Chapter #15: The Ferment of Reform and Culture Big Picture Themes 1.

. The "Second Great Awakening" began in the 1830s. It's purpose was to wake people from lackluster religion and, like the First Great Awakening, was led by passionate and emotional preachers. 2. The Mormons emerged from these beginnings and wandered westward to the Great Salt Lake. 3. Free public schools began in large measure. 4. There was push to ban alcohol called "temperance." This was led by the ladies; they felt the way to save the family was to ban alcohol. 5. The first women's rights convention was held at Seneca Falls, NY. They asserted that all men, and women were created equal. 6. Many "utopia experiments" began. The overall mission was to perfect society and create true equality. Most simply failed and none of them succeeded in the ways envisioned. IDENTIFICATIONS: Second Great Awakening Second Great Awakening began in the late 1790s and boiled over into the early nineteenth century. It swept through Americas Protestant churches, transforming the place of religion in American life and sending a generation of believers out on their mission to perfect the world. Shakers Shakers were led by Mother Ann Lee. They began in the 1770s to set up the first of a score or so of religious communities. The Shakers attained a membership of about six thousand in 1840, but since their monastic customs prohibited both marriage and sexual relations, they were virtually extinct by 1940. Mormons Mormons was founded by Joseph Smith in 1830 with headquarters in Salt Lake City, Utah and was a religious group that emphsized modernations, hard work and risk taking.

Brigham Young Brigham Young led the Mormons to refuge and from further persecution after the death of Joseph Smith. He received only eleven days of formal schooling, but was an aggressive leader, an eloquent preacher, and a gifted minister.

Transcendentalists Transcendentalists rejected the prevailing theory, derived from John Locke, that all knowledge comes to the mind through the senses. Truth, instead they believed, transcended the senses. Ralph Waldo Emerson Ralph Waldo Emerson was an American transcendentalist who was against slavery. He stressed self-reliance, optimism, self-improvement, self-confidence, and freedom. He was a prime example of a transcendentalist. Henry David Thoreau Henry David Thoreau was an American transcendentalist who was against government that supported slavery. He wrote his beliefs in Walden during the time when he was out in the nature. He believed that the best form of government was the government that governed the least.

Utopia Utopia is a community or society possessing highly desirable or perfect qualities. These societies, most often failed to create the perfect society. It is very exclusive and radical in its beliefs.

Brook Farm Brook Farm was a community supported by transcendentalists where the members rejecte materialism in favor of rural communism, combining spiritually, manual labor, intellectual life, and play.

New Harmony New Harmony was a communal society of about a thousand people founded by Rober Owen in 1825. They looked for cooperative, communistic, or communitarian nature. However the community consisted of hard working Oneida Community Oneida Community was a radical experiment founded in New York in 1848. It practiced free love, birth control, and the eugenic selection of parents to produce superior offspring. This custom enterprise flourished for more than 30 years. Temperance Crusade Temperance Crusade was a movement striving toward temperance and less alcohol consumption. Crusaders made use of pictures, pamphlets, and lecturers to stop the drunkards of America. Seneca Falls Convention Seneca Falls Convention was a convention supporting womens rights. It was the the first modern womens rights convention. There, Elizabeth Cady Stanton read Declaration of

Sentiment, listing the much discrimination against women, and adopted eleven resolutions, one of which was the womens suffrage.

American Colonization Society American Colonization Society was a society that was against slavery. They would buy land in Africa in order to get free African slaves to move there.

William Lloyd Garrison William Lloyd Garrison was a famous abolitionist, social reformer, and journalist. He founded the American Anti-Slavery Society and was also a voice for the womens suffrage movemtn. He is best known for his famous paper, The Liberator. David Walker David Walker was an African American who demanded the immediate end of slavery in America. He published in 1829 his appeal to the colored citizens of the world: a call to awaken my brethren to the power within Black unity and struggle.

Hudson River School Hudson River School was a famous art school that was known for its landscape artists. It was a group of landscape painters inspired by romanticism.

GUIDED READING QUESTIONS: Reviving Religion Know: Alexis de Tocqueville, The Age of Reason, Deism, Unitarians, Second Great Awakening, Camp Meetings, Charles Grandison Finney 1. In what ways did religion in the United States become more liberal and more conservative in the early decades of the 19th century? The austere Calvinist rigor had long been seeping out of the American churches. Many Christian related religions came forth. Deism helped to inspire an important spinoff from the severe Puritanism of the past, which believed that God existed in only one person. A boiling reaction against the growing liberalism set forth the Second Great Awakening, which encouraged an effervescent evangelicalism. Methodists and Baptists reaped the most abundant harvest of soul from the fields fertilized by revivalism. Denominational Diversity Know: Burned-Over-District, Millerites (Adventists) 2. What effect did the Second Great Awakening have on organized religion?

The Second Great Awakening tended to widen the lines between classes and regions. The more prosperous and conservative denominations in the East were little touched by revivalism, and Episcopalians, Presbyterians, Congregationalists, and Unitarians continued to rise mostly from the wealthier, better0 educated levels of society. Methodists, Baptists, and the members f the other new sects spawned by the swelling evangelistic fervor tended to come from less prosperous, less learned communities in the rural South and West. A Desert Zion in Utah (Website if interest: http://www.pbs.org/mormons/view) Know: Joseph Smith, Book of Mormon, Brigham Young 3. What characteristics of the Mormons caused them to be persecuted by their neighbors? After establishing a religious oligarchy, Smith ran into serious opposition from his non-Mormon neighbors, first in Ohio and then in Missouri and Illinois. His cooperative sect antagonized rankand-file Americans, who were individualistic and dedicated to free enterprise. The Mormons aroused anger by voting as a unit. Accusations of polygamy also arose and increased in intensity. Free Schools for a Free People Know: Three R's, Horace Mann, Noah Webster, McGuffey's Readers 4. What advances were made in the field of education from 1820 to 1850? Most important was the gaining of manhood suffrage for whites in Jacksons presidency. A free vote cried aloud for free education. Horace Mann, a brilliant and idealistic graduate of Brown University and as a secretary of the Massachusetts Board of Education, he campaigned for more and better schoolhouses, longer school terms ,higher pay for teachers, and an expanded curriculum. Educational advances were aided by improved textbooks, notably those of Noah Webster, who was known as the Schoolmaster of the Republic. Equally influential was Ohioan William H. McGuffey. Higher Goals for Higher Learning Know: University of Virginia, Oberlin College, Mary Lyon, Lyceum, Magazines 5. In what ways did higher education become more modern in the antebellum years? Federal land grants nourished the growth of state institutions of higher learning. Many Universities were established. One of which was University of Virginia, which was designed by Thomas Jefferson. Oberlin College became famous for accepting blacks and women as its students. Emma Willard established Troy Female Seminary and Mary Lyon established an outstanding womens school, Mount Holyoke Seminary. An Age of Reform Know: Sylvester Graham, Penitentiaries, Dorthea Dix 6. How and why did Dorthea Dix participate in the reform movements? Sufferers from insanity were being treated with incredible cruelty. Dorothea Dix traveled some sixty thousand miles in eight years and assembled her damning reports on insanity and asylums from firsthand observations. Her persistent prodding resulted in improved conditions and in a gain for the concept that the demented were not willfully perverse but mentally ill.

Demon Rum--The "Old Deluder" Know: American Temperance Society, Neil S. Dow, Maine Law of 1851 7. Assess the successfulness of the temperance reformers. The American Temperance Society was formed at Boston in 1826. They implored drinkers to sign the temperance pledge and organized childrens clubs, known as the Cold Water Army. Dow, the Father of Prohibition, sponsored the so called Maine Law of 1851. This drastic new statue hailed as the law of Heaven Americanized, prohibited the manufacture and sale of intoxicating liquor. Women in Revolt Know: Spinsters, Alexis de Tocqueville, Cult of Domesticity, Catherine Beecher, Lucretia Mott, Elizabeth Cady Stanton, Susan B. Anthony, Elizabeth Blackwell, Margaret Fuller, Sarah and Angelina Grimke, Amelia Bloomer, Seneca Falls, Declaration of Sentiments 8. Describe the status of women in the first half of the 19th century. A wife was supposed to immerse herself in her home and subordinate herself to her lord and master. Like black slaves, she could not vote; like black slaves, she could be legally beaten by her overlord with a reasonable instrument. When she married, she could not retain title to her property; it passed to her husband. Women were the submerged sex in America in the early part of the century. Many women avoided marriage altogether and about 10% of adult women remained spinsters.

Wilderness Utopias Know: Utopias, New Harmony, Brook Farm, Oneida Community, Complex Marriage, Shakers 9. In what ways were utopian communities different from mainstream America? Bolstered by the utopian spirit of the age, various reformers, ranging from the high-minded to the lunatic fringe, set up more than forty communities of a cooperative, communistic, or communitarian nature. The new communities went for extremes which contradicted with the mainstream America. The Dawn of Scientific Achievement Know: Benjamin Silliman, John J. Audubon 10. Was the United States a leader in the world in scientific pursuits? Explain. Early Americans, confronted with pioneering problems, were more interested in practical gadgets than in pure science. But as far as basic science was concerned, Americans were best known for borrowing and adapting the findings of Europeans. Makers of America: The Oneida Community Know: John Humphrey Noyes, Bible Communism, Mutual Criticism 11. The word "utopia" is a word that is "derived from Greek that slyly combines the meanings of `a good place' and `no such place'." Does the Oneida Community fit this definition? Explain. Oneidas apparent success fed the utopian dreams of others, and for a time it became a great tourist attraction. Yielding to the neighbor criticisms, the Oneidans gave up complex marriage in 1879. Ironically, what grew from Noyess religious vision was not utopia but a mighty capitalist corporation. Artistic Achievements Know: Thomas Jefferson, Gilbert Stuart, Charles Wilson Peale, John Trumball, Hudson River School, Daguerreotype, Stephen C. Foster 12. "The antebellum period was a time in which American art began to come of age." Assess. Architecturally, America contributed little of note in the first half of the century. Public buildings and other important structures followed Greek and Roman lines, which was out of place in a wilderness setting of America. About midcentury strong interest developed in a revival of Gothic forms, with their emphasis on pointed arches and large windows. The art of painting continued to be handicapped and many compatible artists had to go to Europe to learn their skills. The Blossoming of a National Literature Know: Knickerbocker Group, Washington Irving, James Fenimore Cooper, William Cullen Bryant 13. In the early 1800's American writers emerged, who were recognized worldwide for their ability. What made them uniquely American? Writers like Washington Irving and James Fenimore Cooper had their own style of writing instead of copying the format of British writings. It was common for writers to copy off of British writing but famous American writers wrote and created new American ways of writing.

Trumpeters of Transcendentalism Know: Transcendentalism, Ralph Waldo Emerson, Henry David Thoreau, Walden: Or Life in the Woods, On the Duty of Civil Disobedience, Walt Whitman 14. Which of the transcendentalists mentioned here best illustrated the theory in his life and writings? Explain. Henry David Thoreau was the transcendentalist that best illustrated the theory. In order to live according to his beliefs, he went into the nature or Walden Pond new Concord and lived. He strengthened his transcendental beliefs in the nature. A stiff- necked individualist, he believed that he should reduce his bodily wants so as to gain time for a pursuit of truth through study and meditation. Glowing Literary Lights Know: Henry Wadsworth Longfellow, John Greenleaf Whittier, James Russell Lowell, Oliver Wendell Holmes, Louisa May Alcott, Emily Dickinson 15. Name six important American writers and explain the significance of each. Henry Wadsworth Longfellow was known for his knowledge of European literature. He wrote admired poems like Evangeline, The Song of Hiawatha, and The Courtship of Miles Standish. John Greenleaf Whittier was the uncrowned poet laureate of the antislavery crusade. He helped arouse a callous America on the slavery issue. James Russell Lowell was a distinguished essayist, literary critic, editor, and diplomat. Dr. Oliver Wendell Holmes taught anatomy with a sparkle at Harvard Medical School. He was a prominent poet, essayist, novelist, lecturer, and wit. Louisa May Alcott was a transcendentalist amongst Thoreau and Emerson. Emily Dickinson was a recluse writer who explored universal themes of nature, love, death, and immortality. Literary Individualists and Dissenters Know: Edgar Allan Poe, Nathaniel Hawthorne, Herman Melville 16. Why do you think Poe and Melville were not appreciated as much in America at the time as they were in other times and places? Edgar Allan Poe reflected a morbid sensibility distinctly at odds with the usually optimistic tone of American culture. Herman Melvilles Moby Dick was widely ignored at the time of its publication. People were accustomed to more straightforward and upbeat prose. Portrayers of the Past Know: George Bancroft, William H. Prescott, Francis Parkman 17. How did the geographic background of early historians affect the history they wrote? Early American historians of prominence were almost without exception New Englanders, largely because the Boston area provided well-stocked libraries and a stimulating literary tradition