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walls and piers MODULE CODE: CON MAS2 M04 0111 NOMINAL DURATION: 95 Hours MODULE DESCRIPTION: This modules aims to provide the necessary knowledge, skills and attitude required in laying multi-thickness walls, attached and isolated piers LEARNING OUTCOMES: At the end of the module the learner will be able to : LO1. Prepare for work LO2. Set out brickwork LO3. Construct walls and attached piers LO4. Construct isolated piers LO5. Finish joints LO6.Clean up working area, tools and equipments MODULE CONTENTS: LO1.Plan and prepare 1.1. Plan/working drawing interpretation 1.2. Identifying and applying necessary requirements 1.2.1 Safety requirements 1.2.2 Regulatory requirements 1.2.3 Environmental protection LO2. Set out brickwork 2.1 Erecting work platform 2.2 Determining location and structural details of brickwork 2.3 Setting out footings & brickwork. LO3. Construct walls and attached piers 3.1 Mixing mortar 3.2 Constructing multi-thickness walls & piers 3.3. Leveling wall surfaces 3.4. Applying damp proof courses 3.5. Constructing Openings & installing of lintels 3.6. Installing Tie down and lateral support systems 4. Construct isolated piers 4.1 Kinds of bonds 4.2 Constructing isolated piers 4.3 Leveling LO 5. Finish joints 5.1 Cleaning brickwork surfaces and cavities 5.2 Raking of joints 5.3 Brushing brickwork LO6. Clean up 6.1 Disposing and recycling waste materials 6.2 Maintaining Plant, tools and equipment 6.3 Performing good housekeeping
Contents
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SECTOR: CONSTRUCTION
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OCCUPATION: masonry WORK UNIT OF COMPETENCY: : Laying multi-thickness walls and piers MODULE TITLE: : Laying multi-thickness walls and piers INSTITUTION: ALAMATA TVET CENTER (ALAMATA, TIGRAY, ETHIOPIA)
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Introduction Summary of Learning Outcomes How to Use This TTLM Learning Guide Information Sheet #1 Self Check #1 Model Answer #1 Information Sheet #2 Self Check #2 Model Answer #2 Information Sheet #3 Self Check #3 Model Answer #3 Information Sheet #4 Self Check #4 Model Answer #4 Information Sheet #5 Self Check #5 Model Answer #5 LAP Test Other References
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Introduction
This course aims to provide the learners with the knowledge, skill & right attitudes. SUMMARY OF LEARNINIG OUT COMES After completing this training guide you should be to ;
LO1. Prepare for work LO2. Set out brickwork LO3. Construct walls and attached piers LO4. Construct isolated piers LO5. Finish joints LO6.Clean up working area, tools and equipments
HOW TO USE THIS TTLM Read through the learning guide carefully. It is divided into sections that cover all the skills & knowledge that you need. Read information sheets &complete the self- check at the end of each section to check your progress. Read &make sure to practice the activities in the operation sheets. Ask your trainer to show you the correct way to do things or talk to more experienced person for guidance. when you are ready ask your trainer for instructional assessment and provide you with feed- back from your performance. LEARNING GUIDE Learning activities Special activities Read topic Plan and prepare for work Refer to I formation sheet# 1 Compare your answer with model Answer self- check 1 answer# 1 Refer to information sheet# 2 Read topic prepare for work Read topic: Set out brickwork Answer self- check 3 Read topic: Position door and window
frames
Refer to information sheet #3 Compare your answer with model answer#3 Refer to information sheet #4 Refer to information sheet# 5 Refer to information sheet# 6 Refer to information sheet# 7 Refer to lap test
Read topic- Construct walls and attached piers Read topic- Finish joints Read topic Clean up working area, tools and
equipments
Preparation of Mortar The art of mixing different ingredients of mortar in suitable proportions in addition to water to form a paste of proper consistency is called preparation of mortar. Mortar can be prepared using hand mixing or machine mixing /concrete or mortar mixer/ depending on the volume of work and types of the structure.
Functions of mortar The following are the functions of mortar: (i) (ii) (iii) (iv) (v) (vi) To bind together the bricks or stones properly so as to provide strength to the structure. To form a bonded mass of the structure so as to resist all the loads coming over it without disintegration. To provide a weather resisting i.e. a durable layer between the different courses of masonry in the structure. To hold coarse aggregate together in any concrete so as to form a solid mass. The mortar used in a concrete is termed as matrix. To do pointing and plastering to the structure. The mortar used for plastering is also known as plaster. To fill up empty joints in brick masonry and stone masonry. The mortar used for such purposes is a thin liquid mortar, which is termed as grout. The process of filling up the joint with a grout is called grouting.
LINTEL
Introduction Walls are left invariably open for the provision of windows, doors, etc so that, a structural member is needed to bridge over those openings and to carry the lead coming from the wall just above the openings. A lintel is a horizontal structural members (beam) crossing over an opening. It is a small beam having a width equal to the width of the wall. The ends of the lintel are built into the wall to be monolithic so as to carry the load of the above masonry wall. The depth of a lintel depends on the amount of load expected to be carried by. Classification of lintel & their construction Based on the types of materials used for construction, lintels can be classified into:1. Timber lintels Timber lintels are the oldest type of lintel which are not commonly used now-a-days except in hilly areas. They are structurally weak and highly susceptible for fire catch. They are also liable to decay if not properly ventilated.
Fig 7.1 Timber lintel Timber lintel can be constructed by joining two members together keeping their distance constant with the help of a third wooden piece, so as to make its width equal to the width of the wall by using a bolt (nail).
2. Stone lintels These are the most common types of lintels where stones are abundantly available. A stone lintel consists of a simple stone slab in the form of one piece or more than one piece along the width of the wall. Since stones are very weak in tension they should not be used in the place where shock & vibrations are very common without caution.
Fig 7.2 Stone lintel 3. Brick lintels Brick lintels are not this mush & structurally strong. Because of this they are used only for small openings (less than 1m) and small loads. To increase their strength, sometimes they may be reinforced.
Fig 7.3 Brick lintel 4. Steel lintels These are used when openings are large and loads are very heavy. One or more rolled steel I-section may be used based on the length of the span & the amount of the super imposed load. When a single RS (rolled steel) member is used, either it should be embedded in concrete or cladded with stone in order to increase its width to fit with the wall width When two or more members are used, their distance should be kept constant by using a tube separator like shown in the figure below.
(a )
(b)
(c)
Fig 7.4 I-SECTION STEEL LINTEL :(a) Single I-section embedded with concrete, (b) Single I-section cladded with stone, (c) Triple I-section connected by a tube separator.
5. Reinforced cement concrete (RCC) lintel These are the most common & widely used types of lintel. Now a day, they have been replacing all other lintels b/se of their strength, rigidity, fire resistance, economy and ease in construction. The width of RCC lintels is kept equal to the width of the wall, while the depth depends on the amount of the super imposed load. For construction, two types reinforcement bars are used, namely bars & stirrups. Main bars are placed at the bottom of the lintel to take over the tensile stresses, how over, half of them may be cranked up near the ends. Shear strings are also provided at some interval to resist shear stresses.
LO5: Finish joints Joints of laid brickwork are raked or ruled to correct profile and depth in accordance with job specifications. Brickwork is brushed down prior to drying to remove unwanted mortar. Hfei
Excess mortar is removed from brickwork surfaces and cavities are cleaned free from mortar to give good apearance to the structure.
Stone and brick surfaces are finished as required by job specifications, Joints are cleaned or raked as required to achieve either final appearance Or as preparation for pointing. Pointing mortars are adhesives are applied to joints are required By job specifications.
Lo6 clean up Work area is cleared and materials disposed of, reused or recycled to make the building economicaly . Plant, tools and equipment are cleaned, checked, maintained and stored in accordance with manufacturers recommendations and standard work practices.
B.
C.
Brick Ties
In brick veneer construction, ties are used to pass all the lateral out-of-plane loads and forces (such as from wind) to the structural backing. In cavity brick construction ties either pass the lateral out-of-plane loads and forces to the stronger leaf or share them between the leaves. The design of ties in masonry for structural purposes must comply with AS3700 Clause 7.7 for veneer or Clause 7.8 for cavity construction. For small buildings the tie requirements are covered in AS3700 Clause 12.3.4 for brick veneer construction and Clause 12.3.3.2 for cavity brick construction. Type A ties are
those that have no specific seismic design characteristics. It is difficult to find brick ties otherthan Type A in Australia. Ties are available in heavy, medium and light duty in galvanised steel, stainless steel and plastic. Plastic ties are usually reserved for acoustic applications. Stainless steel ties are used in situations requiring exposure grade materials or very long life. Galvanised steel ties are those most commonly used. The Newcastle (NSW) earthquake which occurred in 1989 showed masonry survived well except where the tieswere deficient. Problems found included: galvanised ties rusted through; ties only built into one leaf during construction; loose ties; absent ties; and, incorrect duty ties used. Ties are required to meet the durability requirement of the site for the design life of the building. Should the design life of the building be exceeded and the ties begin to fail, they can be replaced with remedial ties but this is a very expensive process and as ties are hidden it is unlikely they will be seen until a catastrophic failure occurs. As sustainability considerations become more important, the life of buildings is likely to be extended. Properly maintained, brick buildings may last for centuries. It should be remembered that stainless steel brick ties offer a longer service life and, although more expensive as a proportion of the overall building cost, the difference is trivial. 5.4.3 Parapets and freestanding elements
Freestanding elements such as parapets must be adequately supported and tied to the structure. They can be subjected to high loads, especially from seismic action, where the dynamic response of the building can magnify the force. The provisions of AS 1170.4 allow for this effect by the application of a height amplification factor with a maximum value of 2.0 (see Clause 5.4.2 of AS 1170.4). This is a simplification of what is quite a complex phenomenon. Grouted and reinforced cavity construction or grouted and reinforced
hollow clay units can be used to provide sufficient resistance for this purpose. Alternatively, unreinforced parapets can be tied to the main structure or proportioned to span horizontally between returns or piers that are designed to provide overall stability. Examples of details for tying parapets and chimneys back to a roof structure are shown in AS 382613