submissiveness and replaces assertiveness. Sneha in its assertive form is what the sensible call mana or strong affection. It should be noted that only in this stage and further'beyond, sense o f indignation can find room, for there is no wrath without intense love. This love-bedaubed wrath plays an important role in the amatory career o f a lover. Mana develops into pranaya which is unflinching affection.2 Its nature is described by the psychologists as an affection not shaken even by a thousand faults.3 Beyond the stage o f pranaya, affection becomes the real raga purified by numerous ordeals and proved true by a thousand tests. The continuous raga, which, in spite o f its long enjoyments gives fresh fervour in every contact with its object, is an evergrowing raga or anuraga. The adage, Love is never stale really pertains to the stage o f A n u r a g a The concen1. T he interest w hich wanes an d ultim ately sinks o r tends to deal a fa ta l blow to the sentim ental rise an d proves only a flinching interest has no locus standi in the forum of the d ram atic a rt. 2. 3. Cf. B havabhuti : " PremSrdrSh pranaysprsah. - M a. MS. V -7 . Ref. BSlabodhinl on the K avyaprakasa p . 100 Line 10 ( BSS. ). one in the ea rlie r p ara g rap h w hich notes the raga a n d anuraga as the com ponent p a rts o f rati in w hich case the p refix anu means
pasedt so as the raga of one an d anuraga of the other compose the sthayi-bhava of rati.
4."' The word, anuraga is used as a stage above raga in two contexts :
H ere anuraga and raga are noted as the two
stages of developm ent o f rati, in w hich case the prefix anu m eans anusyzta m arking continuous rati.
[ chap. V ]
FEELING SjAN D SENTIMENTS
25?
trated anuraga is the quintessence o f love ( bhava ), the acme o f affection making one in unison with the other, with the effect that the life o f lovers becomes ever jovial even in the midst o f all odds and evens.1 The course o f love is thus conspicuous by its different stages each o f which has its own types and characteristics worthy o f brief mention here : i. Prema : It is that stage o f interest which is not lost in spite of apprehended reasons for the same. It could be again an ordinary prema, a middling one, or a developed one. The ordinary one sometimes suffers from casual forgetfulness or indifference on either side. The middling one always needs mutual expression, or otherwise it stands the risk o f sinking. The developed one makes one wistf ul for the company o f the other. ii. Sneha : It awakens the consciousness o f prema which is in itself in fully developed form. It melts the heart and hence it justifies its name. It marks that stage o f interest which never brings in a point o f satiety. N o amount o f association can cause a surfeit o f satisfaction. It emerges not only from closer contacts, but even a distant glance, mere narration or the reminiscence o f the object o f interest makes the heart brimful o f love. When high density of affection is attained by the molten sneha owing to a cool demeanour o f mutual regard { adara ) and its sweetness is relished in the midst of divergent feelings, it is said to have a butyraceous (ghrta-sama) character on the analogy o f heated butter which becomes gradually dense when it comes in contact with cold temperature and is relished only in combination with other associates like sugar and jelly. When sneha developes into a notion o f extreme identity
1. Cf. Bhavabhutis standard in :
Adoaitam sukha'duhkkayor-anugunam sarvdsvavasthZsu y a t, Vxirhmo hrdayasya y a tra j arasapyasminnahfiryo rasah I KHlen^varanXtyaySt parinate y a t sneha'sSre .Militant) Bhairam prema sumnnushasya kathamapyekam hi lal prSpyat* II
U . R. Il-tf,
252
and creates a feeling o f total affinity, it is said to belong to the melleous character. Just as honey can be tasted by itself and contains different flavours, and is both warm and . intoxicant; similarly when the sweet charm of sneha is palpable in itself and is warm and cordial in nature, and maddening or infatuating in effect, it is maihusama and melleous type. m . When a fresh piquancy is relished in course of the advanced stage o f affection on accouit o f naively perverse ness it is known as the assertive affection ( mana ). It is again either gallant ( udatta ) or gay ( lalita ). The butyraceous affection ( ghrta-sama sneha ) develops into the gallant type o f mana which is interspersed with an occasional submissiveness { dakshinata ). The melleous affection (madhu-sneha) develops into lalita mana and smacks of crookedness and independence o f mind. It is generally seen among those ladies who hold their sway over their lovers ( svadhina-patika ). iv. Pranaya: When mana results in gaining a certain amount o f confidence, it becomes pranaya, because it cannot be shaken at any cost. In its modest form it is known of a friendly ( m a itra) type, but when it becomes free from all sorts o f hesitation and awe, it turns into- a commanding intimacy ( sakhya ). v, Raga : When, on account o f the exuberance o f pranaya, even some misery or affliction appeals to the loving heart as a pleasure it is raga or attachment. It is felt more conspi cuously in the state o f separation. Etymologically, raga means a colour ; and that love, which can dye even unpleasant situations with a lepid colour, is called raga. This dye ( raga ) ' is again analogically called blue (nilima), or crimson (raktima). This division is based upon the nature o f fastness and brilliance o f colour. The blue one is again of two shades : one is nlli or of indigo colour, and the other is syama 1 or the mazarine.
1.
N il!
and Syama a re the two varieties o f a n indigo p la n t, the lig h t azure b rin ja l-lik e colour,
fru it of the form er gives a th a t of a w atery cloud.
whereas of the fru it of the other, the colour is dark-blue like
[C H A P . V ]
FEELINGS AND SENTIMENTS
253
The mil raga is that which has no danger of abatement. It is firm and unswerving attachment, but is not gaudy in appear ance. It is generally hidden in the mess o f different feelings. Such is the hue of the butyraceous affection. The iyUma raga differs from the former only in this respect that it is , slightly vivid and brilliant, since it is associated with such other ele ments as timidity, jealousy and dissimulation f avahittha ). The attachment even in its crimson colour is o f :two kinds : kausumbha and manjishtha. The former is of-saffronic colour, it is quick and bears a sprightly hue, all the' same it is susceptible to any other colour. Just as the colour of saffron is feeble, so also the attachment is fickle. It, however, shines in its . own . way. It is generally available in the case o f sly lovers. The second in this type is the maftjishtha raga or an attachment o f madder colour. It is a deep red colour and a very fast one; and unlike the syama one it does not require any other element to support it. It deepens with constant use and brightens o f its own accord. It assumes lustre even with subsequent washes. Such an attach- / ment is always fresh and fast as the madder colour.1 Some canonists believe in a third pattern, which they call the laksha-raga or an attachment of the lac colour. It is bright and gaudy as compared to the madder colour and is brought out with prominent presence o f womanly embellish ments. vi-vii. Further two stages o f attachment, viz., anuraga or the verdurous attachment which is ever fresh ; and bhava, the transcendent emotion o f love are so unfathomable in their essential characteristics that they donot admit o f any further' classification.
1.
V isvanatha observes this v ariety of colours belonging to a tta c h m ent ( raga ) only accom plished in case of the Purva-rdga. W hereas the love m ay as well display these different colours,
during its subsequent stages o f separation, the view of V isvanStha is rath er too lim ited. ( V ide S. D . I l l 195 ).
254
This 'presents the entire scope of the lasting emotion of amore ( r a t i ) capable o f being experienced in its varied stages like the sweetness o f sugar-cane which can be relished in various forms by its juice, treackle, juggery, sugarcandy and sachrine. Grief ( Soka ) : It is a particular emotion in the form o f affliction caused by the death of some dear kinsman or due to some serious loss. Wrath ( Krodha ) : It is an emotion o f hot indigna tion, caused by some serious offence or a wrong done by another, like the one in killing a child, the Guru or any other dear relative, or by means o f some gross insult. 4. Fortitude ( V tsaha) : It is a mental attitude in the form o f energetic elevation o f spirit which arises from recol lections of the other persons charity, valour or similar imitable virtues. This state o f mind belongs only to sublime characters. / 5 . Terror ( Bhaya ): It is a mental condition in the form o f the apprehension o f consequences. It arises in the mind of a person who is exposed to some grave risk. Unless there be some great danger from which the apprehension pro ceeds bhaya does not become an emotion, for in ordinary cases o f fear,- it is only a subservient feeling known as alarm ( trasa ). Humour ( Hasa ) : It is a state o f gay cheerfulness arising from ludicrous scenes, as deformity of another person, his sudden slip or any other untoward situation. Disgust ( Jugupsa ) : It is a spirit o f hesitation caused by horrid and ghastly scenes. A . Surprise ( V ism aya) : It is a state o f astonishment ''Created by the sight of extraordinary things or by an unanti cipated experience. There are psychologists who believe that there are some more mental states which can be lasting as the other ones noted above, and become capable o f dominating over other subordi nate feelings. There is no doubt that there could be more than
{CHAP. V ]
255
the classical number o f eight, for the number o f these emo tion! cannot be limited to any definite figure. An emotion is e leading attitude, and any attitude which can stand by itself and carry on with others can be raised to the status o f a prin cipal emotion. Bharata is very clear on the point, when he says that an emotion ( sthayin ) is like a king among his subjjclp or a preceptor among hTs pupils." The subjects and pupils come and go, yet the king or the preceptor remains as a guid ing factor, so also the transitory' staiM ''rSr^ n3^ ?aii,yetthe permanent feature remains, which is the sthfiyi bhava. A sthayi bhava is found in every phase o f action and is compared to a diluted piece o f salt which remains invisible in every drop of water. It does not lose its existence due to feelings either apposite or discordant. That? is why they are looked upon as Durable states.1 With these attributes the follow ing are a few more bhavas which are capable o f becoming sthayins in the opinion o f the later canonists. 1. Disinterest ( Nirveda ) f It is not an attitude o f des pair nor a pessimistic attitude which is capable o f being a sthnyin, for, such condition o f hopelessness presupposes the existence of yearning for an object, which is expressive of rati. So in this sense, nirveda can only be a subordinate state. But despondency caused by the unsubstantial nature o f everything around oneself and consequent disinterest in the worldly activities which arises from the realisation o f Truth and results in an ecstatic joy in the form o f total absence o f all longing ( trshna-kshaya ) is an emotion that can certainly last long and have several auxiliaries to promote it. It is in this sense that Nirveda is supposed by authors like Mammata Bhatta and others to be the sthayi-bhava, 2.
I.
There are
others who
consider
devotion to God,
T he S aiigfta-ratnakara notes in its last c h ap te r th a t the SthZyin is th a t w hich is aided by a

carin is th a t w hich
large num ber of VibhSvas and is
described in a composition in fullest details, whereas the Vyabhiis brought to be borne on the m inds of spectators only by inference through a few bhuvas,
256
Guru or a king1 to be a mental attitude which can pervade the activities o f a character throughout iiis life, and consider Bhakti and Sraddha to be the other two sthayins. Abhinava Bharatl criticises this view and includes them in the midst o f rali as-an ordinary bhava,2 which is in keeping with Bharatas view. 3 . 4 Rapacity or laulya is another type o f stfihyin believed by some whose view is equally criticised by Abhinava Bharatl. 4., Affection ( prema ) towards juniors like a son, a daugh ter,3 a younger brother, a pupil or any other individual in loco fili, whether male or female, is also capable o f being a sihayin in the opinion o f some authors like Visvanatha.4 Rudrata5 and Bhojaraja6 are two broad-minded canonists who feel that all the thirty-three transitory and eight involun tary states ( sattvikas ) are competent for being delineated as sthayins and can assume the form o f a sentiment if manifested by means o f suggestive factors. The Dagarupaka refers to some writers who have gone to such a queer length as to recognise passion for hunting and gambling ( mrgaya and aksha ) as fit for becoming sthayins, and converting themselves into rasas. But in actual practice of the poets none o f these is portrayed to any such length, nor does it seem feasible to grant recognition to all such passing phases o f mind for want o f their fitness to be developed into rasas, hence these views could not be admitted by reputed scholars. All the three types o f states discussed above are called, in general terms, ( bhavas ) and distinguished by reference to
1. H ere the list is only illu strativ e an d not exhaustive, for devotion to any cause w hich m ay be d ear, e. g. service to the m otherland, m ay equally well fall w ithin this category. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6.
A. B. ( G. 0 . S . ) p. 4 5 0 .
Ib id . p. 342. S. D. 1X1-251. Sr. T . X, 14. Sr. P r. Vol. II. p p . 3 7 7 - 8 .
[dH Ap.V ]
257
sahcnrtns, snttvikas, and the sthayins. A11 o f them are subject to manifestation by means o f suggestion and not of direct expression ( abhidha ). The suggestion o f these bhavas is made out by describing their causes and effects. By the description o f such circumstances as lead to the rise of a particular feel ing and o f its after-effects, the bhava manifests itself in the mind o f the aesthetic reader. Thus the vibhavas ( causes ) which excite the feeling, and the anubhavas ( effects ) which are the natural consequences o f a feeling prevalent in mind form the basis o f suggestion. Vibhavas are of two kinds : one circumstantial, and the other personal, which may be conveniently termed as direct and indirect vibhavas. The circumstantial or direct vibhavas are those which constitute the circumstances giving rise to a particular feeling. They excite ; and hence are rightly named as the Uddipana-vibhavas. The personal or indirect vibhavas are those persons by reference to whom a particular feeling arises in the mind of another. They are really the objects o f the feeling that present a substratum for its rise or generation. The indirect vibhava, therefore, is the factor upon which the bhava as though hangs. For this reason it is called the alambana. Since both the types o f the vibhavas are the causes o f the bhavas inasmuch as they generate them, they are given this etymological name.1 Vibhavas and anubhavas which verily belong to the respective bhavas when described by a poet in a piece o f composition cause the suggestion of those bhavas. This is the general process o f the manifestation of a bhava. But the Sthayi bhava is mani fested not only by the description o f its vibhavas, both uddipana and dlambana and also the description of its anubhavas,but is capable o f being suggested by the presence o f even a vyabhicari bhava,2 for the latter is always ancilliary t6 the permanent emotion. Hence there is primarily a slight distinction in the
1. 2.
Rasaloena bhaoantwm vibhavayanti avirbhavana-vi'seshena prayojayanti ili nlambanoddJpana-rvpah vibhasa.fi N . D. p . 162. " Rasonmukham sthayinam prati visishiena abhimukhyena caranti te vyabhitMrinah Ibid. p . 162, L I . 2 1 -2 2 .
17
272
understood that on the part o f the lover to sow wild oats is to fall in the serpentine track o f love where hisses o f jealousy may appal the previous love and envenom her sweet and melli fluous affection and make her fret and fume out of fury only on grounds o f suspicion. Such extreme fondness sometimes brings in wanton perverseness which is styled by Rupa Gosvamin as Prema-vaicitya 1 and recognised by him as another cause o f Vipralambha. In fine, Vipralambha is of three types :' one due to Ayoga, or pre-union separation, and the other two are the forms of Viprayoga or post-union separation, resulting from distant situation or perverseness. Yet ViSvanatha has one more type, namely, Karma-vipralambha1 which is pathetic love-in-separation, and contemplates of a situation where the lovers are sepa ratedmay be before union or after itand one o f them knows or believes that his partner has passed away from this world but has been given an assurance by some supernatural power that he will soon be re-united with the lost partner. That is why, grief reigns there as a stationary emotion to give rise to Pathetic sentiment ( karuna), yet it is temporary because revival is to take place. Effectually, it is not pathetic in essence but is only a -variety o f Vipralambha Smgara, It has a dual character no doubt, for there is karuna so long as the one knows the other to be dead, and it is Viprayoga as it finally culminates into union. Thus it is a pseudo-pathetic erotic senti ment, which is, following in suite with ViSvanatha, agreed to by Jsinga-bhupala and Bhojadeva as well.3 In case like this Hemacandra erroneously concludes it as Karuna-rasa ,4 Panditaraja Jagannatha, however, does not believe in this new cate-
1. 2. 3. 4.
U . N . M . p . 548. S. D. I l l 209.
'
R . S. I I 2 1 8 seqq.; S. K . A. C hap. V . p. 6 2 3 . Line 14. K . A. p. 8 5 , line 9. Bhoja also confuses in this m a tte r like H em acandra, for he says
Sahgatayoreva anyatararvyapade karunah
a n d cites A ja s lam entations over In d u m a tls loss as its instance. ( See S. K . A. N. S. E dn, p . 6 2 5 , verse 1 8 2 . )
t QHAP. V ]
257
snttvlkaa, and the sthayins. AH o f them are subject tfl manlfMtntion by means o f suggestion and not of direct fkpfMftlun ( nbhirlhn ). The suggestion o f these bhnvas is made ill by describing their causes and effects. By the description ftflueh circumstances as lead to the rise of a particular feel ing and o f its after-effects, the bhava manifests itself in the mind o f the festhetic reader. Thus the vibhavas ( cau ses) which excite the feeling, and the anubhavas ( efFects) which dr* the natural consequences o f a feeling prevalent in mind form the bnill o f suggestion. Vlbhmax tire of two kinds : one circumstantial, and the Other personal, which may be conveniently termed as direct nnd Indirect vlbhDvas. The circumstantial or direct vibhavas i f f thonn which constitute the circumstances giving rise to H particular feeling. They excite; and hence are rightly named ns the Uddipana-vibhavas. The personal or indirect vtbfWvas are those persons by reference to whom a particular feeling arises in the mind of another. They are really the objects o f the feeling that present a substratum for its rise or Ronerntion. The indirect vibhava, therefore, is the factor upon which the bhava as though hangs. For this reason It is called the alambana. Since both the types o f the vibhavas nre the causes o f the bhUvas inasmuch as they generate them, they nre given this etymological name.1 Vibhavas and anubhavas which verily belong to the respective bhfivas when described by a poet in a piece o f composition co use the suggestion of those bhavas. This is the general process o f the manifestation of a bhava. But the Sthayi bhava is mani fested not only by the description o f its vibhavas, both uddlpnna and alambana and also the description of its anubhavas,but Is capable o f being suggested by the presence o f even a vyabhicftrl bhava? for the latter is always ancilliary t6 the permanent emotion. Hence there is primarily a slight distinction in the
I. RasalVCna bhaoanlam vibhavayanti avirbhavariurm'seshena prayqjayanti Hi
<1lumbtmotld7jMna-rnpaii vibhavah - N . D. p . 162.

,fRm tm uiukham slhtlyinam prati vi'sishtena Sbhimukhyena caranti te v m b h itn n m h ,> Ibid. p . 162, L I . 2 1 -2 2 .
17
258
suggestion o f an ordinary Mara and that o f the sthayin. The former can be indicated merely by the description o f the vibhavas and the anubhavas, while the suggestion o f the latter is brought out by the demonstration o f a vyabhicharin with its alambana in addition to the description o f its own vibhavas and anubhavas in general. Thus these three factors when described by the poet render that emotion conspicuous, and capable o f being relished for a long duration. The capacity o f being relished for some length o f time makes that emotion a rasa or sentiment which is the very vital quintessence o f every poetry. RASA-CARVANA The very connotation o f the term Rasa is that which can be relished. 1 Effect o f the relish of the Rasa, meta phorically called flavour, is very wonderful. It creates an ecstatic joy in the heart o f the enjoyer and leaves upon him an impression o f wonder ( camatkara ), which is the source of uncommon delight ( lakottara-Vnanda ). It is compared to the bliss enjoyed by a yogin when he is in unison with Self. The relish of Rasa creates a concentrated state o f mental harmony ( sattvodreka) unadulterated with any other element o f human nature; and for this reason, irrespective o f the nature and substratum of a particular type o f rasa which is relished, there is an outcome o f joy to a sensible person ( sahrdaya ). That is why even Karuna-rasa or Bibhatsa-rasa with grief and disgust as their basic features produce a state of jubilance in the mind o f the enjoyer, and elevate him far above the region of human iimitations and transport him to the realm o f total bliss.2 It is so possible for the simple reason that an enjoyer in course of his cognition ( bhavana ) of a rasa feels that his individual existence in this world which is subjected to diverse disabilities by virtue o f his birth, caste, status, wealth and other circumstances sinks, and he is in full sympathy with the sentiment which is an expression of Self.3 This enjoysome
/ 1. 2. 3.
Rasyale iti rasah Asvadyatvat rasah .
Rase vai sah rasam labdhva anandi-bhavati ...T a t. U p. I t vii.
T here is a school of thought presented by the N atya-darpana th a t
[CHAP. VJ
FE ELING S\AND SENTIMENTS
273
gory,1 but seems to think it expedient to class it under the pravHsqja type of Vlpralambha. The remoteness of situation 4 f the outer body or the inner one ( sukshmci-scirira ) for the time-being cannot justify an independent classification, because the latter is only a case o f lohg sojourn ( cira-pravasa ).
Bhafta Mammata has altogether a different view on the point, for he adds to the list o f Vipralambha one more type which is due to viraha, and he seems to distinguish the type o f separation in the nature o f Viraha and Pravasa by reference to the dissimilarity between the feelings that are aglow in.the hearts o f the Virahotkanthitu and the Proshita-bhartrka heroines respectively. He further believes sapa as an independent cause o f Viraha. He thus makes a five-fold division o f Vlpralambha.'1 END OF VIPRALAMBHA Since the tragic end is conventionally averted, the state o f Vlpralambha cannot prolong to an unreasonable length, and is to be got over at length. The means and course. of ending o f Vipralambha are bound to vary according as its origin differs. For the Vipralambha due to ayoga in the PUrva-raga ends in the physical union or the consummation o f marriage. Vipra lambha due to Pravasa ends no sooner than the lover or the beloved returns home from the sojourn. If it is in the nature o f is pa, then it will end only with the period of sapa. Generally such malediction is provided with some means of redemption which may become possible only after lapse of some time or by fulfilment of some condition prescribed in that behalf. In fact, it is more or less automatic that sapaja vipralambha comes to an end. But mana is the one delicate type o f circumstance in vipralambha, and the expedients for securing relief from it require a clever and sagacious use before they can bring in success. The natural mana cannot dwell for long, for deep-rooted affection can hardly permit such a mental attitude to prevail beyond a certain length o f time.
1. R . G. p. 83, tines 1 3 -1 6 .
S . S. ).
2r K . Pr. UlLfeft IV , p. 105 { B .

18
274
When natural shyness gradually abates, the Pranaya-m0.na weakens of its own accord and subsides into amorous in dulgence sought suo motto by the Manini herself. But thi mana which has proceeded from some failing on the part o f the lover cannot melt of its own accord but requires amends to be aptly made. Hence the experienced canonists have shown some of the devices which are advised for being used in a suitable manner. They are : ( i ) Santa or conciliation by flattering w ords; ( i i ) Bheda or an attempt to win over the lady through negotations o f her personal friends. Sometimes bheda in the nature o f expressing ones own grandeur also proves expe dient. Bheda is, therefore, o f two types, taunting and ne gotiating through her female friends, or winning over her by the expression of ones own greatness ; ( iii ) Dana or gift consisting o f some attractive present of an article of choice proffered in a clever manner ; ( i v ) Nati or apology with wry and remorseful face or falling at the feet of the wrathful lady who is stiff enough, is the only recourse to help the delinquent lover ; ( v ) Upeksha or indifference : When all the efforts prove futile an attitude of indifference for some time also helps to win the wrathful. This is also a powerful expedient in the form of biding time.1 ( vi ) Rasantaram or change of humour : Peculiar circunv stances causing terror like thunder, lightning, appearance of
1. GosvSmin has referred to some quotation, source of w hich coulc not be traced, a n d w hich defines Upeksha as a n attem p t of conci' liatio n to be m ade by com m ingling in talks with the MSnirii undei some pretext or the other, and soften her h eart. In course of this, when she is subjected to sattvika feelings, a n a ttem p t to advanci n earer during the state of her m en tal fusion is a successful shot ti uproot perverseness out of her m ind.
Pras'adana-vidhim muktva vSkjiair anyartha-sueakaih I Prasadanam mrgdkshinSm upeksheti smrta btldhaih. l l ........
u .
N. M .
p. M
[ OHAP, V ]
275
wild brutes, or a sudden calamity, illness o f the lover, torren. tiil rtim , freezing cold, warbling o f cuckoos and such other thillgl automatically wipe off indignation from the heart of the lady. Sometimes such circumstances are presented by natural phenomena as shown above, at others they may be 1created by artificial means by the hero, just as a snake-bite falsely pretended.1 Jugglery, spectral delusions, hypnotism Of entertaining concerts are such other means as may be advan tageously used for the purpose.
Rudrafa in his Srngara-tilaka suggests that each subsequentone is more effective an expedient than the preceding one, yet a gentle and gallant lover is advised to employ the first three means as frequently as he is in need of, and the remaining ones a/e to be spared for a rare use.2 This recommendation of Rudraja is in keeping with the maintenance o f the prestige and dignity even of the erring lover. SAMBHOGA SRNG a RA Love untouched by Vipralambha in any shape whatsoever, and in course o f which the spouse enjoy complete har mony of mind, is the substratum o f the sambhoga-srngara. With the variety o f amorous sports and sensual pleasures that the couple can invent for enjoying the mutual company, sawv * bhoga fyngara can be o f countless designs and presents no scope for generalisation and classification. Yet for the reason that every enjoyment can present a distinction in the shape of degrees, and more so, in case o f union which follows some kind o f separation or the other, and is sure to vary in form and extent, some canonists have found it feasible to classify sambhoga srngara in the following four categories : ( i ) Sahkshipta or Brief : When the couple meet at the end o f the Purva-raga, their mode o f enjoyment is generally modest, for they are subjected to initial reserve.
1. Ref. for instance, V idushakas snake-bite set out by A gnim itra for oftening DhSErinT and gaining contact w ith M slaviks in th e M alavlkHgniniilra. 2. Sr. T . of R u d rata as cited by Cchaya on S. D. p . 177.
276
( ii ) Sahkirna or Restricted : The union which follows reconciliation after indignation or perverseness is generally restricted. Though it has the pleasure o f union, no d oubt; but' it is blended with grievous memories o f past failings o f the lover and hence free movements with full zest are absent. The union after conciliation, therefore, affords a limited scope for Sambhoga Srngara that tastes like a roasted sugar-cane' which, though sweet, is yet hot and slightly astringent. ( iii ) Sampuwa or Rich: Union of the couple after sojourn is generally rich in enjoyment. The distant situations, hav ing caused yearning in the hearts of the meeting couple, affords sanguine pleasures attended with food and drink, cosy talks, and gay and cheerful demeanour. ( iv ) Samrddita or Exuberant : It is after a very long so journ or revival after curse, return from battle, relief from miseries, on resuscitation after Karuna-vipralambha the union yields exuberant pleasures and places the long forsaken couple at the apex o f joy. N o endeavour is spared to make the com pany more jubilant and to participate whole-heartedly in the thrilling ecstasy o f the blissful situation. There are, however, different standards o f enjoyment expe rienced by lovers in particular circumstances,1 but during Purvaraga and also in case of the preliminary meetings with the selfapproaching damsels f abhisarikas ), the meetings are generally arranged by the assistants of the couple and through emissaries who fix up their trysts and convey messages. Usually the places of assignation where such snap-shot meetings can be convened are pointed out by the canonists as a field dense with crop,
1. I t m ay be noted here th a t though Singa Bhupala and R upa GosvSm in observe th a t these distinctions are by reference to the occasion of the meetings of the anxious p air, still, really speaking, these degrees of SrhgSra a re best noticeable in the circumstances arra n g ed an d classified in
rUga need not be brief.
four categories as shown above.
A ll the
sam e, if the couple are adults the mode of pleasure after PurvaFor even in case of Purva-rctga w hich is interspersed w ith union, it is not subject to reserve.
[CHAP. V ]
277
uninhibited desolate house, dilapidated temples, the residence f m ch emissaries, a forest^grove, an orchard, the banks o f a river affording sandy declivities or cany bushes, an inaccessible oluiter of trees and even the lonely vicinities o f the 6remation ground.1 In course of such personal meetings the enjoyment is said to be real ( mUrta = in rem ) as distinguished from the one that is unreal, in course of which an ardent lover sometimes in his state of Vipralambha enjoys the phantom company o f his partner. It is quite possible in the state o f a dream where one experiences a direct contact with ones object o f love, and for the moment relishes the same pleasure as could be had in the real contact.2 It is equally possible to have such a union through the picture of the loving partner or some other object which may be perfectly identical with the one whom he loves. It is, in fact, an imaginary sambhoga, which Rupa Gosvamin calls 'Gama sambhoga or phantasmal union.3 K ARUN A 2. Grief ( S o k a ) arising from the loss o f a kindred, or huge wealth, or from some insurmountable difficulty as sumes the form of the Pathetic sentiment when manifested by means of its Vibhavas, Anubhavas and the Sancari-bhavas. The substrata ( the alambana vibhavas) of the pathetic sentiment are the deceased kinsman, the lost object or the worst calamity on the one hapd, and the sufferer on the other. It is aroused by some reference to the lost persons merits, some talks about him, the sight of. the articles o f his use, a visit Jo his residence, the occasion where his presence is missed, the days o f anniversary, offering libations to him, and similar commemorating scenes. These are some of the facts which i serve as the excitants ( uddipana ) of the pathos.
1,'
"Kshelram vnii bhagna-devMayo dwi-grham oanam / MUlHpaHca 'smaStinanca nadyadtnam ta li tathn 11,..S . D. 111-80.
2<
Cf. " T v a tstdftya-vinoda-matramapi me daivena no khsamyate. ( Vide K uv. P ra tlp a prak aran a. )
3.
U. N. M. p. 590.
278
The squalor o f fthe sufferer, his shedding o f tears, shout ing, dullness and choking o f throat are the consequences ( anubhavas ). Disgust, swoon, sadness, anxiety, uneasiness, moroseness and stupor are the ancilliary feelings that prevail in the Karuna-rasa. Paleness, shiver, change of voice and stupefaction are the self-existent states that become visible on the person o f the aggrieved. RAUDRA 3. The emotion o f wrath ( krodha) assumes the form o f Raudra rasa when suggested by its relative factors which are as follows : ( i ) The alambana o f the Raudra-rasa is the person who has done the wrong. ( i i ) His offensive deed, arrogant appearance, insolent behaviour awaken the sentiment and act as the exciting ( uddipana ) agents. ( iii ) Reddened eyes, smattering teeth, heated talk, handling of weapons, offering a duel fight are the ensuant features. ( iv ) Anger ( amarsha ), agitation ( kshobha ), acrimony ( ugrata ) and inconstancy ( capalata ) are the auxiliary feel ings which promote the sentiment. ( v ) Change o f voice, perspiration are the Sattvika-bhavas. I VlRA-RASA 4. The predominant emotion of zeal or utsaha develops into Vira-rasa when manifested by means of the suggestive factors in a dramatic composition. The ancients have ob served that such a zeal appears running in four channels of of human mind and thus presents four patterns when viewed objectively. The zeal may be in respect of giving gifts ( dana), in showing compassion ( d a y a ), in combating the enemy ( yuddha ), and in observance of duty ( dharma ). Thus the
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279
Yftfltd heroiim may produce four types o f heroes and accord ingly four types of the heroic sentiment as well. In other zeal, the bellicose heroism or the dutiful one.
wordl, the hero may have the munificent zeal, the sympathetic Their siiite of lU ggestive factors also varies accordingly. ( i ) Munificent heroism ( Dana-vira ) : Here the mendicant or suppliant is the alambana. His counter-part or the other alambana is the donor. The suppli cations expressing the need and indigence o f the beggar are the excitants ( uddlpana ). Courteous behaviour, pitiful speech, an expression o f donors regardlessness f o r the object to be parted with in gift are some of the ensuants of the munifi cent heart. Pride ( garva ), reminiscences o f the past glory ( S/nftl ), joy ( harsha) are the feelings that help the zeal. Horripilation is the Ssttvika-bhava. ( ii ) Sympathetic Heroism ( Daya-vlra ) : The oppressed person either human or non-human,, who is bitterly suffering is the one alambana, and the other is the person in whose heart sympathy for him has arisen.. The piteous cries o f the sufferer, his pangs, his bewailing shrieks, moaning sighs and sad plight are the causes which awaken it. Running for help, removing the sufferer from the perilous situation, consoling words and readiness for self-sacrifice and such other actions are the anubhavas. Perspiration, horripila tion and sometimes stupefaction present the Sattvika bhavas.1
1. I H ere it should be m ade clea r th a t when the hero is prepared to sacrifice him self or his best interests to give something in gift in order to relieve the oppressed from his miseries, his per sonal sacrifice or gift will not m ake him a m unificent hero, since it is not a gift to the b eg g ar; for the person to whom some thing is given is not the sup p lican t, nor are there the receivers supplications to move the hero, b u t the receiver is the oppressor in this case from whom relief is being sought for the oppressed In exchange for the ransom proposed an d the gift is conditional w llh an ulterior motive behind it. of the m unificent natu re. Hence, in svjch a case it w ill be iv ipeclm en of sym pathetic or compassionate zeal an d not
280
LAWS OF SANSKRIT DRAM A ( i i i ) Bellicose Heroism ( Yuddha-vira ) :
It is the arduous zeal to fight the opponent that turns into bellicose heroism. The one alambana is the fighting hero and his counterpart ( prati-nayaka ) is the second one, who offers him fight, picks quarrel with him and opp 9 ses his interest. It is awakened by the blows of trumpet in the field o f battle or the sound o f the bugel that accosts the warrior to fight. The insolent speech of the adversary, his combatant attitude and rough behaviour also act as excitants. Encountering speeches,preparation for fight, flourish of arms, waving of banners, responding trumpets and nearer approach are its ensuants. Extreme pride, anger, emulation ( asUya ) are some o f the auxiliary feelings to enhance the emotion. Change o f voice and stupefaction are the resultant states.1 ( iv ) Righteous_Heroism ( Dharma-vlra ) : An ardent zeal for doing, at all events and costs, what one ought to do, and for refraining from what one ought not to do is a heroism which is o f righteous character. In this case one alambana is the hero, and the other is the Duty itself. Listening to the contents o f the religious texts, study o f the scriptural injunctions or the precepts preached over by the preceptors, sages and seers are the excitants that awaken the zeal. An attempt to sacrifice one-self, to forsake ones dearest object or otherwise to stake ones own best interests, the declara tion o f vows and intolerance o f impious deeds are some of the consequences ( anubhavas ) of the prevalance o f such a zeal. Fortitude ( dhairy a ), reasoning ( mati ), pride or selfassertion ( gar-va ) are the subserving feelings. The Sattvikabhavas are as usual.
1> It m ay, likewise, be noted here th a t an attem pt to offer a flight for relieving the oppressed or an cilliary to performance of a pious ' deed w ill not m ake the hero a Tudiha-vira. He would, a ll the same, be a compassionate hero or the righteous one, but not the bellicose. W hat, in fact, is neccessary to the prevalance of the
Tuddha-vira is th a t the fighting zeal should be independent and
should not subserve any other emotion, otherwise the fighting attitude becomes only a n amarsha, a n an cilliary feeling.
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The classification o f the Vira-rasa into its four-fold type il thUI discussed in accordance with the view o f the ancients. But really speaking, Vira-rasa can admit o f as much diver sity in respect o f its types as are found in &/ngnra-rasa. For Instance, a hero may have the zeal to keep his word of honour ; and for the maintenance o f his truthfulness he may
be prepared to make a capital stake. Thus the ardent zeal for truthfulness can develop into a Satya-vira. If Satya-vira were to be included into the class o f Dharma-vira, it would not be a valid argument, firstly, for the reason that the notion of Dharma is an omnibus feature and truthfulness being one species o f it, the relish o f the emotional expression with a specific characteristic cannot be enjoyed in general terms. Secondly, if Dharma-vira were to include one of its patterns, namely, Satya, then Dana and Day a are also as much features o f Dharma as Satya is ; and therefore the classification o f Dana-vira and Daya-vira as independent o f Dharma-vira has no justification. Panditaraja .Jagannatha very aptly observes that such a four-fold classification is an arbitrary tradition.1 He further enunciates that Kshama-vira can also be manifested in a piece o f composition. It becomes quite evident that any o f the ten types o f Dharma as dictated by Manu2 can be the alambana or sub-stratum of Vira-rasa, provided it is , manifested by means o f its suggestive factors. Apart from the varieties presented by the generic class of Dharma, there are certain other phases o f human life in which ones arduous zeal with all factors, latent and patent, can be expressed with as much standard of relish as any other type o f Vira-rasa could be assigned to. Hence any particular type o f righteous zeal circumscribed by regular factors of development can assume the form o f the Vira-rasa, e. g. a great scholar who has zeal for learning and has at tained a standard of matchless authenticity may be prepared to countenance even the great Guru, Brhaspati in a literary assemblage to offer a stake o f his long-established reputation
J. 2. R. G. p. 49 L l . 14 et seq. ( JV. 5. Edn. 1 9 3 9 . ) M. S. C hap. V I-9 2 .
282
as a Pandit. In such a case Brhaspati is his alambana, the assemblage of men o f letters and the high reputation o f the other scholars are the exciting ( uddipana ) factors; slight and challenging all other scholars is the anubhava; pride ( garva ), courage ( dhr t i ) and reasoning f ma t i ) are the auxiliaries inter alia. With the presentation o f these factors, the manifestation o f Panditya-vira cannot but be accepted. Similarly, a clever diplomat may have the ardent zeal to face another statesman and to subdue him by means of rendering all his opponents schemes futile and to prove him an inferior intelligence which may as much develop into a Buddhi-vira as any other type o f Vira-rasa does. Then again, a wrestler may have the zeal to give a duel fight, and to assert his strength over every body else, which may rightly develop into a Bala-vira. It cannot be correctly stated that in all these cases, it is ônly a -particular type of pride ( garva ) that is evinced and hence it is only the suggestion o f the ancilliary feeling; for, were it so, even in case o f dana, daya, yuddha and dharma vira-rasa, it is only a particular type o f pride to offer a gift or to render some serivce in sympathy or to fight for glory and so on, which is manifested ; and so even in accept ed types o f Vira-rasa, it can be analogously stated that there is Bhava-Dhvani and not the Rasa-dhvani. In fine, it may be stated that if there can be Rasa-dhvani in matters o f Dana, Daya and other types o f predominating zeal ( utsaha ), then an assthetician cannot help the appreciation o f the Buddhi-vira and other types o f the Vira-rasa o f which the four-fold division done by the ancients is only illustrative. HASYA 5. Humorou.sness develops into a comic sentiment. The object of ridicule is alambana o f this sentiment. The untoward movements, the unbridled speech and the absurd activities promote laughter. Smile, tickled appearance, exhibition of teeth and similar features are the ensuants. Contempt and disturbance f udvega ) are the auxiliary feelings. According to Bharata, Hasya-rasa is of two kinds : Subjec tive (atmastha) or Objective (parastha). When one laughs him-
[ CHAP. V ]
283
lelf, it belongs to the former type; and when one makes another laugh it is of the latter type. He farther observes that generally the Comic sentiment is found among the low characters and tm ong women at large. Yet a humorous character may be a high personage at times, a middling or a base person. The mode of expressing humour is, therefore, bound to differ in nature. For this reason, humour is said to be capable o f being êxpress ed in six ways : Smile and gentle laugh ( smlta and/ hasita ) are the two ways in Which humour is expressed by the upper class of characters. Laugh and loud laugh ( vihasita and upahasita ) are the two ways in which the middling characters express their humour. Peals o f laughter and cachinnation (apahasita and atihasita) are the two inodes in which the mirth o f the low characters is said to burst out.1
BHAYANAKA 6. A predominating state o f fear when suggested in a piece o f composition develops into the Terrific sentiment. The object which frightens Is the alambana, e. g. horrific place, the appear ance of wild beasts, the shrieks o f jackals and foxes, the howling of owls and the miserable plight o f ones own rela tions. Loneliness of the spot, want of company, unarmed condition, narration o f horrific incidents and the roaring noise often excite the sentiment. Trembling, shrieking, pallid looks, bloodless appearance, shouting for help and scared face are the after-effects o f fear. Stupefaction, choking o f voice, horripi lation, and quiver are the Sattvika-hhavas. Suspicion, swoon, agitation, inconstancy, uneasiness, epilepsy and even apprehen sion o f the loss o f life are the auxiliary feelings that promote the Terrific sentiment, BlBHATSA 7. Disgust transforms into the Loathsome sentiment when brought out by means of the suggestive factors. The ugly object or the horrid scene is the alambana. It is generally aroused by filthy descriptions,obscene sights and talks. Squalor
1. N. S. p. 7 4 , line 9 to page 7 5 ,line 16 ( K nsi S .\S . ).
284
o f body, turning o f face, conspuing at the sight, making wry faces are the anubhavas. Agitation, capilepsy ( apasmara), retching sensation, disease and apprehension o f death are some o f the feelings that remain ancilliary to the emotion o f disgust. According to Dhanafijaya, Bibhatsa-rasa is of three kinds : Kshobhana, UdvegV, and Ghrrfa-suddha'. Out o f them -Kshobfiana presents the idea of blood, intestines, marrow and ,fat and such other ghastly scenes ; Udegi presents loathsome scenes , full o f putrid sigh ts; and the last one has simple disgust which is due to aversion from sensual joys.1 ADBHUTA 8. The mental state of surprise develops into Marvellous sentiment. The wonderful object or an unexpected incident or performance o f the impossible, like the feats of jugglers be come the alambana o f the marvellous sentiment. The circum stances surrounding such an object or incident excite the feeling. The unwinking gaze, broadening o f eyes, use o f in terjections, twisting o f fingers are some o f the expressions that ensue from the rise o f the adbhuta-rasa. Stupor, perplexity, dumbfoundedness, and flurry are the ancilliary feelings that support the sentiment. It is generally followed by such selfexistent states as stupefaction, flow o f tears, horripilation and choked voice. These are eight sentiments which are said to prevail in a dramatic composition, says, Bharata.2 SANTA In addition to the eight rasas the later canonists propound that Quietistic is also the ninth sentiment3 which develops from Nirveda or Sama, the tranquility of mind,
1. 2. 3. D. R . IV --73. N . S. V II-8 8 . F or the case of Santa for being adm itted to the category of Rasas and its various suggestive factors and the survey of the development of the thought in favour of its recognition, vide R Sghavan, The N um ber of Rasas.
[ QMAP. V ]
285
Which forms the permanent attitude ( sthayi bhava) according

to them. The universe realized as unsubstantial becomes the fllambana. The study o f the Upanishadic texts, the visit to the pcnance-groves, meeting with sages and seers excite the lentiment. Disinterest in the sensual pleasures ( trshiiakshaya ), indifference to friends and foes alike, meditation and steadfastness of action are the anubhavas. Joy, remi niscence, reasonableness and Unmada are the ancilliary feelings. The Santa-rasa causes horripilatton, perspiration, cool tears and change o f voice which are its Sattvilca-bhavas.1 There is, however, an opinion o f certain authors like Bhatta PrabhUkara2 who believe that Santa-rasa can prevail only in firavya KZtvyas and not in the dramatic literature. But later rhetoricians like Jagannatha3 ably refute this view and believe that even the scenic art can, without prejudice, admit the ninth rasa, In actual practice also, the view o f Jagannatha finds sup port in plays like the Bhartrhari-Nirveda. Very few canonists like ViSvanatha4 believe in the existence of the tenth rasa. viz.> Vatsalya or the Affectionate sentiment, which subsists between the parent and child, guru and his pupil, and all such individuals related inter se as persons in loco partntls et fill, like th e ruler and the ruled. But all such feeling* ire the subject o f Bhnva-dhvant, and for the reasons detailed above they are Incom petent to prevail as durable states la d develop Into independent rasas. Even Paijîtaraja Jaganftithlf the most modern and rationalist among the classical SJfltto oanonlltl does not feel inclined to go far beyond the distum of Bharftta in recognising eight rasas and to favour th e lOOie o p in ion s of poeticians like Rudrata and Bhojadeva.5 INTER-RELATIONS Incidentally, it is necessary to discuss very briefly the rela tionship o f the different phases o f Rasas , for an analytical
1. K . Pr. U llsia IV.
'1, H aw pratlT pa p. 39.
I.
R. O. p. 0 8 -6 .
4, 8, D. 111-251.
f , K , A. i 8. K . A. pp. 5 9 8 -9 9 .
~ 286
study of the nature o f these sentiments evinces that some o f them present light moods, whereas others cause a serious attitude o f mind. For instance, the comic and the erotic sentiments give rise to gay and jolly attitude, but the furious and the heroic donot do so. Then again, the pathetic and the queitistic donot admit o f light-heartedness at all. The state o f consternation and wonder cannot but cause a person to be beside himself. Thus it becomes evident that the various types o f sentiments essentially differ from one another in respect o f their nature, composition and after-effects. As the very constitution o f this Universe bears the stamp o f plea sure and pain blended together, any cosmic relation causing a physical or mental contact with a mundane phenomenon is sure to yield sometimes joy and at others misery.1 An unadulterated happiness is, in ordinary course o f human life, an alien feature in a mortal society unless some psycho logical or mystic device is there to raise a human being above the infirmities of flesh and blood. Hence the natural opposi tion among the various sentiments and mental attitudes is bound to occur. So basic is this opposition that the concur rence of the divergent attitudes and sentiments becomes an improbable conception. Hence a clever artist has to avoid caref ully the prevalence o f the adverse attitudes simultaneous1. T here is a good deal of controversy among the canonists in regard to their opinion about the n ature o f rasas T here is one school M am m ata and of thought represented by Anancia v ard h an a,
Ja g an n ath a who consider th a t in the realm o f Poetry there is nothing but delight (Lhndaika-mayim- K . F t. I - l ) nay, uncommon delight ( LokottarSnanda ) K. G. p . 4 , 9. According to them the psychological forces o f cognition and fruition ( bhavakatva and bhogakrtva ) relieve them of the miserable aspect of life and cause the m ortal lim itations to be sunk in the relish of the sentim ental wonder ( rasa-camatkrti ). dram atic sentiment. It,is a ll bliss, som ething akin to mystic pleasure, th a t a n ssth e tic ia n enjoys while relishing the piquancy of T he other school o f thought headed by the authors of the N atya-darpana, a n d o f the K an thabharana does not believe in this comouflage ( Dosha-vyapara ), and thinks th a t rasas are both in the nature of pleasure as well as of pain.
{ (MAP. V ]
28?
Jy, Only those sentiments can, therefore,'be aptly manifested together whose confluence in a dramatic representation does not mar their relative value. For this purpose, it is, enun ciated by canonists as an empirical truth that the Heroic and ttM Brotic, the Comic and the Erotic, the Heroic and the Marvellous, the Heroic and the Furious, and the Erotic and |M Marvellous agree with one another; but the Erotic does not IgfCe with the Loathsome and the Pathetic, and the Quietistic l)d the Heroic do not agree with the Terrific, nor does the Purloul with the Quietistic. All the same, should a playwright, in the interest o f the dramatic justice, feel it expedient to use two countervening WtUlments in his work of art, nothing, however, can prevent him from doing so, provided his master skill warrants an adept use of them and makes the presence o f one foster the cauie o f the other. # .It is only impropriety ( anaucitya j1 which )l fatal to the dramatic interest, but the artist is otherwise free to make his own use of all the different elements, if he can stencil out his characters with a uniform success even through varied colours, whether they are at accord or dis cordant. For he can jolly well avoid impropriety by placing the adverse sentiments in a harmonious manner. That can be done by the avoidance o f their opposition which is generally of two types : one in respect o f situation ( s t hi t i ) and the Other in respect o f perception ( j hana) . The former can be avoided by placing the two discordant elements at a reipectable distance, which can be managed by affording a different substratum ( alambana) for them, e . g. if the Heroir c lentlment is depicted through the principal character ( neta j the Terrific may be stationed in his foe ( prati-riayaka ). The opposition which stands between the two discordant sentimcntN can be avoided by the mediation o f the netural senti ment. A contrast can easily be presented by the use of a relieving mediator in between the two disagreeing emotions.
I,
Tlw nMuvr of (impropriety is discussed in details under the section f Br&tnaHu Flaws. ..V ide C hap. V II infra.
288
LAWS OF SANSKRIT DRAMA ABHASA : PSUEDO-SUGGESTION
The presentation p f a particular sentiment or a feeling by reference to an inappropriate substratum makes it undigni fied.1 In such cases though suggestion is brought out, italways remains below the high standard o f sentimental relish. Therefore it is only a semblance o f Rasa or Bhava, and may be called a' pseudo-sentiment or rasabhasa. Inappropriate ness may also consist in lack of proper suggestion or inade quate development o f the emotion which may be due to want of some necessary ingredients as pointed out by Bharata. Impropriety differs in its , nature in case o f different senti ments. For instance, when the amatory emotion o f a lady is pointed out by reference to an adulteror, or numerous paramours or low characters, it becomes, on an average, disgusting, and does not attain the standard o f the erotic sentiment.2 Then again, if a mans in c esto u s love is demon strated by reference to the consort o f a sage, a preceptor or a King the heinous immorality does not permit such an emotion to reach the standard o f Amatory sentiment.3 Similarly, if the emotion o f love is depicted only in the lover ( may be a man or a woman ) and nc& in the beloved, then for want o f response it falls short o f the necessary ingredient of mutuality, and the unilateral love fails to develop into the full-fledged Srhgara-rasa,4 Likewise, the amorous pursuits of a Sannyasin or an eremite especially when dressed in saintly robes presents a ludicrous situation and the description o f the same is sure to yield a debased interest.5 Hence such a description and similar other ones which are equally untoward by virtue o f inapposite time, place or
1. 2. 3. i. 5.
R. G . p . 118. S. D . I l l 2 6 3 , also refer to K shem endras view &bou$Aucitya;

Anaueilyad rtt nanyad rasa-bhahgasya karanam".
R . S. 11-98; R . G. p . 1 1 9 , 9. S. D. I I I - 2 6 4 ; R . G. p . 118,19 ff.

Anubhayanishthayasea rater asahgrahat,
Ib id . p. 120.
[CHAP.V]
289
situation result in the suggestion o f only the psucdo*CFotic sentiment. The canonists like Vigvanatha, Bhojadeva and the later ones choose to add to this list o f instances o f psuedo-suggestions the description o f feelings o f love subsisting between a pair o f animals o f opposite sex, like birds, beasts and insects.1 But Vidyadhara in bis Ekavall does not agree to 1 this view. He believes that the existence o f the vibhavas and the anubhttvas o f a sentiment is as much really possible among the members o f the animal world as is in the human society.2
1. 2,
s. D . TtT-264, S K . A. V - 3 5 7 .
ElcKvalT : p, ] 06, L I . 5 to p . 107, 4. I t is w orthy o f note in this connection th a t if a n emotion dwelling in hum an determ inants ( nlambmas ) is an object of sentim ental relish, a sim ilar emotion, then, ariiin g in an an im al p a ir inter se could be relished w ith the same piquancy. O n the other hand, the erotics in an an im a l p a ir is definitely an excitant factor in the sphere of hum an erotics; and to a n observer causes a sim ilar elevation of spirit ( ullasa. ). O n ratio n al grounds the view o f V idySdhara does not a p p ea r to be unsound ; for, more essentially genuine is the expression o f love am ong the anim al*, and, therefore, it is really stirring, and cannot lie Ofitrftcisecl from the class of sentiments. Moreover, it is not proper to exclude only the feellngi of love am ong anim als from the class o f rnllm enU, became lira lia r lem blance of emotions m ay be found among an lm ali In spheres other th an the one o f love, for instance, frar m ay lrcome as much visible in a n an im al standing in danger of IITe %* m ay hf in case o f a damsel. Still according to the school <>r Vliivn nt ilia there can be no Bhaydnaka-rata, b u t only a n abhasa , In a pol like, " OrToH'bhahgUbhirSmam
( Sak. 17 );
nor can there
1w a real Knrima-ma when either of the a n im a l p a ir sheds tears a t the demist* of its partn er, say, when shot dead by a fowler o r a huntsm an. W ell, such calam itous plights o f the an im als have lcom e tile Zlamhana of m any a Daya-virai and in face o f such stirring genuineness of feelings visible among the fauna, their am or which is clearly visible both in the Sambhoga an d the Vipralambha situations can hardly be th ro w n into the category o f pseudosentiments unlike their other feelings. S entim entally, it, therefore,
19
290
On the' same principle, it becomes a debased humour, if the object o f ridicule is the one who deserves veneration like father or Guru. It becomes then a pseudo-comic expression. If the emotion o f grief finds its substratum in a Sannyasin, a recluse, it will only manifest a pseudo-pathetic sentiment. If emotions o f wrath and fighting zeal are depicted by reference to such persons as deserve devoted allegiance, they will develop into the semblance of sentiments. Then agait, if a coward or a reputed ennuch were to exhibit the bellicose attitude, it will result only in pseudo-heroic suggestion. Conversely then, if a valliant knight could be afflicted by consternation and timidity, the Terrific in such a case is bound to be a pseudo-sentiment. Similary, if disgust were to be by reference to the sight o f *the flow o f blood, marrow and fat o f sacrificial beasts ; wonder proceeding from mesmerism, jugglery or other feats o f spec tral illusion ( Indrajala ), and dispassiontate tranquility to be portrayed in an arch-knave, a villian or a Candalaall will give rise to the semblance o f the respective sentiments. Apart from the pseudo-sentiments, there are immature sentiments also, like the love in form o f devotion to God ( bhakti-rati), reverence to superiors ( sraddha )', and affection towards kinsmen ( prema ), Such sentiments, and also those which do not find full development on account of some other sentiment in high progress at a particular spot are all classed under the suggestion of emotions or BhGva-dhvani.1 Just as the sentiments can be pseudo-sentiments for reasons o f some impropriety either in their make-up or the su b stratu m ^ / feelings (bhavas) can likewise be pseudo-feelings (bhavabhasas), in case their delineation is not done in an apposite form. In addition to these suggested elements o f wonder
the em otional
appears th a t except in cases o f carno-sexuality
delineation am ong the beings o f the a n im a l kingdom need not essentially be deemed to lend a n inferior interest, unless such a canon be a n offspring o f the ascendent sense o f inferiority complex largely prevailing in the hum an society. 1. [ cf. S a n k a ra Pasvadibhiscaviseshat Br S u tra - b h ., 1 1. ] Vide page 26 9 supra.
[ CHAP, V ]

>
291
( camatkOra) that embellish the dramatic composition, there a few more phases o f feelings which contribute to the ^ chirm o f the dramatic interest on account o f their sudden rise, fall, or combinations if they do not anywise prove to be derogatory. These phases, in the opinion o f all canonists, âpe fourfold, ( i ) the sudden rise o f feelings ( bkOvodaya ) ; ( i i ) sinking o f feelings no sooner than they arise ( bhUva-sfinti ) ; ( iii ) the confluence o f such distinct feelings as are competent to suppress og^ /an oth er, but fail to do so at a particular spot ( bhava-sandhi ) ; and the commixture o f feelings ( bhava-sabalata), which consists in the suggestion of different feelings that are either neutral or in direct opposition with one another. The commixture o f feelings lends charm in the sense that various opposite feelings are said to rise in the mind o f a character in quick succession due to different circumstances, and to present a kaleidoscopic picture o f mental attitudes to be enjoyed by an aesthetic reader.1 All these four phases, namely, the rise, the fall, the con fluence and the commixture o f feelings are as much object o f dominant suggestion ( dhvani ) as the feelings themselves could be. In fact, the suggestion o f sentiments and feelings in their diverse forms rules over the very essential interest that prevails in a dramatic composition. Serially, this is the third and the .most important aspect o f the dramatic criticism.2 For these reasons the progress o f sentimental relish is to be guarded with religious care by a playwright, and every attempt should be made to foster its progress in all possible ways. This depends largely upon the constitution of a play, which should, as a matter o f fact, be both systematic and conventional.
1. 2.
For details Vide R. G. p. 123, 8 et seq.

Vastu nets rasas tesham bhedakah" ...D . R . I lla .
N . B. In respect of details touching the progressive development of thought about the R asa theory in H indu Aesthetics, nothing much. i itite d here, for it is a t large d ealt w ith by the w riter in Intro* duction to bis Edition of R . G . under publication.
CHAPTER VI
DRAMATIC CONVENTIONS ' In addition to a number o f above-noted rules and canons prescribed by the dramaturgists for the development o f the dramatic plot there are also some conventions1 which are HI good as regular canons because o f their universal obser vance. These conventions are both various and varied. Hence the principal ones are dealt with under different heads given be low. For purposes o f classification, they can be considered under different categories, such as Conventions in regard to the structure o f drama. Conventions in regard to the pro cedure o f drama, Conventions in regard to the dramatic characters, Conventions in respect o f the use o f Rasas, Con ventions pertaining to names and addresses, Conventions regarding the use of dialects, and Miscellaneous Conventions. In respect o f these Conventions and their observance, different canonists have their own views, which too are succinctly discussed here. I STRUCTURAL CONVENTIONS I. The first convention deals with the bulk o f the drama. It prescribes that the number o f Acts in a Nutaka should b# Its* than five and should not exceed ten. As a fflittir of fnet, the popular dramas have five or seven Acts.
11 TfclW tttdi ' uted here in the sense of S anskrit Samaya, In th PHjirPHlon* like Kavi-samaya or Natya.-Samaya. A (lORVKUUnn l\M U IIMlUltm
III
wmclWm In a long established customary of a convention does not v itiate the

In
(imclliif | Uml It I* as good as a canon w ith a distinc composition, bvjt renders In rrct Imwever, a breach o f conHome of them *re very
tion Ilid I
jf c t t M t f f * f ft fhvttm
'H SlmtrfV
tMMfM IWMMWiHi I** wrlMM m Haw.
IMl MtMM ftN manly aitolUUry.
[ CHAP. VI ]
DRAMATIC CONVENTIONS
Dramas with even number o f Acts are very few, out o f which dramas containing eight Acts are not at all extant. There, ' are, however, a few with six Acts like Venlsamh&ra or Avi* m&raka. Dramas -containing ten Acts in the, pattern o f the Nataka are also few, and ViSvanatha prefers to call thtffl Mahfi-natakas 1 with their specimens in RajaSekharas Blla* ramayana or Mahadevas Adbhuta-darpana. There is yet a singular example of Hanumats Mahanataka which has fourteen Acts according to the Bombay recension. 2. It is further prescribed that these Acts should as well have a proportion and proper development. That is why it is said that the structure of an Act should be like a Cows tail ( go-pucchakara ).2 This expression, Cows tail has also a significance o f its own. ' Some commentaters3 on Bharata explain the term so as to mean that the Acts should become in order thinner and thinnt* just as the tail o f a cow usually does. Others think that juH as some hair are short and others are long in a cows tail, Acts dealing with protasis should be comparatively shorter. than those which contain catastasis or epitasis. According to this school, the convention in regard to the composition o f Acts appears in the form : ------ --------- t which means the Act opening the drama should be shortt th,0 Act dealing with the element o f Expansion ( Pratimukha J ll required to be a little larger in extent than the first, and thfl third Act dealing with the Garbha-sandhi should be fairly long. The fourth Act, in which the personal efforts of th l Pataka and the Prakari go by far to remove a host of dlfl!* culties in the way o f success and make the attainment o f objwt, i almost sure, is supposed to be the longest o f all Actl. Thl fifth Act containing the conclusion need not be bigger th&Q tfec opening Act. .. f ' *1 H I ------------------------- ------------- _ -i t.i .
1. 2. S. D. V I-2 2 4 a .
N. XVIII~93; N. D . p. 38, 6; S. D, V H H * . A. B. [Vol. II. (G. 0. 5.) p. 428 n fm
3.
' 294
This convention, as a matter o f fact, is more consonont with the cause o f dramatic, development and as such, has found favour with the playwrights. The expression, Cows tail, therefore, may be deemed to mean what the latter alternative contemplates. The NStya-darpana has still a third meaning to attribute to this expression.1 The authors observe that some hair in a Cows tail run to a very short length, the others reach upto the middle o f the tail, and there are still others which go right upto the end o f it. Similarly, certain Acts should con tain matter that will end probably within themselves, other Acts should deal with such matter as will have its significance not only within those Acts, but their repercussions may spread a little beyond ; and some Acts may contain such matters as pervade right upto the close o f the drama. For instance, the yernal festivity occurs in the Ratnavall in the first Act and has its bearing in that Act only, and the account of General Blbhravya which had its touch in the first Act reveals by reappearance only when the Apodosis has commenced, and the matter like that o f acquisition o f Ratnavall is such as pervades throughout the play though it fructifies only at the end. This interpretation of Gunacandra is a little more ob jective than what the former expresses, though the significance In actual operation is a matter o f each drama handled in its own way. 3. The Acts o f the play should not have such text as is H0t readily intelligible, though it may be highly poetic. It Buy, however, contain suggestive sense which could ordinarily b Appreciated more by the intellectuals than by an ordinary perion. On the whole, at least the primary sense should be lulflciently explicit, lest in course o f dramatic perfor mance the visitor should find himself at a loss to catch the import retidily, with a consequence of his losing interest in the lOtlon. It, therefore, comes to mean that the text should not
! ti N. 13. p. I I . f N B th ll pfM tlos It w ill be evident th a t obscurity Sa to be *111(4 f f f c r th vfy lira of
' V r
Sunikrlt
drama hM
[ CHAP. VI ]
295.
have unduly intricate ( kttta ) passages except where purposeful resort to such intricacy is necessary to introducing NUUka or the figure o f the Mudra-alankara or such other artifices,1 A long range o f verses in immediate succession, or long prose passages with lengthy compounds are not conventional. Vigvanatha, in this connection, directs that the drama should be free from such expressions the sense o f which is not pers picuous, and also from profuse verses. It may, however, have short Curnakas in it.3 Bharata, however, advises that Curnakas should not be frequently used, as they tire the dramatic execution.4 Sagaranandin refers this limitation o f short Curnakas to Pravesaka only.5
been to give popularity to the scenic art rather than a pedantic presentation of the poets skill and learning. 1. The use of Nalik'a is strikingly found in the Prasanna-raghava in Act 1-7, and that of the M ud rila h ka ra in a majority of the bene dictory verses in BhSsas plays. 2. Despite the convention, long prose passages and lengthy compounds have formed the trait of some dramatists even of the standard of Bhavabhuti. 3. The text of Visvanatha \ s , Agudha-sabdarthah kshudra-eurnaka-sanyuto. . . nnti-pracura-padyavan ... ( S. D. VI 12, 14 ). Ctlrnaka is a prose passage which is connected syntactically with the verse that follows it. It is more or less an introductory passage to the verse, as is found in plenty in the S>5kuntala, e. g.
idtinim api So yam
is a curnaka connected with (Î 7 ).
the oft quoted verse
BhattScarya in his Vivrti ex, plains this text Kshudra-eW nasanyutah by defining Curnaka as a
Grivabhahgabhiramam ...
type of prose and not meaning the term in the sense in which Bharata employs it. What type of prose is meant by him is not defined in Vivrti, but it appears to mean that type of prose composition which is easy, has very few compounds, and does not contain hard consononts. An authority for such, connotation of the term, Curnaka is available in the text, u Akafoornksharam svalpa-samasam curnakam viduh ... ( Viv. p. 27 8 -4 - N. S. Edn. ). 4. 0. B a h u -cV m a -p S d a -vrtla m ja n a y a ti khedam prayogaiyu N. X V III-87. N. L, R. Ll. 34.6-350.
298
( i ) According to him autumn is to be presented with a variety show o f variegated flowers, the joyous and clean look o f directions and the characters healthy, spirited and buoyant. ( i i ) Hemanta is to be portrayed only by reference to high or middle class characters who appear well and thickly clad, basking in the sunshine or warming by hearth, their limbs either squeezed or folded within themselves. ( i|i ) Winter is to be brought in by reference to the lower characters who appear twittering with tottering teeth, with shivering head and hissing sounds. Winter may also be des cribed by reference to superior characters who are in a changed vicissitude o f life or in circumstances where mis fortune has befallen them. Winter is to be presented with dry weather, rough breeze, carrying, o f course, with it the smelt o f winter flowers. ( iv ) With various festivities, jubilant aspirations, enjoy able environments, presentation o f floral variety, the Spring is to be ushered in, in which feasting and merry-making, dancing and coquetry form the order o f the day. This is a season where all characters, high or low, human or inhuman, sylvan landsacpe or an urban one, assume a merry look and present themselves at the apex o f their joy and pinnacle o f their bright glory. ( v ) The waving o f fans, the bristling heat on the surface o f the Earth, the scorching Sun and the perspiring touch and the hot breaths form the characteristics o f the summer season. The season has also the mirth in splashing into water and the evening strolls on pleasant promenades, as is. evidenced in Kalidasas description of the Summer. ( v i ) With blossoming Kadamba and margo trees, with patches o f green grass full o f indragopas, a herd of peacocks, pluvial showers accompanied with thunder and lightning and an occasional sight o f the rainbow constitute the description o f o f the rainy season. On the whole, the description o f the seasons is to be made by reference to the diversities o f : Nature*. the typical
m>
CHAP. VI ]
299
ftotion and their effect on the mankind. These seasons should often be mentioned according to the sentiment prevailing in the play, and should be shown pleasant to the happy and woeful to the miserable. 7. Singa Bhupala recommends that the Prastavana con taining a few Vithyangas and a full-fledged amukha is better suited to those dramas which are o f heroic or terrific nature, as in the case o f the Anargha-raghava. The erotic dramas, which are full o f softness, a well-developed Induction in the form o f Amukha with Bharati Vrtti is very pleasant, as is found in the Ratnavall and other erotic plays. A short Sthapan& is always suited to the comic melodramas or short heroic plays.1 8. The description o f the remorse o f the chamberlain or his tired outlook on life has become a fanciful conveption with the playwrights. 9. The death of the hero should not be intimated even through the Introductory Scenes because it will mean to abate all action; and sentiment will be eventually dropped, which ought to be kept alive at all costs and events. Dhanika strong ly reprehends the idea o f any item o f plot stepping over the Rasa. He believes in omitting even the dramatic -features and embellishments, should they tend to override the sentiment.2 10. Without prejudice to the flow o f sentiment, the drama should possess the different elements o f plot, the. various stages of action, the dramatic lakshanas and other embellish ments. The dramatic blemishes and the faults o f poetry in general should be avoided from occupying a .place in the struc ture o f a play. / The structure o f drama, however, depends upon its consti tution and the development o f its different limbs. The cano nists have with great care pointed out the diverse constitu tional elements o f a drama mentioned above, which are condensed on mnemonic lines in a couplet purporting to
1. 2. R. S. Il l 2.
Ava. ( on D. R. III-33a ) p. 71, 8.
300
give the opinibn o f the wise who call, that poetic composi tion to be a drama ( Nataka ) which has five, five, sixty-four, four and eight and twenty-one, and thirty-six and ninety elements. 1 This statistical presentation is significant of the following scheme : (i) ( ii ) First five represents five elements o f plot known as Artha-prakrtis. Second five means five stages o f action, Karyavasthas.
( iii ) Sixty-four is symbolic o f the various sub-divisions o f the five junctures ( sandhyahgas ), the total < comprised o f a) b) c) d) e) ( iv ) (v) ( vi ) Mukha-sandhi Pratimukha-sandhi Garbha-sandhi Vimarsa-sandhi Nirvahana-sandhi 12 13 ' 13 12 14 64
...
Total
Four : Vrttis : Bharati, Sattvatl, Arabhatl and Kaisiki. Eight : Rasas according to Bliaratas school. Twenty-one : Special features pradesas . ) Thirty-six : Natya-lakshanas. ( Sandhyantaras or
( v ii)
( viii ) Ninety : Dramatic embellishments : (a ) (b ) (c) (d ) (e l ( ix ) Natyalahkaras Vithyangas Lasyahgas Silpakangas Bhatiikahgas Total 33 13 10 27 7 90
Besides these, ten Prahasanangas are also recommend ed for being used with advantage in a play.
1.
Pane a panca ea tu h -sh a sh tis eaturastaika-vim satih I Sh a t trim sa n -n a va tir y a lr a tadahur~riataka.m budhah
//
N . L . R . L I. 1 8 6 8 -5 9 .
[ c h a p . VI ]
301
11. N o redundant matter, even i f it is unopposed to Rasa, should be brought in. A clever playwright should either alter the situation so as to make it relevant, or may otherwise omit it conveniently. II ? CONVENTIONS OF PROCEDURE
Besides these conventions which refer to the structure o f drama, there are no less important conventions which govern the dramatic procedure. Every dramatic enactment should follow the Purva-ranga, the adornment o f the auditorium and adoration o f various presiding deities, which will precede the universal benediction in its traditional form.1 In course o f the introduction there should be a reference to the occasion o f the play,2 to the name and personality o f the playwright, and also to the title of the play.3 SHtradhara is expected to withdraw after the Purva-ranga and then the Est'ablisher ( Sthapaka ) should lead the In duction.4 The procedure for presenting the Introduction is by means of the Bharati Vrtti. In course o f it, the elements of the Comic or the Farce should be brought in. If immediately after the Induction there be some point which is less interesting and yet deserves prior mention, the principal characters should not be then brought to the stage just after the outgoing Satradhara. The uninteresting point should be then carried through Vishkambhaka, the Intimatory Scene. Should the plot o f the drama open with ah amusing scene, as in the case o f the Sakuntala, the principal characters may be straight off deputed after the Induction is over.5 Nakhakutta permits
1
. .
Vide Chap. XI supra, Nandi. N., V -1 6 1 . N V -172. N ., V -1 6 9 .
2. 3. 4.
6
S.D. V I-62.
302
the use o f speeches from behind the curtain / culika ) or from the void ( gaganokti ) during the Induction.1 The Intermediary Scenes or the connecting episodes should be concisely put in by means o f interlogues. Consequently, it becomes essential to make an occasional insertion o f the Drop ( bi ndu) in order to avoid any possible hiatus between the* side incidents and the nucleus o f the dramatic plot. Lest there should be a protracted duration o f an Episode, it is desi rable to have a diversity o f Scenes ( Vidhanas ). It is absolutely essential to observe that all the incidents, which are o f long duration or are such as are prohibited from being staged, should be conveyed by the Introductory scenes ( arthopakshepakas), if they are essentially to be brought home to the audience. The duration or distance o f time between different items o f action should be reduced. No action should be dragged beyond a period o f a year, and no scene should have an action which is not supposed to be executed in a days time. Whatever is possible to be finished ordinarily in a days time should cover less than a day.2 Whatever is not befitting for being done in a day or is not possible to be completed during that time, should be treated as done at the close of the day, and the Act should be concluded at such places.3 Exit o f all characters is necessary at the end o f an Act; and the close o f an Act must bear with it the element o f Drop ( bindu ), for it helps bearing the thread o f the story. Insertion of the Germ ( bija ) and indication o f the conclu sion should not be staged. They should be conveyed through an Intermediary Scene ( arthopakshepaka ). A dramatist should not allow on stage a battle, or accost ing o f one from a distance by another, devastation of a country, capturing of a city, or a rebellion in the realm. Like wise a dramatist should not bring on the stage scenes o f feast ing, sexual sports, o f bathing, o f answering calls of nature,
1. 2. 3. S. D. V I-39. N. D. p. 31. S. D. V I-57.
[CHAP,VI]
DRAM ATIC CONVENTIONS
303
applying unguents or sleeping to-gether1 or such other actions that may be calculated as indecent. There is a school of thought which prohibits the presenta tion of actual murder or pronouncement o f Curse or perfor mance o f marriage on the stage. To this opinion o f Dhanafijaya and Vigvanatha, Sagaranandin and Gunacandra donot agree.2 They donot forbid presentation o f such scenes. All what is obscene or horrific should be avoided for physical presentation, but, if necessary, the facts may be communicated indirectly through the Explanatory scenes. The Episode or Pataka should retire by the end of the Garbha-Sandhi or latest by the Vimarta-sandhi, for the Pataka should not go beyond the fourth juncture.3 In order to avoid duplication o f presentation o f the one and the same matter, that point which involves schemes under contemplation may be shown as spoken into the ears o f hearer and should be left over for being known to the audience in due course when it becomes mature for the purpose. It has become conventional to avoid the use o f Pravesaka or the Introductory Scene in the first Act of the play.4 N o body should be brought to the stage unless he has some specific purpose or a part o f his own to play. N o character should be allowed to enter the stage unless his introduction is announced before his entrance. It is generally done by the fall o f the screen on the stage. But an exception to this rule is allowed in case o f the entrance o f the King or o f one* who i afflicted either mentally or physically.5
1. N. XVIII-21 seq. It may be incidentally noted here that the presentation of Rama and Sitss sleeping to-gether in U. R. or of Nala and DamayantT in Nala-VilSsa seems to be in breach of this convention, 2. 3. 4. 5. which, in fact, is done for reasons of grave dramatic significance. D. R. 111-34, 36; S. D. V I-16. N. X IX 30; S. D. V I-68a; N. L. R. Line 908. S. D. V I-57b; Avaloka ( D. R. ) p. 32, 15. ''Pati-kshepo no kartavya arta-rdja-pravesane" N. R. p. 15.
304
LAWS OF SANSKRIT DRAMA III
CONVENTIONS IN REGARD TO CHARACTERS: The dramatic interest entirely depends upon the appear ance, movements and mode o f execution o f different charac ters. The first requisite, therefore, is o f their appearance, which should be in keeping with the part that they assume. Their appearance, both external and natural, should befit the character whom they represent. For instance, externally their dress and other equipments should be according to their status, caste, and occupation. Sd far as their natural appear ance goes, their looks, age and behaviour should agree with the dignity o f the character whose r61e they are, going to play. Their dialectical language prevailing in the part o f the country to which they belong, their usual modes o f expression, their customs, manners and even idioms and metaphors should be in keeping with their every day life.1 Observance o f this convention leaVes an impressionable stamp on the art o f dra matic execution of the actor and speaks o f the cleverness of the playwright. Thus the external appearance including their costumes and language form one item in the presentation of characters the details about which are summed up under the heading o f Pravrttis, in the following Chapter. The second point related to these characters is their conven tional character depending on their heridity, occupation and social associations. The typical nature belonging to a parti cular class o f people by birth or to a set o f persons by virtue of their avocation is really what can be termed as their habitude or Prakrti. For their respective prakrtis Bharata has made a mention in his Chapter on Samanyabhinaya under the directions given in "Deva dhiroddhata jneyah", and his remarks in this
1. This convention which deals with the mode of presentation of characters indicates that with the Sanskrit dramatists, the reality and the realistic appearance formed the soul of dramatic represen tation Which not only charmed the audience but also gained popularity far the shows among them.
[ c h a p . VI ]
m .
connection are detailed above.1 In addition to that, the conven tions call upon a dramatist to be careful in depicting lowly characters with modest behaviour, and the vile characters em bossed with the patent mark o f villany, insolence and knavery.2 Minor characters should have small performances, and their duty should not call upon them to be in charge o f doing momentous deeds. Just as the presentation o f background in a suitable and successf ul manner results in rich and vivid portrayal o f the main picture in case o f the art o f painting,, similarly, it is the delineation o f these minor characters which leads to the bright and clear presentation o f the hero and other principal dramatis persorue. It, therefore, demands a keen sense o f proportion for maintaining the ratio o f contribu tion to the interest in the m otif o f the play as evinced by different characters. Loose handling in this respect results only in dramatic blemish. The hero, therefore, should have his character clearly brought out and so also his counter-part, be it the heroine or his adversary. It is equally conventional to make an august presentation o f the qualities o f the counter-part, because it ultimately elevates the character o f the hero. For instance, beauty, nobility and other accomplishments o f the heroine should be specifically brought out, for such a person to ' be the centre of the heros love sublimates ultimately the character o f the hero himself. Similarly, the war-like qualities, the invulnerable strength and the terrific command o f the coun ter-part ( prati-nayakc ) should be presented in all details, for such a chivalrous adversary was subdued by the hero is the reaL laurel in his bonnet. Apart from chivalry, the counter-hero should always be presented with a haughty character befitting a tyrant so as to justify his ultimate fall and destruction o f his power. Such a description o f the Prati-nayaka is more impressive and beneficial than the lengthy eulogium o f the hero alone, which deprives the drama of its interest and throws it into the abyss o f bleak sycophancy.
1. Vide C hap. I, p. 5 supra.
2.
Ref. Mrcchkatika for Low Characters.
20
306
The next important Convention is that the hero should always be kept close to the dramatic action so that the inte rest in him should never abate or become feeble. Thus, putting the hero in imprisonment for long, and only his assistants acting in his behoof will not conduce to the dramatic interest. The hero should always be associated with a number o f assis tants, not exceeding four or five in number at a time, and he should always be portrayed as a person endowed with the conventional qualities befitting his class.1 The character o f the heros assistants should be depicted in conformity with duties that they are responsible for.2 So far as the heroine is concerned, she should not only have the same noble qualities as the hero is supposed to have, but also the natural merits o f womanly character.3 At the top of everything else it becomes a dramatic require ment of the first order that reality should always be main tained in presenting the behaviour of the characters, especially in respect of their emotions. Only for this reason the assump tion o f the part to be played by the Sntradhara is directed to be made in the mortal or in the divine form according as he purposes to introduce the mortal or the celestial characters in his play.4 IV CONVENTIONS IN REGARD TO RASAS Rasa is the soul of all Poetry and its manifestation calls for the greatest skill o f the playwright. The first and the foremost convention in the matter of Rasa is that it should never be expressed directly. Rasa should never be denoted tout manifested in various ways including the tone of the -speaker and his accentuation o f words. What is true o f Rasas is equally true o f all emotions and feelings.
J. 2.
:S .
Vide Chap. !V p. 209 ff. supra. Vide Chap, IV p. 227 ff. supraS. D. V I -l 2 . N .V -1 7 3 .
[CHAP. V I]
307
So far as the dramatic action is concerned, there should be only one rasa to prevail prominently. It may either be erotic or heroic in case o f major varieties ; there may be other ones
in cascsof minor plays.1 Other rasas may, however, be occa sionally introduced, but they will all fare as subordinate rasas. They may be advantageously used in a show so far as they tend to foster or develop the ruling sentiment.2 It is an equally important convention that every dramatic action should have towards its close an element o f marvel ( adbhuta-rasa ) in it, which may conveniently be brought in in the Nirvahana-sandhi.5 So far as the sentiment o f love is concerned, it should be presented gradually in all its ten stages, but the tenth stage reaching the point of the loss of the hero or the heroine should never be allowed to prevail, lest such a. feature should end in a collapse o f all dramatic action, which is wholly, undesira ble for the fulfilment of the dramatic purpose. As a corrollary to this convention it follows that no drama should depict a tragic end. The death of the hero or the principal character in an erotic play may be there, in case the so-called deceased has a chance o f reviviscence or regaining his life. This is possible under the influence o f a curse or malediction, or misgiving o f facts. It is peculiarly conventional that a dramatist should bring out the amorous feelings in the heart of the woman first, cor responding to which the lover has similar feelings in his heart. Really speaking, it is the man that is affected first, still as the softer sex is the harder nut to crack, for dramatic purposes affection on the distaff-side becomes more interesting i f given priority o f manifestation over the spear-side. The greatest disaster in presentation o f a rasa is an ad mixture o f several feelings. The playwrights should always be wary against the introduction or even the remotest creep ing in o f anything which is repugnant to the prevailing senti1. 2. 3. Like S zn la , Karuna etc. be used in One-act plays. Vide Chap. I, p. 13 supra. N. X V III-94.
08
ment. It becomes, therefore, necessary to avoid from the perview of presentation anything which is unbecoming to the . hero or which will conspue his character. Similarly, any matter which is not in keeping with the flow of the sentiment, or is repugnant to the laws of society or may be deemed opposed to the public policy should be omitted or modified by the dramatist .1 ' Since Rasa is the most predominant feature, its develop ment should be anxiously watched. No sub-division of a juncture, though prescribed by the dramatic canons, should be used, if it disagrees with the ruling sentiment. On the other hand, even if a particular sub-division of a sandhi is not usual at a place, but its existence there is likely to feed the Sentiment, it may, notwithstanding any direction to the contrary, be used by the playwright there .2 Similarly, the Vrttis should also be in terms of the senti ment revealed at a particular spot in the dramatic action .3 When the slightest dissonance with the sentiment cannot be tolerated, it is needless to emphasise over the importance of avoiding two or more sentiments of opposite effects at one and the same place, e. g. the amatory sentiment in full swing can hardly forbear even the slightest introduction of the Terrific sentiment. Therefore agreeable sentiments should always be put together. That is why Anandavardhana says, " Anaucityad rte rianyad rasabhahgasya karanam. 4 No music even is permitted to be used unless it is in keeping with the time, place and,^ occasion of the sentimental movements. Choice of metres, words and their component consononts should also suit the sentiment. Bharata further holds that the movement of the play which depends on the Vibhavas is, in fact, capable of being depicted only by the ensuant features presented in a dramatic action.
1. 2. 3. 4. D . A. i l l ;,]. N . D . p. 18, lin e 33; D . A. I I ( - 1 2 . D . A . I l l 19b. D . A. p . 145 bottom .
[ CHAP. VI ]
30 9
So the emotions should always be brought out through the VibkSvas,and the ensuant activities should follow the emotions .1 Rudrata and 6 mga Bhupala believe that the harlots and courtesans who have always only a mercenary interest in their apparent love should not be made a substratum of the sentiment o f love.2 They accord a simple reason for holding their view that such ingenuine love fails to produce an en during impression on the audience, and besides, it ultimately begets calamities. Didactically, therefore dramatic literature should have no place for such a fleeting love to avoid a nefarious intrigue in the realm of poetry.
V CONVENTIONS / IN REGARD TO NAMES & ADDRESSES [ i ] Names The title of a play should always be suggestive. In case of a Nataka, the title should be expressive of the neucleus of the dramatic action. It may refer to the names of the princi pal characters, or to some important pivot in the dramatic action .3 The title of the Prakaranas and the Bhanas should be designated after the name of the hero and the heroine. The title of the Natika and the Sattaka should likewise go after the name of the heroine. Sagaranandin observes that as far as possible even various Acts in a play should be properly designated on the same principles.^ The names of the Brahmanas and the Kshatriya characters should bear an impress of their professional duties and family traditions. They should respectively have an appendage of the surnames of Sarman and Varman.5 The names of the
1. N . S. X X V I 3 8 , 39 ( K. S. S. ). For fu ll details in regard to the im portance of every artifice in agreement w ith Rasa . .. Vide D . A. C hap. IIT, pp. 1481 5 0 . 2. 3. 4. 5. R. S. 1 -1 1 9 [ Rudraa also referred to there ]. N . L. R. 3 8 3 , 3 8 5 . Ibid. Line 3 8 ? . N . X V II-9 2 .
310
Vaisyas should end in -datta and may refer to the articles of their trade. The names of soldiers and warriors should be heroic and expressive o f gallantry. Kings consorts and females relatives should bear names expressive of victory, glory and prosperity. The names of courtesans should end in '-datta, -mitra, or s e n a suffixed to certain attractive names. The man and the maid-servants should have auspicious names like Kalahamsa or Mandarika or such other names as may be in keeping with the paraphernalia of the season under description. They may bear names of different flowers, sweet birds and lovely animals. The names of the important characters should be in keep ing with the subject-matter and the ruling sentiment of the play. The names of the chamberlains should always be ex pressive of implicit faith in them as Vinayandhara, Babhravya Jayandhara and so on .1 The names of the bards and time keepers should represent bright articles and magnificent qualities like Karpura and Kampilya .2 The ministers should be given intellectual names as Subuddhi, Vasubhuti and so on. Priests should have in majority their patronymic names like Kautsa and Gautama. The names -of jesters should be by reference to the seasons, like Vasantaka or Madhavya. They may have even some jocular names. The name of the hero should bear an affix of such glorious terms as Bhushatia, Uttamsa or Sekhara to indicate them as the gems of the society. Their names may otherwise be in keeping with their personal characteristics or those traits that belong to their type in Udatta, Lalita, Uddhata c)r Santa form .3 1.
2. 3. R.
s.
n i - 3 2 ;.
Ibid. et. seq. Note : Vide N . X V I I - 9 2 , 98. T his convention in regard to the nom enclature o f the various unim portant at the first
dramatis perstmce appears
to be very
sight, but in fact, the choice o f nam es indicated nam e suggests the vocation al introduced. T his convention character and
by this practice as the very
of the playw rights has a great psych ological effect,
nature of the person th the
has become so popular
authors that its breach is nowhere found.
[ CHAP. VI ]
.311
In addition to the conventional names, the dramaturgists have prescribed even modes and forms of addresses to be used by various characters among themselves.
*
[ ii ] Addresses
The King should be addressed as Svamin meaning my lord, or my leige; as Deva by his officials, and Bhatta, Bhattaraka or Bharta by the menial servants and attend e e s . By other princes, the king should be addressed as a friend, Vayasya, and so does his Clown. Brahmanas may address him by his personal or patronymic name .1 Every Brtihmaija should be addressed by another including the King as arya, meaning noble one. A Clown may, however, be called by the King as his vayasya or by his personal name .2 The actress and the stage-manager should address each other as arya and arye respectively, but the male attendent ( pariparsvaka) should call the stage-manager as Bhava, and Sutradhara should address his attendent as Marisha? The equals should address one another as Vayasya among the high characters; but the equals among the middle class of people should be called out as Hamho. Among women of equal status belonging to higher class o f characters, the mode of address is Hals, Sakhi, ayi, ali, and ths women of low characters address one another as Hande ! A senior should always be referred to as arya or atra-bhayan in his presence or <5fra-&fca^ja..Jiis.a]b$ence. These expressions may be used with a,fem inine suffix in case of senior ladies .4 All sages, ascetics, celebates ( brahmacarins ), recluses and acolytes and Vaidika scholars should be addressed as Bhagavan. The female recluses and the wives of saintly persons and
1. 2. 3. 4. Like DasarathT, Paurava,,Pandava and so on. N . X V I I -6 7 . Ibid. X V I 1 -8 2. N . X V II 88.
si.
li^ W S iO F SANSKRIT RAMA
scholarly women should be addressed as Bhagavati.1 The queen is to be addressed as devi, and the seniormost among the queens should be addressed as Mahadevi if she is a*crowned ( pattabhishikta ) Queen. All other consorts of the King should he addressed' as Bhattini; other mistresses of the king as Svamini or Bhoglnl. An approachable ( gam ya) lady is to be addressed as Bhadre ! VidUshaka may, however, address the Queen as Bhavati! A husband may call his wife as arye or accost her by reference to her fathers o r sons name.2 A husband belonging to a middling or low class may address his wife as Hamho or Hande ! respec tively. But an address of endearment may be priye in general, or it may refer to any other charming quality in her as may be deemed of conspicuous significance at the moment. Ladies should accost their husbands as Arya-putra. Among other, women characters, a messenger ( duti ) may be called out as Hartje, a courtesan as ajjuke and a procuress as ambe? A respectable old lady may be referred to as Mata or amba. Any young lady who is not otherwise related by consanguinity is to be addressed as Bhavati. A charioteer should always call the rider as Ayushman. Every old man including ones own father should be addressed as Tata by others. A father may call his son Vatsa putra, tata or even by his gotra. Similar is the form of address prescribed for a pupil, a disciple, and a youngster. A minister should be called arya by his sub-ordinate staff, but the brahmanas may address him as Amatya or Saciva. An ascetic should be addressed as Sadhu! in general. Every other venerable character should be addressed by the disciples and the public at large in such form of address as may express due regard to the rank and personality of the individual spoken to. An Acarya should be addressed as Upadhyaya,
1. N . X V II-6 5 . A ll details about various modes o f addresses are given by
B harata in N . Chap. X V II 6 4 -9 0 . 2. 3. N . X V II 87. Ibid. X V I I 89.
I CHAP. VI ]
M3
a Icing as Maharaja, the prince or the heir4 apparent as Bhartr-dnraka or bhadra-mukha,1 and the princess as Bhartrdnrikn by the subjects. All other persons should be address ed by their com m unal 1 names or professional designations. The menial staff could be addressed with an interjection, he?
VI CONVENTIONS IN REGARD TO THE USE OF LANGUAGES

Since several characters of different order and status figure in a dramatic action, there should be different standards of language used by them. This change is noticeable in the Eng lish dramas as well. Besides the standard of the language, there is also a good deal of dialectical difference according to birth and residence of a character in a particular province or his associations and instruction in a particular dialect o f the Indian languages. Their species are discussed under the heading of Pravrttis in the following Chapter. A few important conven tions in regard to their use are, however, succinctly noticed below : All characters, dhlrodatta, dhlroddhata, dhirasanta and dhiralalita, should use Sanskrit in general. But if any character belonging to these types is under conceit due to opulence or has become too much enfeebled on account of indigence, he may use the Prakrta language to betoken such extremity Of circumstances. On the whole, all high class cha racters invariably speak the Sanskrit language. But the children -and the ladies including nymphs, and also those who appear in guise, and the sick, and the afflicted speak the
1. 2. N. X V II-9 0 . The convention in regard to the form s o f addresses seems apparently to lim it the free choice o f k p layw righ t, but in fact it is not so. a realistic
These inodes o f addresses, on the other hand, lend hue to the d ram atic a ctio n , for been in vogue in every d ay life. T heir
such expressions must have unconscious use in a p la y
dram a, w ithout an y restriction in the free choice o f the w right, tends to present a realistic view o f society iji literature.
the scenic
314
LAWS OF i SANSKRIT DRAM A
Prakrta language, though by birth they belong to the higher class of characters. All illiterate ascetics and monks use the Prakrta language. All low-born characters, servants, and those who are under intoxication speak the Prakrta idiom. The Jester ( Vidushaka ), though a brahmana, always speaks the Prakrta -'language, perhaps due to his close contact with the harem constantly. But the Charioteer, the Chamberlain ( Kahcukl ) and the .TipoÊftepeE ( VaitalikaJ use the'*Sansknf idiom. The Sannyasins, saints, Vaidika scholars, teachers and Brahmanas and men of letters, . 7 both male # and female, . 3 use the Sanskrit language. Courtesans, royal consorts, junior students and artisans may use the Sanskrit language on rare occasions when it is expedient to show their cleverness and efficiency. Of various dialects of the Prakrta language ,1 an arrange ment is directed by Bharata to the effect that the Magadhi
1. The convention in regard to the use o f different d ialectical
tongues seems to be slig h tly im practicable in actual use unless the actors and the actresses are im ported from various localities.
But as w ould be evidenced in the second Book, where these rules are exam ined in their applied form , it appears that the use of
the different dialects was practised satisfactorily w hich seems quite feasible as, for instance, is when the European dram as are O f course, it could
enacted by the In dian actors and vice versa. be somewhat difficult d ia lectica l appreciated lin guistic
for the mass audience to note the subtle th e m ; for they could be
distinctions and follow only by
the educated few.
T he observance o f this realistic
convention
has further contributed towards a
representation o f social conditions in won them , in fact, a m ass pop ularity
dram as an d eventually as w ell.* As is actually
observed, the use of these different dialects has quite unconsciously become it so practicable w ith the first grade playw rights that as introduced w ith however, be an som e special effort. strained
ceases to appear it m ay,
Som etim es ' *
outcom e o f
Cf. Shakespeares What You W i l t w hich con tain s full scenes in the F rench, and other popular dialects w hich are so different from the standard of the M id lan d E nglish .
t CHAP. V I]
315
dialect is to be used by all the attendents of the King and in his inner apartments. Of the young princes and the princess es and of the merchants, tRe~~(fmlect is "the Ardha-maeadhi. . VicRTshaka and such other associates speak in thfTP'racya dialect of the Prakrta. The Avantika dialect is prescribed fo r cunning characters like the gamesters. The heroines and their friends use the Saurasenl dialect. Warriors and the townsmen use '^t^'^dkshw ^ya"'Sm lec. k *Among lo w characters and fores ters, the dialect o f the province to which they belong pre vails. It is conventional that the superior characters should use MagadhI dialect when they adopt the Prakrta idiom in times o f their adversity or like circumstances.1 The dramatic literature should avoid the use of vulgar dialects like the Barbara or the Kirata.These are a few general conventions formed by the drama turgists for the use of the languages in a play. All the same Bharata permits that the rule in regard to the linguistic dis tinction may, however, be changed by a playwright in case such departure is justified on grounds of dramatic require ments.3 VII MISCELLANEOUS CONVENTIONS Apart from the conventions noticed above, there are a few particular practices which have the force of conventions, regarding the caste, age and tastes of certain characters, For instance, a Jester should necessarily be a brfihmaiia by caste, a young man and of voracious habits. So also the Kancukin should be a brahmana but an old man of long standing in service at the groundsill of the Kings gaenacium. He is always shown musing over the tedium of his task with a staff in his hand. The priests, Acarvas and Gurus should be
effort and conscious care for the third rate writer whose very com position, both from a literary and constitutional poin t o fview , m ay, on th at account, become a sam ple o f an author who is said to be Hatad akrshtanam katipaya-padanam raeayila. N . S. X V I I - 8 0 et seq. N . S. X V II5 0 et seq. S. D . V I -1 6 8 , 169.
1. 2. 3.
3i 6
lA W s W S a n s k r i t d M m a
o f advanced age arid have inspiring personality. The letterbearer to the King is invariably a young girl or a portress, always waiting upon him. It is customary to grant access to the inner apartments of the King to the Clown, the Chamberlain, the priests and also to the time-keepers and porters. Ministers an<3 Generals""Bold" herlditary offices and they belong to the Brahmana and the Kshatriya class respectively. Similarly, there are specific conventions in regard to the cos tumes and other equipment of individual characters, which are given separately under the heading of Pravrttis hereinafter. There are also conventions in regard to various decorative features such as the equipment in Kings chambers: hisCouncilhall should be fitted with different types of seats meant for members of different castes and ranks; and there are different modes of dress, and types of ornaments for various characters. They pertain to the art of enactment, and are dealt with separately by Bharata under the heading of Aharyabhinaya} In addition to several idiomatic and colloquial uses adopted in the conversational Sanskrit used in dramas, the verb JSadhi, which is a fourth conjugational root, is used in the sense of implying motion ( i. e. going and coming ) with a causal inflexion ( ni ) suffixed to it .2 The verb is again invariably used with the plural number. Then there is the euphemistic phrase, na bhavati or its equivalent used for expressing the idea of death .3 Besides these special conventions, all matters based on poetic belief and- traditional acceptance by the poeticians are adopted in the dramatic literature as well. For example, the touch and company of a young damsel is refrigerating and vivifying ; her separation is volcanic and unbearable. Old age has a hoary colour. Glory is cool and has white colour while infamy has a dark one .4 Prowess
1. 2. 3. 4. N . Chap. X X I w hole. S. D . V I - 1 4 4 a . N .L .R . Line 2 2 4 5 ; e . g. in fjSk. A ct. V I Tvam idariim na bhaoasi or in the I I I A ct athavS smarata mam. For further details vide Suhilya-rrSmtim'n ( T . S. S. ) Chap, .VII . p. 1 2 1 ....
[ OHA?. VI ]
DRAMATIC CONYENTIONS
317
and valour are always bright yellow in colour and hot la effect. The pair of red geese separate at night, and CStaka drinks only that water which rains during the SvtitUnakshatra. The lilies bloom at night and fade during the day ; the lotus fades during the night and blooms in the dayThe sunstone or jasper emits fire and moonstone oozes when they come in contact respectively with the sunbeams and the lunar rays. The existence of a gem in the hood of a snake and the temples of an elephant is a matter of conven tion. So is the availability of the sandalwood always in the Malaya mountains. Similarly, the southern breeze blowing from ithe Malayas, the disc of the moon, and the humming of bees are deemed allies of Cupid and as such excitants of the erotic sentiment. The God of Love has a floral bow and its string is composed o f a cluster of bees. Traditionally, he has five arrows consisting of five different flowers, viz., the lotus, the asoka, the mango, the jasmine and the blue lily. They have five virtual effects, namely, of fascinating, intoxicating, withering, corroding and paralysing .1 The vernal season is the best friend of the God of Love who is conventionally a bodiless god ( anahga ), and his place of birth is the mind of the lovers. In effect, however, he has a corroding fire to consume all those who are stricken with his shafts. Billets-deux are inscribed on lotus leaves with nails or written on parchments of bark of birch with vermillion, benzion and similar pigments. A fanciful convention is acknowledged in Sanskrit literature which believes that the Asoka plant is manured with a kick of a buxom lady, and the Bakula plant profusely flowers when sprinkled at its roots with a douche of ale from her mouth. The Kurabaka plant thrills with sportive looks of a young maiden cast at it, and the Tilaka tree is laden with buds when joggled by the fair sex.2
1. Sammohanonmadanau ea soshanastapanastatha / Stambhanasceli Kamasya panca bdnah prakirtit&h / / 2. Ptdahatah pramadaya vikastasokah, Sokam jatati bakulo madhu-sidhusiktah I Alekitah kurabakah kurute vikasam, Aloditas tilaka utkaliko vibhati. VSgvilSsa 6 1 . '
318
These are some of the noted conventions of the poets the observance of which lends a poetic charm to a dramatic com position and becomes thereby conducive to the sentimental relish. As a matter of fact, nothing should be allowed to creep in a work of art which may be unconventional and may tend to m ar or nip nay even adversely or harshly touch 1 the delicate fibres of sentiments and feelings which should be allowed freely to extend in a charming way. The fibres of senti ments and feelings should be spun in a regular and symmetri cal manner 2 and be woven with a proper bearing .3 They should be beautified with adequate colours 4 and bs displayed in a proper form 6 after being given finally a pleasant*polish .6 ' In this way, careful nursing of sentiments brings out the very best picture of a play when portrayed by a clever artist by means of different dialectical brushes and metrical quills, with hues and shades provided by a rich variety of musical notes, gaits and dances.7 Really, a covetable success can be achieved by a playwright by the adept use of different artifices meant fo r the purpose. They consist in the proper adoption of Vrtti, Pravrtti, Riti, Gum and Paka and other sources of wonder ( camatkara ), a succinct notice of which is taken in the Chapter to follow.
T ech nically, such a feeder given to the plants is called by the p oets Dohada or longing during confinem ent w h ich, when fu lfilled , results in efflorescence o f the plants. T he poetic convention thus
suggests the thought of personifying the plants effem inately. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. It is the nature o f the Doshas", i. e. in proper R iti. It is done by su itab le V rltis . i. e. by proper Gunas. It is done by proper Pravrtti. in the form o f Paka. T hat is possible by adopting suitable Bhasha and Cehanda, and introducing b e fittin g Sahpta^Gati and Nrtya respectivfely. _
CHAPTER VII
DRAMATIC ARTIFICES I VRTTIS
Bearing of Characters
The existence o f a particular feeling in a human mind causes a change in the normal demeanour of a person. Mind pilots all the activities of man, and when it is influenced by a particular feeling or a sentiment, all the actions of a man, Ms outward expressions on the face and even his mode of speech get influenced by the ruling seniment. The mode of behaviour of the principal character is called his bearing ( V r tti) , and varies with the nature of sentiment that has prepossessed his mind for the time being. Since the demea n our of the principal character is the most conspicuous fea ture of the dramatic delineation, it is mostly his bearing 1 that is characterised by the canonists and studied in its details. According to the Svhitya-darpana 2 the demeanour of the heroine or the counter-hero, if equallly conspicuous, may as well be considered under the heading of the Vrttis.3 The demeanour of a character may be, in the first instance of two kinds : one pertaining to his actions and outward
1. Bearing is the proper eq u ivalen t o f V rtti inasm uch is derived from the root ' jV r t to be, I A , and it as the term means the
m anner in w h ich the hero behaves ( =Vyavahara as Anandavardhan a calls it ). t. S . D . V I - 1 2 3b. As a m atter o f fact, the modus operandi o f
a n y character is included in V rtti, and so even the behaviour o f the leaders o f the Patnkn and the Prakarl is w ithin the connotation o f the term . 3. The term V rtti is used in other seases as w ell, Vide below.
320
expression,' which is called the Artha-vrtti, and the other *x. pertaining to his mode of speech which may be distinguished from the former as the Sabda-vrtti. For the sake of con venience of expression they may be termed respectively as the effective Bearing and the verbal Bearing. The effective Bearing (artha-vrtti) is of three kinds: Kaisilci,1 Sattvati, and Arabhati. The verbal Vrtti is otherwise known as Bharati. The modes of Bearing are, in all, fourfold, out of which Kaisiki prevails in the Erotic and the Comic sentiment and also in such pleasant moods as are presented by Bhakti-bhava, Sraddha or Vatsalya as well. Sattvati goes in with the Heroic and the Marvellous sentiments, and some times, in its gentle form, with modest Srhgara as well. Arabhati is the characteristic of the Furious and the Loathsome senti ments. The Bharati Vrtti, can be freely used in case of all the sentiments,2 but particularly when the Terrific and the Pathetic sentiments prevail, the form and tone of speech is the Bharati. Sutradhara as the actor-in-chief is expected to adopt the Bharati Vrtti in course of Induction. Moreover, by the method of residue Bharati Vrtti also belongs inter alia to the Quietistic sentiment. In the opinion of a section of scholars who lay more stress on the emotion of tranquility as an independent sentiment and have a full set of its mani festing agents, a separate Vrtti is recognised for the Santa-rasa inasmuch as the heros bearing in such circumstances is said to have risen to a meditative bearing named by them as the Brahmi Vrtti.3 The various Vrttis, which are thus regulated in relation to respective sentiments, have some characteristics of their own. They are briefly stated below :
1.
It is spelt as Kaustkt by some, the term , Kaisiki is better.
but since it is derived fro m Ke'sa,
2. 3.
Vrttis sanatra Bharati. H aripalas view quoted in the Number of R asas Page 5 1 . I
[ CHAP. VII ]
DRAMATIC ARTIFICES
1.
k a is ik i
321
That mode of conduct is Gay ( = K aisiki) which is associated with delightful vivacity and full of charming expression of love by means of songs, dance and coquetry. The characters are bedecked in gala dresses, and the mirth and joys of love are embossed on their movements.1 This Vrtti not only displays the temper of a character but also covers within its scope the atmosphere of the situation, whichis largely responsible for that particular conduct of grace and delicateness. According to Abhinava Guptapada it is the most charming Vrtti, and* does not limit itself to the particular actions of body, mind and spirit but encompasses within it the general movements of all limbs. The Kaisiki mode of conduct is appreciated in the nature of pleasantry which becomes vivid by itself, and has four forms o f develop ment. They verily form the following four sub-divisions :Pleasantry ( Narma ) is that mode of behaviour which is free from jealousy and anger, and does not admit a forced or a taunting remark. Dhanafijaya and Visvanatha define it as a witty jest tending to conciliate or attract the beloved one. According to them, it consists in jokes which are tinged with pure humour, or erotic mirth or that levity of mood which, results from a respectful fear.2 But Bharata, while including the witty remarks in Narma , believes it to be erotic and pure masumch as it is unassociated with Vira-rasa. He does not include anylype of humour which bears a tinge of fear (uhayat^ in it. Bloom of Pleasantry ( Narma-sphurja ) : I is found in that mode o f behaviour which is full of love and coaxing speech1 , as is generally used in the initial stages of contact with the beloved. The use of befitting dresses and charming decora tions is the one feature of this aspect of Narma. It is gene rally characterised as pleasantry starting with happiness and ending in awe.3
1. 2. 3. N . X X , 47; S . D . V I - 1 2 4 . S. D . V l - 1 2 6 ; D . R . 1 1 -4 9 ; R. S. 1 - 2 7 1 . N . X X -5 0 b ; S. D . V I - 1 2 7 ; R. S. 1 - 1 7 7 .
21
322
) Overture of Pleasantry ( Narma-sphota ) : It consists in gradual manifestation of sentiment by means of different feelings expressed moderately in a tasteful manner .1 ( iv ) Covert Pleasantry ( Narma-garbha ) : For fear of personal detection or out of emergency or self-respect, when the hero approaches the object of his love in a hidden manner Or makes advances with a reserve, his conduct is said to present the feature of Narma-garbha 2 2.
SA T T V A T i
That mode of bearing, which is characterised with noble qualities and righteousness and is free from grief, is called the Majestic one. It is also one, which presents joyous moods found mostly in the compassionate and upright states o f mind. According to the Abhinava Bharatl, it essentially pertains to the mental action ( mano-vyapara) expressed by means of verbal expressions .3 In the opinion of Bharata it belongs to Vlra, Raudra and Adbhuta rasas,4 He does not allow feelings of despondency to go in with the Sattvati Vrtti except to a small extent to which Karwja is allowed to prevail in course of it. So also Srhgara is but scantily allowed to go in with Sattvati. It has also four sub-divisions : ) Discourse ( Safillapaka ) consists of a series- of statements which are invariably of boisterous character?' fiiSjT* m ay be either simply boisterous, Or full o f threats .6 The DaSarupaka defines it as an exchange o f serious expressions conveying diverse feelings and sentiments.7 ( ii)
2. 3. 4. 5. -6. 7.
Challange ( Utthapaka ) :
It is an invitation to the
1 . N . X X - S l . S . D . V I - l 2 7 a ; R . S. 27 7 b ; N . X X - 5 2 . S. D . V I -1 2 8 a ; A . B. V o l. III. N . X X - 3 7 seq. S. D . V I - 1 3 1 b . N . X X - 4 4 ; N . L. R . 12SB D . R . 1 1 -8 4 . . ' ^
[C H A P. V II]
DRAMATIC ARTIFICES
323; It is
adversary to face the speaker and show him his might. mainly a ts attitude .1
( iii ) Disintegration ( Sanghatya ) : It is an attempt to break the alliance with the other. It includes that conduct also which makes a character disinterested even with his allies. Yet it generally pertains to those moves of Jiis, which tend to cause friction among the allies of his oppenent. Disintegra tion may he caused by means of sweet words or expedient measures or mediation of friends in the latter case, whereas in the former, it may be the result of some stroke of ill-luck or ones own blunder .2 ) Change of Action ( Parivartaka ) : When a charac ter abruptly changes the course of his action due to the exigencies of circumstances, such a change of conduct presents the element of Parivartaka in him .3 Sagaranandin adds that when Santa, dana and bheda have proved futile, heros resort to the expedient of danda amounts to Parivartaka.^
3. ARABH ATI :
That mode of conduct which is full of fierce fights, varied struggle and outrageous deeds is the Horrific^type of bearing. It is invariably attended with feats of jugglery and deeds of conjuration and conflicting situations. The horrific bearing is generally conspicuous in the form of bodily activities, and Abhinava Guptapada specifically calls it to consist in physical movements ( Kaya-vyapara)._ It has four sub-îvisionj : -sy ( i ) Compression (Sankshiptika) consists in a brief arran gement of some matter by cunning contrivances 5 as is evident in the Viddfia-&Ua-bhafijika where casting of reflectionof the puppet (Sala-bhanjika) is done. It is characterised by the activities of some helping friends that support the hero in his tactics.
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. N . X X - 4 1 ; S. D . V I -1 3 0 ; R . S. t - 2 6 5 . N. X X - 4 5 ; S. D . V I - 1 3 ] a ; R . S. 1 - 2 6 6 ; N.. L. R . 1 2 9 8 . N . X X - 4 2 ; S. D . V I -1 32a; R . S. 1 - 2 6 7 . N . L. R . 1 2 8 1 . S. D . V I - 1 3 5 b ; R . S. I - 2 8 2 b .
324
Dhanafljaya and Visvanatha. have an alternative connotation, to give to this feature which consists in the withdrawl of ft character previously employed in a task and replacement of the same by another .1 Sagaranandin records an opinion which holds that this feature consists in the installation of another Nayaka in place of the previous one who is ruined, and illus trates the point by reference to Ramas installation of Vibhl* shana in place o f the deceased Ravana .2 The change of attitude or basic temperament of a hero from one type to atlother amounts to Sankshiptka according to the.alternative opinion of some cononist recorded by Ssinga Bhupala. An illustration of the feature in this sense is presented in the change of ParaÛ* ramas character from dhlroddhata to dhirasanta on his contact with Ram a .3 ) Reconitre (Sampheta) is a menacing talk between tltt two furious characters. It includes a group fight or a dutl and copious use of weapons.4 ( iii ) Tumult ( Avapata ) : Constant appearance and OXltl of several characters moving about hastily or in a flurry constitutes the element of Avapata.5 Generally, it il the outcome of fear or perplexity caused by some imminent danger or invasion. Rarely, it may be due to joy as well. v _ / ( iv ) Production of matter ( Vastutthapana ) consists itt presenting some fresh matter or causing situations anew means of the art of conjuration and the like artifices. TMl r element is mostly chequered with a variety of sentiments anH- 1 tends to present the element of marvel in the action .6 I; ' the opinion of Bharata, it presents that state, wherein all or ! many rasas are admixed in some shape or the other. It could; be either simple or f ull of terror .7
1. 2. 3. 4. D . R . 1 1 -6 8 . S. D . V I - 1 3 6 a ; N . L. R . 1 3 6 6 - 6 . R . S. 1 - 2 8 3 . N . X X - 6 0 ; S. D . V I -1 3 5 a ; R . S. I - 2 8 5 b .
6. N . X X 5 8 . S. D . V I -1 3 6 b ; R. S. 1 - 2 8 4 . 6. 7. S. D . V I - 1 3 4 ; R. S. 1 - 2 8 4 ; D . R . 1 1 -6 9 . N. X X -5 9 .
CH AP.
V II]
DRAMATIC ARTIFICES 4.
BH ARA Ti : % / * <
325
-It essentially differs from the previous ones; for they deal with the procedural aspect of heros activities whereas it deals mainly withvdeclamation and takes into account only the mode of speech. It is called Bharati or the eloquent bearing after the actors who are in generic sense called Bharatas. It has four sub-divisions : Prarocana, Vithi, Praha sana and Amukha.1 It may, however, be noted here that what is meant by Vithi as a sub-division of the Bharati Vrtti is different from its namesake, which is one of th? species of the rupakas. The only common feature is its thirteen elements, and this simi larity has created a lot of misgiving in the minds of several scholars and canonists even of the standard of Bhojaraja .2 Thirteen sub-divisions, in fact, seem to belong to Vithi, the member of Bharati-V rtti, which axe also found in the Vithi type of rupaka for the simple reason that they are common to all classes o f shows.3 The first sub-division of the Bharati-vrtti, viz. Prarocana has two meanings : one, laudation which purports to give an attractive account of the drama under enactment and its author, and is used by the Establisher in the Introduction of the play; the other is more comprehensive inasmuch as it is said to denote some well-known fact in a striking manner .4 In the latter sense, Prarocana becomes fit to be used in a play even beyond Induction. Apart from these four Vrttis, Udbhata believes in a fifth Vrtti which he calls as the Artha-vrtti, whereas the Rasarnavasudjmkara and the Bhava-prakasa recordstili another Type of Vrtti which j&_mixed or MUraTTWis said to contain the chara; cCeristicsof all the Vrttis or at least of Vrttis more than one. But any such recognition of the fifth Vrtti is not supported
1. 2. 3. 4. For full details vide Chapter II p . 31 supra. Vide Sr. Pr. C hap. X I I., S. D . C hap. V I. For detailed discussion vid e C hap. II supra. "Prasiddhartha-pradarsinT Prareeana" N . L. R . 1 0 7 3 . , ,> _
326
by the dictum of/Bharata. Siinilar is the position of the view of Bhojadeva who maintains six Vrttis adding the Madhyama Kaisiki and the Madhyama Arabhati to the list .1 All the four types o f Vrttis as recognised by Bharata are popular among the playwrights. But they pertain to the import or the sense of the passage put up in the mouth of a character in the drama and have nothing to do with the structure of its composition. For Vrttis pertaining to sense differ from Vrttis belonging to the structure. In the Dhvanyaloka Anandavardhana calls the Vrttis of the latter type as the Upanagarika and others .2 The point of distinction that he draws between the two sets of Vrttis is this : The Vrttis like the Kaisiki and others are dependent upon sense to be conveyed, while Upa nagarika and others depend on the structure of a composition. In other words, the former are Vacyasraya whereas the latter are Vacakasraya? The two are no doubt interdependent in asmuch as the structure and the sense depend upon each other. Mammaja Bhatta thinks UpanagarikU and other1 ''Ffttis of its type as species of Sabdnlanktiras or figures of structure .4 In fact, they appear more akin to the Ritis than the alaffkftras for the reason that their connotation shows them to be in the nature of diction. Vrttis of structure are of three kinds : DICTION : ( i ) Upanagarika ( Urban ) Vrtti consists of that structure of composition which contains a set of sweet syllables like nasals and soft consononts .5 x ( ii ) ParushU ( Harsh ) Vrtti belongs to that structure which is composed of hard consononts mostly of the lingual class
1. S. K . A . 11 3 8 . For d etails about B hojadevas position in th is regard, Ref. D r. R S ghavans Srhgaraprakasa and Vrttis JO R /M ad ras. V ol. V II. 2. 3. 4. 6. D. A. I l l 33. Ibid. p. 1 8 7 , 4 . K . Pr. I X 8 0 . Ib id . p . 6 . L I . 1 4 , 1 6 . his a r tic le on
chap.
VII ]
DRAMATIC ARTIFICES
32?
and sibilants and combination of letters with the captious repha.1 ( iii ) Komala ( Soft ) Vrtti pertains to the medium type of structure which has a suitable combination of both types of syllables or is composed of such syllables as are deemed neither sweet nor particularly harsh. Udbhata has fchosen to name it as the Gramya Vrtti and enjoins a greater frequency of the dental semi-vowel in such a type of structure .2 It may be noted that since the diction always follows the 1 bearing, Upanagarika and Kaisiki go hand in hand; Parusha and Arabhati likewise go together, and Sattvati and Bharati agree with Komala. All the same, they are not identi cal with Ritis, since these three Vrttis are the modes of ex pression of thought. They deal more with the tone of the character which varies according as his mood changes. So, they differ from Ritis which are types of composition and belong to the form o f language used by a particular character at a particular occasion .3 Besides these two meanings, Vrtti is used by the canonists in three other senses, viz., ( i ) Vrtti is the name of the verbal force ( sabda-Sakti) like AbhidhS, Lakshana and others, the first two of Which are called MukhyZt and Gauni respectively ;4 ( i i ) Vrtti \s one ^ f the types of the AnuprZisa alahkara 5 ; and ( i i i ) Vrtti is synonymous with grammatical formatives as well, like SamHsa,G and Taddhita. An inquiry into them is at any rate, not pertinent here.
1. 2. 3. 4.
K . A. p. 6. Ibid. p . 6 m iddle. ( M y own view ). > -
D etails o f âbda-sakti are dealt w ith by the author in his edition o f the '\/rtti-vSrtika.
6.
V ide Authors AlankSra-Kaum udi Speech,
on
Sanskrit Figures
of
6.
For d etail* Vide A uthors 'A B rief N ote on Sanskrit Com pounds.*
328
LAWS OF SANSKRIT DRAM A II PRAVRTTI
[ i ] P rovincial E tiq u e tte Pravrtti deals with the local manners and costumes of different characters who participate in a dramatic representa tion. Bharata lays much stress on the proper observance of the P r a v r t t i since it is one of those characteristics which lends a realistic appearance to the dramatic enactment. Pravrtti is the subject of the decorative aspect of representa tion ( aharyabhinaya). It also includes the observance of the provincial tastes and manners, respective forms of addres ses and of the use of the lingua loci as well.1 It differs from the Vrttis inasmuch as the latter deal generally with the physical action of the hero and other principal characters, while Pravrtti is exclusively concerned with the dress and decoration of all the ch aracters. R&jagekhara clearly states the distinction when he calls J ^ t t i s to be the_ F ilnsa-vinynsa; krama" and Pravrttis as the Vesha-vinyasa-krama.2 This im portant feature of Natya is traced by Bharata in the diversity of dress, language and manners, likes and dislikes of the peoples belonging to the different regions of the country .3 In fact, it represents the civilisation that differs with provinces. Since persons belonging to different provi* nces participate in the dramatic action by assuming various roles of character, the playwright must suitably present the dramatis persona with their naive modes of life, their habits and social practices prevailing in their common life .4 These items, however, include their gestures, idioms of speech, and individual characteristics which ill afford to suffer an altera tion in a work of art, lest it should become too uniform and unreal to be appreciated by visitors endowed with aesthetic sense.
1. 2. N.
XXf. R. S. 1 -2 9 4 ;
K . M. Page 9, 2 3 .
3.
4.
' PrthivyUm nanZ-desa-vesha-bhashaeara-vartah khyapayati iti Pravrttih -r^N . X III p. 2 1 6 lin e 3* D . R . 1 1 -6 3 . . . .
chap.
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DRAM ATIC ARTIFICES
329
While discussing about characters it is shown above that the dramatic characters may be human beings as well as celes tial ones. The celestial beings should be brought on the stage in a refulgent dress and should be- depicted in a show with their usual paraphernalia described in the Epic literature in general. Due regard 'should be paid to the diverse classes of the celestial beings who should be extolled according as they are the Vidyadharas, Kinnaras, Yakshas, Asvamukhas and Devas. Each one of them has a classical costume, has his own weapons and conveyances and his own family. There is also a class of womep known as nymphs or fairies who are dancing girls in the Court of Indra, the Lord of Gods and Heaven. Such women are known as Apsaras. All these celestial beings are possessed of supernatural powers, with a capacity to move about in the three worlds at 'their free will, to become even invisible at their choice and trans form themselves into any form that they like. They are per sons of exquisite beauty and great strength. In the celestial order, lustre of the male beings is overpowering, and the beauty of the females bewitching, both, however, have a sort of nimbus of glory round their faces. The divine beings have a crest-jewel and a coronet on their plaited heads; they put on an attractive dress, gold and jewelled necklaces and sweet-smelling garlands.1! They wear various other ornnments like bracelets ( keyUra ), bangles ( kataka ) and also armlets ( ahgada). The woman characters are to be presented in bright, richly decorated dresses with girdle on their loins, anklets with tinkling bells ( kinkini) and with fascinating ornaments in their feet, toes, arms, fingers, and marks of pig ments on their feet, hands, breasts and forehead. The Naga women should be distinguished with the insignia of hood, the Vidyadhara girls with their variegated dresses and presentation of partial lunar disc in the plait of their hair. The Yakshls become remarkable by their long crest (sikha). Consorts of the divine sages have a single braid of hair, and their garments and ornaments are o f sylvan choice*
1. N . S. X X I - 4 0 .
330
The human beings are to be presented in their usual mode of life and their native costumes. For purposes of this practice, men are divided in India into four provincial groups. In spite of many districts in which India can be divided With shades of differences in their every day life and linguistic dialects, Bharata forms, for purposes of dramatic deli neation, only four groups dividing the Indian peoples into broad divisions based on the allied nature of their habits and customs. Thus according to Bharata, the Pravrtti of the Jbuman charac ters is fourfold : Avanti, Dakshinatya, $&$(a-magadhi and Pancall, which, in fact, are responsible for the fourfold division of the Vrttis mentioned below. For example, the people hot longing to Avanti, Vidisa, SaurSshtra, Malva, Sindhu, Suvira) Anarta, Dasarna, Tripura and Vivarta districts and also those; who belong to the regions round the Arbuda hills are classed under the Avantika group of the Pravittis .3 They are generally given to the Sattvati and the Kaiiiki modes of bearing. Dnkshirjatyas belongs to those peoples who live round about the Mahendra, the M alaya, the Sahya, the Melaka, and the Klla* pifijara mountains betwixt the southern ocean and the Vindhya. hills .3 The districts mainly included in the Province are Dravida, Andhra, Maharashtra, Vanavasa, Kalinga, Kosala, Tosala and Mosala. The peoples belonging to this part of the country are devoted to songs, dance and music, given to the Gay mode of bearing ( Kaisikt v rtti) and interested in the skill> ' ful and elegant process of enactment.4 v Audhra-magadhi pravrtti is prevalent among the residents of the Angas, the Bangas and the Kalingas ,5 Vatsas, upper M agadha, Paundra, Pragjyotish, Pulinda, Videha and Tamra1. 2. S. 4. 5. N , X X l- 4 3 , 4 6 . N. S. X X r -4 1 , 42. Ib id . X X t - 3 7 N . X I II 38, 49. T h e K a lin g a , as it is a border province, has a com mon Pravrtti, for it observes the etiquette o f o f the Audhras. the D5khin3tyas as w ell as that
[ c h a p . VII ]
DRAMATIC ARTIFICES
331
liptaka, Nepala and those who live at the foot of the moun tains or in the mount-girt regions. Paficala, 3urasena, Kasmlra, Hastinapura, Balhlka, Sakala, MadrakauSlnara and other parts which are in the neighbour hood of the Himalayas or are situated on the northern banks of the Ganga form a group of Paftcala-madhyamas among whom prevail the PWicali Pravrtti} Among the residents of these tracts the Sattvati and the Arabhati modes of bearing are more in practice .2 There are distinctive peculiarities of each one of these classes and a few of them are very important in the consti tution of a show for purposes of taking a dramaturgical notice. They may be summed up as follows : Of the Avantika ladies, head is adorned with curly locks of hair and of the Gaudis with long hair. The' Pancalis, the Magadhis and the. Dakshinatyas have only a braid of hair. Of the Abhira girls, hair are divided into two plaits, and their dressing of hair is to be imitated according to v the practice of women belonging to different parts. Then again, of the ladies whose husbands are away from their homes, the hea<is should be braided in a ^single lock. In the state of Vipralambha, the Proshita-bhartika ladies should not put on gaudy dress, nor many ornaments .3 The mode ' of wearing garments should be adopted in accordance with the usual practice of the ladies of that province. Then again, the description of characters should also take notice of the constitutional features of the ladies of different provinces, for Instance, the women of Magadha should be described with prominent breasts, of Kalinga with beautiful eyes, of Anga with long arms, and of Banga with delicate feet. Simi]. 2. N. X III-4 3 , 45. N . X U I 4 3a. It m ay be noted that not only their Pravrttis
vary thus, but even the construction o f their theatres and p ractice o f their entrance in to the operas largely differ, which is v isib le dow n to the present d ay. 3. N. S. X X l- 4 8 et seq.
332
larly, the Kerala beauty is possessed of long curly locks, the Paficala with exquisite lips of red colour. Beautiful naval is the striking feature of the Lata girls, and crystal teeth distin guish the Dakshinatya damsels. Bulging breasts present the conspicuous feature of the women of cowherds, ploughmen and other journeymen .1 So far as the presentation of the male characters is concerned, account should be taken, in the first instance, of their colours. For purposes of classification, Bharata has noted six varieties of the synthetic colours in the following combinations1 : ( i ) P anduvarna ( Buff ) is white and yellow mixed. ( ii ) Padmavarna ( Pink ) is white and red mixkd. ( iii ) Kapotavarna ( Grey ) is white and blue mixed. ( iv ) Haritavarita ( Green ) is yellow and blue mixed. ( v ) Kashayavarna ( Mauve ) is red and blue mixed. ( vi ) Gauravarna ( Fair ) is red and yellow mixed. In these colours and various other shades that may be due to the combination of one or more principal colours ,3 the characters should be described according to their status, caste, age and standard o f comfort and the climatic con ditions o f the province to which they belong. The divine beings should be described in such colours as the Puranas state .4 So far as the human beings are concerned, well-to-do persons and ladies are to be described of pink colour and of fair complexion, whereas persons given to h a rd i-' hood and those who are in bereavement or otherwise in a miserable plight and the sinners should be given dark
1. 2. 3. S. M. pp. 140, 141. N. X X I 71, 80. Blue is the fastest colour an d eva prakirlitah ) Ibid. the basic one { Balavan varriarinm ntla \
4.
It is summed up as :
Somo brhaspatis sukro varunas t&rakUgQnah I s Samudre Himavan Gangs svetak kSrySsta sarnatah / / N . X X I- 8 8 , 8 9 .
[CHAP. V II]
DRAMATIC ARTIFICES
333
complexion. The sages and -ascetics should be spoken of as having bright red complexion. Peoples belonging to the Kirnta, Barbara, Andhra, Dravida, Pulinda and Dakshinatya class are generally of dark colour, and those residing in the North-west provinces are of fair colour. Brahmanas and Kshatriyas are of buff and pink colour, and VaiSyas and Sudras are of dark colour. Then again, in accordance with the age, period of time and local customs men should be shown to have beards and moustaches .1 A clean beard should be stated of the ministers and of priests, whose beard, if maintained, should be of hoary colour. Of the miserable, the ascetics and those who have not fulfilled their vows2 the beard and moustaches should be of dark colour. Of kings, princes, Siddhas and Vidyadharas and of those who are in public service, the beard should be of motley colour .3 Long beard should be shown of sages of austere habits and recluses of long standing. Now, regarding the costumes, Bharata says that of such men and women as are devoted to religious practices, and of kings, gods, Yakshas, Gandharvas, Uragas and Rakshasas, of the Kancukins, tradesmen, ministers and priests, white should be the robes, of course, with distinction in quality and rich ness in accordance with their respective stations in life.4 In case of Nagarikas, the garment should be of thin texture; and among damsels the use of musk ( kastnrl) and saffron (kunkuma) and other cosmetics like Inkshs, alaktaka ,s gorocana and candana should be described with advantage .6 Of the intoxicated persons and other vicious men including rogues and villains, dark or sombre should be the colour fo r their dress .7 Of monks and nuns, ascetics and Pasupatas, dress
1. 2. 3. 4. 6. 6. 7 N . X X l - 1 0 7 et seq. Anisttrnarpratijnyariam X X t 108b. Tesham vieitram karlavyam sm asrti... Ib id . X X t 1 1 1 b . N . X X t - 1 1 7 - 1 19. N . X X I4 ] . S. M . Pp. 1 4 4 - 1 4 5 .
N. X X t 1 2 0 .
334 \
LAWS O F SANSKRIT DRAM A
should be of vermillion colour or of any other colour as is in keeping with their sectarian practices. Of acolytes and eremites garments should be made of the bark of the birch trees. All the attendents of the harem should be decked in plain gar ments. The members of the fighting class including warriors of all ranks and soldiers and policemen and watchguards should have military costumes equipped with various arms and their respective uniforms. Gods and other divine beings and the Kings should be presented with diadems and gems over their heads and wear crowns. The chief executive offi cers of the State and the Commander-in-chief are said to have coronets, and others be described as wearing crests according to their rank and file. The cotamoners are supposed to wear turbans and other head-dresses .1 With these general outlines, the playwright has an ample discretion to drape his characters according to the needs of dramatic justice. His discretion has, however, much to de pend on his observation of the everyday life of the inhabitants of the country from where he is importing characters for his play. Besides the provincial costumes and manners, the play wright has to be eminently regardful of the use of the different dialects and the languages in his dramatic work. For this purpose, Bharata has enunciated the following rule of classification : 2
[ ii ] Languages
In the first place language is said to be of four types : AiibhSshS, AryabhQsha, Jatibhasha and Jatyantari, which could be employed in case of Natya. The first two respectively belong to deities and the princely class ( bhubhuj). Jati bhasha is the popular tongue, and is of many kinds, having different base and terminations subjected to diverse philologi cal changes which are due to phonetical. and racial reasons. In Jatibhasha, some words even from the Mleccha vocabulary
1. 2. N. X X I 1 3 0 - 1 3 4 . N . X V II2 4 - 6 1 .
chap.
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DRAM ATIC ARTIFICES
335
do occasionally creep in. The language used by the rustics and the foresters and an imitation of the tongues o f different birds and animals is called the Jatyantari. Thus it is evident that the language most popularly .used in the dramatic literature is the Jmibtosha, which is distinguished from the AryabhSshS on account of its being refined due to proper accentuation, grammatical inflections and the Vaidika influence over its vocabulary .1 The texts spoken in the JatibhSshU are of two kinds, viz, the Prakrta and the Sanskrta, the use of which is directed according as the speaker belongs to one among the four castes.2 The Sanskrit language, being a sophisticated mode of speech and governed by rigid grammatical rules is not affected by provincial differences. All the same, since it is said to be the language of deities and since there is an order even in divinity, there is every likelihood of having some difference in the usage and mode of speech even among the celestial beings among whom the Vidyadharas and the Gandharvas are noted for their taste in fine arts and linguistic delicacies. Accordingly, even Sanskrit idiom is said to present two main varieities noted after *the fashion of the Vidyadharas and of the Gandharvas : One is the Vaidyadharl dialect, noted for the beauty of brief allitertion, elegance, long compounds and tactful expression ,3 the other is that of the Gandharvas noted for graceful choice o f words, short compounds and perspicuity of expression .4 But the- Prakrta language, which is generally resorted to by the inferior charac ters and a mass of illiterate persons, has become conspicuous having a variety of dialects, which are as many as seven
1. 2. A . B. V ol. I t p. 3 7 2 , LI. 4, 5 . N . X V II 30 : For d etails regarding their use by different chara supra.
cters Vide Chapter V I, Sec. V I 3.
Stokanuprasa-echayam eaturokti prasadi ca I Drqghtyasa sarriasena viddht Vaidyadharam vacah II (K . R . V I I - 3 4 )
4.
Hrasvaih samasair-bhuyobhir-vibhushita'padoeeaya I Tattvartha-grathana-grahya Gandharvanam Sarasvati II ( Ibid. V II21 )
336
recognised by Bharatas Natya-gastra .1 They are Magadhl, 'Avantika, Pracya, Sauraseni, Ardha-magadhl, Bahllka and Pakshimtya? Besides these seven superior Prakrta dialects^ there are sub-dialects belonging to the foresters and the rural population in general. These sub-dialects ( Vibhashas ) are distinguished among themselves as Ssabarl, AbhlrT, Candall and Audhraja .3 Out of them, rakes and lovelaces and Sakaras use the Sakari. Bhils, huntsmen, fowlers, smiths, mechanics and other craftsmen speak the Sabarl, and butchers and Candals use the Candali. Those who reside in the byres, stables, hamlets and all others belonging to the pastoral class use either the Abhiri or the Sabari, except in the Dravidian provinces where they speak their own dialects .4 Though the mutation of forms due to the philological laws brings about similar words in the different dialects of the Prakrta language, still in the process of their adaptation there are certain inevitable minute changes which assume a form of such features as make them marks of distinction among themselves. Bharata, therefore, generalises that the dialect of the province which is situated between the Gangs, and the sea have words mostly containing Ekara. The dialect of such parts of the country as are situate between the Vindhya mountains and the sea frequently contain the dental nasal ( nakara ) in its vocabulary. The dialect which is in vogue in the Surashtra ,5 the Avatttls6, and all towns situated towards, the north of the Vetravatl river 7 have a frequent use of the initial letter of the palatal class ( cakara ). The dialect used
1. 2. N . X V I I -4 8 . These d ialects are p aren tally
agnate
to the respective modern
In d ia n vernaculars like BihSri, MSlavT, B engali, Vrja-bhSshS, KasmTrT and Mar5(hT. 3. 4. N .X V I I - 4 9 . For their use by different characters vide supra Chapter V I,
O n C onventions. 5. 6. J. M odern K athiaw ar. M a lv a P lateau. M odern Betwa beyond Bhelsa towards N orth in the C entral In d ia.
[C H A P . V II]
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in those parts which stand between the Himalayas and the Sindhu river and the Suvlra 1 is conspicuous on account o f words containing the frequent use of the vowel Ukara. The dialect of all parts of the country beyond the Carmanvatl river 2 and around the Arbuda mountain 3 has the first letter of the dental class ( takHra) in frequent use among its words.4 These are only a few directions given in behalf of the use of the languages, observes Bharata, beyond which the wise have to note the usage directly, and accordingly use them adeptly in their dramatic composition. 5 III STYLES : R lTI Corresponding to the various standards o f characters appearing in a drama, Bharata has directed the use of diffe rent languages and dealt with various merits of composition, but nowhere does he seem to lay stress on the manner and type of composition which may equate with the later concep tion of style ( r iti). All that Bharata means to emphasise over is that the structure of the dramatic language should contain such syllables as may keep up the beauty of composi tion 6 and the words may be grandiose or sweet according as they tend to agree with the sentiment brought therein .7 This dictum, in fact, is the bed from which germinated the thought giving an appropriate form to a composition and developed in process of time to the extent that the arrangement of words became to be considered as the soul of poetry by the early poeti1. 2. 3. 4. M odern P unjab. Modern C am b ala river. i The A rvalli H ills. It corresponds to the Nim Srl d ialect o f even now bears this characteristic, the present day w hich
and is spoken in the N im ar
d ivision o f the C . P. and the H olk ar state. 5. 6. 7. N . X X I 6 2 b ( Lokfid grdhyam budhaistu tat ). KSvya-yogeshvaksharSniyathasobham niveiayet ... N . X V I1 2 0 . UdSra-madhuraih sabdaih karyas ie syu rasanugah ...N . X V I - 12 lb .
22
331
ci&ns like VSmana and Datjîn .1 But with the more modern school of thought which arose with the development of the Dhvani School, the importance of Riti waned, only to retain a subsidiary position in the constitution of a poetic work .2 Its concept, as is now popularly believed, comprises of certain dicta enunciating the use of particular syllables and o f their combinations, and the frequency and the length of compounds occuring in a particular piece of composition. In the former form, they are almost identical with the second type of V rttis characterised as UpariHgarika and others. There is, however, another way of approach to the concept of Ritis, and that is by reference to the respective merits of Poetry, which is in itself an outcome of Bharatas Gum Theory. Ritis are studied by certain rhetoricians as an ornament of composition vis-a-vis the Gums or poetic excellences. In fine, the concept, at any rate, has more or less the same shape, whether it is studied from the Vrtti point of view or from the one o f the existence o f particular excellences. For by a majority o f canonists, one is attempted to be studied usually by reference to' the other, so that with them the study o f Riti and Gum goes hand in hand. Apart from the study of the intrinsic distinction between the concepts of the various excellences of composition, the nature of each one is so vivid as can be distinctly observed in the dramatic literature; and hence .without going into the minute details of comparison of ones connotative nature with that o f the other, Ritis may simply be defined as the mode of arranging words iii a manner which tends to develop the sentiments and feelings prevailing in a piece of composition. Just as in a human personality, the symmetry of limbs contributes to a large extent towards the handsomeness of the build of theJbfldy, similarly, the arrangement of words which are con sonant withJthe thougEt~~aciornTthe body poetic of a dramatic
1. 2. V ide KSvyalankara & KSvySdarsa; also D es Sanskrit Poetics T. For the H istorical development o f the concept o f R iti, Refer L ahari : The Concept o f R iti & Guna p . 8 5 et seq.
DRAMATIC ARTIFICES 339 / work.3 The Riti thus aims at the adjustment o f the sound to the sense and thereby creates a rhythm in the dramatic com position by means of symphonic success. About the types of the Riti there are many views. But their minimum number is three, which is accepted by all, among other styles of their individual choice and creation. They are the Vaidarbhl, the Gaudl and the Pancall. Each o f them may be studied here from the triangular point of view, namely, the choice o f syllables, the use o f compounds, and the existence of Gunas. Vaidarbhl Gay Style : The title is given to this style after the name of the province from which it emanated. From the point of view of the Pravrtti, the Riti is, therefore, known as the Marga or the course. The Vaidarbha Marga or the Vaidarbhi-riti is that course or pattern of composition which has found favour with the writers of the Vidarbha province or their followers in other parts of the country. It is an elegant mode of expression ( lalitatmika ) consisting of an arrangement of syllabes which are sweet in sound. Mostly it is devoid of compounded words. Even if otherwise it has at least a paucity o f compounds. As far as Gunas are concerned, Rudrata says that it contains all the ten Gurias* Whatever be the maximal view in regard to the contribution of Gurias to Riti, this mqch is certain that Prasada and Madhurya are the two conspicuous merits of the Vaidarbha style. It may be noted that the Vaidarbha style goes hand in hand with the Kaisiki bearing and behaves well with the Srhgara and the Hasya senti ments and other soft feelings. 2. Gaudl : As a wide contrast to the former, there is the second one, the Gaudl Riti or the Gauda Marga which may be termed as the Bombastic style. It has found favour more with the residents of the Gauda regions and their followers, and hence it bears the name in their commemoration. It is a strong
1. S. D . IX ij also vide tlie view Ahga-samsthana-vad nlih. S. D .
[CHAP.VII]
Chap. I [ p. 2 4 bottom ] 2. For d etails see Sec. IV , O n Gunas below .
840
mode of expression and consists of hard consononts with stiff dipthongs .1 It is profusely chequered with compounds which are sometimes very long. So far as Gunas are concerned, the Ojas mainly holds its sway over this stvle. It is verbose and fvll of alliteration- In the opinion of Dandin, alliteration itself being a sort of verbosity, frequent and long allite ration of even soft consooonts will qualify the style to belong to th$ GaudI type .8 With soft consononts, of course, the style will, of course, be of loose structure ( sithila-bandha ). At any rate, the Gaudi style agrees with the Sattvati and the Arabhati modes o f bearing, and is a suitable vehicle of suggestion for the Furious and the Heroic sentiments and the similar feelings.
3. Pahcali: The Paficala Margci or the Pahcali Riti is the via media between the two opposite styles, viz., the Vai darbhi and the Gaudi, It admits partly the characteristics o f both the styles, and hence has an agreeable combination o f hard and soft consononts, and such dipthongs as are not onerous in nature, and a few compounds here and there which are mostly simple ones. As a mark of Gaudi, it freely admits the use of alliterations. It has found favour with the peoples of the Paficala and their followers. It agrees with the Kaiiiki and the Bharati Vrttis and also at times with the modest Sattvati. It alternates well with the Vaidarbhi style in the Srngara and also the Hasya rasa. It is in no way unsuited for the; suggestion of the Dana, Daya and other types of Vira, save the one of bellicose nature. 4. L a tl : Rudrata seems to be the pioneer in introducing the Latl style of composition and has found a host of fol lowers among the later canonists. Lati is also a mixed style and presents a golden mean between the Vaidarbhi and the Pahcali styles. Since Pahcali is itself a combination of the two different styles and essentially a softer adpatation of the Gaudi type the combination of the Pancali and the Vaidarbhi is, therefore, sure to be softer in its nature than the former.
X. 2. K . Pr. U llasa IX ; S . D . 1 X -3 ; K lv y S d a rsa -C h a p . 1. KSvySdarsa I - 4 4 a . -
t CHAP. VII ]
DRAM ATIC ARTIFICES
341
It thus comes to mean that the Lati is in entirety a sweet comedian style draping the composition with a discreet choice of words which are sweet and full of cadence, yet beating the impress of the Pahcall in retaining a few com pounds even though long, and also a set of alliteration. It has softness of diction, and Sukunffirata, Samata, Prasada and Madhurya as its remarkable excellences. It bears its title on account of its having originated from the Lata people1. Some minute observers like Bhojadeva have enunciated two more patterns and, named them as the Avanti and the Magadhi Ritis. According to Bhojaraja, Avanti is the Lap of others as described above, and he decides to call his Lati-riti to be an admixture of all the four Vrttis ,2 He further believes that a breach in the flow of a style is the source of the Magadhl-fiti. When a particular style with which a composition is begun cannot be maintained and another style is adopted, such a chequered style, according to Bhoja, would be the specimen of the Magadhi style, which is for this reason called by him the Khanda-riti? At any rate, it is evident that the first four styles as describ ed above are the prominent ones and largely accepted by the canonists and used by the poets and playwrights. Their distinc tion which is so tangible is expediently summed up in the following couplet : Gau41 dambara-bandha syat, Vaidarbhl lalitatmika / Pahcall miira-bhavena, Lati tu mrdubhih padaih" //
1. 2. 3.
R . S. 1 - 2 4 1 b. S. K . A . 1 1 -3 2 . Ib id . 1 1 -3 3 . As a m atter o f fact, such a n untow ard drop o f the holds adopted style m ay be reckoned as a fla w , but R atnesvara that such a change is to be so m ade th a t it m ay sentim ental relish, in w hich case it w ill m ake for details in regard to B hoja's view on R itis, not
m ar the For
th is R iti.
Ref. Srngara-prakSsa
Chap. 14 Sec, I.; C f. R atna-darpana p . 1 5 7 -L 1 . 4 - 6 .
342!
LAWS OF SANSKRIT DRAMA IV MERITS : GUNAS
Gums or the poetic excellences are those charming features that embellish a composition and enhance its value as an object o f appreciation. They are, as a matter of fact, the decorative elements and facilitate to have the relish of the prevailing sentiment.1 These excellences are defined by Visvanatha as the qualities promoting the sentiment which has gained prominence in a piece' o f " composition.2 They are just like * the individual qualities like chivalry and others 3 found in a man. According to this view the rasas are the subject { dharmis ) of such excellences ; and the excellences are the embellishing features ( dharmas ) of the Rasas. On the other hand, Pandita-raj'a who has identified the rasa-carvana with the relish of the Atmananda has established a non-dualistic relation ship between the Rasa, the soul of poetry and the outer world including the Sahrdaya. On account of this Nirguna sort of the VedSntic concept, JagannStha does not call the merits ( gmas ) to belong to the Rasas, but considers them to be the source of creating particular moods ( citta-vrttis ) in the mind of the esthetic reader.4 The distinction, however, is more academic and theoritical than the connotative one, and that is why, so far as the embellishing character of the Gunas is concerned, it is accepted at all hands as their distinguishing mark.
1. Everywhere the term , Sentim ent, unless otherwise stated , includes feelings 2. 3. etc. which are objects o f m anifestation.
S . D . V IIIX. Just as in a m an there are outw ard and inw ard qualities like Saundarya and Saurya so also in the body poetic o f a com position, there are two-fold qualities, i. e. o f Sabda and o f Artha, w hich are verily the outer and the inner form s o f poetry.
4.
R . G. p, 6 8 1; The R atna-darpana also seems to be at accord w ith this view o f R . G., for he seems to reject the view o f the Ksim'fra school hold in g Gums as RasTivalambl, w h ich S. D . also hold*.
( V ide R atna-darpana on S. K . A. p . 5 0 , Lines 6 et seq. )
CHAP. V II]
DRAM ATIC ARTIFICES
343
These excellences are in the first place deemed to be two fold : ( i ) those which directly beautify the Rasas, and ( i i ) the others which indirectly do so. So far as the direct embelli shment of the Rasa is concerned, appropriateness ( aucitya) is the best merit. Kshemendra considers that Aucitya is the very essence of wonder in a composition, whether dramatic or poetic .1 Really speaking, Aucitya is not only a positive merit but even if negatively viewed at, Impropriety or the absence of Aucitya becomes a definite blunder that mars the entire flow o f Rasa and would be studied in its particular aspect under the heading of Demerits given below. Apart from this, the merits may belong to the structure o f a compo sition or the sense expressed in it. Since the words and the sense taken together express the poetic thought and suggest the sentiment, the merits then verily belong to both the aspects o f Poetry as ornaments of structure and those of the sense. It has thus caused a division among the Guiias which are so treated by Bharata as the Sabda-gunas and the Arthagunas.2 Each class, according to Bharata, consists of ten Gunas which bear the same titles with difference only in their con notation given in their definitions. The following are the ten merits of structure or verbal excellences :
gA B D A -G U N A S
( I ) Density (Slesha): A recurrence of similar syllables in almost immediate succession gives a compact look, which is a merit known as Density of structure. In such a composition, the words appear almost similar though they are different.3 This compactness, according to Bharata,* is clear in appea rance; but requires a careful analysis for its subtle compre hension. W ant of looseness in the structure is density, says Dandin .3
1. 2. 3. 4. A . V . C . Verse 5. NS. X V I - 9 6 , 1 1 2 . R . G. p . 6 9 - 4 ; K . A l. l i t 41. NS. p. 3 3 5 , 1. K 3. D . 1 - 4 4 . .
0. I i
344
2. Concinnity ( Prasada) : That type o f structure in which looseness o f composition ( saithilya } alternates with compactness is said to have the merit of Prasada in it .1 3. Uniformity ( Samata ) : When change is not notice able in the style from the beginning to the end, it makes for the uniformity of structure .2 According to Bharata the merit lies in avoiding difficult and redundunt expressions and also compounds .3 Hemacandra, Mammata, and Visvanatha think SamatZi at times to be a demerit on grounds of monotony .4 A. Melody ( Madhurya ) : Melody of sound consists in the arrangement of the uncompounded words 5 containing such syllables as are not lengthened due to the succession o f a dipthong. The use of sweet sounding alliteration is deemed to enhance the charm of this merit .6 5. Delicacy ( Sukumarata ) of sound consists in the use of only those syllables which are not harsh. Absence of onerous sounds caused by the use of surds or harsh euphonic conjunc tions makes for Sukumarata according to Bharata .7
6 . Perspicuity ( Artha-vyakti) is the ease in the structure of a composition which presents the order o f words in a m anner that tends to present quickly the central thought before the reader. It means to avoid the fault of distant situation f d m m v a y a ). It should, however, be distinguished from the merit of sense called Prasada, which refers to clarity of thought .8 Bharata holds that the merit lies in the
1. 2.
R. G. p . 6 9 , 8; K . A l. I I I - 1 - v i ; A . B. ( V o l.'ll) p . 3 3 6 , LI. 1 - 8 . R. G . p . 7 0 , X; KS. D . 1 -4 ; C O H 1 r* K . A n. ( Vog. ) p. 30; K . A l. I l l
3. 4. 5. . 7. 8.
N a. X V I-X 0 0 . K . A. p . 197; K . Pr. U llSsa V II; S. D . V I - 13. A . B. p . 3 3 9 bottom ; KS. L. ( Bhamaha ) II3; S . K . A . 1 - 7 8 . R . G. p . 7 0 , 3; K . A l. I I I - 1 - 2 0 . N 3. S V I - 1 0 7 ; R . G . p . 7 0 - 7 7 ; K S. D . I - 6 9 a ; K . A l. I 1 I - 1 - 2 1 . R . G. p. 7 1 , 2.
[ CHAP. VII ]
DRAMATIC ARTIFICES
345
choice of ;such words in such numbers as may present the sense of a passage no sooner than it is heard or read. He recom mends to avoid unpopular words and forced diction and cir cuitous way o f presentation .1 7. Grandeur ( Udarata) is defined as a merit in the form of gravity caused by the use o f hard consononts .2 The oscillating flow of words ( vikatata 3 ) is Udaratn according to Vamana 4 with whom Pandita-raja disagrees. A piece of composition which contains more than one sense and has a charming structure ( saushthava) is said to have grandeur .5 S. Elaborateness ( Ojas ) lies in a profuse use of short syllables artificially lengthened by virtue of the following con joint consononts .6 A piece of composition containing many compounds of different types and striking words is said to have the merit of Ojas according to Bharata .7 Abundance of compounds is in itself Ojas in the opinion of Acarya Dandin .8 9. Beauty ( Kanti J 9 is the brightness in a composition due to some unusual splendour in choice of words which avoids such hackneyed expressions as are generally used by the unaesthetic class of people like the Vaidika scholars and the grammarians. A delightful structure, mere reading of which stirs the heart of the hearer, is KUnti according to Bharata .10
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. N a . X V I-1 0 8 < R .-G . p. 7 1 , 4. Vikaiatva is defined as padanam nrtyat-prdyatvam. K . A l. I I I - 1 - 2 2 , Contra R . G . p. 7 1 , LI. 1 0 - 1 5 . N S. X V I - 1 1 1 . R . G. p. 71 bottom . NS. X V I - 1 0 5 . K a. D . 1 - 8 0 . R . G. p . 72* 7. NS. X V I - 1 1 2 . '
RUP'T
346
10. Regularity ( Samndhi) is the converse of prasada defined above, and consists in a compact composition alternated with the loose one .1 These are the ten merits of structure which are understood distinctively from the merits o f senss by the older writers. The Artha-gunas which, however, bear the same names as the Sabda-gunas do, are now concisely defined here :
a r th a - gunas
1. Entirety ( Slesha ) in a piece o f composition consists in the aggregate presentation of the whole course of action, the clever movements of the persons concerned and all other helping agents put together .2 A suitable presentation of many chosen ideas or moves seems to be the crucial test of the merit of Slesha in the opinion of Bharata as well as of Vamana .3 2. Perspicuity ( Prasada) is clearness of thought due to the use of as many words as are necessary to bring out the sense.4 3. Evenness ( Samata ) is the characteristic of a regular composition which maintains a chosen order so as to facilitate the grasp of the sense of the passage .5 Bharata prescribes, that it also consists in the avoidance of meaningless expres sions .6 His alternate reading intends to suggest that the merit lies in the adept use of suitable dramatic embellishments and poetic excellences and figures of speech so that it may produce a well-balanced and ornate presentation .7 4. Elegance ( M adhurya) is characterised by a variety of expressions in the form of periphrasis or the expression of
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. R . G. p. 72, 10. R . G. p. 73 top. N a. X V I97; K . A l. I I I - 2 - i v . R. G. p. 73, 3. R. G. p. 73, 7. N s. X V I-1 0 0 . . , . . . .
Ibid. X V I - 1 0 1 .
[CHAP. V II]
DRAMATIC ARTIFICES
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the same matter in an artful manner. In fact, elegance is that charm o f sense which presents in an artistio way the matter with all its newness even if repeated .1 5. Gentleness ( Sukumarata ) consists in mildness of ex pression according to Jayadeva. It more or less equates with euphemism which aviods shocking harshness even in pre senting almost all of a sudden some sad or heart-rending matter .2 Bharata defines that it conveys some delicate matter in a delicate manner with the use of proper expressions and suitable metres. 3 6 . Vividity ( Artha-vyakti ) : When such forms or move ments are attributed to the subject-matter under description as distinguish it from others and thereby present a clear picture of the same, the composition is said to contain a beauty of presentation known as Vividity. It equates, in the opinion of Pandita-raja, with the figure of Svabhavokti o f the New School .4 Bharata makes the idea still more explicit when he says that Artha-vyakti aims at the presentation of things by reference to their intrinsic attributes or well-known quali ties .5 7. Grace ( Udardta) : It is that merit of sense which avoids vulgar expressions .6 It is an expression o f dignified matter full of marvel and amorous feelings in the opinion of Bharata which seems to be too narrow in this respect.7 Elaborateness ( Ojas ) as a merit of sense is shown to adopt any one of the five modes of expression, viz., ( i ) des cribing one thing in a number of. words; ( i i ) describing a lot o f things in one word; ( i i ) describing the matter which can be condensed in a sentence by means of a number of
1. 2. 3. R . G . p . 742; C. L. I V - 6 . C. L. IV 8. N S, X V I - I 0 7 . R . G. p.
8.
4.
5. 6. 7.
74 ,
15
&
p.
75 ,
1.
NS. X V I - 1 0 8 . R. G . p. 76, 2. NS. X V I - 1 1 0 . '
348
sentences; ( iv ) describing the sense to be contained in a num ber of sentences by means of a single sentence 5 and ( v ) the use of suggestive adjuncts .1 As a matter of fact it seems to involve the Various feats o f transformation of sentences inclu ding analysis and synthesis so far as the first-four alternatives are concerned. The fifth one is not different from the Parikara alankara of the New school.2 9. Beauty ( Kfinti) is the merit o f expression when it clearly brings out the suggested sentiment.3 10. Strikingness ( Samadhi ) is that charm of expression which stirs the mind of the reader and affords him an un common delight. This is the view of Plyushavarsha Jayadeva .4 Pandita-raja observes that it is that quality o f expression which exhibits whether the matter presented is altogether new or bears some shade o f what is already presented by others. One aims at an entirely original expression, while the other aims at giving a new garb to the old in such a manner that it may appear as quite a novel thought. Dandin seems to equate this merit with the Ati&ayokti o f the New School inasmuch as he considers the superimposition of the attributes o f one upon the other as the distinctive feature of the merit of Samadhi.6 This completes the list of ten merits of Sense which are recognised by the older canonists in addition to the merits of
1. R . G. p . 75, L I. 4 - 6 ; NS. X V I - 1 0 6 . It m ay be noted th at the
A b hinava Bh3rat! expounds a thought below the Karika o f Bharata w h ich is equal to the alternatives ( i ) & ( ii ) as shown ( A . B. V o l. II p. 3 3 4 - 9 ). Jayadeva takes in to above the
account
alternatives ( iii ) & ( iv ) for predicating ( C. L. IV 7 ). 2. 3. 4. 6.
the m erit
o f Ojas
Subhiprayarviseshena-vinyasah parikarak proktah A l. K. p. 364. R . G . p. 7 7 , 1. C . L. I V - 5 . R . G. p. 7 7 , 4; NS. X V I - 1 0 3 .
6.
K s. D . 1 -9 3 .
[CHAP. V II]
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structure stated hereinabove. Besides Madhurya and Pra sada taken from among the list of merits accepted by Bharata, R ajanaka Kuntaka, who believes strikingness in expression ( vakrokti ) as the essence of Poetry, introduces LSvanya , Abhijatya and Saubhagya as three distinct merits. They are meant to embellish his Vakrokti besides the merit of Aucitya which is originated by Kshemendra. Lavanya according to Kuntaka consists in the juxtaposition o f such words as do not drop their ultimate aspirate sound ( visarga), and are composed o f such short syllables as are lengthened on account of the following of the dipthongs .1 Abhijatya is that merit of composition which is not possessed of extreme tenderness, nor of extreme harshness, and yet has a mature structure ( Praudhi-nirmitam ) z full of charm .3 Saubhagya is that sum-total of merits which shows that the poetic skill ( pratibha ) of the author is presented in its best and highest form by means of proper selection and use of all the ingredients of a literary composition. It thus results in a peculiar delight to the reader .4 Aucitya is that merit which engenders a sort o f grandeur d u e j b a. meJitdeveloped presentation of The ~ subject-matter under descriptigo .5 It is! aTso'otherwise defined as a character n s ti c S atiate which 4ra^,1faem poft'^ 'ofltaôaggaire with an exuberant excellence infused by the persoinalex^riences o f the speaker or,,the.i3bssrver.6
1. 2. V .J . 1 -4 7 . Praudhi in this context is interpreted by L ahari as the profound skill o f the poet. In fact, the m erit w hich evidences such sk ill m ean Praudhi
in p a rticu la r is Saubhagya. H ere Praudhi m ay better
o f com position rather than Pralibhn. ( V ide Lahari The Concept o f R iti and Guna. p, 1 4 0 . ) 3. 4. 5. 6. V . J. I 48. Ib id 1 - 2 2 . Ib id 1 - 5 3 . I b id 1 - 5 4 .
350
Apart from the variety of the Gunas thus accepted by Kuntaka there are many writers who have their own list of merits, and among them the author of the Agni-purana is also one .1 The other canonist of this class is .Bhojadeva with^ whom prolutiiy of division'randT variety is a fond art. He counts as many aT tvventy-four Sabda-gurias and Artha-gunas each,_and draws out~strctr distrnctions as hardly'ûstify the** elaborate classification in certain cases.2 Ttie later canonists, however, donot agree to accept the merits of the sense and of the structure verily o f ten kinds. According to them, this list is assorted and arbitrary, and is not based on such principles as may stand the test of literary criticism. For, some of them are merely equivalent to figures of speech ; a few of them are merely the negation of some demerit or the other ; while, others overlap the m ajor merits like sweetness and .grandeur. In the opinion of this school of thought, which may be distinguished from the former as the New school of Rhetorics, there are only three / types of poetic merits, namely, Mndhurya, Prasada and Ojas. They are said respectively to stir, bloom and glitter the esthetic sense of the reader. Due to this effectiveness, then, they be come virtually the merits of composition, the realisation or appreciation of which creates three states of mind shown above. This is the view of Pandita Jagannatha. There are, however, others like Vi&vanatha3 who think that the merits are the direct attributes of Rasas and that they beautify them in three ways. The New school, however, define these merits as follows : 1. Sweetness { M&dhurya) consists in that delightful' presentation of the subject-matter which stirs the heart of the reader .5 In f act, it causes mental fusion which is the source of
1. 2. 3. 4. 6. For details in regard to Gunas V ide A g n i-P . A d h, 3 4 6 . Ssr. P r. C hap. X V I p. 3 0 8 . R . G . p . 6 7 top. S. D . V III-1 . Ib id . V I II 2.
[ CHAP. V II]
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351
delight .1 It becomes more conspicuous when the composi tion contains the sentiment of love-in-union, and still more with the pathetic sentiment, and the most, in case of the lovein-separation. Even with the Quietistic sentiment it bears well. In order to create such a sweet rhythm the combination of syllables belonging to the same vocal class, especially the nasal one, and , the repetition of the lingual nasal and the semi vowel, and the use of short syllables with a total absence of hard consononts and the first-four linguals is deemed desirable .2 The use of compounds should better be avoided; and, even when used, they should but be few and short. 2. Elegance ( Prasada ) is that charm which occupies or holds as though the entire mental capacity of the reader as fire catches the dry fuel. It blooms the mind o f the reader and causes delightful pleasure. It behaves well with all sentiments and styles of composition. All words which are simple to read and to understand are competent to form this merit.3 3. Grandeur ( Ojas ) is that beauty o f composition which causes elevation of the spirit of the reader. It is a sort of an expansion of heart which is generally experienced by readers possessing poetic susceptibility. It becomes more and more prominent with the Heroic, the Loathsome and the Furious sentiments. The combination of the first and the third syllable of each class of letters, and the lingual semi-vowel in particular, and the copious use of hard consononts promotes the formation of the merit of Ojas.* The use of the first two sibilants may be done with advantage. The. modern canonists recognise only these three merits of diction and, more or less with a spirit of a casuist, try to amalgamate the rest of the poetic excellences with one or the other o f the three merits of their own acceptance. It is, no
1. K . Pr. Chap. V I II. V isvanatha and Jagann Sth a in p articu lar
donot agree to this view of M am m ata. 2. 3. 4. S. D . V I I I -6 . Ib id . V I I I - 7 - 8 . Ib id V I II 4h to 6 a .
352
doubt, possible by means of a logical quibble to include a few of delicacies here and there, and-disprove the formal existence of others as independent merits, yet this feat of forensic interest seems hardly to appeal to the aesthetic sense of the connoisseurs o f art which is more susceptible to the finest niceties o f expre ssion like the apothecarys English scale which strirs even by a hairs weight and cannot fail to appreciate the existence o f minor merits so long as they tend to display a distinctive strik ingness, however, latent it may be. For instance, an asthetician cannot help appreciating distinctively the notions o f light and darkness which in a logicians language can only be the absence of one or the other. Similarly, the view that Sukumarata cannot be recognised because it is the absence o f Dussravatva and the like, may perhaps satisfy a crude logician in a critic but not an aesthetician in him, For these reasons, the critical estimate demands as much appreciation of poetic delicacy by the reader 1 in all its shades and niceties, as does the skill of an artist in its production. V DEMERITS : DOSHAS Any element which tends to detract the poetic values of a composition is a demerit in general terms. The absence of any s^bu^lênî& âiL.âbsoliitecûitO Tea^_ofpoetry^jn the opinion o f canonists like Bhatta Mammata and others. In fact, various poetic features dealt with hereinabove, form the posi tive requirements of poetry; whereas demerits constitute a body of negative requirements of the same. That is how the rules now to be discussed here do, unlike the rules referred to in the preceding sections, prohibit the playwright from introducing any such element that may possibly defeat the very aim of composition, namely, to delight by creating an uncommon wonder in the art of his presentation. Such defects may be numerous, and may affect in various ways any of the limbs of
1. For such app reciation, the criterion is the heart o f the readers whose refined taste is sensible to a ll subtleties, and who, are ( dara-nirtnlita-nayanaih> )
expected to observe them only in tern ally
[ CHAP. VII ]
DRAM ATIC ARTIFICES
353
poetry ; for they may touch any aspect o f a dramatists crea tion and mar its beauty in the choice or the position of words, the grammar and syntax of composition, the selection of theme, the introduction of episodes and incidents, the presen tation o f characters, and delineation of their feelings and so on. Thus there may be Prabandha-doshas, Vakya-doshas, Pada-doshas, Padamsa-doshas, Vrtta-doshas and, at the top o f every thing else, the Rasa-doshas. The old School of Poetics has taken into account only a few general defects. Bharata. has enumerated only ten such elements,, which in his opinion are defetts and are recommended for being avoided by the playwrights. They are : 1. Obscurity ( Gudharthata ) consists in an expression o f an idea by means of obsolete words and phrases .1 This issame 'as Nihatarthata according to Mammata. 2. Digression ( Arthantara) consists in the introduction' of a matter which is not the subject of description .2 It is. somewhat akin to the Amata-pararthata of the modern school.33. Pleonasm ( Artha-hina J is a redundunt expressionEv.en if a particular topic which is not properly connected is introduced, there arises tbe demerit of Artha-hinata. Evens iinconnpletion of predtcatio is a case of this demerit. This covers the fault of Adhika-padatd in the first sense, NirarthakatU in the second sense, and NyTina-padata in the third sense. In dramatic compositions it may also pertain to the. inapt introduction of an episode or an incident, or the omission of an important link in the res-business of the play. In such a case it may operate as a Prabandha-dosha as well. 4. Obscenity ( Bhimarthatu ) is due to some scabrous ex pression. Even presentation of something which is vulgar
1. 2. 3. N . X V l- 9 0 a . N. X V I-9 0 b . S. D . p . 4 0 7 , 6 .
23
354
{ gram ya) is Bhinnarthata.1 It covers the three-fold 2 obscenity recognised by the later canonists under the heading o f aslila, and also the fault of rusticity .3 Bharata provides an alternative connotation to this term, and thinks that portion to be BhinnUrtha where the topic in discourse gives out a sense altogether different from what is desired to be conveyed (vivakshita).4 1 In this sense, it equates with what later writers would call Viruddha-matikaritS, and Prakasita-viruddhata? Here the text o f Bharata is capable of being interpreted in one more way : It may mean that Bhinnarthata consists in the explanation of an idea contained in a particular context by attributing a sense which is apparently different from what seems to be denoted. In this respect it may amount to Neyarthata of the modern school. 5. Tautology ( EkarthatS ) is a meaningless repetition of an expression of one and the same sense .6 It is equivalent to the Paunaruktya and Anavikrtatva of the later writers.
6 . Verbosity ( AbhiplutBrthata ) is a flaw caused by the use o f long compounds covering at times even a quarter of a verse. It is somewhat similar to what is called klishtata by the later canonists .7 7. Illogicality ( Nyayadapetata ) is that flaw which pre sents a set of events that are not warranted by any means of evidence. There is hardly any demerit accepted by Mammata and ViSvanatha which may be on all fours with the Nyayaj. 2. N . X V I-9 1 . A sense is considered to be obscene, in case it is lik ely to abash or blush the hearer, or it is loathsom e, or it expresses an inauspicious event as that o f death or the lik e. 3. e, g Let m e caress you, darling ! in order to propitiate the
Satan in me (R . G. p. 7 5 , 2); or T h y w aist, O slender one ! ha*' indeed attracted m y m ind. 4. 6. 6. 7. N . X V I-9 2 . S. D . ( S. D . p . 3 8 2 , 6 )
p. 385; 4 1 6 , 2 .
5
N . X V I 93a. N . X V T - 3 h .
[C H A P .
VII]
DRAMATIC ARTIFICES
355
dapetata of Bharata, but in the New school there is a variety o f blemishes like the Prasiddhi-virodha, Vidyfi-virodha, Aniyame niyamah, and Aviseshe vUeshah, which may fall in the generic class of Illogicality noticed by Bharata .1
8. Anomaly ( Vishama j is a violation of the rules of pro sody .2 It also includes choice of inapposite metres, an in
congruity which may be due to the dissononce of the chosen metre with the sense or the sentiment suggested therein, or may be due to its disagreeable cadence. In short, sound failing to agree with the sense causes anomaly in composition. Only from a structural point o f view, this fault is recognised as Hata-vrttatn and Yati-bhanga3 in the New School. 9. W ant of Coalescence ( Visandhi ) is that fault of con struction which lies in a composition where the preceding syllables, vowels or consononts, donot combine with the following syllables and donot undergo such modifications as are due to the Sandhi rules. In fact, the non-observance of the rules of coalescence is the flaw of Visandhi. 10. Solecism ( Sabda-cyuta ) : It is both a flaw of juxta position as well as of sense. When words are used without observing grammatical rules, it becomes Sabda-hina, which is, in another form only a specimen of Cyuta-samskarata. A use o f a word in a sense which it is unable to express is also Sabdahina. This is what may be called AvUcakatva and Asamarthatn of the later canonists.
. 1. N . X V I-04; A bhinava classifies such incongruity in m ore w ays
than one : by stating things that are repugnant to p lace, or tim e, or particular arts or sciences, or provisions of the Sastras. 2. Ib id . X V I - 9 * b . option like It is recognised as an an om aly even i f the of
the one o f lengthening a syllab le at the end
the foot, or the adm ixture o f different varieties is wrongly exercised against popular practice ( A, B. V ol. II, p. 3 3 3 . ) 3. In various metres, a line of a stanza A v iolation in has a num ber o f caesura; Pauses is known
known
as yalis.
the rules of
as Tati-bhahga.
For d eta ils in
respect o f Laws o f M etrics vid e
Author s A M anual of C lassical Sanskrit Prosody.
356
LAWS OP SANSKRIT DRAM A
W ith these ten varieties of f aults there ends the list of blemishes noted by Bharata in his Natya-Sastra.1 It is evident from the definitions given by him that the group of flaws covers in a random manner a variety of defects which are also recognised by the later canonists in somewhat diffe rent form and with a more scientific classification. For Bharatas list tends to recognise the existence of flaws in respect of words including sentences and also the sense. The later writers have more systematically divided the scope of poetic demerits into five principal categories, distinctively belonging to syllables, words, sentences, sense and the sentiments. Before dealing with the last category which is the most important part of the topic under investigation, a few salient flaws which are to be essentially noticed for purposes of critical study of the dramatic literature are, however, succinctly defined ad seriatum. In principle, a flaw may exist not only in a word but also in a part of it. Grammatically, a word is composed of two parts, the base and its termination. There may be some error in either part. There could be a blemish even in a syllable. Sometimes the entire word may 1>e a misfit, and at others, the whole group of words forming the sentence may suffer the presence of some defect. There are some such generic faults as ale common to all the three sections, out of which onerousness ( dussravatva ), obscenity ( aslila ), obso leteness ( aprayuktatva), rusticity ( gramyatva ), obscurity ( nihatarthata ), inexpressiveness ( avacakatva ), verbosity ( klishtatva ) and adverseness (viruddha-mati-karitu) have been covered in the ten doshas made out by the old School.2 Apart from them, the following are the few that are prominent among the faults pertaining to words :
1. 2.
N . X V I. 8 8 - 9 6 . For detailed d efin ition s and exam ples of these doshas as recognised by the New School, refer to the Kavya-Prakasa and the S ah itya-
darpana, Chapter V II bothwhere.
chap.
VII]
DRAMATIC ARTIFICES
P A D A -D O SH A
357
1. Technicality ( apratitatva ) consists in the use of a par ticular word in a sense which is familiar only in a particular branch of study. Every department of learning has certain technical sense attributed to particular words which donot yield the same sense in popular parlance. The playwright is expected to use the words in their popular sense so as to render the import intelligible to the masses. 2. Dubiousness ( Sandigdhata ) is a fault which consists in the use o f such forms as, on account of commonness of their appearance, donot permit the reader to determine the particular sense without further reference to its context.1 3. Unconventionalism ( Aprayuktatva): Even if a form of a particular word in respect of gender, number or use is warranted by the lexicon or grammar, it makes for a breach of usage in case the standard authors have not chosen to use it in that fo rm . or sense .2 . 4. Indiscrimination (Avimrshta-vidheyamsa) : It is a major defect, and consists in the non-discrimination of the predicate, or want of emphasis on a word which ought to be stressed. In actual practice, the fault asserts itself in two ways : ( i ) when the position of the predicate is reversed and conse quently made less important, ( i i ) when an idea, which is to be prominently presented, is not -independently stated. Since compounding a word as a member of a larger word renders it subordinate, a word so compounded loses its individual signi ficance and fails in prominently conveying that sense. This is more conspicuous when negative particles qualify an action.
1.
e. g. the use o f such a word as Vidhau a reader m eaning
m ay
not easily enable sing, of Vidhu
to decide as to whether it is a lo c. the m oon, or Vidhi m eaning fate.
1.
e. g. T h e w ord, Padma m eaning
lotus, belongs to
both the m as
culine and the neuter genders, but its use is accepted on ly in th e latter gender, hence its use otherw ise is a- fau lt.
358
In either case where the significance is lost by unduly compounding or misplacing the predicate or any other word, it results in the non-appreciation of the sense in a passage, which is a flaw of Avimrshta-vidheyamsa or of non-discrimi nation of Vidheya.1 5. Conceit (Neyarthata) : Where a desired sense is express ed by the force of Indication ( lakshatfa) without justification in the shape of some tradition ( rudhi ) or special purpose ( prayojana), it brings in the fault of Neyarthata. It primarily lies in stretching out the sense unnecessarily. Of the flaws that exclusively belong to the words only, meaninglessness ( nirarthakata ) and unpopularity of a word in a particular sense ( asamarthata ) are covered by the set of demerits enunciated by Bharata. Though partially Sabdacyuta touches the fault of Cyuta-samskarata, still the former is narrower than the latter which L includes every error o f grammar within its compass. In addition to the flaws pertaining to the syllables (padamias) and the words (padas), the blemishes that occur in the entire sentence due to some syntactical error are indeed important. O f such blemishes that affect the whole sentence, Redundancy ( adhika-padata), Deficiency ( nyuna-padata ), Tautology ( kathita-padata ), Imperfect metre ( Hata-vrttata ), and Digression ( amata-pararthata) are some of the flaws that are recognised by Bharata. Besides them there are some flaws, really prominent ones, which are recognised by the New School. They are noticed below in details :
V A K Y A -D O SH A
1. Resumption ( Samapta-punarattata j is a fault which consists in stretching a sentence after it is once concluded. Although no definite rules are prescribed by the Sanskrit grammar for the position of words as such, still there are certain requirements of the syntactical concord. O f them, an elemen tary requisite is the agreement among different members in a sentence, which the grammarians call akanksha Once the
1. Vidheya is the predicate and tells about the su bject.
[ CHAP.
VII ]
DRAMATIC ARTIFICES
359:
akahksha is satisfied, the predication becomes complete, and the readers sense of construction ceases to be inquisitive. Should the writer, at that stage, once again add some attributive adjunct either to the subject or to the predicate, the gratified sense of syntactical construction is forced to be re-awakened to con strue the portion which is thus appended by the weak genius o f the poet. It thus mars the pleasure of the delicate senseo f construction and becomes a fault, which the critics appre hend as the one of Resumption of the concluded .1 2. Improper relation ( Abhavan-mata-sambandha) is a fault which lies in the failure to express the intended connection. The inappropriate position of the relative pronouns or the adverbs causes this flaw. The general rule of syntax is that there is an inseparable relationship between the relative and the demonstrative particles in a sentence. Any breach o f this mutual relationship causes the syntactical fault. It may be possible in three ways : ( i ) when the relative particles may. not be followed by the demonstratives, in which case, the emphasis laid down by the relatives is all lost; ( i i ) when the relative is followed by an improper demonstrative, in which case, the latter may fail to point out the same attribute as may correspond to the relative formerly used; ( iii ) and lastly, when the relative follows the demonstrative, in which case, misplacement of the latter causes failure to have proper construction of different members of a sentence. It is a subtle fault and deserves careful avoidance, 3. Breach of Order ( Bhagna-prakramata ) : It is worthy of special notice so far as dramatic criticism is concerned. This fault appears in various ways, but its general nature may be defined as the non-observance of uniformity in a com position, which may be due to changes silently creeping in in a composition done even by the master artists. For instance,, there may be a sudden change in the voice in the one and the same passage, i. e. one clause may be in active form, the
1. e. g. Masayante ghana-dhvanlam tapayanto viyogirum / Patanti sasinah padah bkasayantah kshamdrtalam. II here, appending the last clause am ounts to Resumption.
360
other may be, for no special reason, in the passive form. Then, if there are many finite verbs in a passage, one belongs to the Parasmaipada and the other to the Atmanepada. Similarly, the change in the singular and the plural number, or persons, first, second, or third, may also cause the same fault, e. g. the addressee in a conversation may be once addressed with tv am and in the next breath with bhctvm. Then again, in the same context a person may be referred to with different epithets thereby causing doubt in understanding ( paramarsa ) with the result that the breach in order is committed. Then, sets of different objects subsequently referred to in a reversed o r d e r ; verbs to different subjects spoken of, so placedth a t they do not construe respectively; and similar other incongruities cause the fault of Bhagna-prakramata alias prakrama-bhanga. As subjoined to the list o f the various faults of syntax noticed above, the use of dissonont letters ( pratikula-varnata ), recurrant elision or dropping of the aspirate ( hata-visargatn or lupta-vlsargata ), irregularity of diction in interspersing the soft and the bombastic sounds without justification ( patat-prakarshata ), obscure and obscene Sandhis ,3 misplacement of a word in a different clause causing -thereby some difficulty in prose-order ( duranvaya or ardhantarltapadata ), improper situation of a word causing wrong or feeble emphasis {akramata), deficiency in sense (vacyanabhidhana), contradiction with accepted belief ( samaya-virodha ), undue compounding, narrowness of expression ( sahklrnata ) and parenthetical construction ( garbhitata) are also some conspicuous flaws that cause a sore to a critic of appreciative taste. Among faults of sense such ones as of vulgarity, obscurity, obscenity, staleness of thought, doubtfulness, repetition, unconventionalism are already encompassed by Bharata ataong
1. Even by operations o f Sandhi rules, if some obscene com bination
is formed, w hich though not scabrous in Sanskrit, but appears so in any o f the Jali-bhashUs, then it should be avoided, as illustrated by M am m ata in Rucim huru". Words lik e C ekniila noted by
JBharata as obscene should also be avoided.
[CHAP. v l l ]
d r a m a t ic
a r t if ic e s
361
those stated above. Besides them, futility, consisting in adding some matter which does not develop the plot ( apushta ), error in choice order (dushkrama), inconsistency (vynhatafa) due to the description of a matter as high or low at one time and just its reverse at another, inconsequentiality f nirhetu ), incom pletion, indecent association of thoughts and misjoinder of parties ( sahacara-bhinnata), error in particularising what is universal and vice-versa ( aviseshe visesha ), undue restriction of sense, or undue subordination of thought are some of the faults which turn the sense either incoherent or inconspicuous. The above is the long list of defects that adversely affect the word and the sense which comprise the external structure of dramatic poetry. They all tend, by their very existence,, to derogate the value of poetry no doubt, but donot directly injure the very soul of poetry which pervades in the form of sentimental relish o r Rasa-dhvani.
R A SA -D O S H A
Many post-Bharata canonists have agreed in noticing ten m ajor faults that are fatal to the sentimental relish. For they either determine the sentimental flow, or cause it to abate or get mitigated .1 The following are the faults that mar the b'eauty of the very soul of Poetry : 1. Direct M ention ( Svokti ) : It may be recalled here that Rasas and Bhavas are all suggested by means of various factors; and their existence should never be brought to be borne on the minds of the audience by direct mention. In case it is so done, it amounts to Svokti-dosha which reprehends the very, rise of sentimental sympathy. 2. Adverseness ( Paripanthi-parigraha ) : The description of the determinants ( alambana ) and the excitants ( uddipana )
1. K avya PrakSsa Chap. V II; P radlpa Chap. V II; K avya dakinl. W hile discussing the flaws o f sentim ent, whatever is said to pertain, tc? the sentim ents is equally app licable to a ll other subsidiaries like em otions, feelin gs, pseudo'sentim ents and rise, fa ll, confluence or com m ixture as wel. their S. D . C hap. VII;
362
of the adverse sentiments and feelings in the midst of the maim or the prior sentiment disturbs the course of sentimental relish-: Hence it is a fault particularly to be avoided. 3. Transference (Akshepa) : Where the Uddipana and the Alambana Vibhavas of a particular rasa are transformed into the form of the anubhava of the rasas under manifestation,, the course o f appreciation of the rasa proper gets hindered. It thus becomes a fault. 4. Abruptness ( Akanda-prathana ) : An abrupt introduc tion of a sentiment at an inopportune hour is a fault of sudden insertion, as is found in the amorous indulgence of Duryodhana in the second Act of the Venisamhara. Conversely, a sudden abatement o f a sentiment amounts to abrupt fall in rasa called' Akanda-ccheda, as the fury of Bhargava abating in the M ahavlracarita on account of Ramas entry into the harem. 5. Rejuvenation ( D ip ti) : When a particular sentiment seems to have subsided fully, an attempt to awaken it again and again amounts to Rejuvenation which becomes exasperat ing to the audience and turns into the fault of Punardipti.
6 . Oblivion ( Ananusandhana ) : When the main factor- o r the chief sentiment appears to be set aside by the development of some subsidiary topic, the loss of thread of the principal one amounts to oblivion. For instance* the forgetfulness about Sagarika in the fourth Act of the Ratnavall in a flurry caused by Babhravyas approach has side-tracked the main sentiment.
7. Development o f the Subsidiary ( Ananga-klrtana ) : Disregarding the factors that promote the chief sentiment, the poets indulgence in dwelling upon the subsidiary events and topics is a fault of Ananga-kirtana, as in the Karpuramafljarl, there is an appreciation of the bards extollings in preference to the description of the vernal season, and the hero and the heroine. Over-extension of the Subsidiaries ( Ati-vistara ) : The description of the subsidiary to an untoward length so as to step over the fundamental emotions is also faulty.
8.
{ ch ap.
V II]
DRAMATIC ARTIFICES
363
9. Change in Disposition ( Prakrti-viparyaya) : The disposition ( prakrti j of a character is either divine or m ortal. It is again distinguished as high, low or middling. To des cribe a character with a change in his prakrti seduces the alambana of the rasa, and becomes a rasa-dosha. 10. Impropriety ( Antiucitya j : It is the most serious fault so far as Rasas are concerned. It is felt in various ways. It may be perceptible in reversion o f characteristics of time, place, seasons, caste and class o f peoples and their condition and status. Really, it is the most omnibus fault, and all others discussed above are the different phases of Anaucitya in its generic sense .1 Although all the types of blemishes noted above are generally supposed to be the elements that detract the piquancy of the sentimental relish, yet at times they tacitly tend to support the progress of sentiments and feelings. Such cases are rare, indeed, but wherever they happen to do so, they not only cease to be faults but become positive excellences. For this reason, some defects which wear a chemelions cloak are considered as transitory faults or anitya-doshas. The follow ing are the circumstances in which the different faults of this type tend to become merits : 1. Onerousness in the nature of DusSravatva or Sruti-katu becomes a merit when the speaker is indignant or enraged, or the import o f the passage is boisterous, or the ruling sentiment is the Furious or the Loathsome. 2. Obscenity to a certain extent ceases to be a fault in amorous talks or description o f the erotic sports. 3.' In such cases where the charm of paranomasia or double entendre is very striking, obscurity and obsoleteness ( nihatarthata and aprayuktata ) are not felt as faults. 4. Technicality is a merit when the speaker and the spoken to are both scholars. Even in case of Monologues and soliloquies it ceases to be a fault.
]. For fu ll and detailed studies in the doctrine o f Aueitya reference
m ay be done to Kshem endra s A u citya-vi cSra-carcS.
364
LAW S OF SANSKRIT DRAM A
5. Repetition is a distinct merit when a reference is to be made to the subject already introduced. It is again so, when done during such mental attitudes as express despondency, wonder, wrath, moroseness or extreme joy. When the charm due to Latanuprasa1 is striking, the repetition of a word is a definite merit; and to the same extent it is so, when an emphasis is to be laid on it. For purposes of supplication or showing clemency, or in a construction where the repeated term is to yield a different sense by force of suggestion, tautology be comes an excellence.
6 . Doubtful expression Vyaja-stuti.2
is
a beauty
in case of the
7. Obscurity and harshness ( klishtata and katava j is a positive merit when the speaker is unaesthetic like a grammarian or a logician. v
8.
Among low characters vulgarity is no offence.
9. In the description of established facts or the presenta tio n o f axiomatic propositions, Nirhetuta is no fault. 10. Prasiddhi-virodha or statements repugnant to accepted facts become a merit when they are in conformity with the conventions, whether dramatic- or poetic. 11. Yati-bhanga ceases to be a fault, if some striking emphasis on a particular thought is intended to be laid by the playwright. 12. Deficiency or excess of words, and other allied faults become merits in case the speaker is not all there; or he is an idiot, or suffers from frenzy or his condition of mind is not lucid.
1.
e. g. ' Sunayane nayane nidhehi te ... A l. Sar. of M ankhuka, p. 2 0 .
For further
details vide
2.
V yaja-stuti consists in praising Stuti-nindSbhyam ninda-stutyor A l. S . N o. 3 7 ( p. 135 ).
through censure
and vice versa.
gamyatve vyajastu lih R u yyak a
I CHAP. VII ]
DRAMATIC ARTIFICES VI METRICS
365-
Metre is another important vehicle of sentimental expression. It is always the cadence of an expression that either makes or mars the appreciation of a sentiment. Since the art of execu tion mainly depends upon the dramatic effect that it is able to create on the minds of the visitors, their sympathy with the ruling sentiment forms the real test of success. This m uchcoveted sympathy can be awakened only by means of the poetic rhythm, for which reason the choice o f a particular metre for the expression of a particular thought should always be perfect and in unison with the dhvani which is sought to be manifested. Hence more delicate becomes the task of a drama tist when he adopts his notes on his prosodial gamut. For instance, a dramatist can hardly be justified in using a Sardulavikrtdita when he is expressing the lamentations of a bereavecf kindred or describing scenes of love-in-separation. It will be equally out of place if he were to choose Harinl for expressing the wrath of an enraged saint, or Malinl for the menacing threats of a bellicose hero. Even in case of one and the same sentiment, the same metre cannot suit, fo r example, the metre which fits in for expressing the anubhavas of the Yuddha-vira cannot go well while expressing those of the Dayci-vira. Truly, any irregularity in the choice or formation o f a metre causes a bitter sore to the ears, and makes for the Vftta-dosha, and at: certain places an impudence ( anaucitya ) of an irreparable character. The selection of a metre demands a highly cultured skill in a dramatist, and the sense of dramatic criticism calls for a subtle appreciation of the rhythmic cadence o f different types of verses and their relative melody as well. For the latter purpose especially, a succinct survey of what Bharata has instructed in this behalf will not be out o f place here. A verse in the Classical Sanskrit is known as Padyat which may be called a stanza. Every Padya has four divisions, each a Carana* or a quarter. Padya in the first place is
P a id , Pada are its equivalen ts.
366
deemed to have two varieties : Jati and Vrtta. Jati is that type of verse which is measured in terms of the syllabic in stants contained in its every quarter. It is, however, not necessary to have an equal measure of every quarter ia case o f metres belonging to the Jati class. The measure of a syllable depends on the number o f instants, i. e. m ore (matra) which it takes for bekig pronounced. For metrical purposes a syllable may be either short or long. A short syllable re quires one instant, whereas the long one takes two instants. Since all syllables that are not reckoned long are short ones, the definition of a long syllable according to Kalidasa is given below : A syllable consisting of a long vowel ( dirgha ), or pre ceding a dipthong, or associated with anusvara or followed by an aspirate ( visarga ) is necessarily long. It is, however, left to the choice of the poet to treat the last syllable of a quarter of the verse long, even if it is, in fact, a short one . 1 Al though it is an accepted dictum, still stricter canonists have allowed the option of Jengthening the ultimate short vowel at the end of a foot, only in case of the second and the fourth foot o f a stanza except o f those like the Vascmta-tilaka and a few others2, where the option could be exercised even in the first and the third foot. Wherever such an option is deemed allowable, even then it is preferred to deem the last vowel lengthened* in case at least the preceding syllable is a conjoint one, so that it may lug at the last syllable and main tain the balance well.3 On the other hand, there are some liberal scholars like Damodara who think that a syllable even when followed by a dipthong ( sanyukta ) may not be deemed long .4 In prakrta metres, however, the long vowels like e
1. Sanyuktadyam dlrgham sanusvaram visargasammisram I Vijnyeyam aksharam guru, pfidSntastham vikalpena" II ...& r. B. 2 . 2. 3. 4. S. D . p . 4 0 3 top ( vasanta-tilakadavevd Ib id . p . 2 4 , lin e 7 seq. * K . D . p . 2 3 bottom .
Sanyukta-purvo pi laghuh kvacit syad / Varmstu PrahrSdi-gate vibhasha / / V . B. I - 6 a .
\ CHAP. VII )
DRAMATIC ARTIFICES
367
'ând o, and I and hi when associated with anusvTSra could be optionally treated as short.1
Jati Metres
So far as the study of the dramatic literature is concernd, three varieties of the Jati brand are worthy of notice. They are :2 * 1. Arya is that Jati, the first quarter of which contains twelve morse, the second has eighteen, the third equals the fost and the fourth has only fifteen.3 Bharata and Pingala Naga observe five prominent varieties of the Arya type, verily naming them as Pathya, Vipula, Capala, Mukha-capala and Jagharta-capala. The classification is of minor importance inasmuch as it refers more to the form ation of groups ( ganas) for purposes of pauses and observes no difference so far as the constitution o f the metre is concerned .4 This very Arya when composed in any of the Prakrta dialects is called Gathn. 5 2. Giti : It is that type of Jati in which the total syllables the first and the second quarters respectively take twelve and eighteen instants. The third quarter equals the first and the fourth agrees with the second. This,m etreis called Udgatha in Prakrta. 3. Upagiti : It is that type o f Jati which contains in the first and the third quarter syllables of twelve instants, and in the second and the fourth quarter syllables of fifteen instants each. * As distinguished from the Jati type o f Padyas, the stanza in the Vrtta form is measured not in terms of instants but of
1. E, O, kvaeit prakrtake laghu stall . .. Ibid. I 6b . these w id : options, i f exercised, A ll the same, m ay only specify to the popular
Vrtta Metres
adage Kavi-nirmana-samagrt dSridryam praka'sayati , 2. For specimens o f a ll the varieties o f m etres vid e Authors
A M anual o f C lassical Sanskrit Prosody. 3. 4. 6. !sr. B. 4. N.
X V - 150; C eha. . I V - 2 2 , 26; M . M . pp. 2 3 , 2 4 .
Pr. P ., and also V . B. ( p. 6 ).
368
LAWS -OF SANSKRIT JQRAMA
the number o f syllables in. each quarter. In the Vrtta class o f metres, the type of the syllable, whether it is short or long, doesnot so much matter as the number does, and more so the order of succession. For, a particular number of syllables, short or long, occurring in a defined manner or order will determine the type of a Vrtta. Hence the variety of Vrttas is designed in two respects : One, on account of the number of syllables contained in each quarter, and the other In respect of the difference in order of succession of syllables in each of them. Before dealing with the varieties of Vrttas created by this twofold basis of distinction, it is necessary to be acquaint ed with the mode of counting the number of syllables in a quarter of a stanza as formulated by the canonists for the sake of quick judgment and recognition. For purposes of counting the number of syllables, they are always grouped in a set of three which is said to con stitute a metrical foot ( gatia). By means of arithmetical process of permutation and combination, a set of three mem bers of two kinds, one long and one short ,1 arranged in diffe rent order of succession can present no more than eight varieties given below :
N o. Sym bolic p resen tation N atu re o f variety N am e o f variety E nglish E quiva len t
1. 2.
3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8.
S I I I S S s I
I I SI I s
ss
I s s I s I s I
Adi-guru Madhya-guru Antya-guru Adi-laghu Madhya-1 aghu Antya-laghu Sarva-guru Sarva-laghu
Bhagana Jagana Sftgana Yagana Ragana Tagana M agana Nagana
Dactyl Amphibrach Anapaest Bacchius Amphimacre Anti-bacchius Molossus Tribrachys
1.
In order to have an easy com prehension o f the varieties the sym bols S and cl respectively denoting the long and short syllables are adopted here in accordance w ith the practice o f a ll the
prosodists.
r
[ ch ap.
VII ]
DRAMATIC ARTIFICES
369
In an abbreviated form these groups are referred to only with the initial letter Bha, Ja and so on. In a quarter of a stanza, if the number of syllables is not divisible fully in sets of three, the residuary ones are called supernumerary syllables which are represented by letters la and ga accor ding as they are short or long. If the supernumerary syllables are also two in a quarter, their set also presents a fourfold variety :
1. 2.
3. 4.
S I s I
I S s I
ga-la la-ga gau lau
= = = =
Trochee Iambus Spondee Pyrrhic
This is the scale of measure for determining the type of a Vrtta which can be done by scanning a quarter or quarters into sets o f three syllables. Though technically a Vrtta may be composed of mono syllabic or bisyllabic quarters, still Bharata has not recognised a Vrtta with less than a hexa-syllabic quarter. The playwrights and the classical poets too have not patronised metres of shorter pattern than the octo-syllabic ones, though their genius could have conveniently permitted them to do so. For this reason the shorter Vrttas are not dealt with here. A variety of Vrttas is formed on account of the combina tion of four quarters, which may be either all uniform or may be dissimilar. On this ground, Vrttas become capable of a m ajor classification, and are accordingly divided into three categories: 1. Regular metres ( Sama-vrttas ) are those which con tain all the four quarters o f equal measure both in respect o f number of syllables and the order of their succession. 2. Semi-regular metres (Ardha-sama Vrttas) are those which are partially uniform inasmuch as they contain quarters of two types which may differ from one another both in the number of syllables and their order of succession as well. This is again possible in three ways : ( i ) the first and the third quarter agreeing with the second and the fourth one respectively. 24
370
the scheme of combination being in the ab ab1 form ; ( ii ) the first quarter agreeing with the fourth one and the second quarter agreeing with the third one, the scheme of agreement being in ab ba form ; ( iii ) and lastly, one hemistich2 agreeing with the other hemistich ,3 the scheme of composition being in the aa bb form. Out of these three forms, the first and the third are more in vogue. 3. The third category is of the Vishama or irregular Vrttas, where no quarter agrees with the other, or one o f the quarters, at least, is dissimilar to the other three quarters. It is a variety which admits of all sorts o f irregularity. So far as the dramatic literature is concerned, the Samavrttas are more popular as compared to the Ardha-sama ones of which only a few specimens have found favour with the playwrights. The stanzas of the Vishama class present an extreme rarity. Among the Sama-vrttas then, the first point of distinction is by virtue o f the numerical strength o f the stanzaic line. From this point of view Bharata has recorded the following generic names to the different classes 4 of Vrttas : G ro u p A : The shortest, Vrtta in respect of length, which is recognised by Bharata, is of six syllables in a foot, and it belongs to the Gayatrl class. The class o f Vrttas having a septa-syllabic line is Ushnik, of those having octo-syllabic lines is Anushtup ; with novo-syllabic lines it is Brhatl, and with deci-syllabic ones it is Pahkti. G ro u p B : Vrttas belonging to this group are very popular ; and their generic names and the number of different types in
1. T h e sym bol V an d b here represent the pattern o f the quarter, and the order o f succession is sym bolised as abab, abba, and aabb. 2. 3. 4. Purvardha. UttarSrdha. T h is division in to groups is done for the facility o f understanding, and is not so done elsewhere by an y canonist.
[ CHAP. V II]
DRAM ATIC ARTIFICES
371
total that a particular class can have under the Prastara1 rules are given below :
N o. G eneric N am e2
No. o f syllables in a foot.
Possible varieties' in Sama-vrttas
1. 2.
3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11.
Trishtubh Jagatl Ati-jagatl Sakvarl Ati-Sakvarl Ashti Atyashti Dhrti Ati-dhrti Krti Prakrti
Eleven Twelve Thirteen Fourteen F ifteen. Sixteen Seventeen Eighteen Nineteen Twenty Twenty-one
' 2048 4096 . 8192 16,384 32,768 65,536 1,31,072 2,62,144 5,24,288 10,48,576 20,97,152
G ro u p C :
1. 2.
3. 4.
5,
Akrti Vikrti Sankrti Ati-krti4 Utkrti
Twenty-two Twenty-three Twenty-four Twenty-five Twenty-six
41,94,304 83,88,608 16,77,7216 33,55,4432 67,10,8864
Those Vrttas which have lines containing more than twentysix syllables are said to belong to the Afa/a class, otherwise known as Dandakas.6 Out of these three groups drawn from the point of view of their popularity, it is worthy of notice that of the first Group only Anushtup is used by the playwrights. Out of Group B.
1. Prasttlra is the first o f the six-fold Pratyayas recognised by Cchandah-sSstra for determ ining the
the varieties o f the metres. class by rules o f
It determ ines the total num ber o f m etres in a perm utation. 2. 3. i. 5. V ide N . X I V - 4 1 , 4 6 .
Ib id . X I V - 6 1 , 7 7 . They could be 1 3 4 , 2 1 7 , 7 2 6 . A lso spelt as Abhikrti. N . X I V -4 7 ; Ccha. S. V I I - 3 3 .
372
all classes are in use of the dramatists, who have, with a rare exception ,1 avoided to use any pattern belonging to the classes mentioned in Group C. an.d the Dandakas. Though there are over a billion of metres as shown above, which are provided by a large variety of combinations present ed by the method of prosodial permutation in the Sanskrit language, only a few, nay a very few, could be deemed expe dient for an adequate sentimental expression, which, in fact, is the v tfy summum bonum of the art of the scenic representation. The popular metres, which have found favour with the Sanskrit playwrights and are deemed expedient for employ ment; by Bharata, are briefly discussed here. In the Gayatrl class Bharata has given four types ,2 namely, Tanu-madhya, Makara-slrshS, Mtil ini and Malati ,3 the first two o f which are also accepted by Bhatta Kedara 4 who, however, calls the second one as Sati-vadaria. Kalidasa 5 also includes Sasi-vadana in his list, which equates with Bala-lalita given in the Garuda-purana .6 Pingala Naga, however makes a mention of Tanu-madhya only .7 Malini of given connotation is not found anywhere else. Malati, however, is recognised by Kedara as Sragvini8 and as Vimoha and Vallari by the Vanlbhushana and the Cchandah Kaustubha respectively .9 Mada-lekha is the only type which is recognised by Kalidasa in the Ushnik
1. 2. 3. The well-known exception N . X V - 9, 10. TammadhyZ has a T agana and a Yagana in each foot; Sasi-vadanU is o f Bhavabhuti : M S. M S. V - 2 3 ,
w h ich is Sahgrama type o f D andaka.
has a Nagana and a Yagana; M alati has a Ragana and a M agana; and MUlarii has two R aganas. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. V . R . I I I -!', 8 . gr. B. 8 . G . P . Purva-khanda, AdhySya 2 0 9 , C cha. i . V I - 2 . V. R . I ll 11. V . B. I I - 4 6 , 46; C cha. K . as cited by V isalyankarini p. 1 0 6 , 9 . N a. X V - 2, 10.
[C H A P . V II]
DRAMATIC ARTIFICES
373
class .1 It does not, however, agree with any metre mentioned by Bharata who has in his list two other types known as the Bhramara-malika and Uddhata, the latter equating with the Kumara-ialita of Pingala Naga and Bhatta Kedara .3 In the Anushtup class, Bharata mentions thfte varieties Simha-lila,3 Matta-ceshtitam and Vidyullekha out of which the last two are recognised by other prosodists by naming them as Pramanika and Vidyuna-mala respectively .4 Kalidasa, Pingala Naga and Damodara MiSra add Manavfi-kakridita to this list .5 The most important and popular metre in this class, however, is Sloka otherwise known as Padya which is said to be evolved by the Adikavi Valmlki6, and this pattern has in each quarter the fifth as a short syllable, the sixth long, and the seventh one long and short in alternate quarters.1 7 It is also known as the Pathya-vaktra, and is of very frequent occurrence in the Sanskrit plays. In case of stanzas of short length, the interim pause ( yatl8) is usually done at the end of each foot, but with an increase in the number of syllables in each foot, it becomes necessary td have some stoppage in the middle for the sake of mantaining the rhythm of the line. Observance of the rules of Pauses among other laws of Prosody is very neccessary. The parti* cular pauses are prescribed in each case by the canonists, and the general rule is that the prescribed pause should not fall in the middle of a word. That is to say, the Splitting of
1. 2
Mada-lekha =
M a, Sa and ga.
Bhramara-lulita has T a , N a and g a ; and Ud'dhatU has J a } Sa and ga. N a. X V 1 2 , 14; Ccha. . V I - 3 ; V. R. I I I - l.
3. 4.
It is otherw ise spelt as Sim ha'lek ha. V . B ., V . R^; Sr. B. and Ccha. S. Sr. B. nam es Pramthika as Nagasvarvpim ,
5. 6. 7. 8.
Sr. B. 13; C cha. S . V I .- 4 ; V . B. 1 1 -7 6 ; V . R . I I I - 2 1 . C f. Sokah Slokatsam agalah. Sr. B. 10. Tatir v i c c h e d a h C ch a -S . V I - 1. Virama and Virati are its synonym s.
374
words is not allowed, and wherever the pause ( ya t i ) occurs the word should end so as to facilitate the comprehension of the sense of the Padya while it is being read. An exception, however, is allowed by the reputed canonist, Bhatta Halayudha to the effect that a word may be split by a csesural pause, provided it does not separate any one syllable of the word on either side.1 In other words the pause should, not divide the word by one syllable, which comes to mean that the words shorter than the tetra-syllabic ones cannot be divided by a cassura, except in case of the Prthvl metre .2 Beyond Anushtup class, there are no popular metres in the Novo-syllabic ( Brhati) and the Deci -syllabic ( P ahkti) classes. Bharata, however, has made a mention of one type only, viz. Madhukari, which is found in the Cchanda-3astra and its close adherent Vrtta-ratnakara with a variant in its name as Bhujahgasiu-srta and Bhujanga-iiSu-bhrtn among the metres of the Brhati class .3 K&lid&sa recognises none in this class. But in the Pahkti class he mentions one type, known as Campakamain which is available in the Ratnakara as it is ,4 but as Rukmavati in the Natya-gastra .5 Bharata, however, has two varieties, Utpala-malini and Sikhi-sarini which respectively equate to Parjava and MayUra-sarinl o f Pingala Naga and Bhatta Kedara .6
1.
"Yadi purvzparau bhUgau na syatam eka-varmkau Vrtti p . 1 0 0 , 11. A violation o f this rule m ars the entire beauty, and the prosodial rule should be strictly followed, for a critic has rem arked,
Api mUsham masham kuryM Cehande-bhahgam na karayet. 2. 3. S. M . Chap. V I I . p . 1 2 3 lin e. 3. N . R. p . 3 4 , 3 6 . M adhukari = N a, H a, M a . N a. X V - 2 8 j Ccha. S . V I 7; V . R .
in-30.
4. 6. 6. !sr. B. 15; V . R . 1 1 1 -3 4 . C cha. 5s. V I - 1 1 . Utpala-mSlinT = M a , N a, Ta, ga ; Sikhi-sSrini = Ra, J a , Ra, ga.
N S. X V - 3 1 , 34; C cha. S. V I - 1 0 , 12; V . R . 1 1 1 -3 3 , 36.
[C H A P .
V II]
DRAMATIC ARTIFICES
375
G ro u p B : 1. T R ISH T U P ! In this class there is a number of varieties which are copiously used by the playwrights. But Bharata has taken notice of seven patterns of the following designs : ( i ) Dodhaka : Three Bhaganas followed by a pair of long syllables make a Dodhaka with a pause only at the end of the foot. ( i i ) Indra-vajra ! Two Taganas followed by a Jagana and a pair of long syllables with a pause only at the end, will make an Indra-vajra. ( i i i ) Upendra-vajra: When the initial letter of each quarter of the Indra-vajra becomes short, it makes Vpendra-vajra. ( iv ) Salim : One Magana followed by a pair o f Taganas in succession, and two long syllables at the end, compose Salim. There is a pause after the fourth and the seventh syllable in each foot. ( v ) Rathoddhata has a Ragana, a Nagona, then a Ragana and a short and a long syllable at the end, where only there is a pause. ( vi ) Svagatn contains a Ragana, a Nagana and a Bhagana with two long syllables at the end o f a foot. It differs from the former in respect o f one pen*uHlmate syllable which is long here, but short in Rathoddhatn, ( vii ) Motaka has a Tagana, a Jagana, then again a Jagana with a short and a long syllable at the end. In addition to these seven varieties mentioned by Bharata there are a few more important ones given elsewhere which are worthy of notice here and hence mentioned below : ( viii ) Vatormi is that type of Trishtup which contains a Magana, a Bhagana, a Tagana and a pair of ultimate long syllables. There is a pause at the end of the fourth and the seventh syllable .1
1. C cha. S. V I - 2 0 ; M . M . 1 - 2 0 ; V . R . I H - 4 7 .
376
{ ix ) Upajati is an admixture of two varieties mentioned above, namely, Indra-vajra .a n d Upendra-vajra. Likewise, any foot having a variation of the other of these two classes is competent to make Upajati. Distinctive varieties are however noted by the canonists caused by the change o f form in the numbers of any foot in a stanza .1 2. J A G A T l : It is the most important class among the Classical Sanskrit metres, and the canonists have given names to many of the varieties of this pattern. Bharata 2 has <also Tecognised largest number of metrical types only in the Jagati class. The following constitute his list : (i) Vathsastha has a Jagana, a Tagatja, a. Jagana and a Bhagana with a pause only at the end of the foot. It is called Vamsastha by Pingala Naga, Vamgasthavila and Vamgastamita by other canonists. It has the same cadence as has the Upendra-vajra o f the Trishtup class.
' 1. C cha. 5?. V I - 7 7; M . M . 1 -1 9 ; I f the first V. R. I l l 45; and the Sr. B. 2 3 , 2 4 . : last three o f the its reverse is the
foot is o f Indra-vajrS
U pendra-V ajra it is called AkhyanakT, and ViparTtakhySnakT. For nam es given to
different com binations of C lassical
o f these two types Vide Sanskrit Prosody
Authors A M anual
pp. 1 9 - 2 1 . that
( They are 14 types ). U pajSti, in fact, is not only a and U pendra-vajra, but a
It m ay, however, be noted com bination of
Indra-vajra
com bination o f one, two or three quarters o f a stanza w ith a quarter or quarters of another stanza o f different pattern, pre ferably belonging to the same class havin g an equal num ber o f syllab les in each. For exam ple, a com bination o f fndravamsa and
Vamsastha; Vatorm i and SalinT and VaisvadevT, Rathoddhata and SvSgata, T all and Kiimamatta are o f frec.uent occurrence. Upajati is generally included by the canonists in the Sama-vrtla class o f metres, but, since a ll the quarters it should, in fact, be deemed are not o f the same type,
a specim en o f the Ardhasama
or the Vishama Vrtta. 2. N . X V 3 8 , 5 2 . . -
f CHAP,
VII ]
DRAMATIC ARTIFICES
377
( i i ) Totaka : Four Sagatjas in a foot with a pause, only a t its end makes the Totaka metre. ( iii ) Pramitakshara : It is that metre which first contains a Sagaiia and then a Jagana followed by a pair of Saganas and a pause only at the end of its foot. Pramitaksharfi is closely allied to Totaka inasmuch as the fifth syllable of Totaka is lengthened and the sixth one is shortened here. ( iv ) Apremeya : A metre which contains four Yaganas in a foot with a pause at its end is Aprameya of Bharata. I t is better known by the name of Bhujahga-prayata? ( v ) Padminl 2 is that metre which contains four Ragatjas with a pause at the end of its foot. It is popularly known as Sragvir.ii. It is only an extension of Sragvini of the Gayatriclass, as here in the Jagatl class its measure is only doubled. ( v i ) Harinl-plutS is a metre, according to Bharata, in the Jagatl class and equates with what others call Druta-vilambita. It contains the design of Na, Bha, Bha and Ra with a pause only at the end o f its foot. Harw-pluta, in the opinion of Kalidasa and Pingala Naga ,3 is an ardhasama metre closely connected with their Druta-vilambita. It drops only the initial letter of their Druta-vilambita in the first and the third quarters only.
Tegular
( v i i ) Kama-matta is that type which contains two Nagaqas followed successively by one Ragana and one Yagana with a pause only at the end of its foot. ( viii) Puta is the name of a metre which has in its foot a pair of Naganas followed by a Magana and a Yagana, having a ,pause at the end of the eighth and the twelfth syllable in each foot.
1. C cha. S . V I - 3 7 ; M . M . p. 15. 2. 3. N . X V -5 C ; Ccha. S. V I - 3 8 ; V . R . 111-71; M . M . p . 17, 6. Sr. B. 32; C cha S. V - 3 9 . M . M . calls D ruta-vilam bita as Ujjv.ala. p. 1 7 , 16. Sr. B. 2 9 ; V . R . 111-71 ; V . B. 1 1 -1 3 1 ,
378
( ix ) Candra-lekka is that type which is distinguished by a pair of Maganas followed by another pair of Yagapas witffr a pause at the end of the fifth syllable in its foot. It is named Vaisvadevi by Kalidasa, Kedara and Pingala Naga .1 ( x ) Kumuda-nibha also spelt as Kumuda-prabhn is a lei* known metre recognised by Bharata with a scheme of a Raga/jct and a Yagana followed by another set of a Magana and d Yagana. By reversing the position of the two sets in respect o f priority it makes the metre under reference in the opinion of Bharata alternately .2 In addition to these types noted by Bharata, there are & few following ones which are important among those stated by other canonists.: ( ix ) Indra-vamsa is that type which is comprised of a pair o f Taganas followed by a Jagana and a Ragaita with a pause only at the end of its foot. It differs from Vamsastha in respect of the initial syllable only, which is long in Indra-vamin but short in Vamtostha. This pair equates with the pair of Indravajra and the Upendra-vajra of the Trishtup closs, and is very suitable fo r making combinations to form Upajati. ( xii ) Malati is another pattern of rare occurrence, and is marked by one Nagana followed by a pair of Jaganas and a Ragana. The pause is prescribed at the end of the seventh syllable in a foot .3 With the same scheme, it becomes Tati if the pause is given at every, set of six syllables in a foot.* The M andara Maranda spells its name as Malini, in stead o f Malati.5 3. A T I-JA G A T l : Of the metres belonging to this class, Bharata recognises only three patterns .6 They are :
1. 2. 3. 4. C cha. S. V I - 4 1 ; V . R. I I I - 7 8 ; Sr. B. 27; M . M . p. 1 7 , 4. N. XV 5 6 , 5 7 . For a few alternate vie>vs see Na. X V - 5 9 . V . R. III-8 0 . Ib id . I I I - 6 9 . .
6 . M . M . p . 17, 7. 6. N. X V -5 4 , 58.
[C H A P .
V II]
DRAMATIC ARTIFICES
37?
( i )Praharshini is a common metre, and consists of a Magana a Nagana, a Jagana and a Ragana and an ultimate long syllable. It has a pause at the end of the third and the tenth syllable in a foot .1 ( ii ) Prabhavati is the name given by Bharata to that type of metre which is called by other canonists as Rucira. Its scheme is Ja, Bha, Sa, Ja and a long syllable at the end. It is broken for a pause at the end of the fourth and the ninth syllable in a foot .2 Kalidasa also recognises Prabhavati but differs from its namesake in the Natya-Sastra and its equi valent Rucira of other canonists inasmuch as the Prabhavati of Kalidasa has its initial syllable long, in place of the short one in the Prabhavati of Bharata or Rucira of others. The dis tinction drawn by Kalidasa seems to be quite appropriate, for this set also stands as a parallel to the similar sets of lndra~ vajra and Upendra-vajra and that of Indra-vamsa and Vamsastha noted above. In such a case Upajati can be properly formed of these types. The scheme of Kalidasas Prabhavati is Ta, Bha, Sa, Ja and a long syllable at the end with a pause after the fourth and the ninth syllable .3 ( i i i ) Matta-mayUra is the third specimen in this class, which is formed by Ma, Ta, Ya, Sa and an ultimate long syllable with pauses just as in the Prabhavati given above .4 ( iv ) Mafiju-bhashinl is a type favourite of poets and play wrights among the metres o f this class. Its form is Sa, Ja, Sa,. Ja and the last, a long syllable. A pause is given at the end o f the sixth syllable in a foot 0 optionally.
1. 2. 3. S . X V - 5 6 ; Ccha. . V I I - 1 ; V . R . 1 1 1 -8 4 . N . X V -5 4 ; C cha. . V l I - 2 ; V . R . I I I - 8 5 . Sr. B. 3 5 . Both Ratna-prabhS and NSrSyanT VySkhyS on Srutathe
bodha have erred in interpreting the phrase, Da'sSntikam in
d efin itio n o f this metre in explain in g it as the tenth syllab le o f a. foot. T heir explanation does not agree w ith the illu strative verse given by K slidJsa in its d efin ition 4. 5. ( V ide Sr. B. p . 23 bottom ).
N . X V - 5 8 ; Ccha. g . V I I - 3 ; V . R . I I I - 8 6 . V. R. I ll 8 8 ; M . M . p . 17 lin e 2 0 .
380
LAWS OP SANSKRIT DRAMA
4. fsA K V A R i ; Of myriads of varieties in this class, Bharata has chosen to make mention of three types 1 out o f which Vasanta-tilaka is the most frequent and well-known. It contains four feet and two super-numerary syllables, which are Ta, Bha, Ja , Ja and a spondee o f two long syllables.2 It has a pause only at the close of its foot. It is otherwise named as Simhonnata by Kagyapa and Uddharshini by Saitava .3 Asamb&dhn 4 and Sarabha 5 are the two other types recog nised by Bharata, the form o f which is Ma, Ta, Na, Sa and a spondee ; and Ma, Bha, Na, Ta and a spondee respectively. 5. ATI-SAKVARl: It has received a scant recognition at the Tiands of Bharata and other canonists who recognise only one type suitable for use in dramas. Bharata calls that type as Nafidimukhi which is identical with Mai ini of other prosodistS. Its scheme is two Naganas, a Magana and two Yaganas in a foot with a pause at the end of the eighth syllable .6 T he Chhando-nirukti records another rival of the name of Nandimukhi which is said to contain fourteen syllables in a foot with two Naganas and Taganas each .7
6. ASHTi: This class does fare no better, and has only two o f its types deemed fit by Bharata. They are Vilasitam and Pravara-lalitam. The former contains Bha, Ra, and then a set of three Naganas and an ultimate long syllable ; while the latter has Ya, Ma, Na, Sa, Ra and the last, a long syllable .8
1. 2. 3. N. XV 6 0 -6 4 . N . X V - 6 0 ; Ccha. S . V I I - 8 ; V . R . I l l 96; Sr. B. 3 7. C hha. S. V I I - 9 ; 1 0 . Bhatta K edara
says th a t N Sga calls it

. R. I l l 96d.
Madhu-mSdhavi w hich is not supported by any ex tan t editions of

C cha. S. Nfigena saiva gadita Madhu-madhaviti 4. ' 5. 6. 7. N . X V - 6 2 ; V . R . 111-93; Ccha. S . V I I - 5 ; M . M . p . 1 8 , 4 . N . X V -6 4 . Ib id . X V - 6 6 . Ccha. N . p . 1 4 8 , 13. It is that variety o f numbers 2 3 6 3 . Sakvart class which prosodists :
M slirii is accepted by a ll other
V. R . I I I - 1 1 0 , C cha. 1 V II14; Sr. B. 38; M . M . p . 1 5 , 9. 8. Its full title is Vrshabha-gaja-vilasitam or Rshabha N . X V - 6 8 ; Ccha. S. V l I - 1 5 ; V . R . I l l 1 18; N . X V -7 0 ; Ccha. N . p . 116.
[CHAP.VII]
DRAM ATIC ARTIFICES
381
Besides them, Pahca-camara is another type of this classmuch in use and is comprised of Ja, Ra, Ja, Ra, Ja and a long syllable at the end .1 It is also known as Narnca iti the Prakrta-Pingala .2 7. ATYASHTI: It is one of the classes which has contribut ed the most popular set of metres though numerically less than the Trishtup and the Jagati classes. The Classical Sanskrit literature, both Drsya and Sravya, is most indebted to the few recognised patterns of this class. Five specimens are generally accepted as suitable from out of the Atyashti group. They are r ( i ) Sikharini is the sweetest of the lot and contains Ya,. Ma, Na, Sa, Bha and an iambus with one short and a long, syllable at the end of a foot, providing pauses at the end of the sixth and the eleventh syllable .3 ( i i ) Vrshabha-lalita 4 or Harinl 5 is distinguished by Na,. Sa, Ma, Na, Sa and a set of a short and a long syllable in each o f its feet, which marks caesurae at the end of the sixth, the tenth and the seventeenth syllable. ( iii ) SridharU 6 more popularly known as Mandakranta 7 is that type which has Ma, Bha, Na and a pair of Taganas followed by a spondee. The foot has pauses at the fourth,, the tenth and the seventeenth syllable. ( iv ) VaMapatra-patita has for its design one Bha, then Ra, Na, Bha and Na, and a set of a short and a long syllableAt the end of the tenth and the last syllable there are pauses .8
1. 2. 3. V. R. I l l 122. Pr. P. 1 1 -2 0 4 ; N . X V - 72; M . M . p. 1 8 , 17.
C cha. 1 V I I -2 0 ; V . R . I l l 123; &r. B. 40; M . M
p. 18, 23; V . B. p . 4 5 .
' 4. N . X V -7 4 .
P. C cha. 1 V I I - 1 6 ; V . R . I I I - 1 2 6 ; r. B. 39. 6. 7. 8. N . X V -7 7 . Ccha. 1 V I I - 1 9 ; V . R . I I I - 1 2 7 ; 3r. B. 18 & 4 2 .
N . X V - 79; C cha. S. V I I-1 B ; V . R . H I - 1 2 6 .
382
( v ) Vilambita-gati1 alias Prthvi 2 is a metre which has one Ja, Sa, Ja, Sa, Ya followed by an iambic foot at the end, and a pause in between after the eighth syllable. ( vi ) Besides these five, mentioned by Bharata, Nardataka, otherwise spelt as Narkutaka, is also a type worthy o f mention. Na, Ja, Bha and a pair of Jagatias with a short and a long syllable successively found in each quarter make this type. It has pauses at the end of every seventh syllable in the middle. 3 This class has only one pattern given in the Natya-gastra. It is named as Citra-lekha, and it is composed o f Ma, Ta, Na, Ya, Ya, Ya with pauses at the fifth, the eleventh and the last syllable.4 It is called by Pingala Naga and Kedara as Kusumitalata-vellita?
8. DHRTI:
9. v i d h r t i : In this class, only one type in the form of Sardula-vikridita is adopted by canonists which consists of a Magana, a Sagana, a Jagana, and a Sagana followed by two Taganas and a long syllable at the end. It has a pause at the end of the twelfth and the last syllable of every quarter .6 10. Likewise in the Krti class, Suvadana is the only metre taken into accoun t; and its foot is comprised o f Ma, Ra, Bha, Na, Ya, Bha and a set o f a short and a long syllable at the end which has a first pause at the end o f its seventh and then o f the fourteenth syllable.7 11. Similarly, among the metres of the Prakrti class only Sragdhara is in use. Its set is formed by Ma, Ra, Bha, Na and
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. N. X V -8 2 . C cha. &. V i I - 1 7 ; V . R . 1 1 1 -1 2 4 ; Sr. B. 4 1 . Ccha. N . p. 1 6 7 - 1 5 ; V . R . calls it M arkataka [ I I I 1 2 8 ]. N. XV 84. C cha. S. V I I -2 1 ; V . R . I l l 1 3 1 . N . X V - 8 7 ; V . R . I I I - 1 3 6 , C cha. S . V I I - 2 2 ; P. Adh. 335 Verse 2 3 . 7. N . X V - 9 0 ; V . R . I I I - 1 3 6 ; C cha. S, V I I -2 3 ; A gn i. P. Adh. 3 3 5 - 2 4 . gr. B. 43; A gni. '
\ CHAP. V II]
DRAMATIC ARTIFICES
383
three Yaganas, and has a pause after every seventh syllable, thereby dividing the foot into three equal measures .1
Group G :
Beyond the metres of the Prakrti class Bharata records only one type in every class from Akrti to Utkrti. In the Akrti class he has M adraka; in Vikrti, Asvalalitam; in Samskrtiy Meghamala ; in Abhikrti, Krauncapadi and in Utkrti, only Bhujanga-vijrmbhitam.3 Any metre which has more than twenty-six syllables falls under the generic class of the Dandakas. The largest number o f syllables that can be used in a quarter of a Daijdaka is nine hundred and ninety-nine. It opens with a set o f six short syllables followed by as many Ragatjas as may please the author. For dramatic purposes, the use of any such long verse would be a positive offence ; and hence Dantdakas, which are swollen with countless varieties, are omitted here .4 Then the second in point of order is the class o f ArdhaSama vrttas. Out of millions of varieties belonging to this class, even the liberal prosodists like Srlkrshna Kavi and the author o f the Agni Purana recognise about a dozen types only .5 Bharata, however, has made a mention of only the following three patterns, and defined them as follows : (i) Ketumati has Sa, Ja, Sa and a long syllable at the end of its first and the third quarters, and Bha, Ra, Na and two long syllables in its second and the fourth quarters. Thus two of its quarters contain ten syllables and the other two have eleven .0
1. N'. X V - 9 3 ; V . 1 1 1 -1 4 2 ; Ccha. S. V I I - 2 5 ; Sr. B. 44; A gni. P .
Adh. 3 3 6 , Vere> 2 3 - 2 6 ; M . M . p . 1 9 , 16; V . B. p . 5. 2. 3. It isso spelt by KedSCra ( V . R . Sec. 121 ) but as Sahkrti by others. N. X V , 9 6 -1 0 8 ; C cha. 1 V II-2 6 -3 1 ; V. R. II I-1 4 3 , 149.
The la st two prosodists om it MeghamSIS and give others instead. 4. 5. 6. For details o f Dandaka Vide C cha. !s. V I I 34 et seq. M . M . pp. 2 1 , 22; A gni. P. Adh. 3 3 2 . N . X V - 1 3 8 ; C cha. !1 V - 3 6 ; V . R . I V - 5 .
384
( i i ) Aparavaktra has Na, Na, Ra and one short and one long syllable in its odd quarters, and Na, Ja, Ja and Ra te its even quarters. It is an admixture of feet containing: eleven and twelve syllables alternatively ,1 which respectively belong to the Subhadrika 2 and Malini 3 metres. ( i i i ) Pushpitagra * contains Na, Na, Ra Ya in its odd quarters, and Na, Ja, Ja, Ra followed by a long syllable in its even quarters. It is a combination of two patterns belonging to the Jagati and the Atijagati class. Its odd quarters belong to Kvma-matffi metre mentioned by Bharata. . To add to this list o f Bharata, there are two more useful types mentioned by others. They are : ( iv ) Viyoginl : Where odd quarters have two successive Saganas and then a Jagana and a long syllable, and the even quarters have Sa, Bha, Ra and a short and a long syllable at the end, it forms Viyogini, otherwise known as Vaitaliya.6 ( v ) Mala-bhOriifi is that type of Ardha-sama metres which has got Sa, Sa, Ja and a pair of long syllables in its odd quarters, and Sa, Bha, Ra, Ya in its even quarters. It is a combination of eleven and twelve syllables in alternate feet. It is distinguished from the former, viz. Viyogini only in the respect that one additional long syllable is appended ir the case o f Malabharini. The metre is also known by the name of Aupacchandasaka or Aupacchandasika,6 It may be recalled here that most of the Jati metres and and varieties of the octo-syllabic class belong to the Ardha~ sama category.
X. 2. 3. 4. 5. N . X V - 1 4 0 , Ccha. S. V - 4 0 ; V . R . 1 V - 9 . Ccha. K . defines, Na-na-ra-la-gurubhih Subhadrika. Vide p . 3 8 0 supra. N . X V 142; Ccha. S. V - 4 1 ; V . R. I V - 1 0 . C cha. S. I V - 3 2 ; V . R . 1 1 -1 2 . It is called V iyogini ( V ide M allinSth as SanjivanT on Ru. S . Canto I V - 1 p . 6 2 top. ) 6. V . R . I V - 1 2; 1 1 -1 3 ; C cha. Ss. I V - 3 3 .
[ CHAP.
VII
DRAMATIC ARTIFICES
385
The third and the last is the category of the Irregular or Vishama metre*. They are mostly unsuited to dramatic com positions. Bharata has, therefore, chosen to take cognisance of only two varieties which are occasionally seen in the works of the Sanskrit dramatists. They are Udgata and Lalita. Their queer set of a quatrain is remarkable in the following form : ( i ) Udgatn : In its first quarter there are Sa, Ja, Sa an d a short syllable; in the second, there are Na, Sa, Jji and a long syllable; in the third, there are Bha, Na, Ja and a short and a long syllable at the end; and in the fourth, there are Sa, Ja,Sa, Ja and an ultimate long syllable .1 ( ii) Lalita : Sa, Ja, Sa and foot, Na, Sa, Ja and a long syllable of Maganas and a pair of Saganas in Sa, Ja and a long syllable in the set of LalitU? a short syllable in the first in the second foot, a pair the third foot, and Sa, Ja, fourth foot complete the
It is worthy of notice that from the point of view o f the syntactical construction, canonists have chosen to give collec tive names to the verses occurring in the same context. If a single verse completes its predication it is called Muktaka, which is, on this account, a name given to a species of Kavya that contains all verses on independent topics. If two verses yield a complete sense with combined prose order then they form a Yugmaka ; if three verses do so, they form a Sandanitaka or VUeshaka. It becomes a Kaldpaka or Tilaka if four .verses put together complete the sense. With such a syntactical combination of five or more verses, a Kulaka is formed .3 It becomes quite evident from a critical notice o f the metrics given by Bharata that a few Jatis and- only a limited number of Sama-vrttas and a very few of the other two
1. 2. 3. N s. X V - 1 8 8 ; C cha. 3. V - 2 5 ; V . R . V - 6 . NS. X V - 190; Ccha. g. V - 2 7 ; V . R . V - 8 . S. D . V I - 3 1 4 : DsnbhyZm Tugamamiti prektam tribhis slokair Viseshakam / Kalapakam eaturbhis syat tadurdhvam Kulakam sm rtam II
25
386
classes are considered fit fo r being used profitably in the dramatic works. For Bharata emphatically adds that there is a large number of varieties mentioned by other prosodists, but all those other than what are given by him are not charm ing, and hence they are not approved o f by him for use in actual practice .1 The reason fo r such disapproval is an obvious one. As the use of the unsuited metres tends to deTOgate "the value of sentimental appreciation, Bharata directs that only such types should be made use of as are in consononce with the sentiment to be suggested .2 The cadence o f every metre differs from one another quite palpably, and so, according as it is melodious or pathetic or harsh it should be chosen for conveying the particular type o f feelings and emotions. ViSvanatha directs that no metre should be employed which may not agree in sound with sense. To establish this Tule he illustrates by remarking that a composition like " A y i ! mayi M artini! m s kurti manam 3 is suitable for promoting comic laughter but quite unsuited for the suggestion of Smgara rasa. 4 Though the shades of difference are so Subtle in the design of various metres that no water-tight compartments can be made out for purposes of their distinctive use, still, on the principle of the agreement of sound with the sense,5 sug gestions in this behalf have been given on general lines by the canonists as follows :
SUITABILITY OF GLASSES
Bharata prescribes that the metres containing a larger number of long syllables should be used in the Bibhatsa and the Karima rasas; for Vira and Raudra rasas long and weighty
1. 2. ;3. N . X V -1 4 7 . N . X V I1 1 6 , also ref. S . D . RasSnugunam. The line belongs to Tamarasa metre in the J a g a tl class. Kusumapratim a calls it a PajjhatikS metre, and M ahesvara c a lls it a Dodhaka, which is wrong. p . 3 9 5 , 11. 4. 5. S. D . V I I p . 4 0 1 . Lam born : Rudiments of Literary Criticism . IV . ( See. K u. Pr. p . 4 6 2 dha ); V ij. Pr.
[ chap.
V II]
DRAM ATIC ARTIFICES
387
ones should be chosen. Arya and other Jatis suit well with the SrhgZtra-rasa. In case of connected long themes, metres belonging to the Jagatl and the Ati-jagati class should he pre ferred. Samskrti is recommended for being used in fights and affrays. Pathos is best expressed through Sakvari and AtU dhrti. AH such types as are recommended for Vira-rasa may be advantageously used in case o f the Raudra-rasa as well.1 Ardha-sama metres are more apt with serious themes and also descriptions of Nature. Vishama types are good to express quaint situations or disturbed conditions. It is equally neccessary to limit the choice of metrical classes in accordance with the type of the show ( rUpaka ) as well. For instance, it may be noted that the metres belong ing to the GSyatrl and the Vshnik classes and other metres of galloping cadence like AprameyU are better suited to the com position o f Samavakdras and Dimas; light metres like TSmarasa and those belonging to the Pahkti class are more fitting with the Farce (Prahasana);2 and the stiff ones with the Military spectacles ( VySyoga ). Jatis suit better with Sattakas, and the Trishtup with Natakas, Prakaranas, Natikas and Monologues.
SUITABILITY OF TYPES
So far as different patterns are concerned, Nagoji Bhatta believes that metres like Pushpimgrn and Aparavaktra appeal in the pathetic sentiment, Ptfhvi, SragdharU and the like ones appeal m ott in the SrhgZlra-rasa; Sikharinl and Mandtikranta do so in the Vtra-rasa? Dodhaka, Totaka and Nardutaka Vrttas are suitable for comic scenes and should be avoided in Karima and Smta-rasas. In Vipralambha Srhgara, Kanina and seasonal descriptions, MandnkrmtS, Pushpitagra, Viyogini and Malabhariifi are very suitable. In Sambhoga-srhgara and presentation o f its anubhSvas and vibhztvas, Mrilini, Sikharini, Pfthvl, and Mahju-bhsshini are appealing. Druta-vilambita and Harinl-plufa4
1. 2. 3. 4. N . X V I-X 1 0 -1 1 5 . N . X V III-1 2 8 . V ide K.u. Pra. on S. D . p. 4 6 2 , L I . 1 8 - 1 9 . Vide V im alS on S. D . p. 5 6 8 Art. ( ha ).
388
are patent for descriptions of Nature and softer feelings of mind. Sragdhara and Surdnla-vikridita aptly express the Heroic^ the Terrific and the Furious sentiments. The feelings of remorse, despondency, anxiety and moroseness are better brought out by means Of Harini Vrtta. For purposes o f giving vent to joy, mirth and light humour, Svagata and Rathoddhata serve very well. For presentation of marvel, Praharshini and Bhujahgcepray3ta, Padmini and Totaka are preferable. Upajati, if it is formed with the combination of sweet metres, is more suitable for describing the alambana and the uddipana vibhavas Srngara. Upajatis consisting of odd combinations bear well with the statements of the Vaidika scholars, ascetics, eremites and grammarians and other bleak personalities. In the description of the heroine, Vamsastha and Vasanta-tilaka are very appropriate which fare well along with RathoddatU, Salini and Indr&vmhtt in case o f delineation o f beautiful scenes, nocturnal excurilofll# sports and revelries. In case of narration of facts, giving of instructions, making promises, commitments and trtHMOtfOg straight-forward business, royal proclamations and latroduotion of characters or of dramatic germ, the Sloka and QtfriVr octo-syllabic varieties make a good selection. Acyuta R at |&yi that metres should abide by the Ritis.1 Along these liness a wide discretion is provided to the arttit for being exercised in regard to the use of metrical forms wltE due observance of the conventional practice of the poets and requirements of dramatic justice. For success in the m etriptl cast, not only the choice of the type is necesiM^ but equally essential is the observance of the laws in regard to the construction of the verses. For the canonists pretotifefl that no interjectional expressions like Hanta, khalu, should be placed at the beginning of the foot, a compound; word should end at the close of every hemistich 2 and SttlidMB rules should be strictly observed in case of the metrical,p tttjjfli and no bisection o f words ( prakrti and pratyaya ) should JH B
CHAP.
V II]
DRAMATIC ARTIFICES
389
be done. Sandhi rules should be strictly observed, except that at the end o f every hemistich the last syllable should not be allowed to coalesce with the following syllable occuring in the next line. This rule is to be observed even when the verses are compounded, forming Yugmaka and other varieties having combined prose order.
VII
NRTTA, GATI AND GITA Dance, gaits and music are the three charming factors which promote, to a very large extent, the element o f wonder in a dramatic execution. They are essentially dramatic (Natya dharmi) features and constitute a group of auxiliary forces which enhance the beauty of the art, and render appreciation of feelings more easily possible. As a matter of fact, these factors belong more to the art of execution than to the art of presentation, still the playwright,,who leaves the finished pro duct of his art in the hands of the executors, has to take into account the efficacy of these spells, and make a mention of them by way of stage-directions to be followed by the readers and practised by actors while enacting the play. From this point of view the stage-directions form an important part of the dramatic corpus of a play and demonstrate the movements of various characters taking part in it. Whereas each one of these three specimens of delicate art have their own special significance in the dramatic criticism they are herein briefly iacquainted with :
[
DANCE : NRTTA
Nrtta means dance which is a movement of limbs1 in . a suggestive manner, and it is a branch of physical presen tation ( angika-abhinaya ) in the drsya-kavyas. Bharata says that dance is an expression of mirth, and it is auspicious in itself. It should be indulged in on such jubilant occasions of prosperity, as of marriage,birth of a child, invitation of guests* great achievement, and also at the devotional functions.2
1. 2. N . V I-4 7 2 . Ib id . IV2 6 9 - 2 7 1 .
390
Dance is o f two kinds : one of them is promulgated by Lord Siva who is noted for his boisterous dance attended with tumultuous songs and loud cachinations. It is called TOndava, and may be said to resemble in nature the dithyrambic dance of the Greeks. The other one is evolved by goddess Parvatl, the better-half of Lord Siva ; and it is a delicate, gentle dance attended with sweet music.1 It is distinguished as Lasya, and is accompanied 6y different songs and recitations in various postures. For the purpose o f dramatic entertain ment, Lasya is the most useful, and ic is recommended for being profitably introduced in various shows. The variety of songs and postures, which promote the Lasya and are as much subjects of description as of delineation, is tenfold according to Bharata and other seers. It is the most delicious feast for the eyes of gods and the one source o f pleasure that gratifies people of varied taste and interest. 2 The distinctive characteristics of the tenfold variety of the Gentle Dance are as follows :
LASYANGAS
( i ) Geya-pada is a sublime song, sung in a seated posture with an accompaniment of a stringed instrument of music. M alayavatl singing a sweet song while playing on a guitar in the Gaurl-grha in the Nagananda presents an example o f Gey'a-pada.3 v . / ( i i ) Sthita-pathya is a recitation in Prakrta by a lady who is smitten by love. It may be done in a seated or a standing posture. Sakuntalas reading of the proposed love-letter in the Abhijfiana-Sakuntala is an illustration of the same.*
1 2
. .
Rudrenedatn UmU'krta-vyatikare svahge vibhaktam dvidhll I " DevlrtHmidam Smananti munyah kSntam kraturn eakshusham I Natyam bhinna-rueer janasya bahudhnpyekam samarfidhakam 11 K slid ssa , M ala. II 4.
3.
F o rd efn .
See
N . X V I 1 I -1 8 5 ;
S . D . V I - 2 1 4 ; N . L. R . 2 8 5 3 ;
R . S . I l l 1 3 8 . 4.
For exam ple see N ag. 1 - 1 3 .
F o r d e fn . See N . X V I I I - 1 8 6 ; S. D . V I - 2 1 5 ; Sagaranandin prescribes the use of terrestrial Can alo n g w ith U. ( N . L. R . 2 8 5 6 , e. g. M rc . V - 1 6 . and gak . H I - 1 9 . )
[ chap.
V II]
DRAMATIC ARTIFICES
391
Abhinava Gupta-pada holds that the definition is only illus trative, and is not restricted only to the love-lorn ladies. It could equally be so even in angry mood or in a state o f flurry ,l ( ifi) Asina is that situation where a lady is found musing qirfetly in a pensive mood, full o f anxiety and melancholy with, her body unadorned. In this attitude she is without an instrument of music. Such pensive attitude is found in Sakuntala while she is sitting in a verandah outside the Central hut in the Asrama.2 iv ) Pushpagandika is a metaphorical title given to that situation where both ladies and gentlemen participate in merry making and use both the vocal and the instrumental music and behave in a manner which is opposed to their sex.3 Bharata names it as Pushpa-gandhika and has a different connotation for it. According to him where a lady puts on m ans costumes and talks in Sanskrit just for the fun, it presents this element o f lasya.*'Ktfis artifice is meant to guage the heart of her lover.5 Pracchedaka is defined by Bharata as that embracing posture in which damsels stricken with moonbeams associate of their own accord with their beloveds and forgive their previous offences.6 Visvanatha, on the other hand, has a different sense attached to the term ; for, according to him it is a song attended with a guitar to which a iady takes herself when she has reasons to believe some breach of love on the part of her lover.7 In this sense the taunting ditty of Hamsa padika is an illustration from the Sakuntala.8 Rahula derivesA . B. cited by V isvanatha ( S. D . p. 3 5 2 bottom ). y '4 . N . X V III-1 8 7 ; S. D . V I-2 1 6 ; 24 0 ; N . L. R . 2 8 6 2 ; R . S. I l l
e . g. Sak. A ct IV ; R atna. II p . 8 6 . 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. S. D . V I - 2 1 7 ; N . X V III1 8 8 . N . L. R . 2 8 6 8 . N . X V III1 8 9 , agreed to by N . L. R . 2 8 7 2 . S . D . V I - 2 1 8 , agreed to by R . S. I l l - 2 4 2 . e . g . sk . Act V - 8 . R . S. 2 4 1 .
392
the titl e Pracchedaka due to the fact that it presents jealous wrath of a respectful lady due to violation ( praccheda ) of the vow of love made by her husband.1 Trigudha, according to Bharata, is a dance by men who also sing sweet songs composed in regular metres and having regular beats.2 The use of even and gentle paces is the characteristic feature of this dance. Sagaranandin calls it Vaimudhaka and Bharata reads its title as Trimndhaka.3 ViSvanatha, however, defines Trigudhaka as that type of' dance which is done by men putting on the dress of a woman.4 It is o f short duration yet amusing. It owes its name to the treble covert involved therein, verily in respect of mode of dress, of speech and of behaviour. In the M alatl M adhava M akaranda assuming the form of M alatl presents a specimen of the same.5 j^v ii ) Saindhavaka is characterised by that movement of ^ c h a r a c te r who has missed his appointment and murmurs in Prakrta associated with some suitable instrument of music. This is how ViSvanatha defines the term.6 B harata more appropriately calls Saindhavaka as a type of Lasya in which a character speaks through the medium of Prakrta and expresses vividly his feelings of sorrowf ul pity and disappointment caused by the failure of his or her partner to meet at the tryst.7 In a liberal sense, the term may be deemed to mean those sorrowful and bewildered movements of one who has missed ones object of love and speaks to oneself or the other in Prakrta.8 $inga Bhupala and Sagara nandin hold it quite differently, and call Saindhavaka as a
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. As cited by Ssgaranandin [ N . L. R. 2 8 7 3 7 5 , ] N . X V III1 90. N . Ib id .; N . L. R . 2 8 6 5 - 6 6 .
S. D . V I - 2 1 9 . M a. M S. V I. Line 2 4 3 ( B. S. S . i 9 0 o . ) S . D . V I - 2 2 0a.
7.
8.
N. XVin-191.
W ith th is connotation, the PrSkrta speeches o f the hero in the UruriadUbka o f the Vikram orvasT present the LSsyahga o f Saindhavaka.
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type of Lasya in course of which the characters dance and sing in their provincial dialect and behave in provincial manners. 1 Out of the two, Sagaranandin limits it to the provincial etiquette o f Sindhu wherein the dancers wear ornaments of conch and such other pieces.2 He seems to derive the term radically, X p rfii) DvimBdhaka is a dance in a circular pace attended with sweet songs expressive of inner feelings through articulate gesticulations.3 Visvanatha thinks that it is a a melodious song in the form o f a quatrain and used for purposes of senti mental expression during the Mukha and the Pratimukha Sandhis of dramatic action. In this sense the song of Malavika in the second Act is an example.4 It is attended with graceful gaits in the opinion of Singa Bhupala. Combining the two attributes given by him and Visvanatha, Sagaranandin holds that it is a song by a character moving in a graceful gait,5 and names it as Dvimuktaka. In this lasyanga 6 the action is full of pretence. ) Uttamottamaka is that type of dance which is accom panied with various songs and instruments of music and is full of sportive movements and joyous feelings.7 It is full o f taunts from a lady whose anger of jealousy is pacified.8 This definition of Visvanatha has confused the type of Utta mottamaka with the Ukta-pratyukta of other canonists.9 He has interchanged the connotation of the two features.
1. 2. R . S. 1 1 1 -2 4 4 ; N . L. R . 2 8 7 9 . N . L. R . 2 8 7 8 8 0 . B harata the term Saindhava in in Sanskrit a an d V isvanatha seem sense. to interpret tropical The term Saindhava Since the speaker
means rock sa lt or a Sind horse. in
'in his disappointm ent gets diluted
the rasa like a salt, or
bew ildered like a horse, the term m ay be deemed significant. . 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. N. X V I I I - 1 9 2 . S. D . V i - 2 1 la ; e . g. M ala. I I - 4. N . L. R . 2 8 9 7 . B h arata uses the term , Vyaja-ceshtam ( N . X V I I I - I 9 1 . ) N . X V III1 9 3 . S. D . V I -2 2 1 . K u, Pra. p . 3 9 5 .
394
Even when a person passes a sarcastic remark against another though the speakers anger has abated, it amounts to Uttamottamaka in the opinion o f Haridasa.1 ( x ) That Lasya which is full of coquetry and dalliance of love, with melodious recitation full o f sarcasm and satire is known as Ukta-pratyukta, or the Amoebean song.2 In addition to these ten types of gentle dance, Pandita Kedaranatha in his edition of the Natya-Sastra records a couple of types more. One of them is Vicitra-pada which is presented by a character who is amusing Ins love-lorn mind by looking at the portrait o f his beloved. The other is Bhavita which is an expression of diverse feelings by a wistful lady after having contacted her lover in a dream.3 Besides, the attendent songs and a variety o f other types o f ditties are the common associations of the gentle dance which is closely connected with various gaits. For this reason, it becomes necessary to consider the types of gaits and songs ad seriatum here.
[ii] GAITS: C A T I
Gaits are measured by individual steps and paces which differ in length and pressure according as the standard and the type of various characters differs. Bharata4 directs that the gait of high class characters should be shown as firm and slow ( dhlra ); and the gait of the middling characters is mode rately quick. Quick pace is to be shown of low characters, servants and emissaries. The mode of walking by male cha racters should be changed from normal course in case they are suffering from some disease or hunger. When they are exhausted by austere practices or struck with wonder, their, gait is equally languid and slow. In case o f dissimulation, eagerness, erotic pursuits or grief, there is a change in the nor
1. 2. 3. 4 R . S. I I I - 2 4 6 ; N . L. R . 2 8 8 7 .
N . X V I I I 1 95; S . D .V I -2 2 1 ; N . L . R . 2 8 8 1 ; R . S. I I I - 2 4 7 . N . X V I I I -1 9 4 , 196 ( N . S. Edn. p . 307 ) N . C h ap. X I I w h ole.
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mal mode o f walking of a man. So it is, when he is in the midst of an acrimonious or a flurried situaton.1 Moreover the gait of a character differs in different places and at different occasions. For example, in furious and terrific scenes, even a high class character has to break his easy gait and run to help others or to help himself. He has to be cautious in his steps in his intriguing movements. His mode o f walking again varies in case he is going up the hills or descending from them. While he is moving in his normal manner his gait is steady and takes even steps. Such a mode is called atikrttnta gati. In case of women characters their gait is minutely ex pressive o f their character, standard and also the mental habitude. Further details of these types are discussed by eroticians more than the rhetoricians.2 So far as Bharata is concerned he goes to point out various Caris to be used in different circumstances. All the same, he mentions four princi pal modes to be inter alia used. They are Ayata, Avahittha, ASva-krantS and Vama which are closely associated with their postures. The variety o f postures is based on the attitude of a lady and the nature of the purpose before her. Her gaits and postures contribute to a large extent towards her graceful deportment and form the subject-matter of delineation.3
[iii] S O N G S : GI TA
The most charming background in a dramatic show is afforded by songs and music. In the first place, Nandi is to be sung ; and then the singing of a seasonal song is essentially directed by Bharata with a view to creating the melodious
1. 2. N . X I I 32 et seq. For Postures See Ibid. V v. 1 5 8 - 1 6 6 . D istin ctio n s like Hamsa-gati, Druta-gati and so on, and the types o f w om en like Padmim, Hamsirii and their ch aracteristic features are given in V ats5yanas K Sm asutra, and in the Anariga-ranga, N Sgara-sarvasva, K uttini-m ata, K andarpa-cudSm ani, R a ti-rah asya and KucTmSra-tantra by variou s scholars on H in du Erotics. 3. The d etailed analysis o f the art o f delin eation pertains more
directly to the study o f the A rt o f T h ea trica l Representation.
396
atmosphere, round the auditorium. Then, among the lovers, the song is the one expedient to relieve oneself from the lan guor of separation and also for conveying ones amorous affectation to the other.1 The written messages of love are also composed mostly in songs and have a musical cadence. The eulogies are sung by bards. Different watches of the day and night are capable of being shown at times through the songs of Time-keepers. Moreover, feelings of despair and anxiety are also given vent to by means of songs. Thus there is a countless variety songs, for the Sanskrit literature has an enormous wealth in its rich orchestra. A few of them like Dvipadi, Jambhoka, Carcarl, Kulika, Mallaghatti, Bhinnaka, and others are in use of the playwrights.2 It is necessary that asfar as possible, recitations should be done through male characters, and songs should be sung by the women. For Bharata thinks that efficiency in recitation and songs is respectively natural with men and women, and expertness in song and recitation by men and women is their ornament.3 In addition to the various types o f songs which are meant for purposes of sentimental suggestion, there are some that are necessary for proper dramatic representation. They ful fill the conventional requirement of a drama which is purposed to indicate the movements of the dramatic characters and bear the name of Dhruvas. They are placed under the category of songs by reputed musicians like N arada4 and are said to combine in them the charm due to proper selection of sounds ( varna), syntactical construction, use of embellishments, metrical pauses, physical gesticulations and musical cadence. The inseparable relationship ( dhruva-sambandha ) is the reason why they are known as Dhruvas.5 The songs in the form of Dhruva are fivefold and are meant to serve different purposes.
1. 2. 3. K alidasa does so. Ibid. V ikra. Te strimm pathya-gunfrh bhavanti ca y a t naramm gana-madhuryam,
jneyolahkaro asau, nahi svabhSvo hyayam tesham. 4. 5. N . X X X I I -1 . Ib id . X X X U - 8 .
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They are distinguished among themselves as follows : ( i ) Pravesiki,: It is an introductory song, and it is meant fo r intimating the entrance of some dramatic character.1 It is also suggestive of purpose and also of different sentiments.3 ( ii ) Naishkramiki : It marks the exit of all or any of the characters after the fulfilment of a particular purpose or at the end of a particular episode. It is usually brought in towards the close of an Act.3 ( iii ) A kshepiki : Where in violation of the prescribed order or course of a particular laya, another is introduced in a song, it is said to be intermeddling or Akshepiki Dhruva. In this case, -the swift laya generally usurps the place of the other ones.1 4 ( iv ) Prasadiki is a Dhruva which is meant to set right the breach in order, caused by poaching of another laya ( akshepa ) in the middle. It thus amuses the audience ( ranga ) whose aesthetic sense was jarred on account of the change previously caused.5 It is a decorative Dhruva, and may be freely used at any occasion suited to the incident and the dramatic needs. It also tends to relieve the audience of an excess of sombre attitude created by extreme pathos. The introduction of the Prasadiki Dhruva brings in a light mood and recreates them. It may also mean to rejuvenate the fading interest (rasa) of one in the other and is intended to propitiate the one who has taken umbrage on account of some offence o f the other.6
1. 2. %; 4. 5. 6( B. P. p . 3 0 2 line 9 . N . X X X II 3 1 8 ( H ere the term , artha m ay m ean sense as w ell
as purpose or prayejana in Naria-rasartha-yuUa . ) N . X X X I I - 3 1 9 ; B. P. p. g'o2, 1 6 - 1 7 . N . X X X l l - 3 2 0 ; B. P. p. 3 0 2 , 1 0 - 1 2 . N . X X X t I - 3 2 1 ; B. P. 3 0 2 , 13. An attem pt to pacify or appease the Maninl, or by her, by means o f a song, to appease her lord whose solicitation s she had previously overlooked m ay also be the im port o f the text o f Bharata who defines Prasadiki Dhruva as follows Ta ea rasantaram upagatam Skshepa-vasat drutam prasadayati I Raga-prasada-jananim vidyst prasadiklm tam tu ...H " N . X X X II I 32.
398
( v ) An'tara is that Dhruva which -is sung at those occa sions when a character has fallen into a swoon or is in a fit of frenzy. When he is suffering from the effect of poison, or is under the influence of some potion or when he is engaged in setting right his ornaments and raiment or is busy in con cealing some breach on his part, the AntarS or the intervening song may be introduced with advantage.1 Saradatanaya differs from this view of Bharata, and defines it as a song which is sung at the close of an Act in a play, and is meant to sum up the topic of discourse. It is a concluding song according to him.2 These are the songs which are meant for some-definite pur pose and are therefore tantamount to the dramatic artifices in general. They are specimens of the skill of the playwright. He is expected to use them in a fitting manner and in a fitting place fo r which different beats and times are particularly pres cribed at length by Bharata to ensure success in effect.3 In addition to these Dhruvas, any song, simple o r accom panied with music, either vocal or instrumental, sung by an individual all alone or in a chorus or a concert may be freely used by the playwright in accordance with the requirements of dramatic purpose as well as with the sense of suitability with the ruling sentiments. As the Sangita is a subject of numerous technicalities, Bharata has elaborated it in all its details which are more concerned with direction of the play than its constitution and their detailed treatment here would only be a digression.4
VHI
ALANKARAS To add to the wonder of the dramatic construction, even the ornaments that adorn the poetic diction in general, which are in the form of figures of speech ( alahkaras), may be
1. 2. 3. 4. N. X X X II 3 2 2 ( V arian t in nam e is AntarScchada ). B. P. p . 3 0 2 lin e 1 0 . N . X X X I I - 3 2 3 seq. N . Chaps. X X V I I I - X X X t l.
[ CHAP.
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DRAMATIC ARTIFICES
399
profitably used in plays. Alankaras belonging to the dramatic plot are technical ones, and are primarily believed to pertain only to the dramatic literature. Still there are scholars like AcSrya Dandin who recommend their use in case of poetry in general.1 They rightly find in the Natya-lakshanas the essential characteristic of beautifying a Kavya, which is the connota tion o f alahkara according to them. In fact, a large variety of poetic figures of speech which have, by virtue of recog nising various shades of differences in the mode of presenting wonder, swollen to a strength of over a century in number. They are mostly adaptations or modifications over the primitive Natyalakshanas and N aty alankaras given above. From a comparative study, it would be quite evident that the later critics have developed their Alankaras from lakshanas given by Bharata, as, for example, the lakshana of Udaharana gives Drshtanta; Hetu Kavya-linga; Samsaya, Sasandeha; Prapti, Anumana ; Viseshana, Vyatireka; SarUpya, Bhranti', Gunanuvada and A t Haya give birth to Atisayokti* Similarly, Abhipraya has given rise to Nidarsana, Nidarsana to Prativastiftpama, Manoratha to Aprastuta-prasamsa* Dishta to Svabhavokti; Gunatipata to Vishama; Garhatfa to Vyajastuti; Padoccaya to Samuccaya; Pratishedha to AJcshepa;* Siddhi to Tulya-yogita* and Mithyadhyavasaya to Apahnuti* and so on.2 Though the lakshanas have thus formed the very nucleus fo r the origin of Alankaras evolved by later rhetoricians, yet they are found to limit their scope only to cover the figures of sense. Apart from them, there are figures which embellish the structure of a Kavya and also beautify the construc tion of poetry. Even as figures of sense they depend on various features3 which form the bases of poetic embellish ments. In order to take account of them, basic notion of the ornaments of structure, and of sense, and of construction as
1. *
K. D . H -3 6 7 . These are taken from A . B. ( V o l. I I p. 321 ) from U padhySya in its own turn. w hich has taken
2. 3.
For details see Concept o f A lankaras, C hap. I. Like Sadrsya. Abheda, Viredha etc.
400
distinguished from the lakshanas seems to be provided by Bharata in his recognition of a few alankaras of Kavya in general in his Natya-Sastra.
&ABDALANKARA
He recognises four alankaras only, and calls them Upama, RUpaka, Dipaka and Yamaka.1 Of them the last one is a merit of structure ( abdalahkara ) and depends upon a proxi mate arrangement o f words, strictly speaking, combination o f sounds. It consists in the repetition of a syllable or syllables ( iabdabhyasa ) in immediate or remote succession. In the former case, it beautifies the structure like a streak of pearls wherein pearls similar in size and form are wreathed together. In the latter case, it assumes the beauty of a necklace in which pearls are interspersed with rubies and eme ralds. It has a tenfold variety differing one from the other, only in respect of the position of the repeated syllables.2 This charming alahkara of chimes includes alliteration, which is only a variety of repetition of syllables.3 Anuprasa with all its sub-divisions is only a classification of the Sabdnlahknras recognised by Bharata.
arthalankara
Among figures of sense, Dipaka is an alahkara of construc tion and consists of various subjects having a common pre dication.4 This is again a basic notion which afforded scope for later classification o f the same, into many subjects having one predication, or many verbs having one subject. The latter may again be prakrta or aprakrta in its own turn. The other one in the list o f Bharata is RUpaka which is an alahkara having beauty in establishing identity between two objects, one of them being the subject-matter of description. The identity may be partial or in toto.5 Since the identity
1. 2. 3. 4. N . X V I-4 0 . Ib id . 6 9 - 8 6 . A . B. ( V ol. II p . 3 2 6 bottom ). N . X V I-6 3 .
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sd established is an outcom e o f the poets imagination it in d twites within if all varieties which carry the* principle? of identification to the extent of total submersion erf the object of comparison into the subject of it. Thus different alankaras involving even Nigiryadhyavasana1 have originated from the basic alankara of RBpaka. The' first and the foremost alahkara found in Bharatas list is Upama which establishes a beautiful semblance between two objects having similar qualities or form.2 Bharata recognises five types o f Upama over which many mores Dandin has tried to develop, and with whom seve ral others o f the medieval school have agreed. In fact, a host of alankaras accepted by the later canonists find their substra tum in the Upamnlahkara. For, it is only a variety in the mode o f expression o f similitude o f one object with the other that has differentiated such alahkSras as Upameyopama, Ananvaya, Smarana, Apahnuti, Utpreksha, Pratxpa, Nidarsana, Drshtanta, Prativasfflpamn, Tadgum, Milita and many more of this category.3 That is why Appaya Dlkshita in his Citra Mimansa has very effectively brought out this view by saying that Upama behaves in the forum of figurative speech like an actress4 who puts on different garbs, and assumes different rdles and pleases the audience by her varied charms so dis played by her artistically on the stage. In actual practice it is every inch true; and hence Bharata does not go beyond it and
1.
It is laksh/iriamulaka suppression ( nigarana ) o f the upatneya in to UpamUna, w h ic h is possible eith er by the om ission o f the form er, or its sub-ordination to the latter, e. g. V ide V iddha-fklabhanjikS, n Vpa-prakaragre prahirn nqyane tarkaya manag / Anakase ko yam galitarharinah stta-kiranah 11 ...F o r details V ide Author s AlankSra-Kaum udl Alisayokti.
2. 3.
N . X V I 41. SndrSya-mulaka, Sambhavancrmulaka; Abheda-tnulaka : For details see KSvyaprakSsa, U llSsa X .
4.
Upamaika yatra
Sailusht ....... ,
For
full particulars see Citra-
M lm SnsS, p . 3 seq,
26
402
prescribes that a dramatic composition, should be beautified by these alahkaras which go a great way along the sentimental relish in a work of art.1 r
IX ; FLORA ET FAUNA
Contributions of Nature towards artifices of the poet:
, Though the artist is a Maker of his own Universe, yet in order to imprint the dramatic impressions clearly on the visitors and to draw before-them vivid pictures of the object of des cription and for causing a variety of feelings, a dramatist generally resorts to a rich live-stosk in the flora and fauna placed at his disposal by-the Great artist in the Napure herself; For instance, for purposes of introducing notions of sweet smell, there are lotus. arid lilies, which present- both delicacy and variety of colours. Roses and jasmine flowers, the ever-green myrtle, the fragant Bakula, the maddening sprays of mango, the shady Kadamba, the bright amaranth ( kurabalca ) and the soft Sirisha are always there to present the apt similitudes and draw out the very best picture. Then there is a host of repre sentatives of the animal kingdom that stand and wait on the clever playwright for being used at his sweet, will and pleasure. They are charming deer and fawns; gazelles and antelopes; fluttering dolphins arid beautiful Khafijanas; swift horses and majestic elephants* dreadful lions and timid ospreys; gay flamingoes and sprightly swans; sweet cuckoos and para keets; palavering parrots and thrushes; cooing pigeons and blue jays; pullets and partridges, and loving Cakoras, Catakas, and Cakravakas among many other species of the' kind. In the employment of the different members of the animal kingdom, a playwright may have a two-fold purpose, one more artistic than the other. For they may act as pivots in action and play a part that may have a dramatic significance
1. NS. X V I 8 7. ( Ebhir arthakriyapeksha. A . B. V ol. I. p. 331 ). Here artha = Rasa-carvana
[ CHAP. VII ]
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by turning the Very course of action.1 They create feel ings and have themselves deep feelings so as to reach the? very human standards of life and betray feelings of love and* hatred among themselves as well as among others.2 The other one is to serve the cause o f successful presentation of varied; notions by means of acting as suitable standards of comparison.' In this case, they impress the qualitative notion with a deep imprint and facilitate the suggestion of thought more faith fully and intimately. For this purpose they are capable of being classified according as they present the fitting standards for characters of different grades. . Saradatanaya3 lays down in this behalf that the elephant, the lion or the bull is a proper standard of comparison for the Udatta and Uttama charac ters ; cranes and curlews and peacocks and Cakravakas are suitable for comparing the middling-characters ; and cuckoos, bees and ravens, herons, owls and jays4 are fitting comparisons, for the low characters. The Earth, the night arid the moon light, a lily, and an elephantess are good comparisons for ati UdZitta heroine; a peahen, a female deer, a goose or a jasmine5 may compare favourably with middling heroines ; and bees, ospreys,6 female cuckoos and ravens stand well in case of the hetaerae and women of different grades in the low order.
1. For instan ce, the antelope and the bee act as pivots in the Sakuntala; the tusker in the A vim araka, the lio n in the M sla ti-
M sdh ava, and sw an in the N ala-vilS sa. 2. For creating feelin gs, see U . R . for the elephantess an d her loving leader o f the herds ; the bees in the Svap na p lay o f Bhasa ; and for deep feelings, ref. V ik ra. A ct IV -such anim al interest. 3. 4. -6 . B. P. Chap. X ( Pp. 3 0 4 , L I . 4 - 2 6 & 3 0 5 ). It is a .bli'e bird called CUsha; refer M Slati-M 5dhava, V I 5. B. P. gives M a lli, w h ich means a goose w ith brown legs and w hich is a museum of
a b ill. It also means a jasam ine flower, w hich is more apt for Madhyama Nayikas o f the Citram type, as lotus is for Uttama Nayikas o f the Padmirii class. 6. Cf. K.51id5sa s use o f ospreys for nymphs Kuraftriam iva arta-nUdah sfqyate V ikra. p. 3.
404
LAWS Of* SANSKRIT DRAM A
Moreover, the six seasons full of floral festivites and gaieties* of different times and occasions, and pleasant atmospherf; both during the hours of the morning and moon-lit nights*, cool breeze and current cataracts and lofty hills and slopiagf; dales, bright sunbeams and cloudy rainbows, are the colour-, sets with which Nature fills the drawing-box of the playwright to enable him to place a beautiful back-ground behind the* artistic work o f his dramatic representation. X MISCELLANEOUS ARTIFICES W ith such ample resources at the disposal of a play wright, the success o f his creative work entirely depends; upon his dramatic genius which comprises, of his sense of imagination, careful drapery of situations, his exquisite wit,, the delicacy of his humour, and above all, the keenness ins his satire. Dramatic poetry is more true to the circumstances and to the life of a society in a particular age ( Loka-dharm).1 It is a mirror of virtues and vices of the people at large. For this reason the social satire is, in fact, the very pique of a dramatists art. For, his portraits are not only delight ful, his delineations not only informative2 and his lessons not only didactic but his sarcasm is a greater corrective than the most elaborate discourses on religion and preachings of ethical precepts.3 Moreover, his art gives not only a panoramic view of the social conditions of his days, but peeps through his own life and his views and tastes, his habits and principles as well. Thus with an auto-biographic reflection, it is a sum-total of the poets mind and art, and for this reason in the field of dramatic criticism, wit, humour, satire and imagination of the playwright occupy a prominent place. Like an able strategist a playwright makes cpnstant
1. V ide Loka-dharrrii bhavetvanya, N atya-dharm i tathn ta rt . N. S. X X III193 s T h is feature gives a realistic hue to his work w hich m ay be Natya-dharmi in m any a respect. 2. 3. Kavyam Vyavahara-vtde K . P. U llasa 1,2 Kanta sammitatayopadesayuje Ib id ,
[ ch ap.
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fcut apt use of the dramatic devices at his command. His use of wit shows his capacity for intellectual liveliness : it reveals itself in striking metaphors, conceits, clenches, and epigrams. He observes similarities in materials apparently opposed, and his dexterity of thought takes his readers or spectators by surprise. Sometimes his observation on life grows into a sharp criticism of the vices and foibles of human society. He uses satire, and his main purpose is ethically reformative. Unlike the preacher who is more direct and more oratorical, the artist takes care to be tactful in his condemna tion of human frailties. He may employ innuendo or irony, whatever suits his purpose best. On other occasions he may relax and show gaiety of disposition. He is then a humorist, and shows great genialty and confidence. We feel an emotional pleasure in the experiences described by him which, if taken seriously, might be frustrating or tinged with pain. Such then he has the rich variety o f dramatic resources at his disposal , in his witty remarks, striking satire and pithy apophthegms through which he fulfills the didactic purpose of Art. It is his Pratibhn and Sakti, dexterity and acquaintance with the Loka-dharma1 that enable him to maintain the unities of time and place and of action, and combine them with the flowing stream of interest' which abides and saturates the entire res-btislness of a drama. XI FRUITION : PAKA It is the complete saturation of interest that leads to the Very depth of the dramatic purpose, and leads art to its final consummation. In fact, fruition is the real crux, and it presents the one touchstone for judging the values of a play properly. It is the fruition of the total work of art that marks the standard of ' poets acquittal as a dramaturge and is synonymous with Artha-gambhirya which the canonists have chosen to call Paka or the make-up of the play.
1. Saktir nipunata lake kavj/a~sastradyavekshan!U K . P. I, 3.
406
The critical judgment has always evinced that the amount o f success attained in securing such fruition has its own grades. Prominent among them are in the nature of Mrdvika alias Draksha-paka; the Ndrikela-paka, the Badarapaka, the Pithara-paka, the Sahakara-paka ( also known as Amra-paka ) and the Picumanda-paka. \ j ( i ) M rdvikd-paka has a sustained interest and is mellow in fruition. It has deliciousness both externally and internally like a ripe grape.1 It is sweet from the beginning to the end, and leaves an enduring taste even after its relish.2 v ^ ( ii ) Narikela paka : It is just like a coconut with stiff skull outside, but delicious within. If a composition has a stiff approach, but to a critic it yields sweet and greasy ( slakshna ) taste it is said to have a Narikela-paka? J C m ) Badara paka has a flavour like that of a berry or a jejube. It has a variety o f tastes in different sentiments somewhat dry within, yet tasting well like a sauce.4 0 ( l v ) Sahakara -paka has a sweet juice but a hard kernel within. The denoted sense (vacya) is easy to catch, but sugges tion and Rasa-dhvani is difficult to get at.5 It is sweet and juicy to begin with, even, its stiff kernel has mixed but toothsome taste. At the end, of course, it is sweet and delicious. ) Pitl;ara paka is a hollow composition. It appears lovely only from outside, but has little within or without.6 j v/( vi ) Picumanda-paka has a detesting taste like the margo ( Nimba ) fruit, distasteful from beginning to the end.7
1. 2. Dalad draksha niryai rasa hara sadrkshu bhamlayah Bh. V II 77. K . M . p . 2 0 . bottom ; S. K . H . p. 6 7 , 3 6 ; N . R . p . rasah ). 3. S. S. V II1 8 5 ; N . R . p . 2 0 , 8; K . M . p. 3 1 , 3; and others (sa m e as above ) d efine Nfirikela paka as antar-gadha-rasodayah . 4. 5. K . M . p . 2 0 bottom . S . S. V II 192 ( GvdhSgvdhSrtha-gfimphanam ). V -1 2 4 ; M . M . p. 8 2 , 13; P. R . 19, 25; S . S. V I I - 1 7 9 . ( baftirantas-sphurad-
6.
7.
K . M . p. 20.
Ib id . ' . ,
[ chap.
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DRAM ATIC ARTIFICES
407
Apart from these, Srlkrshua Kavi believes in a Madhukshira-paka which has a jelly-like taste mixed with milk, rice and honey.1 So far as RajaSekhara is concerned, he quotes Vamana and his followers who divide Paka into two classes : one, Sabdapaka and the other, Vakya-paka. Incapacity to forbear change in the words is called Sabda-paka, which Avanti-sundarl, however, holds as a positive merit on grounds of rigidity of composition.2 Where the composition of great playwrights admits o f thought and dhvani, it is said to have the Vakya-paka which appeals to the taste of savants and critics. Rajasekhara,3 who places Sahitya as the seventh limb of the Vaidika studies, has grouped the nine-fold variety o f Pakas into three sets : ( , i ) Picumanda-paka detesting both in the beginning and at the end, Badark-pakfl tasteless in the beginning but fair1in the middle, and Mrdvika-paka less tasteful in the beginning but very toothsome at the end ; ( ii ) Vartaka-paka which is distasteful all through, in the beginning, in the middle, and at the end, like an egg-plant ; Tintidika-paka, tasting fairly in the beginning, and at the end like a tamarind fruit ; and the Sahakara-paka tasting fair in the beginning but most palatable at the end. ( iii ) Kramuka-paka tasting well in the beginning but taste less at the end, like an areca-nut;4 Trapusarpaka tasting well in the beginning and only fairly at the end, like a cucumber; and ffarikela-paka which tastes well both in the beginning and at the end.
1. 2. M. M. p. 182, 22. Pada-nivcsa-nishkampatfi-pSkah ... iyam asaktir na, punah pdkak e tc . K . M . p . 20. 3. UpakarakatvUd K . M . p. 3. 4. Also know n as betel-riut or Pngi-phalam. alabkarah saptamam ahgam YSyavariyafi. V ide
408
Out of. these three sets, RajaSekhara adds that the first type of each of these sets should be avoided,1 while the second one is only of second grade achievement. If the composition is merely a sort of a medley work and has only an anomalous growth with astringent taste, then it is a Kaptttha-paka tasting like a wood-apple.2 Mallinathas son, Kumara-svaml in his Ratnapana makes a mention of Kadall-paka which is a middling achievement tasting like a banana fruit.3 It thus becomes evident from the description of .the various stada<rds of success fixed by the poeticians that the Badarapaka is. a middling achievement, and that the most of the varieties lack in success worthy of its name. It is only Mrdivika and Amra-paka that ensure high success o f a playwright, if his theme is o f erotic nature; and it is Narikelapaka which is a hall-mark o f his success in the heroic themes. It, therefore, follows that in order to attain the high tone o f accomplishment in a dramatic work which may captivate all hearts and bring laurels to the playwright, a proper stan dard is to be aimed a t ; and that standard is aptly summed up by the Natyacarya when he says, Mrdu-lalita-padadhyam gudha-sabdartha-hinam, Jana-pada-sukha-bodhyam yuktiman-nrtya-yojyam I Bahu-krta-rasa-margam Sandhi-sandhana-yuktam, Bhavati jagati yogyam Natakam prekshakanam. HA
1. 2. K . M . p. 2 1 , lin e 3 seq. Ibid p. 2 1 , lin e 8 . In this case some stuff ( subhashila ) is found
w ith great effort like a grain o f corn gleaned from a heap of chaff after a long and p atien t w innow ing. 3. 4. V ide Ratnapana p . 6 9 last line. [ N . X V I 1 2 4 . ] E nglish T ran slation : T h at work o f art satisfies the spectators as a happy an d pleasant piece o f com position w h ich is graceful on account o f sweet and elegan t words, free from obsolete vocabulary and obscure sense, easily in tellig ib le to the audience, is sk illfully arranged and in to Junctures and Stages o f A ction. mass
attended w ith dance and
music, and has a variety o f sentim ents, and a plot duly divided
[C H A P. VII]
DRAMATIC ARTIFICES
409
The above quotation sums up, in fine, the laws regulating the dramas as plays, or even, as a whole, the Sanskrit dram atic. literature. In fact, all these laws are mostly based on the extant practices of the playwrights. In other words, the laws generally summarise and generalise the practices in vogue. At the same time, these rules regulate the practice which comes later than the formulation of laws. As the present work treats only with the application of these laws in actual practice of the Sanskrit dramatists, no attempt is made here chronologically to trace the origin and growth of the dramatic laws and conventions, which, in the absence of all the dramas in Sanskrit being taken into account, could at this stage, frustrate any attempt at tracing them. In conclusion, it may be stated in this connection that for purposes of investigating into the practice of the playwrights to find as to how far the dramaturgical laws enunciated by various canonists have found acceptance in their actual scheme of work, it is necessary to examine first a few early models evolved by the standard playwrights to follow whose track could only be a natural sequence in the history of the dramatic art as is in the case of arts in general.1 For this purpose an attempt is made here to analyse critically a few typical dramas in the Second Book now to follow, so as to make it possible to record hereinafter the findings of such investigations in regard to the basic patterns in course of the concluding pages of this treatise. --------------------Veda-vyoma-viyan-nrlocana-mite samvatsare Vaikrame, Simhasthe ca vibhavasau sita-dale mase subhe Sravane / Maulan Sanski-ta-nataklya-niyaman alocayans-tat-kalam, Granthoyam Pratipat-tithau Ravi-dine pUrnah Prayagebhavat //
1.
Mahsjaneyena gatah sa panthah . . .Panca-tantra.
iJtf'
LAWS AND PRACTICE

OF
SANSKRIT DRAMA
BOOK I
APPENDICES
APPENDIX A CHARTS : I-X X X V I
D EN O TING CLA SSIFICA TIO N
Chapter I
Chart I
[ Pp. 1 to 30 ]
KAVYA
Gadya
Padya Drgya
MiSra gravya
Rupaka Purna PraSanta Bhasvara 1. Nataka Lalita Samagra Suddha 2 . Prakarana Dhurta Migra 3. Bhana 4. Vyayoga 5. Samavakara 6 . Dima 7. Ihamrga 8 . Utsrshtanka 9. Vlthl ' Suddha Sanklrna 10. Prahasana Vikrta*
* It is added by S. D . and M . M .
Upa-rupaka
1. Natika 2. Prakarani 3. BhanI 4. Trotaka j 5. Sattaka 6 . Prekshanaka 7. Chaya Nataka 8 . Silpaka 9. Other minor plays.
1. Campu 2. Viruda 3. Karambaka 4. And others
414
Chapter II
Chart II
[ P. 33]
NANDI
Suddha I 1. Namaskrti-rupa 2. Mangalikl 3. Aflh
Patravall
1. Slesha-mula
2. SamasoktimulSL
Chart II a
[P . 34]
NANDi
( According to Kav. P . ) I _____________
I Nlll
, ' Suddha
[ APP.
A]
CLASSIFICATION
414A
C hap. II Contd.
Chart II b
PURVA-RANGA
( Pp. 30, 38 seq. ) Elements of Purva-ranga-prasadhana ( 19 )

G RO UP
A*
]. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9.
Pratyahara Avatarana Arambha AHavana Vaktra-pani Parighattana Sanghotana Margasarita Asarita :

Jyeshtha, Madhya, Kanishtha.
Group A .
consists o f nine
item s o f pre-show are supposed
arrangem ents
( Pnrva-ranga-prasaihana ).
T hey
to be performed the
behind the screen , and are not m eant to be witnessed by audience. O f them , the first is C ollection who are to p la y on
( pratytik7ira ) w hich assigns respective T he second is
sets in order a ll the m usical instrum ents and seats to those
them .
Pream ble { Avatarana ), w hich directs the songstresses to take up their positions and test their voice. ' The third is the C om m ence m ent ( Arambha ) w h ich inaugurates the rehearsal o f vo ca l music { parigita ). The fourth is the Presentation o f instrum ental m usic tune ( AsravmH ). T ryin g
testing proper measure and proper hands on
the m usical instrum ents w ith a view to ad ju stin g them Vakra-
w ith the corresponding tune o f the reeds is the fifth item , Pani. Parighattank i's the sixth
item w h ich tests the strings o f the strength of their perform ance.
instruments in order to raise the
Sahghotancl is the seventh item w hich transfers the atten tion o f the Stage-m anager from the stringed instrum ents to the equipm ent o f drums and trum pets w h ich are to be used w ith the aid o f fivefold beats. The eigh th item is the MargasSrita w h ic h purposes to
414B
Purvarranga continued.
GROUP B*
10. Gitaka attended with

VardhamSna, and/or Tandava
11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19.
Utthapana Parivartana Nandi Sushkavakrshta Ranga-dvara CarT M ahacart Trigata Prarocana.

music w ith The last item in this Group
rehearse the adjustm ent o f the stringed instruments o f the lute and other accom panim ents.
is the process of determ ining M ovem ent (Asarila) w h ich is intended to demarcate the beats o f tim e in correspondence w ith the measure of * d itties to be sung.
T he item s enlisted under Group B. are those w h ich are to be perform ed on the stage after liftin g the screen. recitations. T o begin T hey m ostly song is
consist o f dance and
w ith , a
presented, called Gitaka, w h ich is to be attended w ith
the Vardha-
mana or the Tardava or b oth , so chosen as to fit in w ith the nature o f the perform ance to follow . Then fpllow the rest o f the nine
item s ending w ith L audation ( prarocana) w hich welcom es the audience and introduces them to the p lay in h an d , its title and
the author, and the auspices under w hich it is being presenled. O n the w hole, the Pvrva-raiiga consists o f 19 items enlisted
under Groups A & B m eant to be attended to w ith in a n d w ithout the screen respectively. [ For details V ide p. 38 ff. supra ]
[ APP. A ]
CLASSIFICATION ttf > ci K -3 . . .

o
cS
415
The sixth one is
* Ct 3 3. ',1
a - ^ * ica O S 9 gp tS
c3 a) 25 > sJ /t" 0 * Ph * P <>
2P' ._* a & -2 >. > a M S
>> *3
5 cs
>* J ua j c * a .S g g p ca < > O

ictf
tea - oc3 < D o <

*
v>
o
03
_i3 s4 cS "Z
ic
cJ
"S' c
IC fl tH
zn
>* a c3
J5
HO _ _ G
cs
cn cd X V 3
<3 ft u
A a
ts
ci XI
a ietf f
ic S
*S bs Js a as 't2 -s i u icd o s
CO
a a rr
The first three
-S 5U!
aj ^ "P ^
22 c5 2 P
cd h-< C >
types
a ci xi c ? 3 c3 T3* XI D
recognised b y Kav. P. only.
G ctf O
-J3 * '5 '2 eS od
are given b y
> - a a c; J34-* .t:
N. S. and D. R.,
H 2 & a so ^ i > IM . * 2 fc ^ c ti P 4 a < ?* U P hK ffi tt
-tS
X5
>
G J >*
't/I - Q >
t o which
a ~ X - k4 -3 r o > > SP rl rf *5 ti 60 73 ft cd 2 > w P < Pi H M ff)
. ic$ Q * ictf i2 H 3 a 4 c3 c3 c . cd , n3 < lO 13 2 c3 s aJ c ictf f5 ieo * Ctf , . * M w> ac d T rt q -C -< o % S a <fN rn < sf * /> V O r - oo o \ O
S. D. has added the fourth
ctf c d XJ ctt C l ctf C 1 _ c. t3 6P gj C3 X J *3 CO C3 i i ca & > > .tr < < > >
* '2 * 2 W ft >* ,2 -o JS
and the fifth.
416
Chapter III
Chart TV [ P. 63 ]
v a st u
( Classification from the view-point o f its source )
Prakhyata
Utpadya
MiSra
Chart IVa
[ P p . 64-71 ]
VASTU
( Classification in respect o f its composite elements ) DrSya or. Unmeya AkaSa-bhashitam Arthopakshepaka I 1. Svagatam or (Suddha 1. Vishkambha (ka) {sanklrna Atma-gatam 2. Apavaritam 2. PraveSaka 3. Janantikam _ (Khanda 3. Cuhka \ Akhanda 4. Karne evamevam 4. Ankavatara 5. Anka-mukha or Ankasya 6 . Garbhanka Sucya
Sravya
[ APP. A ]
Chap. Ill Contd.
CLASSIFICATION
417
Chart IV b
[ P p . 72-78 ]
VA&TU
( Classification in respect of its constitution ) I _ i T 7 1 Adhikarika Prasangika ____________________ j____ I 1 I Pataka Prakarl Pataka-sthanaka _______________ 1 !______________________ I Tulya-samvidhanaka Tulya-viSeshanaka _______ I____________ I___________________ I Anyokti Samasokti
-----
Chart IV c
[ P. 73 ]
PATAK A-STH A NAK A
1 ______________ _ d __________________
i Prathama
i Dvittya
i Trttya
i Caturtha
This fourfold division given by Bharata is adopted by the new school headed by ViavanStha.
27
418

Chart V
C hap. I l l Contd. [Pp. 81-82]

KARYXVASTH X
__________________ 1 Arambha
_ .
Yatna
PraptyaSa
r Niyatapti
i PhalSgama
Chart VI
[ P. 83-88 ]
A R TH A -PR AK R TIS
Blja Bindu o *' d 60S, 1. Phala & 3 u 60 2. Vastu 9 'e tf
Pataka
Prakarl
Karya
Suddha
MiSra
4s
3. Artha
Chart Via
[ Pp. 96-97 fn. ]

A R T H A -PR A K R T IS ( SADHYADI-PANCAKA )
( According to Matrgupta )
1
I Sadhaka
I Sadhana
I Sadhya
I Siddhi
I : Sambhoga
Chart VII
[P p. 89-93]
SA N D H IS*
Mukha
Pratimukha
Garbha
Vimarga
Nirvahana
* Also m eant for the Parna type o f JVStaka according to Subandhu.
[ APP. A ]
Chap. Ill Contd.
CLASSIFICATION
419:
Chart V n a
{P. 90]
F O R M A T IO N O F SA N D H IS
( According to Co-ambulation theory ) I. II. III. IV. V. Arambha + Yatna + Praptyaâ + Niyatapti + Phalagama + Blja Bindu* Pataka Prakari Karya = = = = = Mukha-sandhi Pratimukha-sandhi Garbha-sandhi VimarSa-sandhi Nirvahana-sandhi
Chart VII b
F O R M A T IO N O F SA N D H IS
( According to Matrgupta )
I. Arambha
Blja Sadhyopaghma II. Sadharia-sampatti , Prasara SSdhana-sambandha III. Udbheda Siddhi-dar'ana Mitra-sampat , IV. Vaidhurya - Sreya Blja-sampatti V. Artha-sampatti Sadhya-siddhata Nirvaha
I
=
Mukha-sandhi
Pratimukha-sandhi
Garbha-sandhi
Vimara-sandhi
Upa-samhara-sandhi
* In the absence o f the PatfikS or the Prakari, Biniu pervades further.
420

Chart V ffl
Chap. HI Contd.
[P p . 97-149 ] [ A comparative study of junctural sub-divisions of

A.
SU B -D IV ISIO N S OF T H E { Pp. 9 7 - 1 0 3 ] M U K H A -SA N D H I :
N. 1. Upa-
D. R. 1. Upa-
N. D.
B. P.
P. R.
kshepa 2. Parikara 3. Parinyasa
kshepa 2. Parikara
3. Parinyasa
1. Upakshepa 2. Parikara 3. Parinyasa
1. Upakshepa 2. Parikara 3. Parinyasa 4. Vilobhana 5. Yukti

6 . Prapti
1. Upakshepa 2. Parikara 3. Parinyasa 4. Vilobhana 5. Yukti

6 . Prapti
4. Vilobhana 4 . Vilobhana 4. Samahiti 5. Yukti

6 . Prapti
5. Yukti
6 . Prapti
5. Ubheda
6 . Karana
7. Samadhana
8. Vidhana
7. Samadhana
8 ..Vidhana
7. Vilobhana 7. Sam&dhana
8. Bhedana 8. Vidhana
7. SamSdhana
8. VidEana
9. Paribhavana 10. Udbheda 11. Karana 12. Bhedha
9. Paribhavana
9. Prapana . \
9. Paribhavana
9. Paribhavana
10. Udbheda 10. Yukti 11. Karana 12. Bheda
10. Udbheda 10. Udbheda ~ll. Bheda 12. Karana
11. Vidhana 11. Karana 12. Paribha- 12. Bheda vana
[ APP.
A]
CLASSIFICATION
421
SANDHYANGAS
Vastu according to the order mentioned by different cononists ]
R. S. 1. Upakshepa 2. Parikara
S. D.
1. Upa-
N. L. R. 1. Upakshepa 2. Parikara 3. Parinyasa
M. M. 1. Upakshepa 2. Parikara 3. Parinyasa
N. R. 1. Upakshepa 2. Parikara 3. Parinyasa
kshepa 2. Parikara
3. Parinyasa 3. Parinyasa
4. Vilobhana 4 . Vilobhana 4. Vilobhana 4. Vilobhana 4. Vilobhana 5. Yukti

6 . Prapti 5. Yukti 6 . Prapti
5. Yukti
6 . Prapti
5. Yukti
6 . Prapti
5. Yukti
6. Prapti
Samadhana
8. Vidhana
7. Samadhana
8 . Vidhana
Samadhana
8 . Vidhana
7. Samadhana
8. Vidhana
Samadhana
8 . Vidhana
9. Pari-
bhavana
9., Paribhavana
9. Paribhavana
9. Paribhavana
9. Paribhavana
10. Udbheda io. UdbHeda 10. Udbheda 10. Udbheda 10. Udbheda 11. Bheda: 12. Karana
11. Karana 12. Bheda
11. Karana 12. Bheda
11. Bheda 12. Karana
11. Bheda 12. Karana
1422
Chap. Ill Contd. Chart VUI B.

SU B -D IV ISIO N S O F TH E PR A TI-M U K H A -SA N D H I [ Pp. 1 0 5 - 1 2 0 ] 1
N. 1. Vilasa 2. Parisarpa 3. Vidhuta 4. Tapana 5. Narma

6 . Narma-
D. R. 1. VilSsa 2. Parisarpa 3. Vidhuta 4. Sama 5. Narma

6 . Narma-
N. P. 1. Vilasa 2. Dhunana 3. Rodha 4. Santr3sa 5. Varnasamhrti

6 . Narma
B. P.
P. R.
1. Vilasa 2. Parisarpa 3. Vidhuta 4. Sama 5. Narma

6 . Narma-
1. Vilasa 2. Parisarpa 3. Vidhuta 4. ama 5. Narma

6 . Narma-
dyuti
dyuti
dyuti 7. Pragamana
dyuti 7. Praagmana
7. Pra7. fPragainana gamana or ;Pragamana

8. Virodha 8. Nirodha
7. Narmadyuti
8 . Tapa
8 . Nirodha
8 . Virodha
9. Upasana 10. Pushpa 11. Vajra .
9. Paryupasana 10. Vajra 11. Pushpa
9. Pushpa 10. Pragamana 11. Vajra
9. Paryupasana 10. Pushpa 11. Vajra
9. Paryupasana 10. Vajra 11. Pushpa
12. Upanyasa 12. Upanyasa 12. Upanyasa 12. Upanyasa 12. Upanyasa 13. Varnasamhara 13. Varnasamhara 13. Anusarpana 13. Varnasamhara 13. Varnasamhara
[ APP.
A]
CLASSIFICATION
423
Contd.
R. S. 1.. Vilasa 2. Parisarpa 3. Vidhuta 4. Sama 5. Narma

6 . Narma-
S. D. 1. Vilasa 2. Parisarpa 3. Vidhuta 4. Tapana 5. Narma 6. Narmadyuti 7. Pragamana
N. L. R. 1. Vilasa 2. Parisarpa 3. Vidhuta 4. Tapana 5. Narma

6. Narma-
M. M. 1. Vilasa 2. Parisarpa 3. Vidhuta 4. Sarma 5. Narma

6 . Narma-
N, R. 1. Vilasa 2. Parisarpa 3. Vidhuta 4. Sama 5. Narma

6 . N arm a-.
dyuti' 7. Pragamana
dyuti 7. Pragamana
dyuti 7. Pragamana
dyuti 7. Pragamana
8 . Virodha
g. virodha
9 . paryupS-
8. Virodha
8. Virodha
8 . Nirodha
gana
10 . Pushpa
Paryupasana 10- Pushpa 11. Vajra
11. Vajra
12. Upanyasa 12. Upanyasa 12. Upanyasa 12. Upanyasa 12. Upanyasa 13. Varnasamhara
13. Varna-
samhara
13. Varnasamhara
13. Varnasamhara
13. Varnasamhara
424
LAWS OF SANSKRIT DRAMA Chart VIII
Chap. Ill Contd. C. SUB-DIVISIONS OF THE GARBHA-SANDHI [Pp. 122-127 ] N. D. R. N. D. B. P. P. R.
1. Abhutaharana 2. Marga 3. Vitarka 4. Udaharana 5. Krama

6 . Sangraha
1. Abhutaharana
2. Marga 3. Rupa 4. Udaharana 5. Krama
1. Sangraha 2. RQpa 3. Anumana 4. Prarthana 5. Udahrti
1. AbhQtaharana 2. Marga 3. Rupa 4. Udaharana 5. Krama

6 . Sangraha
1. Abhutaharana
2. Marga 3. Rupa 4. Udaharana 5. Krama
6 . Sangraha
6. Sangraha 6. Krama
7. Anumana
8. Prarthana
7. Anumana 7 . Udvega
8. Totaka 8. Vidrava
7. Anumana
8. Totaka
7.
A num ana
8 . Tofaka
9. Akshipta 10. Totaka
9. Adhibala 9. Akshepa 10. Udvega 10. Adhibala 11. Marga 12. Asatyaharana
9. Adhibala 10. Udvega 11. Sam bhrama 12. Akshepa
9. Adhibala
10. Udvega
11. Adhibala 11. Sam bhrama 12. Udvega 13. Vidrava 12. Akshepa
11. Sam bhrama 12. Akshepa
13. Totaka
{ APP.
A]
CLASSIFICATION
425
Gontd.
R . S. 1. Abhutaharana 2. Marga 3. ROpa

4 . Uda-
S. D. N. L. R . harana harana 2. M 5rga 3. ROpa

4 . Uda-
M .M . harana 2. Marga 3. Rupa 4. Udaharana 5. Krama
N. R . 1. Abhutaharana 2. Marga 3. RDpa 4. Udaharana 5. Krama

6 . Sangraha
1. Abhata-1. Abhutoda- I. AbhOta-
2. Marga 3. Rupa 4. Uda-
harana 5. Krama
harana harana 5. Krama
5. Krama
6. Sangraha 6 . Sangraha 7. Anumana 7 . Anumana

8 . Totaka 8 . Prarthana 9 . Kshipti 10. Trotaka
6 . Sangraha 6. Sangraha
7. Anumana 7. Anumana
8. Prarthana 8 . Totaka
7. Anumana
8 . Totaka
9. Atibala 10. Udvega 11. Sambhrama
9. Utkshipta 9. Adhibala 10. Totaka 10. Udvega
9. Adhibala 10. Udvega 11. Sam bhrama 12. Akshepa
11. Adhibala
11. Adhibala 11. Sambhrama 12. Udvega 12. Akshepa
12. Xkshepa 12. Udvega 13. Vidrava
426

Chart VIII
Chap. Ill Contd. D.

SU B -D IV ISIO N S OF TH E V IM A R SA -SA N D H I
[ Bp- 1 3 0 - 1 3 8 ]
N. 1. Apavada 2. Sampheta 3. Vidrava 4. Sakti 5. Prasanga

6.
D. R.
N. D. 1. Drava 2. Prasanga 3. Sampheta 4. Apavada 5. Chadana

6.
B. P.
P. R.
1. Apavada 2. Sampheta 3. Drava 4. Vidrava

5. 6.
1. ApavSda 2. Sampheta 3. Vidrava 4. Drava 5. Sakti

6.
L Apavada
2 . Sampheta
3. Vidrava 4. Drava
5. 6.
Sakti Dyuti
Sakti Dyuti
Vyavasaya
Dyuti
Dyuti
7. Vicalana
8. Dyuti
7. Prasanga
8 . Chalana
7. Kheda
8 . Virodha
7. Prasanga
8. Chalana
7. Prasanga
8. Calana
9 . V yava* s&ya
9. Kheda
9. Vyava saya
9. Samrambha
9. Vyava saya 10. Nirodhana
10. Nishedha 10. Virodhana 10. Sakti
10. Virodhana
11. Virodhana 11. Prarocana 11. Prarocana 11. Prarocana 11. Prarocana. 12. Adana 13. Chadana 14. Prarocana 12. Vicalana 13. Adana 12. Adana 12. Vicalana 12. V icalana, 13. Adana
13. Vyavasaya 13. Adana 14. Bhavantara
[ APP.
A]
CLASSIFICATION
427
*Contd,
R. S. 1. Apavada
2 . Sampheja
S. D. 1. Apavada 2. Sampheta
N. L. R. 1. Apavada 2. Sampheta
M . M. 1. Apavada 2. Sampheta 3. Vidrava 4. Drava
N. R. 1. Apavada 2. Sampheta 3. Vidrava 4. Drava 5. Sakti

6 . Dyuti
3. Vidrava 4. Drava 5. Sakti

6 . Dyuti
3. Vyavasaya 3. Drava 4. Drava 5. Dyuti

6 . Sakti
4. Ssakti
5. Vyavasaya 5. Sakti
6 . Prasanga 6 . Dyuti
7. Prasanga
8 . Chalana
7. Prasanga
8. Kheda
7. Dyuti
8. Kheda
7. Prasanga
8. Chalana
7. Prasanga
8 . Chalana
9. Vyavasaya
9. Pratishedha
9. Pratishedha
9. Vyavasaya 9. Vyavasaya
10. Nirodha- 10. Virodhana 10. Virodhana 10. Virodhana 10. Nirodhana na 11. Prarocana 11. Prarocana 11. Adana 12. Vicalana 13. ,Adana 12. Adana 13. Chadana 12. Sadana
11. Prarocana 11- Prarocana
12. Calana
12. Vicalana 13. Adana 14. Niyatapti
13. Prarocana 13. Adana
428

C h a rt V III
C h a p . I l l Contd. E.
SU B -D IV ISIO N S OF T H E N IR V A H A N A -SA N D H I [ Pp. 1 4 0 1 4 8 ]
N. 1. Sandhi 2. Nirodha 3. Grathana 4. Nirnaya 5. Paribhashana 6. Dhrti 7. Prasada

8 . Ananda
D. R. 1. Sandhi 2. Vibodha 3. Grathana 4. Nirnaya 5. Paribhashana

6 . Prasada
N. D. 1. Sandhi 2. Nirodha 3. Grathana 4. Nirnaya
B .P . 1. Sandhi 2. Vibodha 3. Grathana 4. Nirnaya
P. R. 1. Sandhi 2. Virodhana 3. Grathana 4. Nirnaya 5. Paribhasana

6 . Prasada
5. Paribhasha 5. Paribhashana
6 . Upasti 6 . Prasada
7. Ananda
8. Samaya
7. Krti
8. Ananda
7. Ananda
8 . Samaya
7. Ananda
8. Samaya
9. Samaya 10. Upaguhana
9. Krti IQ. Bhasha
9. Samaya 10. Pariguhana
9. K rti 10. BhashE
9. Krti
10. Abha-
shana 11. Purvabhava 12. Upasamhara 13. Upaguhana 14. Pragasti
11. Bhashana 11. Upaguhana 12. Purvavakya 13. Kavyasamhara 14. PraSasti 12. Purvabhava 13. Upasamhara 14. Pragasti
11. Bhashana 11. Upaguhana 12. POrvabhava 13. Kavyasamhara 14. Pragasti 12. Purvabhava 13. Upasamhara 14. PraSasti
[ APP.
A]
CLASSIFICATION
429
Contd.
R.S.
S. D. 1. Sandhi
N. L. R.
M. M.
N. R.
1. Sandhi
1. Artha 2. Grathana 3. Nirnaya 4. Paribhashana 5. Dyuti

6 . Prasada
1. Sandhi 2. Virodha 3. Grathana 4. Nirnaya 5. Paribhashana

6 . Prasada
1. Sandhi 2. Virodha 3. Grathana 4. Nirnaya 5. Paribhashana

6 . Prasada
2. Virodhana 2. Vibodha 3. Grathana 4. Nirnaya 5. Paribhashana

6 . Prasada
3. Grathana 4. Nirnaya 5. Paribhashana

6 . Krti
7. Ananda
8 . Samaya
7. Prasada
8. Ananda
7. Ananda
8 . Samaya
7. Ananda
8 . Samaya
7. Ananda
8. Samaya
9. Krti 10. Bhasha 11. UpagOhana 12. PQrvabhava 13. Upasathhara 14. Prasasti
9. Samaya 10. UpagOhana
9. Anuyoga 10. Upaguhana
9. Krti 10. Bhasha
9. Krti 10. Bhasha ll.U p a guhana 12. Purvabhava 13. Upasamhara 14. Prasasti
11. BhSshana 11. Bhashana 11. Upaguhana 12. Purvavakya 13. Kavyasamhara 14. Prasasti 12. Purvavakya 13. Kavyasamhara 14. PraSasti 12. POrvabhava 13. Upasamhara 14. Prasasti
430
Chap. HI Contd. Chart V illa
[P . 14]
ELEM ENTS O F SA N D H IS
( According to Subandhu ) For PraSanta 1. Ny&sa 2. Samudbheda 3. Bljokti 4. Blja-darSana 5. Anuddishtasamhara For Bhasvara 1. Mala 2. Nayaka-siddhi 3. Glani 4. Parikshaya 5. MatravaSishtasamhara For LalitaNataka 1. Vil5sa ' 2. Vipralambha 3. Viprayoga 4. Virodhana 5. Upa-samhara
Chart IX
[ Pp. 149-151]
SANDH I-PH ALA
__________ !__________ I I 1. Racana 4. Raga 2. Gupti 3. PrakaSana 5. AScarya

6. Vrttanupakshaya
[ APP. A ]
CLASSIFICATION
431
C hap. I l l Contd. C h a rt X [P p. 151-156]

SANDH YANTARA
I
1. Sama 2. Dana 11. Sahasa 12. Bhaya
3. Bheda 4. Danâ 5. Pratyutpanna-mati

6 . Vadha
13. Maya 14. Samvarana 15. Bhranti 16. Dutya 17. Hetvavadharana 18. Svapna 19. Lekha
20 . Mada 21. Citra
7. Gotra-skhalita
8. Ojas
9. Dhl
10. Krodha
[ APP. A ]
CLASSIFICATION
s e V a > o '5b u u 5b 5 > iC 3 J" 2 V r? < '
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7. Prayatna 8. Grathana 9. Utkantha 10. Avahittha Q Z T J

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Chap, III Contd,
t-l
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25. Vaisaradya 26. Prabodhana 27. Camatkara
7. Samhara 8 . Bhanaka*
[ APP. A ]
CLASSIFICATION
435
Chapter IV '
Chart XIII
[ P .9 ]
n
Xy a k a
( Classification from lthe view-point o f birth ) Divya Adivya Divyadivya
Chart XIII a
t Pp. 205-207 ]
N AYAK A
( Classification from the view-point of his character) 1. Dhlrodatta 2. Dhira-lalita 3. Dhlroddhata 4. Dhlra-praSanta ------ ---------------
Chart XIII b
[ P. 208 ]
N AYAK A
( Classification in relation to his consorts ) Pati Upapati VaiSika
436
Chap. IV Contd. Chart XIII c
[ P. 207 ]
NAYAKA
( Classification iu terms of object of his interest) Srngart ' 1 1. Anukula 2. Dakshina 3. Satha 4. Dhrshta Vira 1. Dharma 2. Yuddha 3. Daya 4. Dana 5. Satya
6 . Bala
7. Panditya, etc. f<K
Chart XIII d
[P . 211 ]
NAYAKA
( Nayaka as an administrator ) I 1. Svayatta-siddhih 2. Sacivayatta-siddhih 3. Ubhayayatta-siddhih
[ APP.
A]
CLASSIFICATION
437
Chap. IV Contd. Chart XIV
[ P. 209 ]
NAYAKA-GUNA
1. Sobha
2. Vilasa 3. Madhurya 4. Gambhlrya 5. Dhairya or Sthairya

6 . Tejas
7. Lalita
8. Audarya
Chart X V
[ Pp. 210-212]
NAYAKA-SAHXYA
________________ L _ __________________ I I I Uttama Madhyama Adhama ^ 1 Plthamarda - '1 1. Dharma-sahaya = Priests etc. 2. Artha-sahaya 3. Danda-sahaya 4. Narma-sahaya = Senapati etc. = Vidushaka etc. ' Vita etc. , ' Sakara, Ceta etc. I S
= Ministers etc.
( including Antahpura-sahaya )
438
!
v
Chap. IV Contd. Chart XVI
[P p . 213-215]
NAYIKA
( Classification in relation to her spouses ) Sviya Kanya
Paraklya Parodha
Sadharanl
Mugdha
Madhya
Pragalbha
Dhlra.
Dhlradhira
Adhir&
Chart XV I a
f P. 220 ]
NAYIK A
( Classification according to quantum of affection ) Jyeshtha Kanishtha
[ APP. A ]
CLASSIFICATION
439
Chap. IV Contd. Chart XVI b

n a y a k a / n a y ik a
( Classification in respect of his/her nature) Uttama Madhyama

><><-.-------
Adhama
Chart X V I c
[P p . 218-219]
N A Y IK A
( Classification in respect of her situations) 1. Vasakasajja 2. Virahotkanthita 3. Svadhma-bhartrka 4. Kalahantarita 5. Khandita

6 . Vipralabdha
7. Proshita-bhartrkS
8.
AbbMriH
----Chart X V I d
f Pp. 220-221 ]
NAYIKA
( Classification according to Bharata )
Divya
Nrpa-patnl
Kulastrl
Ganika
Dhlra
Lalita
Udatta
Nibhrta
440
Chap. IV Contd. Chart XVII
[P p. 221-226]
NAYIKALANKARA
Angaja I 1. Bhava 2. Hava 3. Hela
Ayatnaja
1. Sobha 2 . Kanti 1 1
Svabhavika i 1. Lila
2 . Vilasa
3. Dlpti 4. Madhurya 5. Pragalbhya

6 . Audarya
3. Vicchitti 4. Vibhrama 5. Kila-kificita

6 . Mottayita
7. Dhairya
7. Kuttamita 8. Bibboka 9. Lalita

10. Vihrta
* 11. Mada 12. Tapana 13. Maugdhya 14. Vikshepa 15. Kutuhala 16. Hasita 17. Cakita 18. Keli
Those from Eleven to Eighteen are added by S. D .
[APP. A ]
Chap. IV Contd.
CLASSIFICATION
441
Chart XVII a
t Pp. 262-263 ] Vide Chap. V ( Physical charms of Nayika ) 1. Vayah 2. Rupa 3. Lavanya 4. Saundarya 5. Abhirupata
6 . Madhurya
7. Mardava
Chart XVIII
[ Pp. 228-229 ]
DUTl
I 1. Nisrshtartha
2. Mitartha
3. SandeSa-harika
N . B. Even m ale-agents ( dutas ) are o f these three varieties.
CLASSIFICATION
t AFP. M
443
Chap. V Contd.
Chart X IX a
I P. 268 ] Rlga-daSa*
1. Nayana-prui
Smara-daSa 1
1. 2. 3. 4.
Abhilasha
Cinta Smrti Guna-kathana
2. 3. 4. 5.
Cittasafiga Sankalpa Nidra-ccheda Tanuta
5. Udvega 6 . Sam-pralapa 7. U ntnada

g. Vyadhi
6. Vishaya-mvrtti
7. Trapa-nasa 8 . 'Uomada 9 . Murclia 10. Mrti
9. Jadata
10 . M araaa
Chart X X
{.P. 265 1
anubhava
I Udbhasvara J 1. Alapa 2. Vilapa 3. Safilapa 4. Pralapa 5. Anulapa 6. Apalapa 7. SandeSa 8. AtideSa 9. UpadeSa 10 . NirdeSa 1L Vyapadesa_________
1
1 Sadharana
( All other ensuants )
w fl*3J are atawt

am
N . B. Effectually Rnga-daiSs and Smaraco-extensive.
442

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[ APP. A ]
Chap. V Contd.
CLASSIFICATION
445
Chart XXII
[ P. 291 ]
ABH IV Y A K TI-V ISH A Y A
I Rasa Udaya
[ Objects of manifestation ] I I I Bhava Rasabhasa {Santi Sandhi Sabalata
Bhavabhasa
Chart XXII a
A BH IV Y A K TI
[ Mode of manifestation ] _________ 1 ________ I I Mukhyataya Gunlbhutataya
Chapter VI
Chart XXIII
[P . 292]
D R A M A T IC C O NV ENTIO NS
I 1. Structural 2. Procedural 3. Regarding characters 4. Regarding rasas 5. Regarding names and addresses
6 . Regarding use of languages
.7. Miscellaneous
446
Chapter VII
Chart X X IV
[P . 326]
VRTTI
[ Bearing ] Vacyasraya Vacaka^raya
Chart X X IV a
[ Pp. 320-325 ]
VRTTI
( Bearing Contd. ) Artha-vrtti KaiJikl 1 Sattvatt I I 1. Safillapaka Narma Narma-sphurja 2. Utthapaka Narma-sphota 3. Sanghatya Narma-garbha 4. Parivartaka ----Chart X X IV b
Sabda-vrtti Srabhatl 2 Brahml3 Bharatl4 i I 1. Sankshiptika 1. Prarocana 2. Sampheta 2. Vlthl 3. Avapata 3. Prahasana 4. Vastutthapana 4. Amukha
]. 2. 3. 4.
[P . 327]
VRTTI
[ Diction ] Upanagarika Parusha Komaia
1. 2. 3. 4.
Ehojadeva adds M adhyam a-K aisikl. Bhojadeva adds Madhyama-Ar&bhat! also. It is added by H aripala. For further details vide Chart I I I . supra.
[ APP. A J
CLASSIFICATION
447
Chap. VII Contd. Chart X X V
[ P. 328 ]
PRAVRTTI
[ Etiquette ] ( In view of Characteristics ) Divya I ( Several varieties like Vidyadhara, Gandharva, Kinnara e tc .) Adivya
1. Avantl 2. Dakshinatya 3. Audhra-magadhI 4. Paflcall
Divyadivya
( added by S . D . )
Chart X X V a
[ P. 332 ]
( Pravrtti Contd. )
VARNA
1. Pandu 2. Padma 3. Kapota 4. Harita 5. Kashaya

6 . Gaura
448

r' Chart X X V I
Chap. V I ! Contd.
[P . 334-336]
( Pravrtti C on td.)
BHASHA
_______________________ !_________ I _ I I Atibhasha Aryabhasha Jatibhasha Sanskrit

1 1
I Jatyantarl Vibhasha I
1
Prakrta
1 1
! . 1 Vaidika Laukika ( Classical )
1. MagadhI 2 . Avantika 3. Pracya 4. Saurasenl 5. Ardha-magadhI 6 . Bahllka 7. Dakshinatya
1. Ssabarl 2 . Abhlri 3. Candall 4. Sakarl 5. DrSvidl 6 . Andhraja 7. Paiglcl
------
Chart XXV II
[P . 228-230]
R lT I
I I Vaidarbh! I Gaudl I Paflcali I Lati _ 1 Avantl* I MagadhI*
Added by S. K . A.
[ APP. A ]
CLASSIFICATION
Chart XVIII
449
Chap. VII Contd.
[P p. 343-350 ]
GUNA
( according to the Old S chool) Sabda 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. SSlesha Prasada Samata M adhurya Sukumarata Artha-vyakti UdSrata Oja Kanti Samadhi
Chart XVIII a
I
Artha I 1. slesha 2. Prasada 3. Samata 4. Madhurya 5. Sukumarata 6. Artha-vyakti 7. Udarata 8 . Oja 9. Kanti 10. Samadhi
[ P. 350 ]
GUNA
( according to the New School)

Prasada
Oja
M adhurya
Chart X X I X [P. 353 ] DOSHA
( according to Bharata ) 1. Gudharthata 2. Arthantara 3. Artha-hlna 4. Bhinnarthata 5. Ekarthata 6 . Abhiplutarthata 7. Nyayadapetata 8. Vishama 9. Visandhi 10. Sabda-cyuta 29
450
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[ P. 357-363 ]
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I APP. A ]
Chap. VII Contd.
CLASSIFICATION
451
Chart X X X
[P p. 367-385 ] j [ Metres ] Matrika ( J a ti ) Varnika (Vrtta)

CH A N D A
1. 2. 3. 4. 5.
Arya Glti Upaglti, Sama Ardha-sama Vishama I etc. I ______ Pathya | | Vipula Sri to Utkrti Dandaka Capala Mukha-capala Jaghana-capala
Chart X X X I
- [ P. 394-395 ]
GATI
= Carl ( G a it) I BhaumI
1: 2. 3. 4.
I Vaihayasi Udbhrantaka Arohavaroha And others
1. A y a ta
2. 3. 4. 5.
Avahittha Aivakranta Vama And many others
452
Chap. VII Contd. Chart X X X II
[P p. 389-394 ]
nrtya
( D ance) I_______ Lasya I ( Lasyanga ) I 1. Geya-pada 2. Sthita-pathya 3. Aslna 4. Pushpa-gandika 5. Pracchedaka 6 . Trigudha 7. Saindhavaka 8. Dvimudhaka 9. Uttamottamaka 10. Ukta-pratyukta
TandSva
Chart X X X III
[P p . 397-398]
G tTA
_ __________ 1
Dhruva I 1. Praveîkl 2. Naishkramikl 3. Akshepikl 4. Prasadiki 5. Antara
Miscellaneous
--------------------
[A PP. A ]
CLASSIFICATION
'453
Chap. VII Contd. Chart X X X IV
[P . 399-406]
ALANK ARA
( according to Bharata ) Sabda I 1. Yamaka Artha I 1. Upama 2, Rupaka 3. Dlpaka
Chart X X X V [ P. 407 ] PXKA
( according to Vamana ) Sabda VSkya
Chart X X X V a
[ P. 407 ]
PXKA
( according to Rajagekhara ) I ' ( Group A ) I 1. Picumanda 2. Badara 3. Mrdvlka I ( Group B ) I 1. Vartaka 2. Tintidika 3. Sahakara I I ( Group C ) Kapittha* 1. Kramuka 2. Trapusa 3. Narikela
1
KutnSra-svamt adds one more type, n am ely, the K a d a ll- pSka.
454
Chap. VII Contd. Chart X X X V b
{ P. 406 ]
PXKA
( according to Bhojadeva ) 1. Mrdvlka 2. Narikela 3. Badara 4. Sahakara 5. Pithara 6. Picumanda 7. Madhu-kshlraf

------------
Chart X X X V I
[ P. 2 ]
ABH INAYA
Angika
Vacika
Sattvika
Aharya
added by isrTkrshna K avi ( M . M . p. 1 8 2 )
APPENDIX B
THESAURUS
OF
DRAMATURGICAL TERMS
A b b rev iatio n s Al. Arthop. Ar. Pr. Ar. Bh. Vr. Div. June. Kai. Kar. Lang. Lk. Manop. Mem. N. Na. Nat. Al. Nat. Lk. Pat. Sth. Pra. Prah. Prast. Saflc. Bh. Sat. Satt. Bh. 3il. Srng. Ud. Bh. Up. Rup. Vipra. Vr. Vr.-bh. S ym bols I II III = IV = V = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = Alankara Arthopakshepaka Artha-prakrti Arabhatt Bharatl Vrtti Division Juncture KaiSikI Vrtti Karyavastha Language , Lakshana ManopaSamana ( Upaya ) Member Nayaka Nayika Natyalankara Natyalakshana PatakS-sthanaka Pravrtti Prahasana Prastavana Saflcari-bhava Sattvatl Vrtti Sattvika-bhava Silpaka ^rngara-rasa Udbhasvara-bhava Upa-rupaka Vipralambha-Srngara-rasa Vrtti. Vrtta-bheda
Mukha Sandhi [ First Juncture ]. Prati-mukha Sandhi [ Second Juncture ]. Garbha-Sandhi [ Third Juncture ]. AvimarSa-Sandhi [ Fourth Juncture ]. Nirvahana-Sandhi [ Fifth Juncture ].
DRAMATURGICAL TERMS
WORDS ARE ARRANGED IN SANSKRIT ALPHABETICAL ORDER
AkSnda-Ccheda
] A
t Atyashp
AKANDA-CCHEDA AK AN DA-PRA TH A NA AK SH AM A
a k s h a r a -s a n g h
At a
A K H A N D A -C U L tK A A NKA A N K A -M U K H A
a n g a ja
A N K A V A TA R A ANKASYA ACETANA^RAYA
A T IK R T I
A T I-JA G A T l
ATIDEÂ
A T ID H R T I
A t i -v i s t a r a ATI-BHASH A A T I-Â K V A R l
ATI5>AYOKTI A T I-H A SIT A
A TY A SH TI
= Abrupt fall, a Rasa-dosha. = Abrupt mention, a Rasa-dosha. = Intolerance, a Nat. Lk. = Combination, a Nat. Al. = A post-scenium speech, an Arthop. = An Act, the div. o f structure o f Drama. = An Anticipatory scene, an Arthop. = personal, a class o f Na. Al. = Continuation Scene, An Arthop. = Same as Ankamukha [ See below ] = Laudation by ref. to direct objects, a sub-div. o f Prast. = A genus of metres having 25 syllables, a Vr-bh. = A genus of metres having 13 syllables, a Vr-bh. = External expression of feelings, an Ud. Bha. = A genus of metres having nineteen syllables, a Vr-bh. = Over-extension, a Rasa-dosha. = Language of the deities, under Pravrtti. = A genus of metres having 15 syllables, a Vr-bh. = Hyperbole, an Al. = Cachination, a mode o f comic ( prahasana). = A genus of metres having 17 syllables, a Vr-bh.
458
A dbhuta ] A D BH U TA
LAWS OF SANSKRIT DRAMA 'i

[ Ap*vdfei(
A D H IK A -PA DATV A A D H IK A R A A D H IK A R IN ADHIBALA A

d h Ir a
= = = =
Marvellous, a Rasa. Redundancy, a dosha. A claim to benefit. A claimant of Adhikara.
_ f 1. Outwitting, a sub-div. ofJIJ Jtmc, I 2. Outvying, a sub-div. o f Viihl. = Lacking in self-control, a type o f = = = = = = = = Madhya Na. Resolution, a Nat. Al. Development of the subsidiary, a Rasa- dosha. Oblivion, a Rasa-dosha. Want of novelty, a dosha. Restriction of the unrestricted, a dosM Faithful, a type o f Srng. N. Fulfilment, a NSt. A l, Pursuit, a sub-div. o f Si Ip.
ADHYAVAS a YA AN AN G A -K lR TA N A
n a n u sa n d h a n a
A N A V iK R T A T V A ANIYAM E NIYAM A ANUKULA A N U K T A -SID D H I AN UG AM ANA A N U D D ISH T A - ) SAM HARA A N UNA YA AN UNA YAK A A N UPRASA
anubhava
= = V June, of Praganta drama. = = = = Conciliation, a Nat. Lk. V, A subsidiary hero. Alliteration, an Al. After-effect, an ensuant o f a feeling.
anum ana
_ / 1* Inference, a sub-div. o f III June. ~ ~ ( 2. Inference, an Al. = Inferred, a type o f Irshya-mana. =* Developed affection, a sub-div. o f rati. = A repetition of words, an Ud. Bha, = Gallantry, a Nat. AL -= Falsehood, a sub-div. o f Prahasana. = Impropriety, a Rasa-dosha. = Internal type of enigma ( rialika ). = Withdrawl of a statement, an Ud. Bha. _ ( 1. Censure, a sub-div. o f IV June. ~ | 2. False attribution, a Nat. Lk.
A N U M IT A
anuraga anulapa
ANUVRTTI
anrta
AN A U G iTY A ANTARA-LAPA
apalapa
APAVADA
[ APP. B ]
ApavSritam ]
A P A V A R IT A M APASM A RA APAH ASITA APAHNUTI A P R A T IP A T T I A PR A T lT A T V A
DRAMATURGICAL TERMS
459
[ Artha-guna
A PR A Y U K A TA TV A A P R A SID D H A TV A A PR A STU TA PRAisAMSX
An exclusive talk. Catelepsy, aSanc.Bh. Peals of laughter, a mode o f Prahasana. Concealment or Imposition, an Al. Indetermination, a sub-div. o f Sil. Technicality, a dosha. Unconventionalism, a dosha. Unpopularity, a dosha.
} = Indirect description, an Al.

}*
Improper relation, a dosha. Force of denotation, a Sabda-sakti. = Contempt, a sub.-div. o f IV June. = Representation. = Supposition, a Ndt. Lk. = Verbosity, a dosha. = Boastfulness, a Nat Ah Comeliness, a Na. Al. _ j 1. Attraction, a raga-dasa. | 2. Eagerness, a Sane. Bh. = Manifestation, of sentiments. = Self-inviting or self-approaching, a situation o f Na. = Momentous information, a Nat. Lk. = Mis-statement, a sub-div. o f III June. = Unacceptable second sense, a dosha. Wrath, a Sane. Bh. = Political Minister, an Asstt. to N. = Natural, a class o f Na. Al. = Pre-union separation, a type o f Vipra. rhg. 1. Junction, a sub-div. o fV June. 2. Combination, a Nat. Lk. = Merit of Sense.
A BHA V A N -M A T A SA M BANDH A ABH1DHA A BH ID R A V A ABH INAYA ABH1PRAYA ABH 1PLU TSR TH A TA ABHIM ANA A B H IR U P A 1A ABH ILA SH A
A BH IV Y A K TI A BH tSA R IK A
a b h ijS a n a
ABH U TA H A R A N A A M A TA -PA R A R T H A TA A M AR SH A AM ATYA A Y A T N A JA AYOGA
ARTHA A R T H A -G U N A
460
Artha-Prakrti ]

[ ASvakrSftflJ-
A R T H A -P R A K R T I A R T H A -B ljA A R T H A -V Y A K T I
artha
v i Se s h a n a
A R T H A -V R T T I ^X
rtha sah aya
A R T H A -H lN A A R TH A NTAR A AR TH A PA TTI ARTHO PAK SH EPAKA A R D H A -M A G A D H i A R D H A -SA M A ALANK ARA AVAPATA ( N A ) AVAM ARÂ
Elements of Plot. Subject of Action, a type o f germ. f 1. Vividity, a type o f Artha-guija. [ 2. Perspicuity, a Sabda-guna. Repetition, A Nat. Al. Effective bearing, a Ff. Assistant of N. Pleonasm, a dosha. Digression, a dosha. Deduction, a Nat. Lk. An Intermediary Scene, f 1. a type of Pravrtti. [ 2 . a variety of language. ^ Semi-regular, a class of metres. N? Figures of Speech. Tumult, a sub-div. o f Ar. V{, Epitasis, JV June. ( I. Continuance, a sub-div. o f VttM, \ 2. Slip, a Mem. o f Prah. a type of Prast. Condescension, a Mem. o f Prah. Interpretation, a sub-div. ofVithi. Same as Avaspandita. r 1. Concealment of an object, ! a sub-div. o f Sil. 2. Dissimulation, a Saitc. Bh. 3. Approach in flurry, a sub-div. o f Bhaumi Gait. Inexpressiveness, a dosha.
AVALAGITA AVALAG1TA A V A SK A N D A AV ASPAN DITA AV ASY AND ITA
A V A H IT T H A
A V ACA K A TVA A V IM R SH T A VIDH EYAM SA ASRU A^LlLA ASVAK RA NTA )
Indiscrimination of Predicate, a dosha. Tears, a Satt. Bh. ,Indecency, a dosha. Equaline pace, a sub-div. o f Bhaumi Gait.
[ APP. B ]
Ashti ] ASHTI
DRAMATURGICAL TERMS
461
[ Arya-BhSshS
= A class of metres of 16 syllables, a Vr.-bh. = = = = = Incoherent talk, a sub-div. o f Vithi. Same as Abhutaharana. Incapacity, a dosha. Jealousy, a Sane. Bh. A proud expression, a Nat. Lk. A
ASAT-PRALAPA
a sa ty ah ar a na
ASAM ARTH ATA ASUYA A H AN K A RA
AKRANDA
AKASA-BHASHITA
AKSHEPA AK SH EPIK I AKHYANA A&GIKABHINAYA ATM AGATAM A TM ASTH A
= Shrink, a Nat. Al. = Speech from the void, a type o f Sravya Vastu. = Hint, an Al. = Intermeddling song, a Dhruva. = Allusion, a Nat Al. = Physical representation. = A soliloquy. = Subjective, a type o f Comic ( Prahasana ). = Resume, a sub-div. o f IV June. = Erotic ( Srng.), a sentiment. ' = Relating to adhik&rin, a sub-div. o f plot = Bliss, a sub-div. o f V June. = Of Andhra, a type o f Vibhasha. = An intervening song, a dhruva. = Satisfaction, a sub-div. o f V June. = Noble birth, a Na. Al. = Pastoral dialect, a type o f Lang = Induction, a sub-div. o f Bh. Vr. = Mango-like fruition, a Paka. = Approach, a type o f Bhaumi Gait. = Horrific bearing, a type o f Artha-Vr. = Commencement, a Kar. = A Lang, of the princely class, ( under Pravrtti).
ADANA ADYA-RASA A D H IK A R IK A AN AND A A N D H R A JX ANTARA A BH A 'H A N A ABHIJATYA A B H iR l AM UKHA AMRA-PAKA AYATA ARABH ATt ARAM BHA ARYA-BHASHA
462
AryS ] ARYA ALAMBANA ALASYAM ALAPA AVANTIKA
LAWS OF SANSKRIT DRAM A [ UtthSpaka = A type of Jati Metres, a Vr-bh. = A determinant or pendant, a Vibhava. _ j 1. Physical fatigue, a sub-div. o f Sil. i 2. Sloth, a Sane. Bh. A coaxing speech, an Ud. Bh. Same as AvantJ. ^ 2. A type of Lang. _ M . A type of Prakrta Bhasha. j 2. A type of Rtti. = = Agitation, a Sane. Bh. ^ = Blessing, a Nat. Al. = Benedictory, a type o f Nandi. = Surprise, a Sandhi-phala. = Shelter, a Nat. Al. = Appeasement, a sub-div. o f Sil. = Same as ASvasa. = Musing, a sub-div. o f Lasya. = Decorative representation. I
1 1.
AVANTl
avega
ASlH ASlRMULA A^CARYA ASRAYA ASVASA ASVASANA

a s In a a h a r y a b h in a y a
iRSHYA iHAMRGA
_ I I. Emulation, a Sane. Bh. ' 2. a Mnnaja Vipra. = A type of RBp. U
UKTA-PRATYUKTA UKTI UGRATA UCCHVASA UTKANTHA

U T K lR T A N A
UTTAMOTTAMAKA UTTEJANA UTTHAPAKA
= Amoebean Song, a sub-div. o f Lasya. = Narration, a Nat. Al. = Acrimony, a Sane. Bh. = Regaining senses, a sub-div. o f Sil. Longing, a sub-div. o f Sil. = Mentioning, a Nat. Al. = A Dance attended by music, a sub-div. o f Lasya. = Persuasion, a Nat. Al. = = Challenge, a sub-div. o f Satt. Vr.
[ App. B ]
UtpSdya vastu ]
DRAMATURGICAL TERMS
463
[ U padisbta
U TPAD YA V A ST U UTPR A SA N A UTSX H A U T SR SH T A N K A UTSV A PN A Y ITA
Devised, a type o f plot. Ridicule, a Nat. Al. Fortitude, a Sthayi Bh.t A type of Rupaka. Same as Svapna. f l. Gallant, a type o fN a. I 2. Gallant a sub-div. o f Prarocana. I 3. Gallant, a type o f Mana. Gallant, a type ofN a. j 1. Grandeur, a Sabda-guna. [ 2. Grace, an Artha-guna. j 1. Exaggeration, a sub-div. o f III June. 2. Illustration, a Nat. Lk. Same as Udaharana. Abrupt dialogue, a sub-div. o f Vithi. Excitant States, a class o f Vibhava. Aglow, a type o f Satt. Bh. f 1. Bold, a type o f N0, I 2. Vehement, a sub-hv. o f Prarocana. Disclosure, a sub-div. o f I June. An Express state, a type o f Anubhava. Effort, a Ndt. Al. 1. Dismay, a sub-div. o f III June. 2. A mental disturbance, a sub-div. j o f &il. I 3. Uneasiness, a Raga-dasa. Agitative, a type o f Bibhatsa Rasa, j 1. Derangement, a Sane. Bh. { 2. Frenzy, a Raga-dasa. Visible, a sub-div. o f Vastu. | 1. Suggestion, a sub-div. o f 1 June. A Jati metre, a Vr.-Bh. Unforeseen, a sub-div. o f I June. Admonition, a Nut Lk.
U D A TTA
UDATTA UDARATX
UD AH ARA NA UD A H R TI UD G H ATY AK A U D D lP A N A U D D tP T A * UDDHATA UD BHED A U D BH A SV A R A ' U D YAM A
UDVEGA
UDVEGt UNM ADA UNM EYA UPAK SH EPA UPAG1TI U PA G U H A N A U P A D ISH T A
464
Upadesa ] UPADESA -

[ Audarya
U PANAG ARIKA
Instruction, a N a t.A l. { 2. Direction, an Ud. Bh. Urban, a Sabda. Vr.

j 1.
UPANYASA
UPAPATTI U PA-R UPAK A UPA-SAM HARA U PA -H A SITA UPATTA UPADHI ÛPEKSHA UBHAVAYATTA-
1. Intimation, a sub-div. o f II June. 2. Casual Introduction, a Mem. o f BhanV. | 1. Reasoningifl Nat. Al. j 2. Argument, a Mem. o f Prah. A generic term for subsidiary shows. | 1. V. June, of Lalita type of Nataka. 1 2. Apodosis, a Sandhi. A loud laugh, a Comic ( Prah.) Borrowed, a type o f Vastu. Same as Kapata. Indifference, a Manopasamana. a type o f N. w / an Upa-Rupaka. A demonstration, a Nat. Al.
U
X -/SIDDHI
ULLAPYA ULLEK H A
UHA
Dubiousness, a Satie. Bh.

E
EK ARTH ATA
Tautology, a dosha O 1. Prowess, A Sandhyantara. . 2. Elaborateness, an Artha-guna. 3. Bombast, a Sabda-guija.

Au
OJAS .
AUGRYAM A U DH RA-M AG ADH f A U T SU fiY A AUDARYA
Same as Ugrata. Eastern etiquette, a Pravrtti. Eagerness, a Sane. Bh. j 1. Magnanimity, a N. Gmyx. [ 2. Dignity, a N . Al.
[ APP. B ] R a o cu k in ]
DRAMATURGICAL TERMS
[ K ausunibha
Ka
K A N C U K IN . KATHITA-P'ADATA K A TH O D G H A TA K A N ISH T H A K APATA K A PO TA K AM PA RA R A N A M KARAM BHAKA RARUNA K ARN E EVAM
K ALAH A N TA R ITA KASHAYA
Chamberlain, an attendant in harem. Repetition of a word, a dosha. Real Commencement, a type o f Prast. Junior, a type o f Na. Disguise, a Nat. Al. Grey, a type o f Varna. Tremour, a Satt. Bh. Resumption, a sub- div. o f I June. A type of Svraya-Kavya [Chart No. 1 ], 1. Pathetic : a type o f Vipra. Srng. : A Rasa. - { 2. Dropping in ear, a mode o f Sucya Vastu. Termagant, a - situation o f Na. Mauve, a type o f Varna. 1. Beauty : an Artha-gutja. 2. : a Sabda-guna. 3. Grace, : a Na. AL j 1 . Interpretation, a Nat. Lk. 1 2. Denouement, an Artha-pr. On business, a type o f Vipra. Smg. Stage of action. Time, a sub-div. o f Prarocanfi A-type of Upa-Rupaka. Poetical Reason, An, Al. Termination, a sub-div. o f V June. Delight, a Svabhavika Na. AL Pretension, a Svabhavika Na AL Inquisitiveness, a Na. Al. Housewife, a Na. Consolation, a sub-div. o f V June. Sport, a Na. Al. Gay bearing, a type o f Artha-Vr. Soft, a sub-div. o f Sabda-Vrtti. Saffronic, a type o f Raktima raga.
KANTI
RARYA RARYAJA KARYAVASTHA KALA RAVYA RAVYA-LINGA KAVYA-SAMHARA RILA KlfiCITA RUTTAMITA KUTUHALA RULASTRi K RTI KELI K AIÎKI
= = = = = =
=
=
=
=
=
=
= = =
KOMALA
RAUSUiMBHA
30
466
K ram a ] K RAM A
LAWS GF SANSKRIT DRAMA

[ GunStipSta
K RAM UK A-PAK A KRODHA KLTSHTATA K SHAM A K SH IP T I K SH lR A -P A K A K SH O BH A K SH OBH ANA
Progress, a sub. div. o f III June: Areca-like Taste, a type o f Paka. 1. Indignation, a sandhyantara. 2. Wrath, a Sthayi Bhava. Obscurity, a dosha. Forbearance,*a Nat. Al. Revelation, a sub-div. o f III June Milky Taste, a type o f Paka. Agitation, a Nat. Al. Ghastly, a type o f Bibhatsa-rasa. .
Kha
K H A NDA -CULIK A
^^HANDITA
K H ED A
a Post-scenium speech, a type o f Culika. Broken-hearted, a situation o f Na. v/* Dejection, a sub-div. o f IV June.
Ga
GAND A GANIKAG A TI GADA

g a d - g a d -v a k
G ADY A G A R BH A -S^N D H I G ARBH AN K A G ARBH ITA TA GARVA G ARHANA GAM BHiRYA GITA G lT I G UNA G U N A -K A TH A N A G U N A -K fR TA N A G UNATIPATA
Abrupt remark, a sub-div. o f Vtthi, Courtesan, a type o f Na. Gait. Illness, a Sane. Bh. Choked voice, a sub-div. o f Prah. Prose, a class of Kavya. x Catastasis, III June. - s An Embryo Scene, an Arthop. Misplacing, a dosha. 1. Conceit, a Nat. Al. - ( 2. Conceit, a Sane. Bh. Censure, a Nat. Lk. Mental Equilibrium, A merit o f Na.Music, a dramatic artifice. A type of Jati Metre, a Vr.-bh. Dramatic Merit. Extolling, a Raga-dasa. 1. Description, a Nat. Lk. - { 2. Extolling of virtues, a Raga-dasa. A reverse quality, a Nat. Lk.
[ app.
B]
DRAMATURGICAL TERMS
467
[ Citram
Gun5tiaya ]
g u n a t l Sa y a
G UNX NUV ADA G U N O K TI (SUPTI G U D H A R TH A TA GEYA-PADA y/SO T R A -SK H A L A N A [ -S K H A L IT A ] G O SH T H l GAUDl GAUNl
= Exaggeration, a Nat. Lk. = Similitude, a Nat. Lk. = Same as Ukti. = Concealment, a Sandhi-phala. = Obscurity, a dosha, = A sublime song, a sub-div. o f Lasya. j. = Misquotation, a Sandhyanttita. An Upa-Rupaka. Bombastic style, a riti. Secondary Force of expression, a type o f Vr. 1. Hint, a sub-div. o f V June. "^ 2. Close contact, a sub-$jliv. o f Sil. = Rusticity, a dosha. j 1. Disgust, a Sane. Bh. { 2. A June, of Bhasvara Nataka.
grathana gr
Xm y a t v a
glxni
Glia
g h r n a -s u d d h a
G H R TA -SA M A
= Aversion from sensual joys, / a type o f Bibhatsa Rasa. S = Butyraceous, a type o f Sneha. Ca
C A K ITA CAPALATA CAPALA CAM ATKXRA CA M A TK R TI CA M PU C A LA N A M CAN DALI CAR I C1TTX R D R A TX CITTASANG A C ITR A M
= Flurry, a Na. Lk. = Inconstancy, a Sane. Bh. = A type of Arya, a Vr.-bh. ( 1. Striking deed, a sub-div. o f Sil. I 2. Wonder, the essence of poetry. = Charm in expression. = a type of Sravya Kavya [ Chart I ]. . = Praise, a sub-div. o f IV June. = Slang, a type o f Vibhasha. = A type of Gait. = A transitory mood, a Sane. Bh. - Mental devotion, a smara-dasci. = Presentation, a Sandhyantara. \ .

Cintanam ] C IN TA N A M
c u l ik a
C T ^n 1. Same as Cinta, a SaM, B h . ' i-'A S j 2. Anxiety, a Raga-dafa. -{ = Intimation Seene, an A rthopy^ < - An assistant of a hero, 1f 1 = Laudation relating to living objeoUf = Solecism, a dosha.
Cha i
,/CETA CETANASRAYA CY UTA S^M SK A R ATA
CH AN DA CH ALAM CHALANAM CHXDANAM CH A Y A-NA TAK A
= = = = =
Metre. " . Deception, a sub-div. o f Vithi. Disrespect, a sub-div. o f the IV JWM Forbearance, a sub-div. o f the IW vi a type of Upa-RHpaka.
JAGHANA-CAPALA JA D A T A JA N A N T IK A M JA T I
j a t ib h
Xs h a
JA TY A N TA R l JU G U PSA JlNAPTI JYESH TH A
^YOTSNl
JV A LITA
Ja , iY = a type of Arya, a Vr-bh. f 1. Stupqur, a Sane. Bh. ' * f ^ 2. Sluggishness, a Raga-cktfll, = Aside talk. = A class of metres. = Peoples language. (|J> = Lang, of the foresters including lit! = Disgust, a $thayi-Bha. V o - Conjecture, a Nat. Lk. = Senior, a type o fN a .'. __ / / = Moonlove heroine, a type o f V / Abhisarika Na. - Flagrant, a form o f Satt . Bh. Da = A type of Rupaka.
Ta
D IM A
TAN UTA TAPANA /TA M A Sf ' TAR K A TANDAVA TAPA TAPANAM
= = = = = = =
Emaciation, a smara-dasa. Uneasiness, a Na. Al. Saple heroine, a type o f Abhisarika 1 Guess, a sub-div. o f Sil. t Dythyramb, a horrific dance. i Repentence, a sub-div. o f Sil. Unrequitedness, a sub-div. o f II Jufl
[ APP.
B]
DRAMATURGICAL TERMS
469
[ D ivyS
Tfelya-tarka ] T U L Y A -T A R K A
Analogy, a Nat. Lk. " 'v. A figure of Construction, an Al. T U L Y A -V ISE SH A N A K A = Attributive, a sub-div. o f Pata. Sthn . TULYAWith common situation, a type o f Pata. Stha. SAM VIDHA-NAKA I T IN T ID lK A -P A K A Tamarind Taste, a type o f Paka. 1. Prowess, a Sandhyantara. TEJAS 2. Brilliance, a N. Gma. " T O TA K A Quarrel, a sub-div. o f III June. TR A PA -N A Â Bashlessness, a smara-daka. T R A P U SA -P SK A Cucumber Taste, a type o f Paka. t r Xs a Fright, a Sane. Bh. T R IG A T A Triple rendering, a sub-div. o f Vithi ^ JT R IG tJ D H A ( - K A ) A dance by men, a sub-div. o f Lasya. v 1. A Type of Upa-Rupaka. TRO TAK AM - { 2. Quarrel, a sub-div. o f III June. V:
T U L Y A -Y O G IT A
Da
D A K SH IN A DANDA D A N D A -SA H A Y A
D A Y A -V IR X
DAK SH IN A T YA
Gallant, a type o f Srng. N. \ - "' \ Chastisement, a Sandhyantara. \ y An asstt. to N ., in matters of defence. ( 1. Sympathetic Heroism, a type o f Vira-rasa. I 2. A compassionate hero, a type o f N. I. South-lndian etiquette, a type o f Pr.
D A KSHINYA M DANAM
2. Southern Lang. Complaisance, a Nat. Lk. 1. Offer, a Sandhyantara.' 2. Gift, a Manop. 1. Munificent Heroism, a type o f Vira-rasa. 2. A munificent hero, a type o f N. Divine, a type o f heroine. / /
D A N A -V lR A
D1VYA
470
D ish ta ] D ISH T A
LAWS OF SANSKRIT DRAMA E = A description by ref. to season*, a Nat. L k. : * V = Gleaming, a type o f Sntt. Bha. _ f 1. Rejuvenation, a Rasa-dosha. I 2. Radiance, an Ayatnaja NH. At = = = = = = An Upa-Rupaka. An Agent. ^ Assistance, a Sandhyantara. '^ Onerousness, a dosha. \ Visible, a sub-div. o f Vastu. Observed, a type o f Irshya-rriBna. 1. Example, a Nat. Lk. 2. Illustration, an Al..
D lP T A
DlPTI
D U R M A LLIK A DUTA DUTYA DU I& RAVATVA DRSYA DR SH TA D R SH TA N TA ''d e v !
DEÂ
DAINYA D Y UTI DRAVA D R A K SH A -P A K A D R X V ID i D V IM U D H A K A
= Queen, a senior Na. ^ j 1. Place, a sub-div. o f PrarocariH. = i 2. Inferential Knowledge* a Nut. { ( B .I = Depression, a Sane. Bh. = Reprimand, a sub-div. o f IV Junc.S = Contempt, a sub-div. o f IV June. ^ = Same as Mrdvlka Paka. = A Dravidian sub-dialect. = A circular dance, a sub-div. o f
Dha
D H A R M A -V lR A D H A R M A -SA H A Y A DHi
f 1. Righteous h e ro ism ^ rasa. \ 2. A moral N. " = An asstt. to hero in matters of - J religion. = Determination, a Sandhyantara.' ( I. Self-controlled, a type of* - J Madhya Na. I 2. Patient, a Na. = Partly controlled, a type o f Madhya Na. = Disinterest, a sub-div. o f 11 June.
:y
>yi)HlRA
^ /D H lR A - D H iR A
DHONANA
[ APP. B ]
Dhflm Syita ] DH tJM AYITA
dh
DRAMATURGICAL TERM S
471
[ NSyaka-siddhi
Or t a
DHRTI y D H R SH TA D H AIRYA DHRUVA DHVANI
= Fumade, a form o f Satt. Bha. = A type of Prakarana. r 1. Constant, a Sane. Bh. I 2 . Consolation, a sub-div. o fV June. ^ ~ Bold, a type of Srhgari N .\S * | 1. Steadfastness, a merit o f a Na. [ 2. Restraint, an Ayatnaja N $tA l. w '" = A type of song. * | 1. A hinted sense. ~ \ 2. First grade Kavya.
Na
NATl NAT! NA M A SK RTI N A Y A N A -P R lT I NARTANAK.A N A RM A N A R M A -G A R B H A N A R M A -D Y U T I N A R M A -SA H A Y A

narm a
= = = = =
-t
- jsph O r j a
N A R M A -SP H O T A
N A V A -Y A U V A N A
NATAK A N A T IK A N A T Y A -R A SA K A NA TY A -LA K SH A N A N A JY A LA N K A R j^-*
ÂNDi
NAYAKA NAYAK.A-GUNA N A Y A K A -SID D H I
An Actress, Asstt. to Sutra-dhsra. Apology, a Manop. Adorative, a type o f Nandi. Visual attraction, a smara-dajsa. An Upa-Rupaka. 1. Joke, a sub-div. o f II June. 2. Pleasantry, a sub-div. o f Kai. Vr. Covert pleasantry, a sub-div. o f Kai. V f y Amusement, a sub-div. o f II June. An asstt. to hero in coeur-de-affaire. Bloom of Pleasantry, a sub-div. o f Kai. Vr. Overture of Pleasantry, a sub-div. o f Kai. Vr. Fresh Youth, a type o f attractive age o f Na. ' Drama, a type o f Rupaka. / A type of Upa-Rupaka,, an Upa-Rupaka. Dramatic Features. Dramatic Figure or an embellishment. Invocation, a preliminary o f drama. Hero, the Phala-svami. / Personal merits of a hero. ./ II June, of Bhasvara Nataka.
472
NSyikS } N
a y ik a
LAWS OF gANSKRIT D R ^M A
'
NAYIK ALA NK ARA N A R IK E L A -P A K A N A LIK A *... N ID A R SA N A NID A R SA N A N ID R A ,
N ID R A -C C H E D A NIBH R TA N IY A T A PT I N IR A R T H A K A T A N IR U K T I N IR O D H A N IR O D H A N A N IR D E ^ A
. = A heroine, alambana o f Sing. = An embellishment of a Nft. = A Cocoa-nut Taste, a Pdka. ~ Enigma, a sub-div. o f Vithi, * = = Illustration, a Nat. Lk. H i = A fapciful relation, an Al. ili = Slumber, a Sane. Bh. = Insomnia, a smara-dasa. = Grave, a type o f Na. A 4 = Certainty of Success, a KZir, = Pleonasm, a dosha. = Narration, a Nat. Lk. = Frustration, a sub-div. o f 11 Jmc., = Opposition, a sub-div. o f 11 Jm c, p i = Mention of ones own name, Ky J m an Ud. Bh. = Suggestion, a Nat. Al. = Apodosis, V June. j 1. Disappointment, a Stfiti M { 2. Disinterest, a Stithyf Bhtivaf = Citation of an Illustration, a Sli&tk o f V June. = = = = = Indication, a Nat. Al. shrewd, a type o f agent. A Obsoleteness, a dosha. Conduct, a Nat. Al. >V /A Blue, a type o f Raga. I 1. A Nandi, having ref. to the, $.u or the Moon. 2. Indigo, a type o f fa st Raga. 3. An abhisarika Na., moving in N dark nights, = Dance, a representation. y = Royal cpnsort, a type o f Na. = Same as Nayaka. ' ^ = Conceit, a dosha
NIRBH ASA NA
n ir v a h a n a
'
N IR V E D A N IV R T T I
N IV E D A N A N ISR SH TA R TH A J N IH A T A R T H A T A NXTI N lL lM A
N IL f
NRTYA N R P A -P A T N l NETA NEYARTH ATA
[ APP. B ]
NaishkrSmikT ]
DRAMATURGICAL TERMS fO
473
[ ParihSra
N A ISH K R A M IK I
NYAYADAPETATA NYASA N Y U N A -P A D A T A
A song marking the exit of characters; a Dhruva. . Illogicality, a dosha. 1 June, o f PraSanta Nataka. Deficiency of word, a dosha.
P a-?'- T
p a t a t -p r a k a r s h a t X
PATAKA
Excellence tailing o f f , a dosha. 1. Episode, a sub-div. o f Prasahgika Vastu. 2. Episode, an Ar. Pr. of Episode, a sub-div. o f subsidiary action. Legally wedded, a type o f Srhg. hero. \ , A Suggestive N5ndi. A type of Xrya Metre, a Vr.-bh. Inset of Words, a Nat. Lk. Pink, a type o f Varna. 1. Stanza, also a type of metre. 2. Measured composition, a type o f Kavya. Consort of some one else or k unmarried, a Na. Objective, a type o f comic.
'AKA-H fi * fS-A PATAKA-
= I ndication
PA T I PATRSVALt PATHYA PADOCOAYA PADM A
= = = = =
PADYA
PA R A K lY A
PA R A ST H A PA R tK A R A [ = PA R IK R IY X ] PARIKSHAYA PA R ID EV A N A P A R IN Y SSA P A R IP A N T H PARIGRAH A PARIBHAVANA

v
= Enlargement, a sub-div. o f I June. = IV June, of Bhasvara Nataka. = Transference, a Nat. Lk. = Establishment, a sub-div. o f I June. ^ ,
= Averseness; a Rasa-dosha. = Surprise, a sub-div. o f I June. / = Censure, a sub-div. o f V June. = Change of action, a sub-div. o f Satt. Vr. = Pursuit, a sub-div. o f II June. = Apology, a Nat. Al. /
Â R IB H A SH A N A PA R IV A R TA K A
/ "
PARISARPA M >A r i h a r a
474
ParivSda ] PARIVAD A PARISARPA PARU SH A

[ Prglbhfct*
PARYUPASANA PASCCATTAPA PAKA PAN C AL A-M ADHYAM A = PAISCALl PAND U PATRA
Reproof, a Nut. Al. Same as Parisarpa. Harsh, a type o f Sabda-V f. Solicitation, a sub-div. o f II June. Repentence, a Nat. Al. Fruition. A type o f Pravrtti. 1. a type o f Pravrtti. 2. a type o f Riti. Buff, a type o f Varna. A Character. An attendant of Sutradhara. A Margo Taste, a Paka. Hollow fruition, a type o f Paka. A leading asstt. of a hero. Gallantry, a sub-div. o f II June. Metaphorical titles, a LasyHnga, A type of Nataka. Anticipation, a sub-div. o f V June, Theatrical arrangement (PrasUdhana). Love before accomplishment. Same as Purva-bhava. Description, a Nat. Lk. A type of Lang. Tautology, a dosha. A type of Rupaka. An Upa-Rupaka. ' I . Incident, a sub-div. o f subsidiary action. 2. also an Ar. Pr. Audible matter. Disclosure, a Sandhi-phala. Change of context, a Rasa-dosha. ' Well-known, a type o f plot ( Vastu t Response, a sub-div. o f II June. Boldness, an attitude o f Na.
ÂRIPARSVAKA
P IC U M A N D A -P A K A PITH A R A -PA K A -^ J T H A M A R D A PUSHPA PUSH PA-G ANDIK A PURN A PURVAt BHAVA PURVA-RANG A PURV A-RA G A PURV A-VA K Y A PRCCHA PAISACi PA U N A R U K TY A PR AK AR ANA PRAKARANl
PRARARI
PRAKAgAM
PRAKARANA PR A K R T A -V IP A R Y A Y A = PRAK H YATA PRAGAM ANA (-YANA) PRAGALBHATA =
[ APP. B ]
P ragalbhS ] PRAGALBHA PRACCHEDAKA PRANAYA P R A N A Y A -M A N A PR A TX K U LA VA R N A TA ^ R A T I-N X Y A K A P R A T IPA T T I PR A TIM .U K H A SANDHt \ J
DRAMATURGICAL TERMS
475
LK aaam ana
= = = =
Mature, a type o f Na . A satirical song, a sub-div. o f Lasya. v"" Deep Affection, a sub-div. o f Rati. Amorous wrath, a type o f MSna.
= Repugnance of sounds, a dosha. - Adversary, a Counter-hero. = Understanding, a sub-div. o f Sil.

| |
= Metabasis, Progression, II June. = Parrellelism, an Al. 1. Prevention, a sub-div. o f IV June, v 2. Denial, a Nnt. Lk. = Adopted, a type o f original plot. = Portress, an attendant o f the King.
p r a t iv a s t O pa m a
P R A TISH ED H A PRATISAlvdSKRTA P R A T IH X R l PRATYUTPANNA- 1 M ATI PRAPANCA

n/ p r a b o d h a n a
= Ready-witted; a Sandhyantara. v = = = * Compliment, a sub-div. o f Vithi. Awakening, a sub-div. o f S il. Endeavour, a sub-div. o f Sil. Personal presentation, a type o f Pmstnvam. ^
PRAY ATNA PRAYOGATiSjAYA
PRAROCANX PRALAYA
PRALXPA PRALOBHA PR A V A R TA K A
P R A V A R tA N A PRAVXSAJA ' PRAVRTTI PRAVEÂK A PRAÂM ANA
1. Precursion, a sub-div. o f IV June. - { 2. Laudation, a sub-div. o f Bh. Vr. 1. Mortality, a Sane. Bh. 2. Swoon, a Sattv. Bh. 1. Prating, a sub-div. o f Prahasana. 2. an Ud. Bh. = Inducement, a su b-div. o f Sil. = Entrance of a Character, a type o f Prast. = Direction, a Nat. Al. = Due to sojourn, a type o f Vipr. = Etiquette. *= Introductory Scene, An Arthop. = Pacification, a su b-div. o f II Jm c. \ </*
476
Prasasti ] PRASASTI PRASANTA PRASAK TI PRASANG A
LAWS OF SANSKRIT DRAlyfA
... , j
[ Proshifa-Bhartrkp^j
= Valediction, a sub-div. o f V J'Unc. 1. A type of Nataka. 2. Calm, a type o f N. = Close Attachment, a sub-div. o f Sil. / = Reverence, a sub-div. o f IV June. ' ^ | 1. Graciousness, a sub-div. o f V j June. 2. Concinnity, a Sabda-gund. '3. Perspicuity, an Artha-gma. = = = = Similitude, a Nat. Lk. Unconventionalism, a dosha. ' Induction, a preliminary o f drama. An Upa-Rupaka. - - - / r 1. Excess of joy, a Nat. Lk. \ 2. Ecstatic delight, a sub-div. ofJkl, j 1. Farce, a type o f R ftp a k a .'" ^ \ 2. Humour, a sub-div. o f Bh, = A Jati-bhasha ( under P r .) . = Same as Pragalbhata. = A type of Prakrta ( under P r .) [ 1. Attainment, a sub-div. o f I Jm c. 2. Conjecture, a Nat. Lk. 3. Blissful accomplishment, a sub-div. o f Sil. = = = = = = =
PRASADA
PR A SID D H I P R A S ID D H I-V IR O D H A PRASTAVANA PRASTH A NA PRAH ARSH A
PRAHASANA PRAK RTA PRAGALBHYA PRACYA
PRAPTI
PRAPTYASA
Prospect of success, a Kar. Request, a sub-div. o f III June. PRAVE& Kl Introductory song, a Dhruva. P RASADIK l Decorative, a type o f Dhruva. PR IY O K TI Gratifying speech, af l a t . Lk. PREKSHANAKA An U p a -R u p a k a .^ / PREM A Affection, a Bhava capable o f being Sthayin. PRO TSAH ANA = Encouragement, a Nat. Al. p r o s h i t a - b h a r t r k a = A type of N a.,'w hose husband is on sojourn.
prarth ana
[ APP. B ]
Praudha ]
DRAM ATURGICAL TERMS
477
[ Bhramsa
PRAUDHA
I I. Majestic, a sub-div. o f Prarocana. | 2. Developed, a type o f Prema. ^ j 3. Advanced, a type o f Vipra.

Pha
PHALA PH A L A ;B ljA PHALXGAM A
Fruit, the motif. Consequence, a type o f germ. Consummation, a Kar .

Ba
BADARA-PXKA BA N D l B A L A -ylR A BAHIR-LXPX BXSHPA BAHLIKA B IN D U BIBBOKA
B lJA BIJA-DARSANA BijO K TX B lB H A T iA BRAHM t
A Berry-like Taste, a Paka. A bard. A strong hero, a type o f a Vlra N. External enigma, a type o f Nnlikfi. Tears, a flow o f : a sub-div. o f Sil. A type of Prakrta Lang. Drop, an Ar. Pr. Affected indifference, a Svabhavika Na. Al. Germ, an Ar. Pr. IV June, of Praganta Nataka. Ill June, of Praganta Nataka. Loathsome, a Rasa. Meditative Bearing, a Vr.
Bha
BH AK TI
Devotion^, a Bhava capable o f being Sthayin.

)
BHAGNAPRAK RA M A TA
Breach of order, a dosha. 1. Fear, a Sandhyantara. 2. Consternation, a sub-div. o f j Prahasana. [ 3. Terror, a Sthayi Bhava. Terrific, a Rasa. Valediction, Epilogue. A slip, a Nat. Lk.
BHAYA
BHAYANAKA BHARATA-VAKYA BH RAM SA
478'
BbSna ]
bhana

[ M adhyanoa-Arabbatl
BH ANl BH ARAT!
BHAVA
= Monologue, a type o f Rupaka. = An Upa-rupaka.v' ^ = Eloquent bearing, a type o f Sabda-Vr. I 1. Feelings ( Vyahgya ). = J 2 . Attachment, a sub-div. o f Rati. I 3. Affection, a Na. Al. = = = = = = = = = = = = Suggestion of emotions. Commixture of various feelings. Sinking of feelings. Confluence of two or more/feelings. A sub-div. o f IV June, Psuedo-suggestiqn. Rise of Feelings. Satisfaction, a sub-div. o fV June. Language, a sub-div. o f Pr. A type of Nataka. Obscurity, a dosha. / Ornament, a Nat. Lk. 1. Division, a sub-div. o f I June, v / > 2. Disintegration, a Sandhyantara. 3. Negotiation, a Manop. j, = A mistress, a Junior Na. = Terrestrial, a Gait.
B H AVA -DH VAN I BHAVA'SABALATA BH AV A-5sA N TI BH AVA -SAN DH I BH AVANTARA BHAVABHASA BHAVODAYA BHASHANA BHASHA BH ASVARA BH INN ARTH ATA BH USHANA
BHEDA
H O G INI BH AUM I BH RAN TI ( - M S N )
-f
1. A mistake, a Sandhyantara. 2. Error, an Al.

Ma
M ATI
= Determination, a Safic. Bh. [ 1. Intoxication, a Sandhyantara = | 2. Inebriety, a Sane. Bh. I 3. Arrogance, a Na. Al. = Mellitous, a type o f Sneha. [ 1 . Middling, a type o f Premia. 1 2. A type o f character.
. J
M ADA
m a d a u -s A m a
M ADH YAM A M
adhyam a
ARABHATI
= A weak specimen of horrific Vr.
[ APP. B ]
d r a m a t u r g ic a l t e r m s
479
[ M ugdhS
M ad hyam a-K aisiM ] M ADHYAM AK A I& K l , i^WADHYA M A N O R A TH A M ARANA ) f
= a weak specimen of soft Vrtti. = Adolescent, a Na. = Ambition, a Nat. Lk. f 1. Mortality, a Safic. Bh. \ 2. Molestation, a Raga-dasa. = The Queen consort. V'-'"'* 1. A type of Lang. 2. A type of Rlti. = Auspicious, a declaratory Nandi. = M adder colour, a Raktima raga. = A class of metres. = A love-bedaubed wrath, a developed stage o f rati.
= Means of subsiding Mana.
^^Â H A -D E V l VÂGADHl
m
An g a l i k !
M A fljIS H T H A M A TR IK A
m ana
A n o p a â m
ana
m a n a ja
M Ay A
m
Ar g a
M ARD AVA
m
= W rathful, a typeofVipralambha Srhg. = Deceit, K a Sandhyantara.\^^~' y. = Indication, a sub-div. o f II June. = Delicacy, a physical charm o fN a . = V June, of Bhasvara Nataka. 1. Garland, a Nat. Lk. 2. I June, of Bhasvara Nataka. Reserve, a type o f an agent ( duta. )
J
A t r Av a s i s h t a -
SAM H ARA MALA m itA r th a m ith y a d h y a - ) VASAYA
False construction, a Nat. Lk. { 1. A Type of Prakarana. 2. Mixed, a type o f Vastu. 3. Mixed, a type o f Denouement or Karya. . 4. Assorted, a Vr. a type of Arya, a Vr.-bh. Protasis, I Jm c. - . J ' Primary Force of Expression. Credulous simplicity, a sub-div. o f Sil. Youthful, a type o f Na.
MI&RA
M U K H A -C A PA LA
MUKHA-SANDHI
M UK H Y A
m ugdhata
M UG DH A
480
M urcchS ] M URC CH A M U D H A TA M R TI M RDA VA
LAWS OF SANSKRIT D&&MA

[ RSsaka
swoon, a smara-dasa. j 1. Same as Mugdhata. [ 2.- Silliness, a Sane. bh. Same as Marana. / Euphemism, a sub-div. o f Vithi. ^ Same as Draksha-paka. Silliness, a Sane. Bh. Manifestation of Raga, a Svabhavika Na. Al. Simplicity, a Na. Al. Ya
M R D V IK A -P A K A MOHA M O T T A Y iT A
M AUG DH YA
YATNA Y A T I-B H A N G A
yacS a
Endeavour, a Kar. Breach in the rule of pause, a dosha. Solicitation, a Nat. Al.
1 . Resolve, a sub-div. o f J June. 2. Reasoning, a Nat. Al.
Y U K TI
Y U D D H A -V IR A
| 1. Bellicose hero, a N. [ 2. A type of Vlra-rasa.

Ra
Ak t i m
^ /R A N G A -n V A R A
= Crimson, a type o f raga. = Gateway to the Play, a Preliminary o f drama. = = = = = = A suitable arrangement, a Sandhi-phala. Love, amor, a Sthayi Bh. Sentiment, soul of Poetry. Sentimental Relish. Sentimental Flaw. Change of humour, a Manop.
RACANA RA TI RASA
rasa
carvana
R A SA -D O SH A RASANTARA RAGA R A G A -DASA RASAKA
J 1. Emotion, a Sandhi-phala. ^ { 2. Dye, a sub-div. o f Rati.,'' = Stages of Love. ./ = An Upa-Rupaka.
[ app. b ]
d r a m a t u r g ic a l t e r m s
481
[ Vadha.
f&tt ]
R-lTl RUJA& RtJPAM RtJPARA RODHA R O M A IC A RA U D R A
= Style of presentation. = Restlessness,, a Sandhyantara. Reflection, a sub-div. o f I I I June. = A generic term for shows. = Torment, a sub-div. o f II. June. Horripilation, a Satt. Bha. S' = r Fierce, a type o f rasa,
La
LAK SH AN A LAKSHANA
= Same as Nat. Lk. = Indication, a Sabda-Sakti. 1. Gay, a type o f N. 2. A type o f Nataka. 3. A type o f Mana. 4. Affability, a Nayaka-Guna. 5. Gracefulness, a Na. Al. = Gay, a type o f Na. = Lac-coloured, a type o f Raga ( raktima ). = Of Laja, a riti. Inducement, a sub-div. o f Sil. = Loveliness, a physical charm o f Na = Gentle Dance. = Sportiveness,,a 7/ 5 . Al. = An elision of Visarga, a dosha. = Parchment, a Sandhyantara. ^ = Comparison, a Nat. Lk. = Rapacity, a Bhava capable o f being Sthayi. Va
L A L IT A
LALITA LA K SH A -R A G A L A Tl LABHA L a VANYA LXSYA
lux
LUFTA-VISARG ATA LEK HA
LEÂ
LATJbYA
V A K R O K TI
V A JR A VA TSALA VA D H A
= Strikingness in expression, a Sabda-gma. = Bolt, a sub-div. o f I I June. = Affectionate, a type o f Rasa. = Arrest, a Sandhyantara.
y /
31
482'
V ayah-saodhi ]

[ Vi pula ; .
V A Y A H -SA N D H I
V A R N A -SA M H A R A * VARSH AVARA V A LITA
^/VASTU
v a s t Gt t h a p a n a
V A K -K E L I VAKYAr-DOSHA V A G -V E N I VACAKA^RAYA VA CAK ABH INAYA VACYASRAYA VA M A VAM YA
,p
^
V A R N IK A V A R T A K A -P A K A
^ /V A S A K A -S A J J A V IK SH E PA V IK R T A VID A LA N A M VICARA
^/viTA
V IT A R K A
^yVIDOSHAKA
V ID Y A -V IR O D H A V ID R A V A
= Adolescence, an age o f attraction in Na, = Congregation, a sub-div. o f 11 June. = A eunuch, an attendant in a ha: = A sub-div. o f Prast. = Dramatic Plot. = Production of Matter, a sub-div. o f Ar.W? = Repartee, a sub-div. o f Vithi. = Syntactical flaw. = Same as Vak-keli, a sub-div. o f Vithi. = Structural, a sub-div. o f Vr. - Verbal representation. = Pertaining to sense, a sub-div. o f Vr. = A type of Bhaumi Gati. Perverse attitude, a sub-div. o f Sil. : A class of metres. = Brinjal taste, a type o f Paka. - Decorated, a type o f Na. ; Perturbance, a Na. Al. Modified, a type o f Prahasana. Self-praise, a sub-div. o f IV June. Argument, a Nat. Lk. A rake, a minor character. Dubiousness, a Sane. Bh. Ciown, the Narma-saciva o fN . Unscientific, a dosha. j 1. Terror, a sub-div. o f 111 June, I 2. Flight, a sub-div. o f IV. June. Conflict of feelings, a sub-div. o f 1 Jund Disinterest, a sub-div. o f 11 June, Same as Vidhuta. Moderate, a sub-div. o f Prarocana. Insertion of a statement, a sub-div. o f Bham. = Alteration, a Nat. Lk. = A type of Arya.
V ID H A N A
v id h v id h
Ot a On a n a
V IN fT A VINYASA
VIPARYAYA VIPU LA
I APP. B ]
V iprayoga ]
DRAMATURGICAL TERMS
483
[ Visodhana
VIPRJjYOGA
Post-union ( 1. Vipra. Smg.
separation, a type o f
2. Ill June, of Lalita Nataka.

VIPRALABDHA
= Over-reached, a situation o f a Na. 1. Love-in-separation, Deception, a sub-div. f Prah. _ f 2. ao type o f Srhg. " 1 3. II June, of Lalita Nataka. 1. Vigilance, a sub-div. o f V June. Z - -i 2. Disillusionment, a sub-div. o f Bhani. ' 3. Wakefulness, a Safic. Bh. /
VIPRALAM BH A
VIBODHA
V IB H A V A VIBHASHX
n/
V IBH R A M A V IB H R A N T I VIM A R SA y iR A H O T K A N T H IT A V I R U D D H A -M A T IK A R ITA V IR O D H A V IR O D H A N A
= = = = = =
A substratum of Rasa. Sub-dialect, a sub-div. o f Jati-bhasha. Fluster, a Svabhavika Na, Al. Misconception, a sub-div. o f Prahasana. Epitasis, IV June. vS Eager, a situation o f a Na. / " /
= Repugnant suggestion, adbsha. = Frustration, a sub-div. o f II June. = Obstruction,a sub-div. o f IV June. [ 1. An expression o f grief, a sub-div. o f $il. 12. Bewailing speech, an Ud. Bh.
v il
Xp a
VILASA
L Craving, a sub-div. o f II. June. ^ / 2. Vivacity, a Nayaka-gum. 3. Dalliance, a Na. Al. ^ 4 . 1 June, of Lalita Nataka. 5. Amorous pursuit, a sub-div. o f ' II JHiic r S * A type of Upa-Rupaka. Allurement, a sub-div. o f I June. x Especiality, a Nat. Lk. IV June, of Lalita Nataka.
V ILA SIK A VILOBH ANA VISESHAISA V ISO D H A N A
LA^TS; F SANSKRIT DRAM A V iifoaHna* ],

[ Vyapade**,
V ISH A M A
i h Irregular, a class o f metres. _ - 2. Anomoly, a dosha. 3. Incongruity, an Al. = = = = Explanatory Scene, an Arthop. Despondency, a Sane. Bh. Want of coalescence, a dosha. Gonsequence, a Nm. Al. 1. Surprise, a sub div. o f il. 2. A Sthayi Bhava. Laugh, a mode of expressing comic ( P ra h .). Reserve, a Na. Al. 1. Avenue, a sub-div. o f Bharati Vr. 2. An Upa-Rupaka. = A Mem. of Vlthl. f 1. Heroic, a rasa. 2 . Bellicose, a N .
J
V ISH K A M BH A ( K A ) V ISH A D A
vis ^
V ISA R PA VISM-AYA V IH A SIT A
V IH R X A V lT H I
V iTH Y A N G A V lR A VRTTA V R T T A -D O S H A VR TTANUBAK SH AYA VRTTI V EPA TH U V A ITA LIK A V A ID A R B H i V AIVARNYA VAISARADYA
/
/
= A class of metres. - Metrical flaw. = Sustaining interest, a Sandhi-phala. = Bearing. = Tremour, same as Kampa. = A Time-keeper. = Gay, a riti. = Pallor, a Satt. Bhava. = Skill an expression of, a\ sub-div. o f Sil. Indulging with courtesans, a type o f N.
=
AISIK A
V Y A K T A -Y A U V A N A
Blooming Youth, an attractive age o f Na. Charm by Suggestion. Contrast, an Al. An expression of desire, an Ud. Bh.
VYANGYA V A T IR E K A
x/VVYAPADESA Y.
[ APP. B ]
D'RAM AW RGICAL T l& M S

[ ûklSbhiiSrikl
HtyabhTcSri-tihava ]
VYABHICARI-BHAVA VYAVASSYA VYAVAHARA VYSJA-STUTI VYXDHI VYAPJ VYAYOGA VYAHATATA VYAHARA VRlDA
Transitory feeling. ^ Assertion, a sub-div. o f IV June Dialogue, a sub-div. o f Prahasima. Artful Praise, an Al. 1. Illness, a Sane. Bh. 2. Indisposition, a Raga-dasa. Enduring, a type o f plot. Military spectacle, a type o f Rupaka. ? Undoing a merit first stated, & doshg. Humorous talk, a sub-div. o f Vithi. Bashfulness, a Safic. Bh.
S'* .
5$AKARA
âk.Xr-1
J j AKTI SANKA SATHA iSABDA^CYUTA s'abda-guna \ JiABDA-iAKA SABDA-VRTTI
3aBDA-3AKTI
gABDA-HiNA SAMA ( SAMANA )
A kings relative by marriage, a low, .character. A type ofVibhashU. ; Pacification, a sub-div. o f IV June, Hesitation, a Sane. Bh. Deceitful, a type o f Srhgari hero. ^ / Solecism, a dosha. Structural merit. Success in choice of words. Verbal Bearing. Verbal Fore, power of expressing thought by words.
A missing word, a dosha.
gAYYX.
SANTA isAPAJA SABARl SILPAKA SILPAKANGA SUKLABHISARINl
Pacification, a sub-div. o f II June, Consonance, a merit o f composition. Quietistic, a rasa. Accursed, a type o f Vipra., a sub-div. o f Pravasaja. Of Bhils, a type o f VibhashS. An Upa-Rupaka. Mem. of Sil. An Abhisarika moving in moon-lit nights.
486
Buddha ]

[ SankshiptikS
Bu d d h a
1. a type of Prakarana. X Regular, a type o f Prahasana. 3.P uie,atypeofV ishkam bha. 4. Single, a type o f Karyavastha. Simple, a type o f Nandi as distin guished from ( i ) N lll; ( i i ) Patravall. = Erotic, a type o f rasa. - ./Esthetic, a type o f N. = Grief, a Sthayi Bha. j 1. Beauty, a Nat. Lk. =" j 2. Beauty of character, a N Q -guna/ ^ 3. Beauty, an Ayatnaja N. Al. ' = Serenity, a Sane. Bh. = Mazarine, a type o f Nilima-raga. = Devotion, a Bhava capable o f being Sthsyi. = Exhaustion, a Sane. Bh. = Presentable, a sub-div. of^Vastu. = An Upa-Rupaka. - Reported, a type o f lrshya Mana. ( 1. Density, a type o f Sabda-gutja. ~ 12. Entirety, a type o f Artha-guna.%/ = a type of Patravall Nandi.
Sa
s Su d d h
SkN G A R A SR NG ARt .
SOKA OBHA
JsAUCA 5YAMA
-N
SR ADD H A
SsRAMA i& A V Y A SR fG A D IT A SR U TA Al e s h a
j Sl e s h a - m u l X
sak h
Ya
SANKALPA
SA N K lR N A
Commanding friendship, a type o f Prarjaya. Reflection, a Smara-dasa. 1. Irregular, a type o f Prahasana. 2. Mixed, a type o f Vishkhambha. 3. Restricted, a type o f Sambhoga Srngcira. Brief, a type o f Sambhoga Srhgara. Compression, a su }
SA NK SH K IPTA SA NK SH IPTIK A
[ APP. B ]
Sankshepa ] SANKSHEPA SANGRAHA SA C IV A SA CIV AYA TTA SATTAK A SA TYA-V lR A SA N D IG D H A TA S ANDES A
DRAMATURGICAL TERMS
487
. ' [ Sam purna
* /
SA N C A R l BHAVA
sa n d esa - h a r a k a
- Imposition, a Nat. Lk. : = Propititation, a sub-div. o f Satt. Vr. = Same as Arriatya. = A constitutional monarch. = Transitory feeling. = A type of Upa-Rupaka. = A truthful hero, a type o f Vira. = Dubiousness, a dosha. = Despatch of missives, an JJd. Bh;' - A message-bearer, a type o f data. f 1. Suspicion, a sub-div. o f $il. I Doubt, An. Al. 1. A Juncture. : 2v Junction, a sub-div. o f V. June. v Purpose of June. Special features. Regular, a class o f Vrttas. A type of Nataka. Balanced, a type o f Vipra.
SA NDEH A
DHl v ^ an : SA N D H I-P H A L A
^ S
a n d h ya n ta r a
S A M A -V R T T A SAM AGRA SAMA55JASA SAM ATX
] :
f 1. Uniformity, a Sabda-guna. L-**"" I 2. Evenness, An Artha-guna. Deliverance, a sub-div. o f the V June. \ Sarcastic speech, a sub-div. o f Bhani. A type of Rupaka. y Settling, a sub-div. o f I June. \ J ^ 1. Regularity, a &abda-gma. 2. Strikingness, on Artha-guna.
)
SAMAYA SA M ARPANA SAM A VAK AR A SAM X d U A N A
sam
Xd h i
SA M A P T A -
P U N A R A TTA TA j SA M A SO K T I-M U L A SAM UCCAYA SA M U DBH EDA

sam rddha
= Resumption, a syntactical flaw. = = = = = Suggestive; a type o f Patravali Nandi. Combination, an. Al. June, of PraSanta Nataka. Exuberant, a type o f Sambhoga Srhg. Rich,, a type o f Sambhoga &mg.
SA M PUR NA
.4*8
Sam prnlSpa ] SAMPRALAPA
LAWS OF
SANSKRIT DRi^MA
[S a d h v a sa
= A random talk, a Raga-dasa. 1. Hot speech, a sub-div. o f the IV Vy June. 2. Wrathful statement, a sub-div. o f Sil. . 3. Reconitre, a sub-div. o f Ambhati Vr/ m Love-in-union, a.type o f { 1. Agitation, a Sane. Bh. 2. Terror, a sub-div. o f IV Jimc. = Proceeding from calamity, a type o f Vipra . = Assertion, a sub-div. o f IV June. , .= Witty Conversation, an Ud. Bh. ^ /
SA M PH ETA
SAM BHOGA SAM BH RAM A SA M BH RA M A JA
SAM RAM BHA

sa
S llapa
SAISILLAPAKA SAM VARANA

sa m v r ti
I. Discourse, a sub-div. o f Sfitt. Vr. 12. An Upa-RQpaka. - / = Concealment, a Sandhyantar*. = Same as Samvarana. j- 1. Doubt., a Nat. Lk. \ 2. Doubt, a sub-div. o f = Classical, a type o f Jati-bhasha. = Culmination of motif, a sub-div. o f BhSm. = Same as Amra-Paka. = Majestic bearing, an Artha. Vr. = Involuntary state. f Emotional representation. = An insulting speech, a sub-div. IV June. = Promise to do something, a sub-div. o f Silpaka. = Responsive, a type o f Sambhoga Sing. = A Commoner, a type o f Na. = Mis-statement of facts* a sub-div, o f Bhani.
SAMSsAYA SAM SKRTA SA M H AR A
SA H A K A R A -P A K A
SATTVATl
SA T T V IK A -B H A V A SA TTVIKABHINAYA SA D A N A SA D H A N A
SADHARANA ^ sadharani SADH VASA
I APP. B ]
SSm a ] SAM A SAMANYA v \
s Xr Op y a
m & M A T U R G IC A L PERM S
489
[ Svsdhlna-patiks
( 1. Conciliation, a Sandhyantara. V / 1 2. Flattery, a Manop. = Ordinary, a type o f Pra. Interrogation, a Nat. Lk. >Enterprise, a Sandhyantara. ^ Aid, a Nat. Al. Declaration, a Nat. Lk. 1. Gentleness, an Artha-gwja. 2. Delicacy, a Sabda-guna. Vision, a Sahc. Bh. Demonstrated, a sub-div. o f Vastu. A Charioteer, a Sanskrit speaking minor character. Stage-manager. A Prakrta song, a sub-div. o f Lnsya. Beauty, a physical charm o f Na. Stupefaction, a Satt. Bhava. An Establishes Same as Amukha. Permanent emotion. Recitation, a sub-div. o f Lasya. Steadfastness, a merit o f Na. A stage, of Rati. Desire, a Nat. Lk. Stage of Cupidity. Sm ile,, a mode o f expressing Comic. ( prah.) 1. Remembrance, a Sahc. Bh. { 2. Constant thought, a Raga-dasa. Same as Atma-gatam. Vision, a Sandhyantara. Natural description, An Alahkara. Change of voice, a Sattv. Bh. A Nayika having her husband entirely at her disposal.
SAHASA SAHAYYA S ID D H I SU K U M A R A TA \ SU PT A SOCYA SU T A
^ ^
sC t r a d h X r a
SA IN D H A V A K A Â U N D A R Y A STAM BHA STH APAK A STHAPANA ST H A Y I-B H A V A , ST H IT A -PA T H Y A STH AIRYA SNEHA SPRHA SM A R A -D A SA SM ITA
SM R TI
SV AG ATAM SVAPNA S VABHAV O K TI SV A R A -B H E D A SV A D H fN A -P A T IK A
( - 'b h a r tr k a )
490
SvSbhSvika ] SV ABH AVIK A
SV A Y A T T A -S ID D H I
^/SVIYA
SV ED A SVOK TI , . , .
= = = ,= =
Inborn, a class o f Na. Al. A full Monarch, a type o f N, Legally wedded, a Na. Perspiration, a Sattv. Bha. Direct mention, a Rasa-dosha. Ha
H A T A -V R T T A T A H AR1TA H A R SH A H A SIT A ..
= = = -
k>&
H AVA HASA HASYA H RLLtSA . HETU H ETVAV ADH AR ANA HELA
Lameness in metre, a metrical flaw. Green, a type o f Varna. Joy, a Safic. Bhava. Gentle laugh, a mode o f expressing comic ( prah.). =, Emotion , an Angaja Na. Al. = Humour, a Sthayi Bhava. = Comic, a Rasa. = An Upa-ROpaka. j 1. Reasoning, a Nat. Lk. 3 1 t 2. A Poetic Figure, Al. = An expression of passioiy a type Angaja Na. Al. of
. = Conclusion, a Sandhyantara.
HRl
1. Modesty, a Sane. Bh., same as Vrlda. I 2. Concealment, a Sandhyantara. w
a p p e n d ix
.----- ~><x~---- -
GLOSSARY
OF
TECHNICAL TERMS
W ih>. -
Lt ttfcAAW
TECHNICAL TERMS
WORDS ARE ARRANGED IN ENGLISH ALPHABETICAL ORDER
Abrupt dialogue ] [ Benedictory song
Abrupt dialogue Abrupt remark Act Action Adversary Affection Affectionate ( sentim ent) Alliteration Amatory ( sentim ent) Amobean song Amor Ancillary ( feelings) Anticipatory Scene Aphorism Apodosis Artificial Aside Attitude ( of>characters ) Attribute Audible Audible speech Audio-visual ( poetry ) Auditorium Aural poetry Auxiliary feelings Auxiliaries ( characters ) Avenue Billet-deux Bellicose hero [ -ism ] Benedictory song
= Udghatyaka. = Ganda. = Anka. - Natakiya-karya. = Prati-myaka. = Prema ( bhava). = Vntsalya ( rasa ). = ? Anuprnsa ( Al. ). = SrhgOra ( rasa ). = Ukta-pratyukta ( Lasyahga ). = Rati ( bhava ). = Vyabhicari-bkava. - Ankasya; Ahka-mukha. = Stra. = Nirvahana-sandhi. = DMrta ( Prakarana ). = Apavsritam. = Prakrtl. = Viseshana. = Sravya ( vastu ). = Prakasam. - Drsya-sravya Kavya. = Preksha-grha, .N atya-vesma. = Sravya Kavya. = Sancari-bhavas. = sahayah = Vithi. = Anahga-lekha. = Yuddha-vira ( neta ) also ( rasa ). = Nandi-Sloka.
494
Blissfulness ]'

[ Cows
Blissfulness Bodiless god ( Cupid ) Bombastic style
= Saubhagya. = Ananga. = Gaudi-Riti.

C
Caesura ( Interim pause ) Canonist Catastasis Catastrophe Chamberlain Character . Chequered style ' Chime Choking Circumstantial causes Clown ( Jester ) Co-ambulation theory of junctures. Cognition Comic sentiment Comic ( end ) XComouflage
= Yati ( virama ) Laksham-kara. Garbha-sandhi. Vimarsa-sandhi. Kahcukin. = PStra. Khanda-Rlti. ^ Yamaka ( alankara ). = Gad-gad-vak. = Uddipana-Vibhava. = VidUshaka. = Arthn-prakrti-sancara ( vastu ). Rasa-bhavana. Hasya-rasa. Sukhanta. I Dosha-Vyapara ( a condition cedent to Sadharanl-karaija. ) Prapanca. - Avayava. Prasada-guna. = Nirvahana-sandhi. = Phalagama. = Avalagita. = Ankavatara. Samaya [ Kavi- ]. Prati-nayaka. = Asraya. Go-pucchakara, a feature of \ dramatic construction.
Compliment Composite elements Concinnity Conclusion Consummation Continuance Continuation Scene Conventions Caunter-hero Counter-part Cows tail
IAPP. C ]
D a llia n ce ]
TECHNICAL TERMS
'
495
[ Entrance o f Characters -
D Dalliance Dance Deception Pratiaya-llla, Vilasa. Nrtta. i. Chala ( vlthyahga ). t*-' ii. Vipralambha ( prahasananga ). ^
Decorative (representation) Aharya ( abhinaya ). Abhidha ( sakti ). Denotation Kfirya. Denouement Density ( of composition ) = Slesha ( Sabda-guna ) Development Garbha ( sandhi ). Dialect VibhSsha. V'"* [ Vacakasraya ] Vriti. Diction Direct cause (of emotions) = Uddipana. Direct statement Upakshepa. Disgust Jugupsa ( sthayi-bhava). Tandava. Dithyrambic dance Divine Divya ( patra j. Drama = Natya. Dramatis personas Natakiya-patraui. Drop Bindu.
Effective Bearing Elaborateness Elegant style Embellishing features Embellishments Embryo Act Emotion Emotional ( representation ) Enactment Enigma Ensuants Entrance of Characters
Artha-Vrtti. yx''" Ojas ( gum ) Pancali-rlti. Sobha-kara dharma. Bhushana. Garbhanka. t Sthayi-bhava. Suttvika ( abhinaya ). Abhinaya. Nalika. V Anubhava. Pravartaka, %/
496
Episode ] '
[G c Pataka. Vimarsa-sandhi. Slesha. Srngara-rasa. Sthapaka. j ? Pravrtti. v Mrdava. Gunas. Janantikani. Prati-mukha ( sandhi). Vishkambhaka. Udbhasvara-Bhava. \ _ VUcya. y ^
F
Episode Epitasis Equivocal expression Erotic sentiment Establisfaer Etiquette Euphemism Excellences ( merits ) Exclusive speech Expansion Explanatory Scene Explicit feelings Expression
Fallacy Farce Feeling Fictitious ( p lo t) Foot ( m etrical) Fruition Furious sentiment Fusion
HetvabMsa. Prahasana ( a play ). V,---'* Bhftva ( Sancari-" ). Kalpita, Utpadya. Gana,. Bhoga-krtva ( vyapara ); Pal Raudra-rasa. 1. Ceto-druti ; 2. Sambheda. ,
G
Gaiety Gallant Gateway Gay Gay bearing Gay^style Gentle dance Germ Gleaning Song God-of Love
Lalitya. ' Udatta ( a patra ). Ranga-dvara. Lalita. > Kaisiki Vrtti. \ Vaidarbhi ritL y Lasya. Bija. Sushkavakrshta. Rati-pati.
[ APP. C ]
H aughty ]
TECHNICAL TERMS
497
[ Irregular
H Haughty Hero Heroic bearing Heroic sentiment Heroine Horrific bearing Humour Humorous talk ~ Uddhata( patra ). y Nayaka. f Sattvati Vrtti. ^ = Vira-rasa. * Nfiyika. = Arabhati Vrtti. y f = Prahasana, Hasa. = Vyah&ra. v I Imagination Imitation Inaptness Incident Incohernt talk Indication Indication o f Episode Indicative Indirect causes \ ( of emotion ) / Induction Injunction Insertion Intermeddling Song Intermediary Scenes Interruption Intervening Song Intimation Scene Intricate ( oblique) Introducer Introductory passage Introductory Scene Invocation Involuntary states Irregular ( play ) ( m etre) 32 = Pratibha. v ,, * anukrti. = * Anaucitya ( a dosha ). = Prakarl. ./ = Asat-pralapa. = Lakshana ( Sabda-sakti). = Pataka-sthanaka. V < = Sticya ( vas< ). = llambana or asraya. v = Sthaparia. -vj = SB/ra or virf/ii. = Amukha. x,/ = Akshepiki-dhruvQ. v . = Arthopakshepakas. v = Avasyandita. v = Antara-dhruva. v = Culika. v = XSM ( ). ^ = Sthapaka. = Curnaka ( gadyamsa). . = PraveSaka. = Nandi. - Sattvika-bhavas., > , = Sahklrna. = Vishama-vrtta.
/>
498

[ M otif
Jocular dialogue ]
J
Jocular dialogue Juncture Juncture of Conclusion Vyavahara. / Sandhi. v / Upasamhara-sandhi. ^ L Laudatiqn Laws of Interpretation Leader - of Episode - of Incident Lineaments Loathsome ( sentiment) Love-in-longing Low character /
Prarocana. v/ Mimansa. Patalca-nayaka. -J Prakarl-nayaka. \ j M pa. Bibhatsa ( rasa ). Purva-raga. adhama-patra. M '
<
Main ( p lo t) Majestic Male attendant ( chief) Manifestation Marvel Marvellous ( sentim ent) Meditative Bearing Melody Mercenery passion Metrics Middling ( character ) Minor shows Military Spectacle Moderate Modes o f behaviour Modified ( play ) Monologue Mood ( of characters ) Mortal Motif
Adhlk&rika { vrtta ). Praudha ( prarocana ). Pari-parsvaka. abhivyakti. Vismaya. Adbhuta ( rasa ). Brahmi-vrtti. Madhurya ( gana ). Artha-Srhgara. Chando-vijnana. ' Madhyama-patra. Upa-rupakas. Vyayoga. > Vinlta (prarocana ). Vrtti. Vikrta. 1 Bhana.
Vrtti.
Adivya ( patra ). Lakshya ( phala ).
[A P P . C ]
M unificent hero ]
' TECHNICAL TERMS
499
[ Progression
Munificent hero heroism Mystic pleasure
= Dana-vira ( neta ). = (rasa). = Brahmananda. N
Narrative
= Unmeya ( Vastu ). O
Objective Octosyllabic ( m etre) Opening Original ( p lo t) * Outvying
= = = =
Parastha. , Anushtup. Mukha ( sandhi). Utpadya. Adhibala. ^
Paronomasia Pathetic sentiment Pause Permutation ( Rule of - ) Personal causes .Personal presentation Perspecuity Perverse lady Perverseness Physical (representation) Pious passion ^ Pleasantry Bloom of Overture of Covert Pleonasm Pre-dominant suggestion Prelude Pre-show items Principal plot Production ( of matter ) Progression
= Alesha, an Alahkara. = Karuna-rasa. = Vimarsa ( sandhi). v = Prasfara. - Alambana-vibhava. f = Prayogattfaya. - J = Artha-vyakti ( a guna ). = Mfininf. = Mana. x / = Ahgika ( abhinaya ). >j = Dharma-srhgQra. = Narma. *_/ = Narma-sphurja. v, = Narma-sphota. x / - Narma-garbha. = Artha-hina ( a dosha ). \ / = dhvani. S - Prastavana. v ^ = Purva-ranga-prasadhana. t = Adhikarika Vrtta. , = Vastutthapana. , = Prati-mukha ( sandhi ). y
500

[ Spectator
Protasis Psuedo-suggestioa sentiment feelings
Mwkha-sandhi. Abhasa. RasMbhasa. Bhavabkasa.
Quiet Quietistic ( sentim ent)
Santa ( patra). Santa-rasa. R
Real Commencement Reasoning Reconitre Regular ( p la y ) ( metre ) Relish Repartee Representation Res-business Righteous hero [ -ism ]
Kathodghata. $ Upapatti. Sampheta. v, Sitddha. / 'Sama-Vrtta . Rasa^-carvana. ' W Vfik~keli. Abhinaya. Katha-vastu. Dharma-virva ( neta ), [ rasa ]
Scene Scooping Sensible person Sentiment Shadow-drama Show Similarity of Episodes Situation Slip-down Sober way Soft bearing Solecism Sources of plot Special features Spectator
= , Vidhana. - Avaskanda. - Sahrdaya. Rasa. = Chaya-nataka, Rupaka. Chaya. Samvidhana. - Avalagita [ a Mem Prah. -J Sattvati-Vrtti. "vi s KaUiki-Vrtti, %j Sabda-cyuta ( a dosha ). ; Artha-prakrti. Sandhyantaras. Samajika.
I A n .' C ]
Speech from void ]
TECHNICAL TERMS
501
I V ir b a l B e a rin g .
Akasa-bkaShitO, gaganbkii, Speech from void \V / Stage-in-front ( theatre ) = Pnrva-ranga, Stage-mahager = Sutradhara. Stages o f Action = Karyavastha. Stages of Love = Raga-daia. Striking expression = Vakrokti. Style = Riti. / Sub-division = Anga. ^/ Subjective = atmastha. Subordinated (suggestion)= Gum-bhata ( vyangya ). x / Sub-plot = anu-^rtta. Subsidiaries = Apradhana, anga-bhBta. ^ Subsidiary juncture = Anusandhi. Subsidiary plot = Prasahglka-vrtta. Substratum ( of rasa ) = Alambana. , / Suggestion = Vyafijam ( Sabda-Sakti ) Suggestive Invocation = Patravali Nandi. -V.J' Sympathetic hero = Daya Vira ( neta ) [ -ism ) {rasa).
'
Tautology Termination ( Gr . ) Terrific ( sentim ent) Theme and argument Time-keeper Tiring-room Tragic Tranquility Triple rendering Tumult
Punarukti ( a dosha ). v ./ ' Pratyaya. Bhctyanaka ( rasa ). <*/ : Bijartha-yukti. V Vaitalika. Nepathya-grha. Sokartta. Sama { Sthayi-bhava ). Trigata. ^ Avapata. z*
Vehement bearing .Verbal ( representation ) Verbal Bearing
Arabhati-VKtti. x , / Vacika ( abhinaya ). \ y ( i ) Bharati-Vrtt . ( ii ) Sabda-Vrtti.
5Q2
V ir tu a l S tart ]
Virtual Start ( of a play ) = Utthspana. Visible . Drsya ( vastu). Void = Akasa. Voluptuous passion = Kfima-$rng3ra. W Wanton-ness Wee-monologue Wonder = P r e m a -v a ic ity a , = Bhanl. W * . = CamatkSra.
Z
Zeal = utsnha ( sthciyi-bhava ).
a p p e n d ix d
A BRIEF BIBLIOGRAPHY
< v
APP. D ]
A BRIEF BIBLIOGRAPHY [ i ] Text-books : 4
Concepts of Rlti & Guna by P. C. Lahari. Drama and Dramatists by K ulkarnt Dramatic Divertissements by S. Aiyyangar. Hindu t)ram a by Sir. S. M. Tagore. Indian Drama by Konow. Indian Drama by Horrwitz. Indian Dramatic LiteratureR. V. Jahagirdar. Indian Dramaturgy by P. N. Patankar. Introduction to DaârupakaFitz-ed ward Hall. Introduction to his Edition of Saradatanayas Bhavapraka&tK. R. Ramasvami Sastrl ( G. o . S. Edn.). Introduction to his Edition of Uttara-rama-carita by . .S. K. Belvalkar , ( H arv. O. S .). Number of Rasas by V. Raghavan. Outlines of Rasa Theory by Sir Aiutosha Mukerjea. Poetry & Rasa by A. Sankaran. Sanskrit Drama by A. B. Keith ( O xford ). Sanskrit Drama by S. K. De
( C ultural H eritage o f I n d ia Series, N o . . I I I ) .
Sahitya Sara Sangraha by M. R. Kale ( N . S. E d n . ) Select Specimens : Theatre of Hindus by H. H. Wilson. Some Aspects of Literary Criticism A. Sankaran. Some Concepts, o f Alankara Sastra by Raghavan ( A d y a r ). Some Thoughts of Music by' G. S. Khare. Srrigara Prakaa o f Bhoja by V. Raghavan. Studies in Dhvanyaloka by P. S. Subharam Pattar. Theories of Rasa and Dhvani by A. Sankaran. The Types of Drama by Mankad.
[ ii ] General':
Foundations of Indian Poetry by J. Noble-(CaIcutta, 1 9 2 6 .) Highways and Byways of Literary Criticism in Sanskrit, by Mm. S. Kuppusvami Jkstri. History of Alankara Literature : Introduction to Sahitydarpana by Mm. P. V. Kane.
LAWS OF SANSKRIT DRAMA History of Classical Sanskrit Literature : Krshnamacariar,

( M adras ).
History of Sanskrit Literature A. B. Keith (o. u . P.) History and Practice of Indian Music Foroze Framjee.Indian Stage by H. Dasgupta, Indian TheatreC. B. Gupta. Indian T heatre: Its Origin and Development under European Influence by R. K. .Yajflika. Studies in the History of Indian Poetics S. K. De. II
Select Articles :
Date of Bharatas Natya-Sastra : D. C. Sircar : Doctrinnaire Drama : R. V. Jahagirdar :
ja h a rs X I I.
JR A S, Bengal, 1 9 3 2 .
Hasya as a Rasa in Sanskrit Haradatta Sarma,

A nnals, B. O. R . I . X X II,
Hindu Theatre D. R . Mankad. ' ( IH Q , 193 8 . ) Hindu Theatre Raghavan. ( IH Q , 1 9 3 * .) History of Bhnvika in. Sanskrit Poetics : Raghavan
( IH Q , 1 9 1 $ . )
Imagination in Indian Poetics : T. N. fsrlkan{aiyya.

( IH Q , 1 9 3 7 . )
Kuntakas Conception of Gunas by Haradatta Sarnia

( IHQ,, 1 9 3 4 . )
N andi in Theory Urmila Dave,
I H Q , 19 4 1 . )
Pr e-dhvani School of Alankara V. V. Sovani

( BhSndarkar Com m. V ol. I. )
Problems of Natya-Sastra : Manorafijana Ghosh :

( IH Q , 1 9 3 2 . )
Criticism of the same : H. V. Trivedi : ( i h q , 1931.) Rasabhasa in Alankara Literature : -S. P. Bhattacarya.
( Cal. O . J . 1 1 -1 0 . )
Uttara-rama-caritam : Articles on - by S. N. Shastri

Pracya-VanT, C alcutta V ol. II -N o s. I l l & IV . 1 9 4 5 . : A llahabad U n iv . O. S. B u lle tin -1 9 3 3 .
Vrttis : Raghavan :
( J. O.
R . M adras, V ol.
v il.)
LAWS AND PRACTICE

OF
SANSKRIT DRAMA
BOOK I
INDICES
A CONSPECTUS OF T E X T -B O O K S U N D E R REFERENCE IN D E X TO Q U O T A T IO N S ; W O RK S & A U TH O R S ;
IN D E X T O
SU B JE C T -IN D E X .
" ''i'S
vS ,
CONSPECTUS OF TEXT-BOOKS
U NDER REFERENCE
A Brief iNote on Sanskrit Compounds by S. N. Shastrl.

( L. S . V . Press, In#ore, 1 9 2 6 . )
A Manual of Classical Sanskrit Prosody by S. N. Shastrl.

( BhSratl Research In stitute, D elh i, 1 9 6 1 . )
Abhijflana Kaumudl on
Sakuntala by Haridasa.
( 2nd Edn. C alcu tta. )
Abhijflana SvSkuntalam of Kalidasa. Ed. R. Pischell.

( 2nd End. H arvard O . Series, Cam bridge M ass., 1 9 2 6 . )
AbhijflSna Sakuntalam of Kalidasa. Ed. M. Williams.

( O xford U . P., 1 9 2 6 . )
Abhijflana Sakuntalam of Kalidasa. Ed. R. M. Bose.

( C alcutta, 1 9 3 1 . )
Abhinava Bharat! on Natya-gastra of Bharata by Abhinava Guptapada ( F o r V ols. I & II G . O . S . N o. L X V I I I -1 9 3 4 ; for

the rest B. O . R . I . M s. and its Luck. U n iv . T ranscript. )
Adbhuta Darpana of Mahadeva

( KSvyamSlS Edn. 1 8 6 2 , N . S . Press, Bom bay ).
Agni-PurSna. ( Edn. K hem rSja .SrlkrjhnadSsa, B om bay, 1 9 2 0 . ) Alankara Kaumudl of S. N. Shastrl. (In d. U n iv . P ub., D elh i, 1 9 5 1 .) Alankara Kaustubha of ViSveSvara. ( K sv y a m sls Edn. 1 8 9 8 . ) Alankara Sarvasva on Alankara Sutra by Mankhuka
( T . S. S. 1 9 1 5 . )
Alankara Sutra of Ruyyaka. ( T . S. s. 1915.) Alankara Sekhara of KegavamiSra. CKsvyamaia Edn., 1926. ) Atnara KoSa of Amara Simha. ( N . S . Edn., B om bay, 1915. ) Anargha Raghava of Murari. ( KSvyamsis Edn., 1937.) Anargha-raghava Tlka by Rucipati. (K avyam ais, Edn. N o .5 ., 1 9 3 7 .) Artha-Sastra of Kautilya. ( t . s . s . Edn., 1924.) Artha Dyotanika on Sakuntala by Raghava Bhalta
( N . S. Edn. 1933. )
510
, A & arya
LAWS OF SANSKRIT DRAMA *

COdamani of Sakti Bhadra ... ( B siam anoram s Edn.
M adras, 1 9 3 3 . )
A shta lo k l by Paragara Bhattarya (Srinivasa Press, B r n d 2b an ,1920.) .. A s Y o u L ike It Shakespeare. A u citya V icara C arca o f K shem endra. A v alok a on DaSarupaka by Dhanika*
(C a m b . U n iv. Press, 1 9 2 6 . ) (K avyam sis Part i ,
1929.) ' S
A vim araka Of B hasa. (B hSsa-n5taka-cakram ...O . B. A., Poona, 1 9 3 7 .) ;| B alab od h in l on K avyaprakaSa by V. Jhalaklkar.
( 2nd Edn. Bom bay, 1 9 0 1 . )
( N . S. Edn., 1941. )
;i
: .'I 'j
B ala-ram ayana o f
RajaSekhara, Ed. G ov in d a D ev a K avi
Shastrt.
'
j
( Benares, 1 8 6 9 . )
B h agavadajjuk lyam o f B od h an ya
( Paliyam Mss. Library - 1 9 2 5 , Jayantam angalam , S. 1 )
< 1
B hagavad G ita . B ham inI V ilasa o f Jagannatha.
( Asbtekar & Co., Poona, 1926. ) j ( N. S. Edn., 1 9 3 3 .)
B h asa A . S. P. A iyyar. ( Indian Men of Letters S., 1942. ) B h asa A study by A . D . Pusalkar. (Motilal BanarasTdssa, Lnhor*. ) Bhasa-nataka-cakram , E d. by Devad.har
( Poona O riental Series, 1 9 S ? i^
* 5
B havaprakasa o f Saradatanaya. Bhava-tala-sparînl on
( G . O . S . E dn., 1 9 3 0 . ) by V lraraghava,
( N . S. Edn., 1 9 3 9 . )
Uttara-ram a-carita
B hlm a-vijaya - A n unpublished D ram a. Bhoja-prabandha o f B allala Bhartrhari-N irveda o f H arihara. ( Ed. jiv sn a n d a , C a l 1 9 2 3 . )
( N . S. Edn., 1 9 3 6 . )
B rahm a Purana. ( K hem arSja JsrTkrshnadSsa, B om bay, 1 9 0 6 . ) C aitanya C androdaya o f Karnapura ( n . s . E dn ., B om bay, 1917. ) C anakya C aturl on M udra R akshasa by H aridasa
( 1st Edn. N ak ip ura. )
C andakausika o f K sh em lsvara. * C andraloka o f Jayadeva.
( Ed. jiv s n a n d a , 1931. )
( ChowkhambS S. S., Benares, 1 9 3 8 . )
C andrika on Prabodha-candrodaya by N a d illy a g o p a

( N . S. Edn. B om bay, 1 9 2 4 .)
C han dah -Sastra o f Pingala N a g a .
( K svyam aia E dn., 1 9 3 8 . )
1 IND. A ]
51
\C h S o d o g y a U pan ish ad. C hfiya on
( N . S . E dn ., 1 9 3 2 . )
( N . S. E dn., Bom bay, 1 9 3 6 . )
Sahitya-darpana b y D urgaprasada D v iv ed a
Citra M im a n sa o f A p p a y a D ik sh ita. ( N . S. E dn ., B om bay, 1907. ) C ollected W orks o f L ord T en n yson . ( G olden Treasury Series
* I E dn ., M acm illan . )
C oncep t o f R lti & G una b y P . C. L ahari I?amartlkam o f G hanagyam a. DagarOpaka o f D han afijaya.
1 *
( Dacca Univ. Pubn., 1 9 3 7 . )
( 3rirangam Edn., 1942. ) ( N . S . Edn.-1941. )
DagarOpaka : Translated b y D r. H aas (Columbia Univ. Press 1912.) D aiartlpaka : T ranslated by G o p a la D atta
( Gondal, K5thi5W5ra, 1 9 4 2 . )
D hanafijaya V ijaya o f K aficanacarya. (N. s . Edn. B o m b a y -1 9 3 0 .) DhQrta-vi{a-saii)vada o f LSvaradatta. D hvan yalok a o f S nan d avard h an a. DQtangada o f Subhata K avi. D utavak ya o f Bh&sa. ( Patna E d itio n -1 9 2 2 . ) ( K avyam sis scries, 1911. ) ( N. s . Edn., Bombay, 1935. ) ( Poona O riental Series, 1 9 2 7 . )
E kaksharl K oa. ( N. S . E d n ,,'F irst E dition. ) E k a v a ll o f V idyadhara. ( b . s . s . , 1903. ) G aruda Pur ana. ( K hem arSja JsrlkrshnadSsa, Bom bay, 1 9 0 4 . ) GJiant5patha o n K iratarjunlyam by
(
M allin ath a
N. S. Edn. B om bay, 1 9 3 3 . )
( G . O . S ., 1911 . )
H asyacQdam aiji ( Prahasana ) by Y atsaraja. JtvSnandana o f K rshnaraya M akhi.
H Ssyftnjava Of Jagadl^vara. ( 1st Edn. Tim iranSsaka Press, Benares. )
(N. s. Edn., Bom bay, 1 9 3 3 .)
K a lp a -la ta on V ikram orvasI by S. N . Shastri ( N. S . E dn ., 1942. ) K am an d ak lya N ltlgastra o f K am andaka

( 1st Edn. K hem araja ^nkrsbnadSsa, Bom bay. )
KSmasfltra o f V atsayana, E d. D am od arala] G osv a m in

( 1st Edn. Benares. )
K arnabhara o f B hasa, Ed. D evad h ara. K arna Sundarl o f B ilhana. K arpuracarita Bhana o f Vatsaraja. Karpuram afljarl o f RajaSekhara.
( Poona o . Series, 1937. ) ( G . O . S . E d n ., 1 9 1 8 . )
( N . S . Edn., Bom bay, 1 9 3 2 . ) E d . K o n o w & L anm an.

( H arv. O . Series N o. 4, 1 9 0 1 . )
512
.K avya-d ak in l

of G an ganan da
( S a ra iv a tt Bhavana Texts, Benares, 1 9 2 4 . )
K avyadarSa o f D an d in , E d. V acaspati. K avyalan k ara o f V am ana.
( Madras Edn., 1 9 3 6 . )
K avyad lp lk a o f K anticandra, Ed. U rd hvaresh e. (r*t E dn., Indore.) ( N. S. Edn. B o m b a y -lit E dition. )
( C how iham bS S . S ., 1 9 3 8 . )
K avyalankara o f B h am aha, E d. B aladeva U p a d h y a y a K avyalankara-sara-sangraha o f U dbhata. K a v y a M lm an sa o f RajaSekhara. K avyanuSasana o f A carya H em acandra

( N . S. E dn., Bom bay., 193,4. )
( G. O. S. Edn. 1 9 3 1 . ) ( G. O. s . Edn. 1 9 1 6 .)
K avyanuSasana o f V agbhata. K avyanuSasana o f V am ana. K avya-pradlpa o f G ov in d a .
( N* S . Edn. B om bay, 1 9 1 5 . ) ( 1st E dn ., N . s . Edn. Bom bay. )

( N. s . E d n ., Bom bay, 19 12 ).
K avyaprakaSa o f M am m ata Bhatta, E d. Jhalaklkara
( 2nd Edn.IB. S. S. )
K avyenduprakaâ as cited by S. D . K iratarjunlyam o f B haravi. K irata rju n ly a -v y a y o g a o f Vatsaraja.
( N . S. E dn ., Bom bay. ) ( N . s. Edn., 1933. ) ( G. O. s ., 1 9 1 8 . )
K u clm ara Tantra o f K u clm ara (M o tila l Banarasidas,L ahore, 192?.) K um ara G iri R ajlya on M alavikagn im itra b y K atayavem a ( N . S. E dn., 1935. ) K um ara Sam bhava o f K alid asa. K u nd a M ala o f D in n aga. ( N . S. Edn., 1935 ). ( M eharchand Laksham anadas,
Lahore, 1 9 3 0 . )
K usum a Pratima- on Sahitya-darpana b y M m . H aridasa

( Fourth E dition, Calcutta. )
K uttinl-m ata o f D am od ara G upta, E d. K . P. T riv ed i ( B. S. S ., 1915. ) K u valayan and a o f A pp aya D lk sh ita. Lataka M elaka o f Sankhadhara. ( N . S. E dn ., 1 9 4 2 . ) ( N . S. Edn., Bom bay, 1 9 2 3 . )
L ocana on Sahitya D arp ana by A nan tad asa

( M otilal Banarasidas, Lahore, 1 9 3 8 . )
L ocan a on D h v a n y a lo k a b y A b h in ava G u ptapad a

I ( N . S. E dn ., 1 9 1 1 . )
[ IND. A ]
513
Locana-roclnl on Ujjvala Nila Mani by Jiva-gosvamin

( N . S. E dn., B om bay, 1 9 3 2 ).
Madhyama Vyayoga of Bhasa. (Poona O riental Series, Poona, 1 9 3 7 .) MahSbharata. ( K um bhakonam E difion, F irst Im pression. } M ahanataka Of Hanumat (K hem ar3ja Srikrshnadasa., Bombay* 1 8 8 6 .) M ahanataka of Hanumat with Jlvanandas Tlka ( Third E dn., C alcutta. )
Mahavlracaritam of Bhavabhuti Ed. R. G. Bhandarakara

(
b.
s. S ., 1 9 0 5 . )
Malatl Madhava Tlka by Jagaddhara. ( B, S. S ., 1 9 0 5 . } Malavikagnimitra of Kalidasa. ( N . s. E d n ., B om bay, 1912. ) Malllka M aruta of Uddanda. Ed. by Jlvananda. (C alcutta, 1 8 7 8 .) M andaramaranda Campu of Srlkrshna Kavi. (N . s. E dn., 1 8 9 5 .) Manusmrti. ( N . S. E dition, Bom bay, 1 9 3 9 . ) Mattavilasa Prahasana- of M ahendra Vikrama Varma
( T . S. S ., 1 9 1 7 . >
M edinl Koâ. Ed. Jlvananda. ( First E dition, C alcutta. ) Merchant of Venice of Shakespeare. Ed. K. Deighton
( M acm illan , 1 9 3 0 . )
Merry Wives of Windsor of Shakespeare

( Standard L iterature E dn., 1 9 4 0 . )
Mrcchakatika of Sudraka. ( N , S. E d n ., Bom bay, 1 9 0 2 . ) Mrganka Lekha Natika of Vi^vanatha Deva

( Sarasvatl B havana Studies, Benares, 1 9 2 9 . )
Mudra-rakshasa of Vigakhadatta. ( N . S. E dn ., Bom bay, 1 9 3 5 . > Mudra-rakshasa Tlka b y Dhundiraja. (N . S . E d n ., Bom bay, 1935.) M ukundananda Bhana of KaSlpati. ( N . s. E d n ., Bom bay, 1926. } Nagananda of Srlharsha. (M eharchanda Lakshmanadasa,Lahore, 1 9 2 3 .) Nala Vilasa Nataka of Ramacandra Suri } Ed. Balasubramhanyam. /
/
^lst Edn G
S''
Nafljaraja Yao Bhushana of Abhinava Kalidasa. (G . o. S ., j 9So.> Narayanl on Sruta Bodha of Kalidasa by Narayana
( N . S . Edn. B om bay, 1 9 3 3 . }
Nataka-candrika of Rupa Gosvamin

( ( M s. N a tio n a l Library, G aleutta. )
33
514
LAWS OF SANSKRIT DRAMA of Sagaranandin ^ Ed. M. Dillon,

( O xford U n iv. Press, 1 9 3 7 . )
Nataka-Iaksh'ana-ratna-kosa
Nataka Lalita-madhava by ROpa Gosvamin [ Ms. - Calcutta. ] Natya-darpana of Ramacandra & Gundacandra. (G. o . s., 1 9 2 9 .) _Natya-koa of Matrgupta cited in N. L. R. by Sagaranandin. Natya-locana ~of Upadhyaya Bhatta Tauta. [ Ms. - Citations. ] Natya-pradlpa of SundaiamiSra. [ Ms. - Citations. ] Natya-Sastra Of Bharata. ( KSsi Sanskrit Series, 1 9 2 9 ; also N . S.
E dn ., 19 4 2 ; also G. O . S. Edn., 1 9 3 4 . )
^ J a ty a Veda of Koliala.
( C itations
by SSradatanaya.
Number of Rasas by V. Raghavan

( A dyar Library, M adras, 1 9 4 0 . )
Othello of Shakespeare, Ed. K. Deighton. ( M a cm illa n , 1 9 3 7 . ) Pada-taditakam of Syamila. ( Patna Edn., 1 9 2 2 . ) Padma-Prabhftakam of Sudraka. ( Patna E dn., 1 9 2 3 . ) Padma Purana. ( 1st Edn., K hem arSja Srlkrshnadasa, Bom bay. ) Parvatl Parinaya of Bana Bhatta. ( Sri vsni V ilasa Series, 1 9 0 9 . ) Poetics of Aristotle. ( Everymans L ibrary, 1934. ) Prabha on Avaloka by Sudarganacarya
( GujarSthT Press, Bombay, 1 9 1 4 ,
Prabodha Candrodaya of Krshna Migra

( N . S . Edn. Bom bay. 1 9 2 4 . )
Practical Sanskrit Dictionary by V. Apte

( Gopala Narayana C o., Bom bay. )
Prakrta Pingala. Prasanna Raghava of Jayadeva.
( Biblotheca In d ic a , ( N . S. Edn. B om bay,
1902.
1 9 2 2 . ,)
Pratapa-rudra-kalyana of Vidyanatha
( 1st E dn., G opala Narayana C o., Bom bay. ')
Pratapa-rudrlyam of Vidyanatha. ( B. S. S ., 1 9 0 9 . Pratijfia Yaugandharayana of Bhasa, Ed., Devadhara PriyadarSika

of
( Poona O riental Series, P oona, 193 7 . )
Ssrlharsha.
( C olum bia U n iv . Edn., 1 9 2 3 . )
Raghavabhyudaya cited by Vi^vanatha. RaghuvamSa of Kalidasa. ( N . S. E d n ., 1 9 2 9 . ) Jlasa Candrika of Vi^veSvara. ( K a li S. S ., 1 9 2 6 . ) Rasagangadhara of Panditaraja Jagannatha. (N. S . E dn., 1 9 3 9 .)
[IN D . A ]
515
Rasa Pradlpa of Prabhakara Bhatta

( Sarasvati Bhavan Studies, Benares, 1 9 2 5 . )
Rasa Mafljarl o f Bhanubha^ta. ( Benares, 1 9 0 4 . ) Rasa-ratna-hara o f Sivarama. ( n . S . E dn., 1923. ) Rasarnava Sudhakara o f Singa Bhupala. ( t . s. S ., 1916. ) Rasa-sadana Bhana o f Yuvaraja. ( N . S . Edn. Bom bay, 1922. ) Rati Manmatha of Jagannatha
( 1st Edn., G opala N arayana Co., B om bay. )
Ratnadarpana on Sarasvatlkanthabharana by Ratneivara

( N . S. E dn., Bom bay, 193 4 . )
Ratnapana on Prataparudrlyam by KumarasvamI

( B. S. S ., 1909. )
Ratna Prabha on Sruta Bodha by Vrjaratna. ( n . S. Edn., 1933.) Ratnavall of Srlharsha, ( n . S. E dn ., Bom bay, 1925. ) Rucira on Sahitya Darpana by Mm. Sivadatta Dadhlca
( 1st Edn., V enkatesvara Press, Bombay. )
Rudiments of Literary Criticism by Lamborn

( L ongm ans Edn., 1 9 2 5 . )
Rukminl Parinaya Ihamrga of Vatsaraja. ( G. o. RukmiM Parinaya Nataka of Rama Varman Sahitya Darpana of ViSvanatha.
n n .
S., 1 9 1 8 .
( N . S. Edn. Bom bay, 1 9 2 7 . ) ( N . S. Edn. Bom bay, 1 9 3 6 .)
ed. by'E . Roer ( Bib. In d., 1 8 5 1 . )
Sahitya Mimansa of Maftkhuka. ( T. S . S., Sahitya Sara of Acyuta Rai. ( N . S. Edn. Bom bay, SSJitlgon^SgonisteS of Milton. ( M a cm illa n , Samudra M anthana of Vatsaraja. ( G. O. S., Sanglta-ratnakara of Sarngadeva. ( M adras E dn., Safljlvanl on Raghuvamâ by Mallinatha
) 1 9 0 6 .)
1934. 1915. ) 1918
) 1 9 4 3 .)
( N . S. E d n ., Bom bay, 1929. )
Sanskrit Drama by A. B. Keith. ( Oxford U n iv . Press, 1 9 2 4 . ) Sanskrit Figures of Speech by S. N. Shastrl. ( Students E d n .)
( L. S. V . Press, Indore, 1 9 2 4 . )
Sanskrit Poetics by S. K. De. ( Luzac & C o. London, Sarasvatlkantabharana of Bhojadeva. ( N. s. Edn. Bom bay,
1923. )
1934 .)
516
Saugandhika Harana by Visvanatha

( 1st Edn., N . S . E dn ., Bom bay. )
Some Concepts of Alankara Sastra by Raghavan

( Adyar Library, M adras, 1 9 4 2 )
Ssrngara Bhushana of Vamana Bhatta Bana

( N . S. Edn. B om bay, 1 9 2 7. )
isriigara Prakasa of Bhojadeva by Raghavan

( K arnataka Publishing House, Bom bay, 1 9 4 0 . )
Srngara PrakaSa of Bhojadeva, Ed. Sampatkumara

( M adras, 1 9 4 9 . )
iSrngara Sarvasva Bhana of Nalla Dikshita

( N . S. E dn., Bom bay, 1 9 2 5 . )
$rngara Sekhara o f Sundareâ. (G eneral Srngara Tilaka o f Rudrabhatta Sruta Bodha of Kalidasa. ( N.
Stores, T anjore, 1 9 3 8 .)
( K avyam ala Pt. II N . S. E d n ., Eom bay, 1 8 9 9 . ) S. E dn ., Bom bay, 1 9 3 6 .
Subhadraharana of Madhava Bhatta

( N . S . Edn. Eom bay, 1 9 3 6 . )
Sukhabodhinl on âkuntala by Jlvananda. ( Calcutta* Surya Siddhanta, Ed. Sudhakara Dvivedi. CBib. In d ica, Taittirlya Upanishad. ( AnandSsram a Series, Poona, Tapasa-vatsaraja of Ananga-harsha alias Matr-raja
1917-. 1923. 1929.
) ) )
( Bangalore E d ,, 1 9 2 9 . )
Theory of Drama by A. Nicoll. (George Tripura-daha Dima of Vatsaraja.
G. H a?rap & C o., 1 9 3 7 .)
G. O . S ., 1 9 1 8 .
Types of Sanskrit Drama by D. R. Mankad

( U rm i PrakSsana M andira, K arach i, 1 9 3 6 . )
Ubhayabhisarika
of
Vararuci.
( Patna E dn.,
1922.
Ujjvala Nila Mani of Rupa Gosvamin

( N . S. E dn ., Bombay, 1 9 3 2 . )
Unmatta-raghava of Bhaskara Kavi

< N . S. Edrf. E om bay, 1 9 2 5 . >
Uttara-rama-caritam
of
BhavabhQti.
(N . S . Edn., Bom bay, 1 9 3 9 .)
[ IND. A ]
517
V a g -V a lla b h a by Duhkha-bhafljana K avi. V ag-vilasa : C om p iled by Srlkrshna Shastri.
( K . S. S ., 1 9 3 3 . >
[ Indore. M s. ]
V akrokti-jlvita o f K untaka. E d. S. K . D e . (C ai. o . S ., 1928.) V anI Bhushana o f D am od ara M igra. (N . S . Edn. Bombay, 1903.) V en l Samhara o f Bhatta N arayan a. (N . S. E dition, Bom bay, 193 7 .)
Vidagdha Madhava of Rupadeva Gosvamin

( N . S . E dn., B om bay, 1 0 3 7 ).
Viddha-gala-bhafijika of Rajaêkhara, Ed. Jlvananda( C alcu tta, 1 9 4 3 , )
Ed. J. B. Chowdhari.
( Calcutta,
1943. )
Vidyaparinaya of Anandaraya Makhi. (N . S . Edn. Bom bay, 1 9 3 8 .) Vijfia-priya on Sahitya-darpana by Mahegvara

( M otilal Benarasi D ass, Lahore, 1 9 3 8 .)
VikramorvaSl of Kalidasa Ed. S. N. Shastri

( N . S. E dn., B om bay, 1 9 4 2 . )
Vimala on Sahitya-darpana by Jlvananda, (Calcutta, 1 9 3 4 .) Viraja Sarojinl of Haridasa. (G ovardhana Press, BangSbda, ] 9 3 7 .) Vivrti on ChandaS-Sastra by Bhatta Halayudha
( N . S. E dn . Bom bay, 1 9 3 8 . )
Vivrti on
KavyanuSasana by
Hemacandra
( N . S. E d n ., Bom bay, 1 9 3 4 . )
Vivrti on Sahitya-darpana by Ramacandra Tarkavaglga

( N . S. E dn ., Bombay, 1939. )
Vrsha-bhanuja Natika of Mathuradasa

( N , S. Edn., Bom bay, 1 9 2 7 . )
Vrtta Ratnakara of Bhatta Kedara

( V eiikatesvara Press, Bombay, 1 9 2 8 . )
W hat You Will of Shakespeare. Yajfia-phalam Of Bhasa. (Rasa-s'sla Series, Yajfiavalkya Smrti. ( N . S.
(
N o.
M acm illan . 1 9 3 6 .
) )
18,
G ondal, 1 9 4 0 .)
E dn., B om bay, 1 9 2 6 .
[ IND. B ]
B INDEX TO QUOTATIONS
ARRANGED IN SANSKRIT ALPHABETICAL ORDER PAGE PAGE
I 295 156 35 295 339 316 251 26 3 333 288 53 288 .3 0 6 231 37 4 54 82 54 84 Ishad-vyakta Ihate mrgavad Ukt a-p rakaray Ssca Utkram anonm ukhSh U ttam S d h am a U d ayan asyen d or... Udara-m adhuraih U nm ukhi-karanam U pakarakatvad U p apattis tu s5 Upa-prakaragre U pam aika yatra Iti pSdayoh Iti roditi Iyam asaktir 116 199 40 7
A
AkathorSksharam AkSrana-pari * Akshare-parisuddhe Agudha-sabdSrtha Anga-sam sthana A thava sm arata A dvaitam su kh a Anankuri ta-kurcakas Anistlrna p r a ti Anubhaya-niahthS Anrtam tu Anaucifyad rte A ntar-gudha * Apare K a v y a Api m asham m asham , A yi pin a-gh ana
I
246 23
36 25 25
88 337
44 40? 55 1 9 8 , 401 401
A rSterapacaya
Avaskandastu AvSntarSrtha Ashtanam Loka A satya-rudito A Kngika, v a c ik a ... Adanam varnam A ditya-visva Am ukham Asvadyatvat Ahuh prakarana ta t tu Am ukhaiigani panca
u
O rvim m astriguruh 35
10
55
E
E-O- k vac it 367 93 127 402 Ekartham upa Etasya vratasya Ebhir artliakriyS
2 34 22 43 60 258 30
K
K arne nivedyam K avi-nirm ana'sam agrI K Snta-sam m ita 71 367 404
[ IN D . B ]
q u o t a t io n s
519
PAGE 9j 1 2
PAGE KSmI svatSm up a 198 142 337 404 DivySsrayopetam D ivyotha d iv y a D u llah o piyo D rshtSrtha-vishaySm "Dcva ta-va cakah DcvS dhlroddhatS D cvanam idam D osha-vyapara
KSryasya
9
198 108 35
K 5vya-yoge KSCvyam vyavah S ra K Svyeshu NStakam K im pSntha tvarase K im bravlshi KurarTnSm iva K rtiratha labdhS K ah kho go K ih e u a m vSti K shudra-curna
xi
183 70 403
6
390;
28S 385
143 35
DvSbhySm yu g m a
Dh
D harm a-kSm artha Dharm Ssanad visati D hSvatyakram itum
2 77 295
406 341
G
G udhagudhSrtha GaudT-dambara GrTva-bhaiigStbhi
D h lrod sttam ja y a ti
13 297 160b 5 384 32 33 268 181 380 14 13 397 12 40 10 359 39 129 70 300 6i 303 74
91
N
N a-n a-ra-ia N andanti kayvani
289, 295
c
C itr3rtha-sam av5ya 197
N am askrtir m angalikl N ayan a-p rltih pratham am Narendro vrddhas
T
T a t sarvatha y a tn a h Tad-upakshepah T asyop asam an am Tesham vicitram T ofayati iti TySgi krt T T ri-varga-prSptih T redhs nets T vad-sSdrsya T vam idSnTm 170
NSgena saiva N sta y a ti sabhyanSm N ana-rasa-bhava * N5nS rasartha N ana-vibhuti N andlm p a d a ir Na-vishnuh PrthivI N Ssayanto gh a n a N ityam yasmat N rpagni-bhaya N epathyoktam srutam
141 112 333

127
205 11 207 277 316 354
Th
Thy w aist
P
P anca panca catuh P anca prastSvana Patl-kshepo na Pataka-nSyakasya Pataka syanna vS
D
D ara-n im xlita D alad'draksha D asa pakshl D asSntikam
352 406
159 379
520

PAGE
PAGK
"Vadi purvSparau Y adyapyangani Yas tu'hte tushtim YasmSd a b h in ayas YasySm bljasya Ya ca rasantaram Yuktam n a n s Ye strlnam pSthya Y ah pStrasya 374 3 i , 41 233 3 6 33 397 12 396 60
P ada-nivesa-nish PadSnam n rtyat P adair dvad asab hir P asvadibhisca PSdShatah pramadayS Purvam a lm a P rth ivyam nanS-desa Prakarshena krivate Prakrta'gaminS P rakhyata-nayaka P rati jn a-h etu P ratyaksha-vrttl Prabliuta ramaneshu P ralapas syad Prasadana-vidhim Prasiddhartha Prakrta-bhashS-carah Pretnardrah pranaya O
407 345 40 290 317 53 328 15 170 18 133 51 271 56 274 325 65 250
R
R anga-dvaram arabhya Rati-ceshta R ati-bhogartha R atir m a n o nukule R asatvena Rasyate RaaSlankara * R asonm ukham R aso'vai sah bhavantam 37 106 67 109 258 2f>8 31 257 258 147 3GQ 390 297
Ph
P h a la -v ic c h e d a 87
RSmo dSnta R ucim kuru
B
B alavan varnanam B ahirantas Bahu-cu rna-p5d a B eauty provoketh 332 406 295 263
Rudrenedam U m S 9 Rtum ca kancit
L
LabdhSrtha
Bh
B hanyate g a g a n o B havet Nandr BhSshS-prakrti O 17 32 7 a 167 409 408 248
5*3
160 354 404 327 139 286
Lakshm ih kairava Let me caress Loka-dharmr bhavet * Lokad grahyam Lanka-dvlpa-gatam LhSdayaika-m aylm
M
M adhura-bhashana M aliajano yena M fdu-Ialita M en m ay come
V
Vaktrani bhSnti V asan ta-tilak a 160b 366 291 62
Y
Y atir vicchede Yad yad vib h titi 373
Vastu n eta Vastu-neta-rasah
10
[ IN D .
QUOTATIONS
PAGE
521
PAGE
Vastu-sSmya Vipralambho vancanS V il5son r Viaheshena Syujyante Vrttis sarvatra Vyaktas sa tair VyavahSras sva VySja-ceshtam
55 55 106 18 320 261 54 393
SanghSta-bhedanSrtho Sanghatena m ilitasya Sandhir nS Sanyuktapurvopi SanyuktSdyam Sam lhs rati 0 Sam m ohanonm adanau SSkshSd bhutam SSbhipr3ya-visc Sukha-duhkha
103 103 -IS366 366 106 317 54 348 14 364
s
Saktir nipunata JâkyS krcchrena Sank5-m5yS Suddham dhurtam JjrngSrl cet kavih Sokah 61okatvam SobhSyai vedikS * Sobha svabhSva Sleshena va Sloka-pSda-padam 405 246 129 16 233 373 76 160 B 34 32
Sunayane nayane Sutranam sakalS Suryopasthana Som o Brhaspatih So yam idSnim Stuti-nindabhySm StokSnuprSsa Sm rtam bhayam Svarupa-^-8 Svair angaiscSpi
68
297 333 295 364 335 55 40 61
S
Sadyah pa ra Sangatayoreva Sangatair a v a - 8 272 19
H apd
H
S k rshtS pS m 315
H ita-rpdho Hrasvaih samSsair
115 335
t IND. C ]
INDEX TO WORKS & AUTHORS *

ARRANGED IN ENGLISH ALPHABETICAL ORDER PAGE
Abhinava Bharatl viii, 3, 12, 20, 51, 159, 163, 1 7 8 -1 8 0 , 182, 184, 186, 187, 256, 322
Abhinava Gupta-pada 22, 33, 40, 46,
PAGE
Anangaranga Anargha-raghava AnutSpanka
Appaya Dikshita Ariitotle Apte A ir .
395. xvi, xix 33, 168, 299. 185, 401. 1 48 33, 119 13 viii, 67, 82 75, 263 363 5, 47, 117 40 7 xviii, 5, 9, 184, 199, xix 250
120, 183, 321, 3 2 3 ,3 9 1

Abhinava KalidSsa
Artha-dyotanika Artha-sastra
Asmakulta
62, 67, 85, 98, 100, 102, 113, 1 1 5 -1 1 7 , 119, 137, 143, 144, 147, 204
As you like it Aucitya-vicara-carca Avaloka Avantisundarl AvimSrakam

Ayyar, A . S . P .
161, 207, 244, 388 Adbhuta-darpanam 5, 293

Acyuta Rai A iikavi Valriiki
177, 373 231, 353, 382 327, 401 208 2, 3 367, 376 22, 45 54 Balivadha
Ballantyne Bhamaha
AgnipurSna Alankara-KaumudT Alankara-sekhara

Allardyet M soil
BalabodhinT
Bala-ramayanam 5, 15, 26, 50, 69, 98, 99, 102, 108, 118, 136, 195, 120, 132, 147, 181, 210, 223, 28 xiii 34, 344
A M anual of Classical Sanskrit Prosody Amarakos'a Ananda-Kosa ( prahasana )

Anandavardhana
286, 3 0 8 , 3 1 9 , 326
* The names of Authors are herein given in italics.
IND. C ]
WORKS
PAGE
& AUTHORS
523
PAGE
24, 40, 65j 149, 159, 160, Bhojadeva alias Bhojaraja 184, 224, 231, 24 2 , 244, 256, 272, 28 5 , 289, 325, 326, 341, 350 Brahmasulra Brook Caitanya-Candrodaya Candakausika Candrika Carudatta Chalita-rSm a Chandah-kaustubha Chandas-sastra Chando-nirukti C ta y a 33, 7 5 -7 7 , 290 248 106 123 9 9 , 108 19.1 xxii 372 34, 374 380 83, 117,
Bharata
v ii-ix , x iii, xvti, xriii, xx 1, 4 - 8 , 21, 42, 61, 81, 97, 4 f, 11, 13, 1 6 , 19, 4 8 - 51, 53, 60,
23, 3 0 - 32, 3 6 -3 9 , 65, 66, 73, 78, 80, 83, 84, 86 , 90, 96, 1 0 0 , 1 0 1 , 103, 1 0 4 112--1 1 5 , 13.7, 1 4 2 , 1 5 1 , 1 53,
106, 108, n o , 1 2 7 , 131--1 3 5 1 4 4 , 1 4 7 , 149
1 1 7 --1 1 9 , 121 , 1 2 3 , 1 2 4 ,
1 5 6 --1 6 4 , 1 6 6 , 1 6 7 , 1 6 9 , 1 7 3 , 1 7 5 , 177j 1 7 8 , 1 8 3 1 8 9 , 2 1 2 , 22 0 2 2 1 , 2 2 3 , 2 2 4 , 2 3 3 , 2 34, 2 4 2 , 2 4 4 , 256, 266, 282, 284, 28?, 288, 293, 295, 297, 300, 3 0 4 , 3 0 8 , 3 ! 4, 3 1 5 , 3 1 6 , 321, 3 22, 324, 326, 328, 3 3 0 , 3 3 2 --334, 3 3 6 , 3 3 7 , 3 4 3 - 34 7, 3 4 9 , 3 5 3 --3 5 6 , 358, 360, 361, 367, 369, 370, 3 7 2 - 375, 378, 380, 3 8 2 - 3 8 6 , 389 3 9 1 , 3 9 2 , 3 9 4 - -396, 3 9 8 , 3 9 9 , 4 0 0 , 401 Bhartrhari-Nirveda Bhasa Bhattacarya Bhatta Halnyudha Bhatta Kedara Bhatta Narayana Bhatta Prabhakara Bhavabhuti 106, 285
Citraml-mansa
128, 199, 275 401 349 373
Concept o f R iti & Guna Damodara M isra Dandin 63
158, 244, 338, 343, 345 34 8 , 3 9 9 , 4 0 1 x ii, xix 2 5 , 46 v iiii
Dasa-rupaka
- 4 8 , 5 8 , 6 1, 62 , 8 4 , 102, 114, 115, 123, 124 Dhananjaya v ii 26 126, 128, 129, 2 2 2 , 25 6 , 3 2 2 x iii 46, x v iii 19, 50, 58, 91, 11 0 ,
v iii, ix, xv, 8 , 1 8 4 , 2 1 2 106, 295 374 372 382 107 285 4 1 , 4 4 , 6 3 , 69 2 5 0 , 251
6 8 , 7 2 , 7 8 , 90 9 3 , 1 0 2 , 104,
118, 125, 128, 129, 1 31, 1 3 2 , 1 4 2 - 144, 205, 207, 216, 244, 134, 14 7, 213, 284, 136, 157, 214, 303,
BhSvaprakasa
v iii, 14, 1 1 5 ,
118,
1 3 5 , 1 8 6 , 1 8 8 , 325
321, 324
524

PAGE PAGE
JagannT itha Pandita-rhja 2 8 6 , 342, 3 5 0 , 351 JSnakT-raghava xvii Jayadeva 1 4 3 , \2 9 9 1 5 8 , 1 6 0 - 1 6 2 , Pzyushavarsha I 164, 165, 181, 1 8 8 , 3 4 7 , 348 Jivananda K adali-grha Kale M . R , Kalidasa 9, 3 9 -4 1 , 44, 47, xix, 1 0 6 , 10 7 46 xv v ii, ix, xv, x v ii, xx, 15, 36, 49, 3'45, 3 4 7 , 3 4 8 ,
Dhananjaya-vijaya Dhanika x v iii
175
5, 44, 68, 85, 105,
107, 114, 118, 12 1 , 124, 1 2 8 , 1 2 9 , 1S 2, 1 3 4 , 1 3 6 , 139, Dhmyliraja D hurta-vita-sam vada D hvanyaloka Dillon, M . x v i, 147 60 326 x i ii , 1 0 3 , 1 8 5 74, 76, 77, 170, 199 D utangada EkavalT FitZ-edward H all Gajendragadhakar Ganapali Stislri Garuda-purSna Ghanasyama Gopala Dutta Gunaeandra 29 289 xiii, xv x ix 372 xvi 116 K a lp a -la ta Kam sa-vadha Kandarpa-cudSmani Karpura-m anjarl Kalyapa Kalayavema
Durgaprasada M m. [ Dviveda ]
58, 105, 113, 212, 279, 298, S66, 3 7 2 -3 7 4 , 377 xvii 106 395 2 8 , 4 7, 5 5 , 163, 380 x v i, jfix, 9 9 , 1 0 6 , 1 10 , 122 KZUre Kavya-dakim K avyalankara KavySnusSsana Kavya-pradTpa K avya-prakasa xv 361, 399 35 209 2 4 3 , 361 27 3
i, 3, 7 , 2 9 , 5 1 , 8 5 , 137, 1 3 9 , 2 0 5 , 2 0 6 , 2 2 5 , 2 4 4 , 294., 3 0 3 x iii, x ix , 8 5 , 91 , 9 2 , 1 1 5 , 1 2 5 , 143, 2 1 8 3 26 15, 2 9 3 , 75, 108, 394 320 5, 6, 2 4 4 , 272, 344 vxi x iv xiv x v i, xix, 1 2 4 , 160 11, 2 3 9 - 242, 2 4 4 , 272, 281, 285,
H aas, Dr, H am let
Hanuman-nataka Hanumat K avi Haridnsa M m , Haripala Hemaeandra Aearya H indu T heatre HerrwilZ In dian Dram a Jagaddhara
Kavyendu-prakasa xxi, 16, 5 8 , 6 0 , 6 7 , 1 1 3 , 261 Kedaranalha, Pandit a Keith, Dr. Kehala 394, v ii, x iv , 29 v ii, x x i, 2 4 , 4 8 , 6 5 , 7 6 , 86, Kenow Krsasva xiv v iii 126,
JagannTitha. Pandita-raja
[ IND. C ]
WORKS & AUTHORS

PAGE
525
PAGE
K rtya-rSvana Kshemendra Kuclm ara-tantra Kulakarm Kumara G irirajlya Kumara-svamt Kumuda KundamSla
xvii 2 8 8 , 3 4 3 , 349 395 x ii, xv 117 69, 119, 408 378 58, 149, 174, 1 7 7 , 199
Mandara Maranda
128, 132, 206, 37 8 , 379
Mankad Mankhuka Manu M3tr-gupta
v ii. xv 364 281 v iii, xx i, 6 1 , 6 5 , 76, 82, 83, 88, 9 6 , 97
MedinT M erchant o f V enice M id-summer N igh ts Dream M itra S .D . M rcchakatika
45 75 4 x iii 16, 1 7 ,5 1 , 102, 112, 120, 124, 130, 142, 145, 174, 163, 184, 190, 193, 20 1 , 210 80,
K usuma-pratim a Ku^tinl-mata K uvalayananda Lamborn Lalila-mUdhava Locana-rocinI M ahabharata Mahadeva M aha-natakam M aha-vlra-caritam
36,
75,
85, 395 277 386
114 , 1 2 2 , 1 2 5 , 3 8 6
160 A, 160 B 246 3 293 15, 26, 293 8, 68, 125,
Mud ra-rakshasa
46, 83, 97,
46,
1 0 6 -1 0 9 ,
131, 139, 200, 362 MaHe'svara 386 Murnri
122, 12 3 , 135, 244, 147, 154, 161, 162, 169, 174,
18 4 , 192, 20 xvi 8, 9, 167, 310 395 387
M alatl-M adhava x v i, 17, 4 4 , 6 3 , 6 8 , 74, 7 6 , 1 0 6 s 117 j 1 1 9 , 1 2 3 , 1 3 5 , 1 3 9 , 171* 174, 176, 184, 187, 194, 219, 2 5 0 -5 1 M alavikagnim itra 5, 58, 40, 44,
NSganarida Nagara-sarvasva JVigbji Bhatta Nakhakutta Nala-vilSsa Narada NarayanI Nataka-candrika Natyaearya Natya-darpana v iii, 62,
v i ii , xx i, 7 0 , 301 303 396 379 160 A, 160 B 408 11, 66, 20, 69, 27, 74>
7 4 ,1 0 5 , 1 3 4 , 171
M allika-m aruta M allinatha Mammata Bhatta
17, 63 384 244, 255, 259, 2 7 3 , 3 2 6 , 3 44, 35 2 , 353
Nataka-Iakshana-ratna-kosa v iii,x iii
M andara M aranda 16,
4,
11, 25,
13, 3 2 , 108,
80, 87,
88, 102,
1 0 4 -1 0 7 , 110, 111, 113, 1 1 5 - 1 1 7 , 1 2 1 j 123*
1 1 3 -1 1 5 ,
117* 1 2 0 ,
526

PAGE
PAGE
Rajanaka Kuntaka Rajasekhara 349, 350 xv i, 15, 4 1 , 44,
Ngtya-darpana viii,- 127 1 3 2 -1 3 4
129
130,
143, 136,
1 3 8 -1 4 1 , 145, 258, 294 N atya-locana Natya-pradl pa Nstya-sastra 7, 38, xxi xxi, 3 2 , 3 3 , 41 v iii. ix, x iii, xx, 9, 59 16, 76 3 6, 90, R am Sbhinanda Ramacandra 10, 85, 1 43, Ramakrshna K avi Ramayana Rahgariatha Rasa-candrik5 Rasagangadhara
69, 293, 328, 329, 407, 408 xvii 28, 134, 40, 46, 51, 136, 139,
157, 173, 225, 1 8 8 , 193 3 ' xvi .218 34, 2 3 6 -2 4 4 , 27 3 , 281, 291 342 348
1 1 1 , 1 41, 1 4 6 , 159, 1 6 0 ,1 7 8 , 182, 189, 193, 197, 336, 356, 374, 379, 382, 394, Padma-prabhrtakam Paricatantra Parvatl-parinayam Pihgala Naga 374, IJrabha P rab havati Prabodha-candrodaya 400 60 409 11 367, 3 7 2 377 85 xvii 5 4 , 10 6 ,
Rasa-m anjarl Rasa-pradTpa R asa-ratna .
214 285 218
R asarniva-Sudhakara v iii, 11, 5 3 , 1 1 3 , 1 14, 1 3 3 , 137, 141, 161, 325 R ati-m anm atha Rati-rahasya Ratna-darpana Ratnakara Ratna-kosa Ratnapana Ratnaprabha R atnSvali 57, 4, 69, 41, 79, 46, 80, , 11, 1 4 8 305 341, 342 374, 1 4 1 , 1 4 2 , 1 5 4 , 156 69, 119, 408 379 51 97
128, 139, 145 Practical Sanskrit D ictionary Prakrta-pingala Prasanna-raghav a Pratapa-rudra Pratapa-rudriyam K alyana Pratijna-yaugandharayana Prlkvtdhara Puranas Pusalakar Pushp.adutika Pushpa-m ala Raghava Bhatta Raghavan Rahula , xvi 48 381 49, 173, 295 108, 235 viii 12.6 4 xix xv xvii xvii x v ii, 6 1 , 1 1 9 , 160 xv 391
J, 63, 332
1 0 0 , 1 1 2 , 1 1 7 , 1 2 1 , 124 1 2 5 , 1 3 2 , 1 3 6 , 1 3 8 , 143 154, 177, 182, 200, 294; 296, 397, 299 Revatl-kanta xix R'oer, D r. Rueipati xiii x v i, xix 8 6
IN D .
C]
WORKS & AUTHORS

PAGE
76, 79, 114, 379 Saradatanay x xii, x v iii, 172,
527
PAGE
17.5, 176, 1 7 9 -1 8 1 , 187,
R ucirS Rudiments of
Literary Criticism Rudrata
386
190, 193, 194, 20 6 , 224, 244, 398, 403 Sarasvati-K anthabharana 221, 235, 206 E9 xxi 30 319 3 6 , 38 xxi i, 4, 2 5 , 3 2 , 40 55, 85, 87, 90
213, 218, 256, 275, 285, 309
Rapa Gosvamin 1 6 0 A ,'B , 2 0 8 , 2 1 7 , 246, Ruyyaka SUgaranandin Sarm 264, 272, 274 , 2 7 ishtha-parinaya 7 SUtakarna 364 v ii, x iii, x v iii 5 , 7, 8, 6 1 , 6 3 , 6 5 , 6 6 , 83, 86, 98 , 10 0 , 103, 112, Savitrl-caritam Shakespeare '
Siddhanta VSgtsa Silalin Sihga Bhnpala 48,
113, 114, 11 5 , 117, 120, 1 2 4 , 1 2 7 , 1 2 9 , 134, 1 35, 138, 146, 151, 153, 155, 156, 164, 166, 17 2 , 175, 1 76, 17 7 , 17 8 , 182, 185, 18 6 , 187, 188, 189, 192, 1 9 4 - 196, 1 9 8 -2 0 0 , 224, 243, 244, 295, 30 3 , 30 9 , 323, Sahitya-darpana ' ! 68, 109, 123, 319 3 L6 v ii, xx, 58, 95,
9 9 , 1 0 1 , 1 0 2 , 1 0 4 , 108 111, 115, 117, 125, 13] 1 3 2 , 1 3 6 , 1 4 3 , 1 54, 156 160 A , 1 5 7 , 1 6 1 , 1 64, 165 1 6 7 -1 6 9 , 171, 172, 1 7 5 204, 213, 216, 244,
3 2 4 , 3 9 2 , 31 97 37 ,
299, 301, 324, 392, 393 Siuadalla Dadhteu, Mm.- 16, 7 4 , 57 Srtharsha Srikrshnt Kavi , xv, 44 99 129 147 206 383 407 3 65, 149, 341 2 75 366, 379 v iii, xx i, 14, 15, 16 60 4 , 14, 5 2, 1 2 5 ,* 1 5 4 T aittirlya U panishad Tapasa-vatsaraja 2 33, 258 4 , 1 3 8 , 145 ,4, 6 8 , 110, 125, 136, 14 6 , 1 5 7 ,-2 0 4 , 216, 244,
Sshitya-m lm SnsS ifekuntalam (Abhijnana) ' 38, 40, 55, 46,
110, 116, 11 7 , 119, 133, 1 4 0 , 1 4 2 , 1 6 0 A , 160 B, 164, SanjlvinT Sankara Sahkaralala M m. Sanskrit D ram a _ 383, 309, 290 29 v ii, xiv 1 7 9 , 181 Srlmad-Bhagavatam Srngara-prakasa Srngara-tilaka Srutabodha Subandhu Sudraka
SSradStanaya x ii, xviii, 13, 14, 19, 29, 65, 32, 40, 47, 50, 86, 90,
7 6 -7 8 ,
Svapna-Vasavadattam
102, 104, 133, 1 3 6 ,
106, 111, 1 5 7 , 1 60, 171,
161, 1 6 4 -1 6 7 ,
m
Tarka-vfigisa Tennyson U datta-raghava Udbhata

PAGE
3 6 , 37; 7 4 , 7 6
PAGE
Vikramorvasi [ - y a m ] x v ii, x v iii, 15, 27, 36, 39, 4 0 , 47, 50, 9 4 -9 6 , 116, 136, 140, 164, 108, 175, 198 V im ala Viraja-sarojim Vira-rSghava Vua-rSghasa VisalyankarinT VisvariHtha 85, 1 0 6 , 114 50 99 35, 375 372
248
xvii 325, 327 206, 217, 200, 264, 265, 2 6 9 , 274
Ujjavala-nlla-m ani
Unm adanka Uttara-ram a-carita
44,
392 46, 49,
69, 136, 167, 178, 2 0 0 , 251 Vngbhata V ag-vilasa Vakrokti-jtvita Vnlmtki Adiknvi VHmand 204, 218 2 6 3 , 317 349 1 7 7 , 3*73
v ii, ix, xvii, x v iii, 4, 6, 9 - 1 2 , 1 6 , 1 7 , 19, 2 0 , 2 3 , 2 8 , 26, 3 6 , 3 7 , 39, 40, 4 6 -4 8 , 50, 5 7 - 6 1 , 74, 7 6 , 8 0 , 87, 9 7 -1 0 4 , 106, 1 0 7 , 1 1 0 ,- 1 1 2 , 1 1 4 , 11 5 , 1 1 8 , 1 2 7 , 1 3 1 , 1 3 5 -1 3 7 , 157, 160, 16 0 A 1 6 0 B, 1 6 3 , 165, 166, 1 6 9 ,1 7 3 176, 178, 182, 183, 185, 186, 189, 193, 196, 197, 199, 2 0 5 208, 216, 226, 227, 234, 244, 256, 27 2 , 285, 289, 293, 2 9 5 / 3 02; 3 2 1 , 3 2 4 , 3 4 2 , 344, 350, 386, 391, 392, 393
338, 345, 346, 407 11, S 38, 34 5 , 346
Vamarta Bhatta BSm
Vant-bhushana Vatsaraja Vatsyayana Veni-samhSra 50, xv, 4 S 4 1 , 51, 58, 79,
372 19 395 4 7, 87,
1 0 0 , 1 0 2 , 1 0 7 , 109* 1 3 3 , 135, 136, 144, 152, 165, 173, 174, 187, 189, 198, 27 3 , 362 Viddha-salabhaiSjikS Vidyadhara Vidydnatha i, 4 8 , 104, 115, 127, 147, Vidya-^parinaya x v i, 1 9 8 , 401, 20 6 , 244, 289 59, 108, 116, 129, 157, 99, 102, 111, 113, 119, 126, 136, 137, 206, 207, 2 1 6 , 244 107 Visvesvara V ivrti1
244 36, 37, 76, 295 57 327 314 x iv 178 xvii 407
106, 114, Vivrti2 Vrtti-vSrtika W hat you w ill W ilson, H . H . Yajiiaphala Y ayS ti-vijaya Tayavartya
1* By Tarka-vSglsa. 2 1 By Ramacandra & Gunacandra.
I } /
[ IN D .
D]
D
SUBJECT INDEX*
ARRANGED IN E N G LISH A LPH A BETICA L O R D E R >A b h a s a ] ' [ A la n k S ra
PAGE
PAGE AGASTYA AG H O R AG H A NTA A G N IM IT R A 139 12 9 , 159 3, 7 4 , 1 1 0 , 171, 198 106, 196 21, 316, 328 272 162 70 69 188 1 8 2 -8 3 , 187 383 189 I 6 0 a -b 126, 129, 362, 397, 399 AkshepikI Alambana 39 7 161, 204, 210, 257, 25 AlankSra 182, 204, 257, 25 9 , 261, 278, 2 8 0 -2 8 2 , 284, 285, 326, 3 6 1 -3 6 3 , 388, 3 9 8 -4 0 2 y \ Wiven in Block letters. -
A . ibhasa \ ibhSshana
2 8 8 -9 1 1^7 359 349 196 244, 268 186 154 168, 399 262, 263 2 1 9 -2 0 , 229, 276 1 2 2 , 129 45 , 46 , 57 , 60 4 8 , 49 12 139 284, 307, 323 48 , 127, 129 203 74 203 2 1 5 -2 1 7 192 261 154
/ /-bhavan-raata-sarabandha >Abhijatya Abhijnana Abhilasha AbhimSna AbhiplutSrthata Abhipraya Abhirupata AbhisSrika Abhutaharana Abrupt dialogue remark
%
Ahankara Aharya AJA Akanda-pra thana AkSsa-bhashita Akhanda Culika Akhyana Akranda Akrti AkshamS Aksbara-sanghata Akshepa
Absolution Adana Adbhuta rasa Adhibala Adhikara Adhikarika AdhikSrin Ad (lira AdhyavasSya Adya-rasa A ffliction
* N am es o f Characters under referenc/
530
Alapa ]
\ LAWS' OF SANSKRIT DRAM A

\ [ Artha-vrtti,. PAGE
PACK
Anuvrtti Anuyoga ApalSpa Apara-vaktra Apasmara ApavSda Apavaritam A PH R O D ITE Apodosis Apology Aprameya Apratipatti Apratitatva Aprayuktatva Arabhatr Vrt(i 18, 21, 1 8 7 - 8 8 , 197 141" 265 384, 387 240, 244, 284 1 3 0 , 1 3 9 1 9 3 , 197 71 85, 73, 95, 145, 292 116, 119 r 37 7 ; 199 357 357 22,
Alapa Alasya Am arsha Am bition Amra-pSka Amukha
264 1 99, 2 3 5 - 3 6 241, 247, 271 167 4 06; 4 0 8 43, 56, 6 0 -6 2 , 299, 325
Amusement Analogy Ananda Ananga-klrlana Ananusandhana A naucitya Arigika AnkSsya A nkavatara Anita A ntara Aruar-lapa Anticipation Anubhava
1 1 3 , 121 169 145, 232 322 362 12, 2 8 7 , 3 6 3 , 3 6 5 2, 3 8 9 6 8 , 69 6 7 , 69 55 398 49 147 220, 23 3 , 244, 257, 258, 2 6 1 , 2 6 4 , 2 65, 285, 2 7 7 -2 8 1 , 284,
300, 320, 323, 324, Arambha Ardha-magadhT Ardha-sama Argument ARJUNA 3 2 6 -2 7 , 3 3 1 , 340 18, 8 1 , 90 315, 330, 336 3 6 9 , 3 8 3 -3 8 4 171 10, 4 7 , 1 5 2 , 1 7 2 , 174 186, 197 6 4 , 197 I 1 1 - 1 3 , 16, 8 3 , 2 1 0 , 211 Artha-blja Artha-guna Artha-hlna Arthantara Arthapatti Artha-prakrti Artha-sahaya^ Artha Srjigara * 83 3 4 3 , 3 4 6 - -3 5 2 353 353 1 7 7 , 180 8 9 , 94, 3 0 0 211 21 19# 3 2 0, 3 2 5 '
2 8 9 , 3 6 5 , 387 Anuddishta- samhara Anugamana Anukta-siddhi Anukula Anulapa Anumana Anunaya Anu-nayaka Anuraga Anusandhi Anushtup A N USU YA Anutala
f Artha ( com plim ent ) . Artha ( subject ) V^rtha ( w ealth )
Artha-viseshana Artha-vrtti
IN D .
D ]
SUBJECT |NDEX
{
531
[ Bhakti-ratr
Artha-vyakti ]
PAGE
Artha-vyakti Arthopakshepaka Arya Arya-bhasha ARYAK A AsamsS Asat-pralSpa Ascarya Ashti Aslna Asraya Asru Assistance Asucitanka-pStram AsuyS Asva-krSntS Asvamukha Asvasa or Asvasana A^VATTH AM A AtibhSsha Atidesa Ati-gam bhiratS Ati-Jagatl Ati-s'akvarl Atisaya Ati-vist5ra A tm agatam AtmSnanda AtmTyZ Attainm ent Atyashti Aucitya Audarya Audhra-magadhI AU D R EY AU SIN ARI Autsukya 344 347 A vahittha Avalagita 199 6 4 , 6 7 , 302 3 6 7 , 387 334 -* 335 190 AvantT A vantika AvapSta Avaskanda Avasyandita Avega Avenue
PAGE
2 4 1 , 2 5 3 , 395 4 6 , 5 3 - 5 5^ 5,7, 5 8 , 6 0 , 61 3 3 0 , 341 315', 3 3 0 , 3 3 1 , 3 3 g 32^] 54 5 1 , 52 2 3 7 - 3 9 , 244 43, 44, 57, 6 0 , 197 Avikatthana A V IM A R A K A Avimrshta-vidheyarnsa AySta Ayoga AYUS B BABHRAVYA Badara-paka Bahir-lapa Bahlika BAK ULAVALIKA Bala-vlra BALI Bandl Barbara Bashpa BASSANIO Beauty Benediction Bhagna-p rakramata BHAGURAYANA BH AIR A V A N A N D A 294, 362 406, 407, 408 205 199, 212 357 58 395 272, 273 140
191, 198
EO
150 380 391 190 1 8 2 , 245 155
68
2 3 4 - 3 5 , 280 395 19
200
18 5 , 1P9, 195 334 265 205
49
336 155
378 - 7 9 , 384, 387 380 1 6 3 -6 4 , 399 362
212
131 229 315 199 75 160b 148, 198 35 9 , 360
70
342 2 1 2 - 213, 2 1 6 - 217 1 00, 1 63, 200, 209 381
343, 349 209, 222 330

75 1 16, 127, 176 240, 244, 267
122
47, 55, 190, 200
Bhaktl-bhava Bhakti-rati
320 290
532
Bh&na ]

PAG E [ CakravSka PAGE 1 BhinnSrthata BHISHMA Bhogakrtva BhoginT Bhramsa Bhranti BHURIVASU Bibboka BIbhatsa Blbhatsa-rasa BTja 353-54 175 259 221 1 7 2 -7 3 155, 399 190 225 283, 284 258 83, 8 4 , 8 9 - 9 1 , 94, 9 5 , 98, 105, 108, 140, 302 Brja-darsana BljSrtha-yukti BIjokti
Bindu
Bhana Bhanaka BhanT Bhanika BhanikSnga
2, 17-1 8, 25, 6 6 , 309 27 27 197 27, 300 1 0 7 ,1 4 8 , 155, 170 148 24, 27, 4 2 -4 4 , 53, 5 6 , 299, 340 30 0 , 301, 320, 32 5 -2 7 ,
BHANUMATl Bharata-vSkya BhSrati Vrtti
BHARGAVA BhSsha Bhashana BhSsvara

BhSva
110, 362 7, 6 5 , 3 3 4 -3 3 7 146 14 2 2 2 , 233, 249, 251, 253, 2 5 6 -2 6 0 , 2 8 8, 290, 3 1 1 , 361

Bliss Bolt BRAHM A Brahmacarins BrShmanas i
14 67 14 22, 24, 8 3 -9 1 , 94, 9 5 , 105, 107, 121, 302 145, 282 17, 349 117, 118
11 , 20
Bhavabhasa Bhava-dhvani Bhavaktava BhSvSntara B h2va-sabalat5 Bhava-Sandhi Bhava-sSnti BhSvodaya Bhaya Bhayanaka Bheda ( division )
290 2 8 5 , 290 259 138 391 291

291
Blissfulness
311 5 - 7 , 15, 6 5 , 3 0 9 , 311, 314, 316, 333 320 281, 282 370, 374 147 167 282
Brahnn Vrtti Brhaspati Brhatl BU D D H IM A TIK A B U D D H t-R A K SH lT A Buddhi-vlra
291 129, 154, 2E4, 321 283 1 0 2 -1 0 3 , 104, 120, 274 152, 323
4, 4 7 , 58,
( disintegration )
BH1MA [-S E N A ]
G
Cakilra Cakitam Cakora 172 , 187, 195
83, 166,
B hinnaka
9 7 -1 0 0 , 127,
336 226 402 4 0 2 , 403
133, 144, 147, 155, 396
Cakravaka
[ IN D .
D]
SUBJECT INDEX
533
C alanam ]
PAGE
[ Conventions in regard to Rasa

PA G E
C alanam CamatkSra Cam pu CANAK YA
127 101, 179, 201, 258, 2 5 9 ,2 9 1 , 318 14 11, 12, 4 5 , 46 8 0 , 83 , 97 , 103, 121, 1 22, 1 3 3 , 1 3 5 , 141, ] 4 4 , 1 45, 1 5 3 , 1 5 6 , 1 6 1 , 1 62, 1 6 9 , 174, 2 9 6
ChSya-nataka Choking Cinta Citra CITRALEK H A Cittardrata Clown
29
55
236, 268 153 9 5 , 1 5 5 , 171 244 2 7 , 39 4 3 , 2 1 1 , 2 2 7 , 3 1 1 , 319
Comic Commencement
17, 2 8 2 , 2 8 3 , 3 4 0
Canda C andsla CANDANAKA CANDRAGUPTA 290, 296, 336 1 7 5 , 190 M AURYA 46, 8 3 , 1 2 3 , 1 4 1 , 1 44, 1 4 5 ,1 5 3 , 1 62, 1 6 9 , 2 9 6 CA N D R A V A Ll C apalata Carana Carcarl CSrt CARUDATTA 160a 237, 267, 278 365 396 38 1 2 0 , 124, 1 42, 16 0 , 1 8 3 , 191 CARVA K A Car vans Csttaka Catastasis C A T U R T H IK A Censure 73, 90, 125, 15 1 7 4 , 1 30, 139 8 3 , 8 7 , 90 230 230 1 3 7 , 138 47 1 3 6 -1 3 8 1 5 2 , 323 84. 1 3 6 , 152 232 317, 402 95, 122,
Complaisance Com plim ent Compression Concealment Conceit Conciliation Concinnity
18 174
4 6 -4 7
160a
121, 150, 154 1 8 9 -9 0 151, 323 334, 346, 350 51 17
Conclusion ( N irvahana )
( Abhipraya ) 1 8 , 2 3 , 1 6 8 101, 104, 302 1 1 9 -1 2 1 143, 144, 382 8 2 , 9 0 , 95 1 2 9 , 131 4 6 , 57 , 60 6 7 -6 9
Conflict o f feelings Congregation Consolation Consummation Contempt Continuance Continuation 1 2 9 , Scene 213
Conventions in regard to Characters Conventions in regard to 3 0 4 -6
Certainty o f Success Ceta Cetl Chadana C hala . C halanam Chastisement Ch5y5
the use o f Languages 3 1 3 3 1 5 Conventions in regard to Addresses Names 3 1 1 -1 3 3 0 9 -3 1 1
Conventions o f Procedure 3 3 1 303 Conventions in regard to Rasas 3 0 6 -9
534 Conversation ]
L A W S O F S A N S K R IT D R A M A
t Dodhaka
PA G E PAGE
Conversation Courtesan C ow s ta il Cuda CulikS Curnaka
142, 143
16
Dhairya D H A R IN I Dharma
202, 222, 280

153, 265 1 1-13, 16, 83 , 210, 280-81
293, 294 67 67, 69, 302 295
D harm a-Sah5ya Dharm a SrngJEra D h arm a-vira Dhrh
211 21
208, 2 7 8 ,2 8 0 -8 2 153
D ainya Dakshina Dakshinatya Dakshinya DAM AYANTf Dana ( offer ) D a n a -v ir a Danda Dandaka ( metre )
236 207 315 330 -333, 336 174 303 151 275, 323 208 269 282, 340 152, 323 199 371, 372,
DhTra DhTrSdhlra DhTra lalita Dhlra prasanta \ Dhlra-santa J Dhlrodatta
215 -2 1 7 , 221 215 -2 1 7 4 5, 7, 205, 313 5, 15, 17, 205, 313, 324 4- 6 , 15 , 18, 205, 313
Dhlroddhata
6 , 7, 205, 313,
324 207 98, 127, 198 23 6 -3 7 , 282, 382 396, 397 246
Danda Sahsya DANDAYANA DARDURAKA Dasa-pakshI DA Â R A TH A D aya-vrra
211
153 190 159 167, 178, 181 208, 278, 279, 281, 282, 340, 365
Dhrshta DH RTA RASH TR A Dhrti Dhruva Dhum ayita Dhvani
260, 261, 291, 338,

365, 407 2, 22, 23, 387 400 246
D im a DTpaka Dlpta Dlpti Disclosure Dishta Disinterest Dismay Disrespect D ivya Divya Divyadivya Dodhaka
D eceit Decem viral theory Deception ( chala ) ( gun5tipsta ) Deliverance Denouement
154, 156 159 47 172, 399 145-46
222, 362 102, 104, 105

171
68, 83, 87 -8 8 ,
U 1 . 147 203, 296
101, 111-12, 121

128, 129, 198 136--138. 9 , 184
Description Desire Determination Developm ent Devr
171 190 153

9 0 92, 95, 122-29
221
375, 38 7
221, 312
[ IND. D ]
Doshas ] Doshas Doubt DRAUPADI Drava DRO N A Drop
SUBJECT INDEX
PAGE
3 5 2 -6 4 162, 9 7 , 9 9 , 1 00, 1 4 4 1 2 9 , 131 185, 22, 24, 83, 87, 89 , 105, 107, Ekara 198 Ekarthata Embryo Act Endeavour
535
[ Ganda 336 354 69 81, 89 , 10 4 , 110 4 9 - 5 0 , 61 98
PAOtS
189 Enigma Enlargement
Drshta Drshta-nashl;a DrshtSnta Drs'ya Druta - Vilam bita Durm allika DURM UKHA D U R V A SA S DURYODHANA 97,
see
Enterprise 154 1 2 1 , 302 Entrance [ o f character ] 195 Dishta Episode 9, 24, 74, 94 80, 89, 302, 303, Leader of Epitasis 23, 73 7 3 , 9 0 , 9 5 , 1 30, 1 4 0 , 2 9 3 , 399 Especiality Establisher 169 4 2 -4 4 , 57, 58, 60, 301, 325 9 8 , 101 52 1 2 3 ,1 2 4 132, 144 F Falsehood Farce 55 2, 2 2 , 2 5 , 4 3 , 5 3 , 213, 301, 325, 387 Flora et Fauna 402 404 1 37, 1 3 8
1 6 2 , 399 2, 6 4 , 7 0 377, 387 29 49 116 1 0, 4 7 , 5 0 , 79,
Establishment 107, 134, 135 , 14,8, Euphemism Exaggeration Excitement
1 5 2 , 1 5 4 , 1 6 6 , 172, 1 73, 175, 1 86, 192, 1 93, 362 D U SH A N A D U SH Y A N T A 5 1 -5 4 , 1 17, 83, 82 9, 10, 16, 4 6 , 103, 1 06, 1 37, 110, 1 40,
1 2 1 -1 2 6 ,
1 4 5 -1 4 7 ,
1 5 2 -1 5 6 ,
160a,-b ,
167, 168, 170, 173, 176, 178, 179, 184, 247, D ula DutT D u tya Dvim udhaka Dvipadi Dyuti 189, 268, 1 9 3 -1 9 8 , 2 9 6 , 297 211 21 1 , 228, 312 155 393 396 1 3 2 , 144
Forbearance
Furious ( sentim ent ) 17, 2 7 8 , 3 2 2 , 3 8 6 , 387
G
Gada Gad-gada-vak Gaganokti G allantry GSmbhirya G ANADASA 244 55 302 1 1 7 , 121 209 51 4 8 -4 9
Effort
190
Ganda
536
G'Sndfiln ]

[ Indumatr
PAGE
gandh
PAGE
Xr i
50 15 6 , 199 221 69 95, 1 2 2 -1 3 0 , 29 3 , 300, 303 174 23 9 , 27 9 , 28 2 , 293 389, 3 9 4 -9 5 3 3 9 -4 0 332 9 , 167 310 370, 37 7 , 387 8 3 -8 4 , 89, 90, 9 8 , 1 0 8 , 1 4 0 , 302
H
H A M S A -P A D IK A H arini H arin i-p lu ta H A R ISC A N D R A H arita-varn a Harsba Hasa Hasita Hasya 19 364, 388 37 7 , 387 9 3 , 115 332 237, 279 254 226 17, 2 8 2 - 8 3 , 3 3 8 , 3 4 0 355, 358 222 2 2 2 , 311 9 ,2 0 3 -2 1 0 2 1 2 -2 2 1 162, 399 1 41, 142, 199 232 153 29 325, 387 1 IhSmrga Illustration Im pedim ent Incident Incoherent talk Indication IN D R A Indra-vajrS Indra vamsa Induction 2 , 23 161, 1 6 8 -6 9 , 179, 399, 115 7 2 , 75 5 0 , 9 f , 96 122 11, 95 37 5 , 37 6 , 37 8 , 379 378, 379, 388 ,2 4 , 6 3 , 5 7 , 5 9 , 60, 62, 297, 299, 301, 302, 320 IN D U M A T l ,2 2 ?
GANGA G anita GarbhSnka Garbha Sandhi
Garhana Garva Gati GaudI Gaura varna GAURt GAUTAM A G ayatrl Germ
H ata Vrttata HSva H els Hero Heroine Hetu H int H rdava-samvada H rlh H rllisa Humour
G eya-p ada Ghrta-sama G ita Grti G lani G oshthl G otra-skhalita Graciousness Gramya Vrtti G rathanam G R A T IA N O Gudharthata GUHA G una
390 252 389, 3 9 5 -9 8 367 14 29 152, 273 1 4 4 -4 5 327 1 4 1 - 4 2 ,1 9 9 75 353 120 1 2 0 ,3 1 8 , 3 3 8 , 340, 3 4 2 -5 2
Guna kirtana Gunanuvada
1 6 6 -6 7 1 7 8 -7 9 , 182, 196, 399
Gunatipata G upti
172, 399 150
{ IND.
D]
SUBJECT INDEX
PAGE
537
[ Karuna-rasa PAGE
Inference ] Inference Insertion Interpretation Intim ation Intoxication Introduction Invocation IR A V A T l IrshyS See 125., 399 4 3 , 5 6 , 6 0 - 6 2 ., 3 2 5 5 1 -5 2 111. I i 6 , 156, 2 2 5 Amukha K sdall-paka K A IK EY l KaTsikI Vrtti
K
408 1 78, 181 21, 27, 112,
30 0 , 3 2 0 2 2 , 3 27, 330, 340 > M adhyama 326 K ALAH AM SA K alahSntarita KSla-krtya 310 219, 226 59 11 - 1 3 , 16, 83, 210 KAM ADEVA K sm a-m atts KAM ANDAKt 1]I, 8 5 377, 384 6 8 , 116, 152, 155, 170, 171, 1 74, 199 K am a Srngara Kampa KAM PILYA Kancukin Y 21 245 310 65, 230, 314, 3 1 5 , 33,3 Kanishtha K snti K ANV A 220 145, 148, 222 133, 138, 168, 1 71, 1 7 5 , 192, 193 K A P A LA -K U N D A LA Kapata Kapittha-paka Kapota-varna Karana K AR N A Karne evam evam K A R PU R A K aruna-rasa 129 181 - 8 4 408 112 1 0 3 --1 0 5 189 71 310 23, , 258, , 277-- 7 8 , 322; 386, 38/
4 1 -4 2 , 56, 395 153, 156 270
J
Jadata Jagarya Ja g a tl Jam bhaka JA N A K A JA N A K l Janantikam JA T A Y U Jati [ Metres ] Jati-bhasha Jatyantarl Javanikantara JA Y A N D H A R A Jester JIM U T A V A H A N A JIV A' Joke Jugupsa Junction Juncture Jva lita Jyeshtha Jyotsni , 239 267 3 7 6 - 7 8 , 3 8 1 , 3 8 4 , 387 396 173, 192 177 71 76, 125 366, 367, 384--3 8 7 3 3 4 , 335 3 3 4 , 335 28 310 3 1 4 , 315 3 5 3, 167 107 32, 1 12, 121 254 140 8 8 , 89 1 57, 2 9 1 , 308 246 220 220
Kama
538

[ L5ta
PA G E PAGE
Karuna-vipralambha ] K aruna-vip ralambha Karya Karyavastha KashSya-varna Katava K aths Kathodghata KAURAVA 272, 276 59, 88, 90, 1 8 0 -8 1 , 296 83, 89 , 94, 300 332 364 * 14 57 , 61 47, 51, 7 9 , 9 8 - 100, 102 104, 1 3 4 , 1 4 4 , 170, 173, 175 KausambT Kausumbha K A U TSA Kavya : audio-visual ( = drsya ) 107 1, 14, 3 253 31 Krpavan KRSHNA Krti KshamS Kshama-vlra K shatriya K SH ETR AJN A Kshipti Kshobha Kshobhana K ulaka Kulastrl K UM BH A K A RNA K URANG I K U SA Kuttmita K utuhala
206 160a, 1 6 0 b 1 4 3 , 1 4 4 , 382 181, 182, 205 281 309, 316, 333 139 12 6 1 7 6 -7 7 , 1 9 0 -9 1 , 2 7 8 284 396 221 8 3 , 132 199 153 224 226
158, 159, 389 385, 399, 400
aural ( = sravya ) 1, 2 8 5 , 381 Labha Laksha K eli Ketumatl KhandS-culikS Khanda-rlti Khandita K HA RA K ilakincita K im brarTshi Kirata K lishtata Komala Krama Kramuka-paka Krodha KRPACARYA ( upa-rupaka )
L
201 253
29 148 226 383 67 341 219, 226 82 224 17 , 70 315 36 4 327 124 407 154, 278 174
Kavya-samhSra
Lakshanas ( dram atic em bellishm ents') 1 5 7 1 6 0 a ,
176, 178, 179, 182, 18 6 , 1 8 7 , 2 9 9 , 3 5 4 , 399, 400 LAK SH M ANA Lalasa Lalita 183, 195, 199 267 4 , 14, IF , 1 7 , 205, 206, 225, 252, 310 Lalita LSlitya LSsya LSsyangas 2 2 1 , 385 209 197, 390, 394 18, 24, 2 5 , 300, 3 9 0 -9 4 L&a 332
[ IN D . Latl ]
D]
SUBJECT INDEX
PA G E
539
[ Mardava
PAGE
Lcitl
3 4 0 -4 1 4 3 , 44 256 1 3 ] , 132 7 4 , 1 5 1 , 164 263 2 6 4 , 2 7 2 , 349 156, 176 1 7 5 - 7 6 , 180 223 120 70
M ahasattva M aitra M AITR EYA Majestic M AKARANDA
206 252 160 44 7 4 , 1 16, 1 1 9 , 1 3 9 , 1 6 1 , 1 67, 1 72, 1 7 6 , 1 8 4 , 189, 392
Laudation Laulya LAVA LAVANGIKA Lavanya Lekha Lesa LTla LOM APADA LORENZO
M akara sirsha M al3 M 5la bharinl M ALATl 74 161 170
372 1 4 , 1 7 3 , 181 384, 487 101, 129, 151, 164, 166, 169, 1 74, 177, 1 8 4 , 1 9 1 , 1 9 9 , 392
M
M ada M A D A Y A N TIK A 156, 225 1 1 9 , 1 67, 1 7 6 , 1 8 9 , 192 M ADH AV A 6 3 , 101, 1 06, 118, 1 1 9 , 1 29, 138, 1 3 9 , 1 5 4 , 1 6 1 , 164, 1 6 6 , 1 6 9 , 1 7 2 , 1 74, 1 8 9 , 1 9 1 , 1 9 4 , 199 M ADH AVYA M adhukarl M adhu kshlra paka M adhurya 310 374 407 209, 222, 262, 2 6 3 , 3 4 1 , 3 44, 346, 3 4 9 -5 1 M adhu-sama M adliya M adhyama M agadha MagadhT 252 2 1 4 -2 1 7 , 226 64 229 3 1 4 , 315, 331, 3 3 6 , 341 M ah s cSrl M ahsdevI M AHANANDA M aha-sahSya 38 2 2 1 , 312 1 6 0 , 190
12
M ALAVIKA
50, 51, 74, 1 0 1 , 1 11, 1 51, 153, 1 5 5 , 1 65, 1 71, 198, 275, 297
M ALAY AKETU M ALAY AV ATI MalinT M allaghattI MALLIKA M Sna M ANA M anavakakridita MandakrantS M ANDAR1KA M A SjA R IK A Manjishtha Manju bhashi nl M A N M A TH A M anoratha M arana Mardava
122, 1 61, 162 390
365, 3 7 2 , 380, 384, 396 63
21 6 , 250 , 2 5 2 , 27 0 , 273 139 373 381, 387 310 173 253 379 148 167 2 4 2 , 244 262, 263
540
M srga ]

[ NatySlafikara
PA G E PAGE
M arga M A R lG A M arisha M ATALI M ati
1 2 2 , 129 1 4 5 , 160b , 167, 195 311 152 242, 280, 282 14 373 379 226 1 5 4 , 156 176 127 2 6 5 -3 8 9 5
M uhurta Mukha M ukha-Sandhi Muktaka
20 17, 18, 2 0 , 6 5 65, 300, 395 385
N
Nadika Naishkramiki Nakara NA K U LA NALA Nalika NSna-vibhuti NANDANA NSndl NARADA Nardataka Narikela paka Narma Narma dyuti If 20 397 336 152., 1 7 0 207,, 303 295 12 1 18, 210 3 1 -4 2 , 56, 395 146, 3 9 6 382 406--4 0 8 1 1 2 , 1 21, 3 2 1 113, 121 322 211 322 321 1 42, 164 29 2 -9 , 1 1 -1 5 , 19, 228, 22, 27, 29, 18, 30,
MStrSvasishta samhara M atta-ceshtita M atta-m ayura M augdhya M ays M A Y A -LA K SH A N A M AYAMAYA M etrics Mlmansa
M iscellaneous Conventions 3 1 5 318 M isconception M isra M ISR AK ESI Mis-statement Mistake M itartha M ithyadhyavasaya M oderate M oha Moksha Monologue 55 16, 6 3 , 6 4 , 8 8 137 1 2 2 , 129 155, 399 2 2 8 ,2 2 9 1 7 9 -8 0 44 236, 244 12 2, 17, 18, 25, 86 , 307 Motaka M otif MottSyita Mrdava Mrdvlka pSka M udhata Mudra-alankara Mugdha ( Mugdhata ) 375 296, 305 224 52 4 0 6 -4 0 8 200, 244 295 2 1 4 -2 1 7 ,
Narm a-garbha Narma-sahaya Narma-sphota Narma-sphurja Narration Nartanaka Nataka
62, 66, 1 0 7 -1 5 1 , 201, 292, 293, 307, N atl Natika Natya 300, 387 274 2 6 , 6 6 , 3 0 9 , 387 1, 2, 61 , 2 3 1 , 233, 228
N atya-Lakshana Natyalankara
157, 159 82, 157, 160, 178, 1 8 2 -2 0 0 , 399
177, 179, 300, 399
220, 226, 244
[ IN D .
D ]
SUBJECT INDEX
PAGE
541
[ Pankti
NStya-rasaka ] Nafya-rasaka Nayaka N ayaka-siddhi Nayika N ayika bheda NayikBlankSra 1 2 3 arigaja, ayatnaja, svSbhavika 29 2 0 3 - -2 1 0 , 2 8 7 , 3 2 4 14 2 1 2 -2 2 1 220 221 222 222 2 2 3 -2 2 5 67 see Nayaka 358 221 1 6 8 -6 9 , 179 240 206 45 3 , 363 220 34 252 353, 358 180 265 364 142 1 1 5 , 141 115 164 73, 9 5 , 1 4 0 -1 4 9 , 300 Nirveda Nishedha Nisrshtartha N iti N ivedana Nivrtti 233, 234 3 0 7 , 372 255, 284 135 2 2 8 -2 9 193 194 27 Pandu-varna PA N IN I Pankti PANDAVAS Padm inl Padya Paka Paiica-C am ara Pancala PANCALf Pancall Pacification Pada-dosha PadSrnsa dosha Padma-varna PA DM AV ATI OLIVER O pening I M ukha ) Outvying Outwitting Ojas Niyatapti Niyata-srSvya N rp a-p atn i N R SIM H A Nrtta Nyasa NyayadapetatS N yuna-padata
PAGE
8 1 , 90* 71 221 20 1, 3 8 9 - 9 4 14 354 55 353, 358
o
153, 340, 345, 3 4 7 , 3 5 0 , 351 75 1 7 . 18. 2 0 . 24, 8 9 , 93 48 127
N epathya
Nets,
NeyarthatS Nibhrta Nidarsana Nidra NigudhahamkSra Nlhatarthata N ils
P
1 1 1 -1 2 , 274, 284 353, 3 5 7 -5 8 353 332 52, 1 5 4 , 1 8 4 , 187, 296 377, 388 365, 874 318, 4 0 5 -8 381 102, 1 4 5 104, 1 9 5 330, 331, 339, 340, 341 100, 1 48, 170, 1 7 3 , 1 7 5 , 311 332 14 3 7 4 , 3 7 9 , 387
NT1I
N llim a Nirarthakata NirbhSshana Nirdesa Nirhetuta Nirnaya Nirodha Nirodhana Nirukti N irvahana Sandhi
542
Paraluya ]

[ P r a k r ti
PAGE
Parakvya PARA SUR AM A 212, 213 9 9 , 1 18, 120, 2 10, 324 Parchment Paribhashana ParibhSvana Parignhana Parihara Pari-kara ( kriya ) Parikshaya Parinyasa Paripanthi-parigraha PSri-pSrsvaka Parisarpa Parivada Parivartaka Parodha Parusha PARVATI ParyupSsana Pascattapa .Pataka 1 5 6 , 176 1 4 2 -4 3 1 0 1 -1 0 2 , 104 146 194 98, 105 14 9 4 , 1 0 1 , 105 361 4 3 , 311 1 0 9 , 121 1 9 2 -9 3 323 217 3 2 6 -2 7 390 1 1 6 , 119 1 8 4 -8 5 7 2 -7 4 , 76, 78, 87, 90, PatSka-nayaka Pataka-sthanaka 91, 94, 2 3 , 73 72, 7 7 -8 0 , 80, 296 Pati Pstra PatrSvalT ' 208 62 33 20, 22, 2 8 , 3 7 , 90 Personal presentation Perspicuity P hala bija Phalagam a 5 7 -6 1 1 60a, 3 4 4 203 83 81, 82, 90, 95 Prakrti Prakasam Prakasana Prakhyata Prakhyata Rgjarshi Prakrta 28, 43, 130, 21 2 , 29 3 , 303 Prahasanaiiga Praise Prakarana : Buddha,i Dhurta and Misra Prakaranl Prakarl Picum anda paka Piety PISACA Plthamarda Pithara-pSka P lacating PO R TIA Prabandha dosha Prabhavati Prabodhana Pracchedaka Pracya Pradhana Pragalbha Pragalbhya Pragamana Prahaxsha PraharshinT Prahasana .
PAGE
406, 407
11-- 1 3 , 16, 83, 210 22 211, 212 406 1 3 2 , 139 75 3 5 3 -5 6 379 201 9 1 -9 2 31 5 , 336 721 2 1 4 -2 1 7 , 226 222 1 1 3 - 1 1 5 , 121 19 5 , 2 0 0 379 2, 2 2 , 2 5 , 4 3 , 5 3 , 2 1 3 , 3 0 1 , 3 2 5 , 387 300 137 2, 1 5 - 1 7 , 6 6 , 309 387 16 2 6 , 66 72, 7 5 - 7 7 , 8 7 , 9 0 , 94, 130, 212, 293 70 150 63 38 6 5,
Pause ( G arbha-sandhi )
3 1 3 -3 1 5 , 335, 33 6 , 39 0 , 392 6, 94, 231, 304, 363, [ metre ] 382, 383
[IN D ,
D ]
SUBJECT INDEX
543
[ PrthvI PAGE
Prakrti-viparyaya ] PAG S P rakrti-viparyaya Pralapa Pralobha PramSnika PramitSkshara Pranava Pranaya Prapanca Prapti ^ 473 244, 246, 265 200 373 377 62 252, 270 4 6 , 47 100, 163, 2 0 0 ,' 399 Praptyasa 81, 82, 87, 9 0 -9 2 Pravesikl Pravrtti Prayatna PrayogiXtisaya Precursion PrekshSnaka Prem5 Prem a-vaicitya Prevention P R IY A D A R SIK A P R IY A M V A D A Progress Progression Projection Propitiation Proshita-bhartrka 250 Praudha Pravartaka Pravartana Pravasa :
44 , 267 57 , 59 , 68 195 26 9 , 273 269 26 9 27 0
K aryaja Sapaja Sambhramaja Pravesaka
23, 6 5 -6 7 , 69, 2 9 5 , 303 39 7 3 0 4 , 31 3 , 3 1 6 , 318, 3 2 8 -3 3 7 81 , 9 0 , 198 5 7 -6 1 1 38, 139 28. 251, 256, 290 272 135 296 1 6 0 a , 1 7 5 , 199 124 9 5 1 0 5 , 1 0 9 , 110 138 1 1 8 , 119 219, 273, 331
Prarocana (C onclusion)4 3 , 4 4 , 325 ( Precursion ) 138 39 1 4 4 , 145
PrasSda ( graciousness ) PrasSda ( guna )
339, 344, 346, 3 4 9 -3 5 1
PrSsadikT Prasakti Prasamana Prasanga Prasaiigika Prasanta prasSra Prasasti Prasiddbi-virodha Prasthana Prastavana see
397 198 1 13, 1 1 5 , 121 133 72 5, 14 , 2 0 5 , 2 0 6 96 1 3 8 , 139 361 39 Induction 111, 126 95 O 1 0 5 -2 2 ,
PRATAPARUDRA Pratim ukha-sandhi sub-divisions of ! Prali nayaka Pratisanskrta Pratishedha Prattling Pratyu tpanna -m at i
Prospect o f Success Prosperity Protasis
8 2 , 8 7 , 91 12
8 9 , 9 5 , 101, 1 02, 1 0 4 , 1 05, 120 1 8 5 -8 6 153, 330, 345, 347, 3 5 0 -5 1 146, 177 374, 382, 387
2 9 3 , 3 0 0 , 393 2 1 3 , 2 8 7 , 305 63 135 265 152 PrthvI ( metre ) PRTH VI Protsahana Prowess
't

Pseudo-divine ]
PA G E
[ Reason
PA G E
Pseudo-divine Purna ( Nat aka PU R U R A V A S
19 14 9 , 16, 50, 9 4 , 9 6 , 109, 118, 152, 164, 172, 176, 192, 111, 123, 1 56, 1 66, 173, 178, 198, 1 14, 1 35, 1 63, 169, ] 75, 186, 200,
RA K SH A SA
22, 1 03, 1 08,
122,
1 3 5 ,1 4 1 ,1 4 4 ,1 5 3 ,. 156, 1 6 0 -6 2 , 200, Raktim a RA M A [ - CA N D R A ] 252 8, JO, 2 8 , 83, 9 8 , 169,
49, 7 4 -7 6 , 82, 99,
308, 110, 118, 1 2 0 ,
13 1 , 1 3 4 , 1 36, 1 3 9 , 1 4 7 , ^ 1 6 7 , 1 7 3 , 1 77, 1 7 8 , 3 8 J 'j 184, 1 8 5 , 1 9 5 , 2 0 7 , 210 2 1 1 , 2 1 3 , 2 6 9 , 2 9 7 , 303
2 07, , 2 0 9 PU R U SH A PurushSrtha P U R U SH O T T A M A P urva-bhava Purva rSga 1 45, 11, 14, 6 3
324, s e t
Ranga dvSra 363 9 , 42 261, 288, Rasa 2 3 1 -2 5 9 ,
152, 167 147
299, 300, 301, 3 0 6 -8 , 324, RasSbhSsa R asa-carvana Rasa dhvani R asa-dosha RSCsaka RasSntaram R asa-vyakti Rathoddhata 342, 343, 350, 288 2 5 8 - 5 9 , 342' 282, 40$ 35* . 3 6 1 -3 6 *
94, 253 , 2 67, 268, 273, 275, 276 3 1, 3 6 , 38., 3 9 , 4 1 , 4 2 , 9 4 , 301 147 I l f , 121 391 3 8 4 , 387 37 7 d
Purva ranga
Purva-vSkya Pushpa Pushpa-gandika Pushpitagra Puta
2 27*
2 5 9 -2 6 1 375, 388 2 4 9 - 2 5 4 , 261 147, 2 9 4 , 296 , 17, 3 8 6 , 38! 8, 8 2 , 8 3 , 9 9 , 10 S 1 0 8 , 1 2 5 , 1 32, 131 173, 1 9 2 , 2 1 0 , 32-
Q uarrel
128, 129
Rati RATNAVAL1 Raudra
R
Racana
r a d a n ik a
150 112 160b 150, 249, 250, 2 5 2 -2 5 3 268 8 8 ,1 8 231
-f
RAVANA
RADH A Raga
R aga-d asa Raja Rajarshi Rajas
Rddhi Ready wit R eal commencement Reason
12 152 57 162, 3 9 9
t IND. D ]
Reasoning ]
SUBJECT INDEX
PAGH
545
[ Sambhoga-Srngara
PA G E
Reasoning Rebuke Reference RENUKA Repartee Resolve'
55, 185 1 3 0 -3 1 , 201, 324 133 110

1 C O
SA H A DEVA Sahakara paka Sahasa SahSyya Saindhavaka gA K A R A Ssakara Sakarl Sakhya Sakti SAKUNTALA
100, 187, 195 406, 407 154 194 3 2 2 -2 3 1 30, 1 31, 1 4 2 , 201 , 210 , 212 212, 22 8 , 336 336 252 1 3 2 , 139 8 3 , 8 4 , 9 8 , 103, 1 0 4 , 1 0 6 , 137, 1 47, 15 2 , 1 5 4 , 160a,-b ,
99, 100, 105, 1 2 5 , 1 3 9 , 188
Response Resum ption Revelation Rxti
1 1 3 , 1 1 5 , 121 1 0 3 -1 0 5 126 315, 326, 327, 3 3 7 -4 1 , 388
Rodha RomSnca Ruj RUKM IN1 RUMANVAN Rupa Rupaka
111 247 154 167 145 2, 123, 2 6 2 -6 3 2, 7, 29 , 158, 197, 3 2 5 , 38 7 , 4 0 0 , 401
163, 1 6 8 -1 7 1 , 173, 17 5 , 1 7 8 , 1 7 9 , 1 8 2 , 183, 185, 192, 193, 195, 196, 198, 247, 248, 2 9 6 , 301, 340, 390, 391 JsakvarT SalinI 380, 387 375, 388 151, 323
S
Sabda-cyuta Sabda-guna Sabdalankara Sabda paka Sabda-sakti SacivSyatta-siddhi Sildhaka Sadhana SSdhana SadharanI Sadhvasa Sadhya SA G A RIK A
4
355, 358 343-- 3 4 6 , 3 5 0 32 6 , 400 40 7 327 211 9(5, 9 7 96, 97 200 213 27 96 , 97 51 , 79, 1 00, 1 13, 117, 1 2 1 , 1 3 2 , 144, 191, 36 2
Sama Sam a
111-112,
274, 284 1 0 0 - 1 0 2 , 104 346, 348
Saroadhana Samadhi Sam agra Samanjasa Sam apta-punarattata Sam arpana Samasokti Sam ata Samavakara Sam aya Satnbhoga Sam bhoga-Sriigara
1 4 , 15 2 6 7 -2 6 9 358 27 3 4 , 78 344, 346
2,
1 9 -2 2 , 387 1 4 5 -1 4 6 95 , 97 2 7 5 -7 7
35
546
Sambhrama ]

[ Silpakanga
PA G E PAGE 6 a , 128, 132, 244
Sambhrama SambSra Samkshepa Samkshobha Sampheta Sampurna Samrambha Samrddha Samsaya Samudbheda SA M V AH AK A Samvarana SamvidhSna Samvrti SancSrI Bh5va Sandesa Sandesa-hSrikS
Sapaja vip ralam bha Sspaya SA R A SV A T l ârdula Vikridita SARNGARAVA SA R O JIN l SSrCpya SA RV A D A M A N A SARVILAK A Sasi vadana
273 16 139 365, 382, 388 1 8 9 , 1 93, 196 50 1 6 5 -6 6 142 142, 1 4 5 , 1 9 3 372
27 1 7 6 , 177 1 7 6 , 177 1 3 0 -1 3 1 , 2 0 1 , 324 276 1 3 1 , 134' 276 162, 198, 399 14 142, 184 154 78 121 2 4 4 , 2 6 6 , 277 265 2 2 8 , 229 15, 77, 308 140 9 6 , 300 1 5 1 -5 7 , 300, 357 323 1 2 4 -1 2 5 129, 234 25, 64, 276 323, 324 265 2 9 , 322 335 310 4* 2 8 4 - 8 5 , 3 2 0 , 3 8 7 142 See M ISR A K E Sl 273
festras !>atha Satisfaction Sattaka Sattva Sattvatl Vrtti
193 2 0 5 , 2 3 0 , 2 4 2 207 146 2 8 , 309, 387 231 18, 2 1 , 22 , 3 00 , 320 , 3 2 2 - 2 3 , 3 2 7 , 3 3 0 , 3 3 1 , 340
Sandhi ( Juncture ) Sandhi ( Junction ) Sandhyanga Sandhyantara Sandigdhats Sanghatya Sangraha SankS Sariklrna SankshiptikS Sanllapa SanllSpaka Sanskrta S>anta -rasa
SSttvika ( abhinaya ) Ssttvika Bhava
2 2 4 5 -2 4 7 ,
256 - 5 7 , 2 6 5 , 2 6 6 , 274, 278, 279, 285 Satya-vira SaubhSgya SAUDAM IN1 Saundarya Scooping Settling SID D H A R TH A K A Siddhi SIK H A N D I îkharinT Ssilpaka Jnlpakanga 281 1 7 , 349 76*187 -2 6 2 , 263, 54 101 80 , 174,
9 6 , 97 , 1 6 4 - 6 5 , 3 9 9 175 381, 387 2 9 , 197 1 9 8 -2 0 1 , 300
SA N TID EV I SA N U M A T I Sapa
{ IN D .
D]
SUBJECT INDEX
PA G E
547
[ Takara
PA G E
Sits ]
SITA 4 6 , 4 9 , 75, 1 02, 1 0 8 , 1 2 5 , 1 36, 146. 167, 173, 377, 178, 195, 199, 200, 213, 2 6 9 , 303 &VA Alesha S lip 3 lo k a Smrti Sneha 3obh5 Soka SprhS SsraddhS SragdharS Ssrama Sravya ^rrdharS Srigadita & U K R SH N A SrngSra 13, 20, 1 2 0 , 3 4 9 , 390 343, 346 52, 53, 5 8 , 63 373, 388 246, 268, 279 25 0 , 251 16 0 b , 1 6 1 , 2 0 9 , 2 2 2 2 5 4 , 2 77 190 2 9 0 , 320 21 , 3 8 2 , 38 7 , 388 245 2, 6 4 381 29 9 , 10, 3 52 13, 2 6 6 , 3 2 0 , 3 2 2 , 3 3 9 , 340 SrngSra rasa 259, 261 77, 2 8 1 , 2 8 8 , 386, 387 Sruti Stam bha SthSpaka SthSpanS SthSyiHBhSva SthiratS Sthila pSJhya Structural Conventions SUBUDD HI Sucya 62 245 42 4 4 , 5 7 , 58, 6 0 , 301, 325 42,^ 43, 5 6 , 2 9 9 2 4 7 , 2 5 5 -2 5 8 , 260, 291 206 390 2 9 2 -3 0 1 330 64 TAD AK X T aksra Svokti Sweetness fsySma Suvadana SvadhTna-bhartrka Svagata Svagatam Svapna Svara bheda SvSyatta-siddhi Sveda SvIy5-nSyik5 Buddha SuddhS StSd'dlpta Suggestion SUGR1VA
1 6, 2 5 , 8 8 33, 3 4 246 97 7 4 , 7 5 , 8 2 , 211 150 220 344, 347, 352 68 339 98 8 2 , 127 1 0 1 , 150 * 6 , 1 1 3 , 1 1 8 , 121 38 229 2 8 , 31, 3 6 - 3 8 , 42, 45, 47, 49, 51, 5 6 -5 8 , 301, 3 0 6 , 3 1 3 , 320 38? 239, 220 375, 388 70 155 245 211 245 212, 213, 216, 217 361 160a 252, 253
Suitable arrangement Sukla SukutnaraS SU M A N T R A Summary ÛN Ag-SEPA SU RPANA K H A Surprise SU SAN G A TA ûshkSvakrshta SOta SutradhSra
T
185 337
548
Tala ]
LAWS GF SANSKRIT DRAMA

[ U pa'pati
PAGE
T ala Tama-rasa Tamas TamasT Tanu-m adhyS Tap a Tapana Tgpana Tarka Tejas T erm ination Terror T intidika-pSka Torment Totaka ( metre ) Totaka Trapusa-paka TrSsa Trigata Trigndha TrimQdhaka TripatSka Tripel-rendering Trishtup Trotaka T u lya-tark a T ulya-yogitS 27 387 231 220 372 198 226 11 1 , 112 198 209, 347, 350, 351 148 1 2 8 , 132 407 1 1 1 -1 2 377, 387, 407 1 2 8 , 129 388 129, 2 4 3 , 2 4 5 41, 47 392 391 71 47 3 7 5 - 7 6 , 3 7 8 , 387 1 1 , 2 7 , 127 169 Ugrata U ha U k ta-pratyukta Ukti U llap ya U llekha Uneasiness UnmJCda Unm eya Upadesa UpagTti UddTpta UdgatS UdghStyaka Udvega Uddhata Udbhasvara Udbheda UD A Y A N A
PAGE
3, 7 3 , 7 9 , 8 5 , 1 00, 1 2 4 , 1 2 5 , 1 3 6 , 1 43, 1 4 5 , 1 4 7 , 1 7 7 , 1 91, 207, 296 264 9 7 , 102, 104 4, 23, 44, 2 0 5 -2 0 7 , 310, 373 Uddrpana>Vibhava 244, 257, 277, 279, 282, 361, 362, 388 246 385 4 5 -4 6 , 57, 60 128, 129, 198, 267, 2 68 , 282 2 4 1 -4 2 , 266, 278 244 393, 394 188, 197 2 9 , 30 192 129, 243, 245 242, 257, 285 * 64, 70
u
UbhaySyatta-siddhi U cchvSsa UdSharana ( Exaggeration )
399
196, 265 367 146 376, 378, 379, 388 $ H ,8 7 , 97, 105 400, 401 326, 32 7 , 338 1 42, 1 4 5 2 7 , 118, 119 208
211
200
Upagnhana Upajatl Upakshepa Upam a Upa-nagarika U P A N ISH A D
1 2 3 -1 2 4 Ud5rat3 U datta ( Illustration ) 1 6 1 , 3 9 9 < 345, 34?
4, 1 9 , 2 0 , 4 4 , 6 5 , 2 0 5 , | Upanyasa 2 2 1 , 2 5 2 , 310," 403 i U p a pati
[ IND.
D ]
SUBJECT INDEX
PAGE
,549Y
[ VibhHva.'
PA G E!
U papatti ] U papatti Upa-rC paka U pa samhSra UpasamhSra Sandhi 5 5 , 185 26 15 4 5 , 1 4 0 1 4 9 , 3 0 0 , 307 Upusti UpStta UpekshS Upend ra vajrS 144 63 274 375, 376, 3 78, 379 UR VASl 9 5 , 9 9 , 1 0 9 , 114, 1 23, 1 2 4 , 1 4 0 , 1 52, 156, 166, 1 6 8 -1 7 1 , 198, 200, 2 1 4 Ushnik U tkanths UtkTrtana Utkrti UtpSdya UtprSsana UtsSha Utsrshsftka Uttam ottam aka U ttejana U tthapaka UtthSpana 370, 372, 387 199 195 383 63 1 9 5 , 196 254 2, 2 3 - 2 4 3 9 3 -9 4 192 322 38 V A SISH T H A V&stu Vastublja Vasanta-tilaka V A SA N T l VASAV ADA TTA Vajra V sk -k e li VSkya-dosha V akya-pSka V alita VA LM lK I VSma VA M A DEVA V amsapatra pati ta Vamsastha VSmya Varna samhara Varshavara Vart^ka-pSka VA RUN A VSsaka-sajja V A SA N T A K A VA SAN TASENA 376,
5 1 , 1 2 0 ,, 1 60, 1 9 5 , 2 1 4 ' 380, 388 j 167 3, 52, 7 9 ,
80/
1 32, 1 3 6 , 138 1 4 3 , 1 4 4 , 154j 1 7 7 , 1 8 4 , 18jj
1267Ti
60, 62, 63, 6
8
22
V
Vacika Vadha VaidarbhT Vaisaradya Vaisika Vaisyas V aitalika V aivarnya 2 152 3 3 9 , 340
VastntthSpana V A SU B H U T I VASUDEVA Vatsalya ' VA TSARAJA VibhSsha Vibhava
31(
91
320 See U D A Y A N A 336 233, 244, 257, 2 5 8 , 2 7 7 289,' 308, 309, 387
210
208 5, 15, 8 1 0 3 3 0 , 314 246
550
Vibhishana ]

PA G E
!
VIBH ISH A N A ViVjhrama Vibhranti I Vibhnti i, Vibodha \ V icalana VicSra Vi.cchitti Vidhana Vidhrti Vidhnta I'idrava k/idOsbaka
[ Vrida
p a g 'e
324 224 55
12
VLN lTA K A VinySsa Vipralabdha V ipralam bha] Jsrngara I
138 27 219, 226 15, 17, 55, 2 6 6 , 2 6 7 ,2 6 9 , 272, 3 3 ] , 387
27, 141, 241
137
171 2 2 3 -2 4 1 0 1 , 1 0 4 , 302 382
110 - 1 1 2 , 121
Viprayoga
15, 172, 2 6 7 , 2 6 9
V IR A D H A G U PT A 1 5 4 , 184, 200 Viraha V lR A K A V lra rasa V IR A T A Virodha Virodhans Visandhi Visarpa Visesha or Viseshana VishSda Vishama Vishkam bhaka 273 1 75, 190 13, 2 7 8 - 2 8 2 , 3 2 1 , 322, 3 40, 3 8 6 ,3 8 7 174 1 15, 141, 146 1 3 5 , ] 36 355 192 169, 399 239 355, 370, 385, 387 23, 28, 64, 6 6 - 6 9 ,- 1 0 3 ,3 0 1 V ISH N U V ISH N U G U P T A 1 ( alias Canakya ) / Vision Vismaya Visodhana Visranti V ISV A M IT R A V ita Vitarka V lthi 11. 195 190
1 2 8 -1 3 2 212, 271, 312, 314, 315
/ID Y A IV ID Y A D H A R A V'lDYAS jVidyulle kS /id yu n -m alS /igilan ce Ti Iambi ta -g a ti V il3pa Vilasa [ enjoyment ]
107 9 , 212 115 373 373 14 382 199, 265, 267 12, 13, 1 9 9 , 2 2 9, 225
t dalliance ] f m em. o f June. ]
223 3 5, 60 20, 90 91,
155 200, 254 15 233 1 6 8 , 184 65 , 212, 2 2 7 -2 8 243, 244 1 4 -2 5 , 4 3 -5 7 , 60, 61 , 197, 325
1 0 5 - 1 0 9 , 121 VilSsika Vim arsa-sandhi
9 5 , 1 2 9 , 1 30, 140, 3 0 0 , 3 0 3 { Virm arsa, Amarsa or Avamarsa ) 130 V im ata V IN A Y A N D H A R A V inlta 29 310 44
ViyoginT rVlda
384, 387 237
IN D .
D]
SUBJECT INDEX
PAGE
551
[ Yukti
Vrkodara ]
PAGE
Y YScfia Yaksha Yamaka Y ati-bh anga Yatna
VRKODARA V rtta ( metre ) Vrtta dosha Vrttanupakshaya Vrtti
See BH lM A
3 6 7 -3 7 1 353, 365 150 6, 13, 24, 300, 308, 3 1 8 -2 7 ,
187 22, 329, 333 400 355, 364 8 1 , 8 9 , 104, 110 57, 73, 9 7 , 100, 134, 147, 154, 184, 187, 190
329
V yabhicari bhSva
330s 338, 341 244, 249, 2 5 7 , 260 242, 244 267 5 0 -5 1 364 265 72 5 4 -5 5 1 3 3 -1 3 4 , 139, 153, 311 2, 18, 6 6 , 387
YA UG ANDHARAYANA
Vyadhi VyagratS Vyahara VySja stuti Vyapadesa VySpi VyavahHra Vyavasaya
Yuddha-vTra
278, 280, 282, 365 120 83, 97, 99, 102, 1$6, 138, 152, 155, 165, 166, 195, 207
Y U DH AJIT Y U D H ISH T H IR A
Yugmaka Yukti
3 8 5 , 389 9 9 , 100, 105, 125, 139, 188
VySyoga
(
I
C O R R I G E N D A emit com m a after attem pted , read C anonists fo r Cononists. add ( N a ) after N a . S", read charm s Jar charm s . add V iprayoga after V ipralam bha . read prakaranam fo r parkaranam . read colophons fo r colophones'.
j- read C%ri fo r C b S n .
read s ta g e / fo r stage , read A m . K f o r A . K . read A . K . fo r A. K . . read In th is, fo r in this". read A bhijnSna fo r A b hijiiyn a\
j- read propU iation /or p rop itaition .

read K apala M/or X a p S la - , read M rcch ak atik a for M rchhakatika
read Denouem ent*fo r denouem ent *
l_ read ancillary or a n c illa r y .
Page 285 P age 292
ii.
7 7 554
" LAV
lin e 1 5 1 lin e 2 4 J lin e 36 lin e 4 read N s fo r N . . read Carudatta fo r C arudata , read fi. P. for R . P . . read eunuch for cnnuch .
Page 1 7 3 Page 213 Page 1 ? 9 Page 1 8 3 Page 186 P age 1 8 9 P age 196 Page 187 Page 192 Page 2 ) 3 Page 2 1 6 Page
line 30 lin e 14 lin e
2 ,
read Silrfigarava for SSrangarava . read Unnecessarily fo r Unneccessarily read Persuasion fo r Pursuasion . read eunuchs for eunnuchs . read corrolary f o r corrollary . read P .R ." f o r R .R . .
line 17 line 15 line 24 lin e last
Page 2 5 9
lin e
read id en tify fo r identifies . read Chaya /or CchSya . emit of read caturashtaika /c r caturastaika . read nucleus /or neucleus . read heroes fo r hero . read reflection of fo r reflectionof . read , R a sS rn a v a - /or R asarnava .: read ornam ents for ornnm ents .* read Audhra / w A rdha . read RSkshasas for R akshasa . read a lliteration fo r a llite rtio n . read CSndalas fo r CSndals . read p . 3 5 for p . 3 5 * . add o f after sy llab les . omit from after su ita b le . read necessary for neccessary . add o f after variety . add there is after In fact .
Page 2 7 5 last lin e Page 2 9 8 Page 3 0 0 Page 3 0 9 Page 3 1 0 Page 3 2 3 Page 3 2 5 Page 3 2 9 Page 3 3 0 Page 3 3 3 Page 3 3 5 Page 336 Page 3 4 8 Page 367 Page 381 Page 3 8 7 Page 3 9 6 Page 3 9 9 lin e 35 lin e 33 line 17 lin e 23 lin e 2 9 lin e 28 lin e 24 lin e 10
line 20
lin e 23 lin e 9
lin e 31 line 17 lin e 10 line 11 lin e 10 lin e 7
CORRIGENDA
Page 3 9 9 line 19
555
read P rativastupam a fo r P rativastiupam a,
Page 4 2 2 under P .R . lin e 10 read P ragam ana fo r P ra -a g m a n a Page 4 3 4 Page 4 5 0 Page 4 5 2 Page 4 6 3 _ s Page 471 Page lin e 3 read Chap ." f o r ChSp . read Prakrti fo r Prakrita . . \ J ) ^ i read T3ndava / i r T and ava . , C i. T > >r read N . fo r J > > N5. .
lin e 1 5 lin e 5
line 19 lin e 7 line 2 7 line 30 lin e 1 lin e 12
^ read RagadasS for RagadSsa .
Page 488 Page 4 7 3
j
read PA TAK A~STH A NAK A P A TA K A -N A Y A K A . for
Page 4 7 6 Page 4 7 8 Page 4 8 2
lines 1 9 ,2 1 1 lin e 16 I lin e 12
read Pra. fo r P r. . read VACIK ABH INAYA for VACAKABHINAYA .
Page 4 8 3 Page 4 8 4
lin e 2 9 lin e 3
read S ilp a " .fo r " I I J u n e . read A nom aly " fo r A nom oly . add after a su b-div. o f Ar. V r. read A rth a- for Artha . read Akshepikt for Akshepiki , read Upa-rupakas for "Upa-rupakai read BhTirati Vrtti for Bhctrati V rtt. . read l 9 3 3 /r l 9 3 l . read G unacandra for G undacandra . read k a n (h a - _/br -C a n ta
Page 4 8 6 last line Page 4 9 4 Page 4 9 7 Page 4 9 8 lin e 17 lin e 24 lin e 27
Page 5 0 1 last lin e Pade 5 0 6 Page 5 1 4 P a g e'5 1 5 Page 5 1 8 Page 5 1 9 Page 5 2 0 Page 5 2 3 Page 5 2 5 ,, lin e 39 line 4
last line C ol. I, line 25 I I , line 25 C ol. IT, lin e 17 C ol. I I , lin e 26
read E bhir /e r E bhlr . read Varnanam /or varnam . read kavyani fo r kSyvani . read 160A " f o r 1 6 0 .
C ol. XI, line 21 read Citra'm lm ansa fo r Citrarm-mansa . Co!. I , line 15 read II, lin e 25 L alita -m a d h a v a /or Lalitamadhava . read M allinatha" for M allin ath a .
556
Page 5 2 7 Page 5 2 8 ,, Page 5 3 2 Page 5 3 3 Page 5 4 4 C ol. C ol. C ol.

C ol. II, line C ol. II top line 8 1
^
I
read Saradstanaya for ^SradStanay . $ add VijnapriySC 133.
omit V ira raghava . read B hvakatva /or BhSvaktava . read C etl /or Gefi . add below Q uarrel . Q u ietistic ( sentim ent ) 2 8 4 , 2 8 7 .
I lin e 23 I lin e 3 4 I line 27

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Publisher : The Chowkhamba Sanskrit Series Office, Varanasi-1 Printer Edition Price : Vidya Vilas Press, Varanasi1 : First,

A thesis approved fo r tl Doctor o f Philo at the Unix

Rai Ratna Pandita &ri VINAYAKA KRSHNASANKARA JOSHI

Dhanafljayas Dagarupaka : Circa A. C. 974-995. Ramacandra

matic study has either confused manner.

SA N SK RIT DEPARTMENT. U n iv e rs ity o f A llah ab ad .

16. VII. 47,

Sem i-vow els : Sibilants : Aspirate :

Bh. Bh. Pr. Br. P. Br. S. C. C. C. K. C. L.

M. M. M. R. M. S. M. V. Ma. Ma. Mah. B. Mrc. N. N. N. N. N.

xxvi-xxvii xxviii-xxxii xxxiii-xxxvii lxv

LAWS OF DRAMA T ypes o f D ra m a p. I p. 3 Pp. 1-30

The Prelim inaries o f D ram a

90 94 97 105 122 130 140 149 151 159 182 198

H ero and other characters

p. 204 p. 205 p. 209 p. 210 p. 210 p. 212 p. 221 p. 227

D ram atic Conventions Regarding

292 301 304 306 309 313 315 Pp. 319-409

A Thesaurus of Dramaturgical Terms pp. 457-490

LAWS OF SANSKRIT DRAMA

NA TAJ-JN a NAM NA TAC-CHILPAM, NA SA VIDY a NA SA KALA / NA TAT KARMA NA TAD-YOGO,

MRGA-VAKTRAM JA TADHARAM I A K SH A -SU TRA M BIliHRANANCA TR1SULANCA TRILO CAN AM //

nava-rasam saram giram sahgirad,

htiyalj pranayollasad-vilasitam lasyam vidadhyat sadU //

[ Prthvl ] yadakhilam manoratha-cayam vinapyarthanMm

Dhlnoti bhuvi mangalam vitanute ca tat-sevitulj} / tO-bhava-bhuti-bha-vibhava-bhata-bhavya-dyuti PfSftaumi vibudha-drumam Guru~padaravlndci-dvayam //

THE LAWS AND PRACTICE

LAWS OF SANSKRIT DRAM A

1. N. V I I I 9; S. D. V I 2 : Shgika, vaeika, aharya, and sattvika.

2. N . V I I I 1 2 ,1 3 . 3. Theory of D rap ia p . 72 11. 26 29. 4. N . S. X V 2; N . D . 1 2. 5. N . S. X U I 2ff, N . D . X 2 . 6. N . S. X X V 2; N . D . I 2. -

TYPES OF DRAM A'

LAWS OF SANSKRIT DRAM A

K. A> p. S70, line 5

LAWS OF SANSKRIT* DRAMA

convention if it is necessary to do so in the

tends to foster the

veshadeh karyalah kvipi lahghanam/ N. S. X V III. 2. N , S. X X tV 2. , , . . . . 3. N . D . V --7. ' ... v . , ........

LAWS OP SANSKRIT DRAM A

2. Sadyah-fararmnrtaye and kZntdrsarrrnntariaytpaitsayujt'K. P. I- Itj

2. M . M . V II. ( p. 6 8 11. 23-24 ) 3. Ditjo'tha divytirdivjo vi gutjMSn nSjrako matahS. D.

LAWS OF SANSKRIT DRAM A

1 Na-vishmk> prthivYpatih; _ashtnnlm IftkapnlSriim

1. V ide Uparupa-ka ( iv ) infra. 2. Tri-varga-praptih. . , 3. N . X V III 11 4. N. D -V ; M . M . p. $8 last line; R;. S. II I.

LAWS OF SANSKRIT DRAMA

inure to his benefit in terms of prosperity and well-being .1 The

LAWS- O F SANSKRIT DRAM A

6. Vide C hap. I l l infra:

yasmin iti prakaranam. T his invention of the p lo t could be entire or

p . 70 11. 2 0 - 2 2 ; N . D. II , 6 6 - 6 9 ; B. P. p . 381; N . L. R . 2776. '

the o rig in al texX ,prakhyMarniyaka-ianrahf I f the

hero is a well-known c h a ra c te r, there is every likelihood of his

LAWS OF SANSKRIT DRAMA

B. P. p. 250, 4; N. D. p. 125; S. D. V I, 236 b.

is derived from the noun dima o r dimba, m eaning

rrerc:ifsm: i *rfraft*iHiT**TTsr faaHt jjsnfi: 1% !'

LAWS OF SANSKRIT DRAMA

UtkramanenmukhS srshlihyasam ta utsrshtikah, tabhih-ankitahriti. G unacandra N. D. p. 130 bottO'ift.

F or defn. vide N . X V II I-1 3 2 ; V ide C hap. I I I . infra.

For defo. vide N. V III- 1 6 0 ; D. R. I l l 54; B. P. p. 247; S. D. I l l , N . L. R . 2900. 260 62

Vide C hap. V infra. V ide C hap. U . infra.

LAWS OF SANSKRIT DRAM A

S. D . V I, 306; N . D . p. 112; M . M . p . 73.

LAWS OF SANSKRIT DRAM A

rrerc:ifsm: i rfraftiHiT**TTsr faaHt jjsnfi: 1% !'