SOUND WAVES!

Waves are disturbances that transmit energy. The energy transfers but the wave does not.

Types of waves
1) Mechanical waves those that require a medium a) water b) earth c) sound 2) Electromagnetic waves those that do not require a medium a) light

Mechanical waves
Are mechanical waves that are further classified as longitudinal (compressional) waves because their waves go back and forth

 Sound is a form of energy produced by the vibration of matter. A vibration is a back and forth movement
Sound waves moving through water.

 Sound waves moving through air.

In longitudinal (compressional) waves

The particles vibrate back and forth, creating the following parts: Compression: area where matter is closer together Rarefaction: area where matter is farther apart A longitudinal wave equals one compression + one rarefaction!
http://phet.colorado.edu/en/simulation/sound

Sound is a longitudinal wave but is shown as a transverse wave on an oscilloscope. An oscilloscope is a machine for observing amplitude and frequency of waves.

A visual of a longitudinal wave and its parts:

 Sound can not be transmitted through a vacuum.

Sound needs a medium in order for it to be transmitted.

 Sound is transmitted through solids, liquids, and gases

Sound travels through a solid fastest, why?

Because sound travels by hitting one piece of matter against another the closer the atoms or molecules, the faster it moves.

Sound travels faster in colder temperatures.

Why? Because molecules are closer together in colder materials allowing sound waves to hit molecules faster.

1) Solid

2) Liquid

3) Gas

Sound travels slowest through what state of matter? Would you hear sound first in a gas or liquid?

Assuming these are sound waves 1) Solid 2) Liquid 3) Gas

A B C

Measurement of waves

for a longitudinal wave is the length of a wave. It is measured from one point of a wave to the same point in the next wave. The symbol for wavelength is . The SI unit is meters

A wavelength

How many wavelengths are in this picture?

3 !

How would wavelength change if

You had more energy?

You had less energy?

Period
The time for one wavelength is called a period. The symbol is T for time and the SI unit is seconds.

t = 1/f

Period
If it takes two seconds for a single wave to go by, the period would be:

2 seconds

How would a period change if

a) You had more energy? b) You had less energy? c) You had longer wavelengths? d) You had shorter wavelengths?

Frequency
is the number of times a wavelength is repeated in a given period of time. It is the measurement of a vibration. The symbol for frequency is f. T stands for time. The SI unit is Hertz (Hz). So 100 Hz = 100 waves per second! f=1 T

If this is one second, what is the frequency of

What would happen to frequency if

a) b) c) d) e) f) Energy increased Energy decreased Period increased Period decreased Wavelength increased Wavelength decreased

Frequency
A speaker has a period of 0.4 seconds. What is its frequency? frequency = 1/period Or f =__1___ = 2.5 Hz 0.4 sec

What is the frequency of these waves assuming it takes 7 seconds for them to pass?

1. How many wavelengths are there?

What is the frequency of these waves assuming it takes 7 seconds for them to pass?

1. How many wavelengths are there? 3 or 3.5

What is the frequency of these waves assuming it takes 7 seconds for them to pass?

2. How much time?

What is the frequency of these waves assuming it takes 7 seconds for them to pass?

2. How much time? 7 seconds

What is the frequency of these waves assuming it takes 7 seconds for them to pass?

3. Equation: f = # of waves /T

What is the frequency of these waves assuming it takes 7 seconds for them to pass?

3. solve: f = # of waves /T F = 3.5/7 = .5 Hz

How do you compute the period if you know the frequency?

f = 1/T You have a wave with a frequency of 5 Hz . What is its period?

How do you compute the period if you know the frequency?

f = 1/T is the same as T = 1/f You have a wave that has a frequency of 5 Hz. What is its period? T = 1/5 sec or .2 sec

Wave speed - is computed using frequency and wavelength

Wave speed = frequency x wavelength = v=fx

SI unit for wave speed is m/s

Compute wave speed

The string of a piano produces the note middle C vibrates at a frequency of 262 Hz. If the sound waves produced by this string have a wavelength in the air of 1.3 m, what is the speed of the sound waves? 1. Write the formula v=fx

Compute wave speed

The string of a piano produces the note middle C vibrates at a frequency of 262 Hz. If the sound waves produced by this string have a wavelength in the air of 1.3 m, what is the speed of the sound waves? 2. List the given and unknown values v? F = 262 Hz = 1.3

Compute wave speed

The string of a piano produces the note middle C vibrates at a frequency of 262 Hz. If the sound waves produced by this string have a wavelength in the air of 1.3 m, what is the speed of the sound waves? 2. Write the equation with the values then solve: v = 262 Hz x 1.3 m =

Compute wave speed

The string of a piano produces the note middle C vibrates at a frequency of 262 Hz. If the sound waves produced by this string have a wavelength in the air of 1.3 m, what is the speed of the sound waves? 2. Write the equation with the values then solve: v = 262 Hz x 1.3 m = 341 m/s

Review Pitch and Volume

Amplitude
Higher amplitudes of sound waves means louder sounds!

Amplitude
With sound, amplitude indicates how loud or soft the sound is.

Frequency
High frequency means higher pitch. Pitch is how high or low a sound is.

Low frequency

High frequency

Frequency/Wavelength
With sound if you have high frequency (which means a shorter wavelength), you have a higher pitch.

Which has the loudest sound?

Video
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=iaArBrgQsAg

SOUND WAVE

INTERACTIONS!

What is reflection?
Reflection is when a wave bounces off a surface. An echo is the reflection of a sound wave.

 How do bats see using sound? What do we call this?

In auditoriums, panels dampen sound, how? http://www.ndted.org/EducationResources/HighSchool/Soun d/reflection.htm

Refraction
When a wave enters a new medium its speed changes and it bends. This is refraction!

Refraction
Submarines and ships use this to locate objects.

Diffraction
Bends of waves around or through a barrier Examples: 1. Thunder 2. Someone in the hallway on the other side and we can hear them.

Which Wave Interaction

1) Diffraction 2) Reflection 3) Refraction

1) Diffraction

What wave interaction is this?

2) Reflection

3) Refraction

http://soundbible.com/263-Hello-Echoes-Down-Well.html

Doppler Effect
When we are moving, or a source producing a sound is moving, we hear things differently.
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=imoxDcn 2Sgo

Doppler Effect
Doppler Effect
change in wave frequency caused by a moving wave source

moving toward you pitch sounds higher moving away from you - pitch sounds lower

Why does this happen?

The Doppler effect happens because distance affects the amount of time it takes you to hear the sound.

Why does this happen?

The frequency as the sound gets closer is more than the frequency once it passes. High frequency = high pitch Low frequency = low pitch

Doppler shift interactive

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=o3G_eaSaLc k

Interference
Constructive two waves interact, with compressions overlaping compressions. This results in greater amplitude and louder sound . Destructive two waves interact , with compressions overlapping rarefactions. This results in softer sounds because the amplitudes are smaller. http://phet.colorado.edu/en/simulation/waveinterference

Ranges of Sound
Infrasonic < 20 Hz Ultrasonic > 20,000 Hz

Supersonic > speed of sound 330 m/a

Infrasonic
used monitoring earthquakes, charting rock and petroleum formations below the earth

Example: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XrpGcvmloh k

Ultrasonic
is sound with a frequency greater than the upper limit of human hearing (greater than 20 kHz). Infrasonic to ultrasonic http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=prAMn4rm QhM

Supersonic
is a rate of travel of an object that exceeds the speed of sound (Mach 1). For objects traveling in dry air of a temperature of 20 C (68 F) at sea level this speed is approximately 343m/s. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GstwLblPpI M

Resonance frequencies
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=j-zczJXSxnw