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Arch
Truss
rafter
tie
Truss forces
Truss members connected by pins: axial forces (direct stresses) only Supports:
one pinned, allowing free rotations due to slight change of truss shape due to loading one roller bearing support ("simple support") - allowing free rotations and lateral movement due to loading and change in temperature
- (C) + (T)
- (C)
Truss forces
If more forces are present within the length of the rafter bending stresses
To avoid bending stresses, diagonal members and vertical posts can be added
More diagonals and posts can be added for larger spans in order to avoid bending stresses
Truss shapes
Curved shape of the arch: difficult to fabricate trusses with parallel chords Trusses with parallel chords: web members (diagonals and struts) carry forces whatever the loads Pratt truss:
top chord in compression bottom chord and diagonals in tension economical design as longer members (diagonals) are in tension
Truss shapes
Howe truss:
top chord in compression bottom chord in tension diagonals in compression
Warren truss:
top chord in compression bottom chord in tension diagonals in tension and compression economy of fabrication: all members are of the same length and joints have the same configuration
Truss joints
Pinned joints statically determinate structures member forces can be determined from equilibrium only Rigid joints small bending stresses will be present, but which are negligible due to the triangular shape Traditionally trusses are designed with pinned joints, even if members are connected rigidly between them
Space trusses
The most common plane truss consists of a series of triangles The corresponding shape in three dimensions: tetrahedron (a) The truss at (b) is a true space truss
theoretically economical in material joints difficult to realise and expensive
Two plane trusses braced with cross members are usually preferred
Beams
Beam: a structure that supports loads through its ability to resist bending stresses
Leonardo da Vinci (1452-1519): the strength of a timber beam is proportional to the square of its depth
Leonhard Euler and Daniel Bernoulli were the first to put together a useful theory around 1750
Diagonals:
The forces in the diagonal members are equal, but opposite in sign, and have the same values in all panels Diagonals have to resist the shear forces, the same in all panels
The best arrangement of material for bending resistance: away from the neutral axis
A/2
F = (A/2) M = Ad/2
A/2
F = (A/2)
F = (0.5db/2)
2d/3
M = Ad/6
A
+
F = (0.5db/2)
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Structural shapes
Simply supported beam subjected to a uniformly distributed load
The "perfect" use of material for bending resistance in a beam with idealised double T crosssection (M = Ad/2): parabolic variation of height
A/2
A/2
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Structural shapes
Simply supported truss subjected to a uniformly distributed load
The "perfect" use of material for "bending" action: parabolic variation of height
Structural shapes
Bridge with a simply supported central span and two cantilevered sides The shape of the truss must resemble the bending moment diagram in order to make efficient use of material in upper and bottom chords
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Structural shapes
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