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Bi ging K Thut Cm Bin (sensors)

Hoang Si Hong

----2011---Faculty of Electrical Eng., Hanoi Univ. of Science and Technology (HUST), Hanoi, VietNam

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Ngun tham kho

Note: Bi ging mn hc ny c tham kho, trch dn v lc dch t cc ngun sau: Sch K thut o lng cc i lng in tp 1, 2- Phm Thng Hn, Nguyn Trng Qu. Cc b cm bin trong o lng-L Vn Doanh Cc b cm bin-Nguyn Tng Ph o lng in v cc b cm bin: Ng.V.Ho v Hong S Hng Sensor technology handbook (edited by JON WILSON) Elements of Electronic Instrumentation and Measurement (Prentice-Hall Company) Sch gii thch n v o lng hp php ca Vit Nam Bi ging v website: Bi ging k thut cm bin-Hong S Hng-BKHN(2005) Bi ging Cm bin v k thut o:P.T.N.Yn, Ng.T.L.Hng BKHN (2010) Bi ging MEMs ITIMS BKHN Mt s bi ging v cm bin v o lng t cc trng i hc KT khc Vit Nam Website: sciendirect/sensors and actuators A and B

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Ni dung mn hc v mc ch
Ni dung
Chapter 1: Khi nim chung v Cm bin (2b) Chapter 2: Cm bin in tr (2b) Chng 3: Cm bin o nhit (2b) Chng 4: Cm bin quang (2b) v siu m Chng 5: Cm bin tnh in (2b) Chng 6: Cm bin Hall v ho in Chng 6: Cm bin v PLC(1b) Mc ch: nm c cu to, nguyn l hot ng v ng dng ca cc loi cm bin thng dng trong cng nghip v i sng. Nm c xu th pht trin chung ca cng ngh cm bin trn th gii.

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Chng 3: Cm bin quang

Ni dung
Pht x quang: quang in tr, t bo quang in v b nhn quang in Laser sensor Ultrasonic sensor

Ngun sng hay ngun thu nh sng?

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Khi nim v phn loi ca cm bin pht x quang Hiu ng quang in ngoi

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S pht x quang v vt liu

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n quang in chn khng

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Quan h dng p

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Quan h dng p

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Dng in vng ti

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n nhn quang in (photomultiplier tube)

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n nhn quang in (photomultiplier tube)

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n nhn quang in (photomultiplier tube)

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c tnh

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Cch mc c bn

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Cm bin siu m (ultrasonic sensor)

Pht sng siu m -> phn x -> thu

Khong cch bao nhiu ?

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Cm bin siu m (ultrasonic sensor)

Cm bin siu m hoc b chuyn i siu m thng l mt thit b bao gm mt b pht v thu sng m vi tn s ln hn 20 kHz. Cc c trng c bn ca sng m l vn tc, tn s v bc sng Sng siu m pht ra da trn c s ca phn t p in. Hiu ng p in (Piezoelectricity) c pht minh ra bi nh bc hc Curies vo nm 1880 s dng phn t quartz t nhin Tip theo SONAR c s dng ln u trong chin tranh th gii nm 1940 Cc chn on y t bng siu m c s dng vo cui nhng nm 1950 Phm vi tn s s dng cho y t t khong 1 MHz-20MHz Tn s ca m thanh m con ngi c th nghe c c t 20 Hz n 20 KHz

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Lch s pht trin ca ng dng siu m

History of Ultrasonics Prior to World War II, sonar, the technique of sending sound waves through water and observing the returning echoes to characterize submerged objects, inspired early ultrasound investigators to explore ways to apply the concept to medical diagnosis. In 1929 and 1935, Sokolov studied the use of ultrasonic waves in detecting metal objects. Mulhauser, in 1931, obtained a patent for using ultrasonic waves, using two transducers to detect flaws in solids. Firestone (1940) and Simons (1945) developed pulsed ultrasonic testing using a pulse-echo technique. Shortly after the close of World War II, researchers in Japan began to explore the medical diagnostic capabilities of ultrasound. The first ultrasonic instruments used an A-mode presentation with blips on an oscilloscope screen. That was followed by a B-mode presentation with a two dimensional, gray scale image. Japan's work in ultrasound was relatively unknown in the United States and Europe until the 1950s. Researchers then presented their findings on the use of ultrasound to detect gallstones, breast masses, and tumors to the international medical community. Japan was also the first country to apply Doppler ultrasound, an application of ultrasound that detects internal moving objects such as blood coursing through the heart for cardiovascular investigation
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Nguyn l v cu to chung
Cm bin siu m l mt cm bin hot ng trn nguyn tc phn x ca sng m thanh v c s dng pht hin s hin din ca mt i tng c th pha trc ca n, n hot ng trn cc khu vc vi tn s ca sng m thanh t 40 KHz n 400 KHz. Nhn chung mt b cm bin siu m thng minh c cu trc nh hnh di:

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Nguyn l v cu to chung
Cc b phn chnh bao gm: + B pht v b thu l cc phn t gm p in (piezoelectric ceramic) + Khi to dao ng cao tn + Khi x l tn hiu nh : khuych i (AMP-amplifier), band-pass filter BPF, Zero-crossing detector ZC, low-pass filter LPF1, sigma-delta ADC1, digital lowpass filter LPF2, Digital high-pass filter HPF limits the lower frequency in the Doppler spectrum, level comparator LC2. Lu : vn tc sng m ca cm bin b nh hng bi nhit do vy cn thit c s b nhit. B chuyn i p in c kch thch bi khi to dao ng cao tn v pht ra mt xung sng siu m (> 20 KHz) v xung ny di chuyn vi vn tc xc nh tu theo mi trng o. Sng m ny s phn x li vi vn tc tng t khi gp mt mi trng cn tr nhng c th khc v cng v b thu cng l mt phn t p in khc c cu to nh mt microphon. Tn hiu ny c chuyn i thnh tn hiu in v c x l nh khuych i, lc trc khi so snh vi tn hiu c pht i. Nh vy thng qua khi vi x l xc nh thi gian thu v pht kt hp vi vn tc xc nh xc nh c khong cch ca i tng trong phm vi ca phng truyn sng.
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Nguyn l v cu to chung
V d cu to ca mt microphone trn c s p in

Cu to ca mt cm bin siu m truyn thng

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c im ca sng m thanh
Nh vy tu theo mi trng kh hoc cht lng v kiu mi trng khc nhau vn tc sng m thay i c t 145 m/s n 1284 m/s ti nhit O C. Mi cm bin sng m c mt phng truyn v nh hng truyn xc nh. Cm bin ch pht hin vt trong gii hn nn khng gian
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The speed of sound "C" in air is C 331.5 + 0.61 (m/s), where is the air temperature (C).
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c im ca sng m thanh
Cc kiu vt liu sng m c th pht hin bao gm: g, kim loi, nha.., mu sc, trng thi rn, lng, xp, mm v c th con ngi Mi cm bin u c vng gii hn v khong cch pht hin
Detected objects can be classified as follows: (A) Flat-surface objects such as fluids, boxes, plastic sheets, paper, and glass. (B) Cylindrical objects such as cans, bottles, and human bodies. (C) Powders and chunk-like objects such as minerals, rocks, coal, coke, and plastic.

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c im ca sng m thanh
Lu rng bi v m trong khng kh s nh hng n suy hao ca cng sng m. T l suy sao trong khng kh ca sng m c lin quan n vn tc hoc tn s ca sng m thanh nh hnh di

Nh vy vi khong cch xa th cc sng m c tn s thp s ph hp hn, tuy nhin nh hng s gim.

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c im ca sng m thanh
Trong qu trnh chuyn i sng m ngi ta quy nh nh sau: Electricity into sound = pulse Sound into electricity = echo Phn bit SONAR v RADAR vi siu m Sound Navigation And Ranging (SONAR) Radio Dection And Ranging (RADAR) ELECTROMAGNETIC WAVES !! Radar uses microwaves to find the target parameters. Ultrasonic uses sound waves to find the target.

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u im ?

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ng dng ca cm bin siu m

o mc (level) v lu lng (flow) ULTRASONIC WIND SENSOR

Chn on y t (Ultrasound Medicine)

o khong cch

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Thit k mch o cho cm bin siu m vi phm vi o meter

IC2 is the circuit to make oscillate the ultrasonic frequency of 40KHz. Oscillation's operation is same as IC1 and makes oscillate at the frequency of about 40 KHz. It makes RB>RA to bring the duty(Ratio of ON/OFF) of the oscillation wave close to 50%.

http://www.piclist.com/images/www/hobby_elec/e_sonic1_3.htm

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Thit k mch o cho cm bin siu m vi phm vi o meter

http://www.piclist.com/images/www/hobby_elec/e_sonic1_3.htm

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Thit k mch o cho cm bin siu m vi phm vi o meter

http://www.piclist.com/images/www/hobby_elec/e_sonic1_3.htm

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Thit k mch o cho cm bin siu m vi phm vi meter

http://www.piclist.com/images/www/hobby_elec/e_sonic1_3.htm

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Thit k mch o cho cm bin siu m vi phm vi meter

http://www.piclist.com/images/www/hobby_elec/e_sonic1_3.htm

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Thit k mch o cho cm bin siu m vi phm vi meter

http://www.piclist.com/images/www/hobby_elec/e_sonic1_3.htm

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Cm bin siu m o mc
Sound velocity increases by 0.607 m/s every time the temperature rises 1C. Bu nhiet cho song sieu am C331.45 m/s 0.607 m/s x TC Sensor head

Ultrasonics source (Piezoelectric crystal)

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Power supply Ultrasonics detector Reflected signal Sludge blanket level

Sonar-signal 657 kHz

Distance = (Velocity of Sound x Time)/2.

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Bao ve khi do muc Acid, Alkali, and Organic Solvent Level

ULTRASONIC WIND SENSOR

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ULTRASONIC WIND SENSOR (o gi)

Thit b gm c 4 cm bin siu m t thng gc vi nhau theo tng cp ng-ty v nam-bc. Mi b cm bin gm mt cp thu-pht c chc nng pht 2 chiu theo chu k nht nh. Thi gian truyn ca xung m thanh s tng hoc gim tu theo cng chiu hoc ngc chiu vi hng gi. Tng hp thi gian thu v pht gia cc cp tng ng s tnh ra c hng gi v vn tc gi.
If, for example, a North wind is blowing, then the time taken for the pulse to travel from N to S will be less than from S to N, whereas the W to E, and E to W times will be the same. The wind speed and direction can then be calculated from the differences in the times of flight on each axis. This calculation is independent of factors such as temperature.

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Cm bin siu m o lu lng

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Pht hin li bn trong ca vt liu

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Medical Applications of Ultrasound

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Mt vi mch o khc

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Mt vi mch o khc

http://www.free-circuits.com/circuits/alarms-control-timers/340/ultrasonic-switch

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Mt vi mch o khc

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Mt vi microphone

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Cm bin radar
Sng in t hay sng khc?

C cn antena khng ?
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Electromagnetic Spectrum

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Electromagnetic Spectrum

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Nguyn l c bn

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S nguyn l tng th

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Lu v cu hi

Phn bit gia cm bin siu m v radar ng dng ca siu m

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