Technical Losses in Pea

TECHNICAL LOSSES
of
PEA DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM
Provincial Electricity Authority

Thailand
1
OUTLINES
- OVERVIEWS OF PEA
- PEA’S DISTRIBUTION NETWORK PROFILE
- PEA’S LOSSES COMPUTATION & ACCOUNTING
- PEA’S OVERALL TECHNICAL LOSSES
MANAGEMENT PROGRAM
- CONCLUSIONS
2
OVERVIEWS OF PEA
Provincial Electricity Authority (PEA) is a

government enterprise under the Ministry of
Interior. It was established under 1960 act by the
Royal Decree executed on September 20,1960, then
published in the Government Gazette on
September 27,1960
3
PEA Service Area
The service area of the PEA is approximately
510,000 km2, accounting for 928 PEA’s sub - office
scattered throughout the country, rendering service
to their customers. The PEA has grouped its services
area into 4 regions.
4
Chiang Mai
Udon Thani
Phitsanulok
Lop Buri Ubon Rat.

Nokhon Ratchasima
Ayutthaya
Nakhorn Prathom
Chon Buri
Petchaburi
Nakhon Sri Thammarat
Yala
5
DISTRIBUTION NETWORK PROFILE
PEA classifies distribution voltage level into

3 levels :
- High voltage level : 115, 69 kV
- Medium voltage level : 22, 33 kV
- Low voltage level : 400/230 V
6
STANDARDIZE Conductor size for MV (I)
PEA use the various type of conductors for MV.

The standards according to TIS and IEC.
7
STANDARDIZE Conductor size for MV (II)
Bare Conductor Current Ratings
Cross section Current Rating
(mm2) (Amperes)
50 225
95 340
185 520
8
STANDARDIZE Conductor size for MV (III)
Partially Insulated Cable Current Ratings

(mm2) (Amperes)
50 185
185 425
9
STANDARDIZE Conductor size for MV (IV)
Spaced Aerial Cable Current Ratings

(mm2) (Amperes)
50 180
185 410
10
STANDARDIZE Conductor size for MV (V)
Underground Cable Current Ratings : 240 mm2
Total Current Rating
Circuit (Amperes)
1 400
2 337
3 298
4 272
5 251
11
STANDARDIZE Conductor size for LV
Aluminum Conductor Current Ratings
(mm2) (Amperes)
35 152
50 194
95 295
12
PEA’s Substation Transformer (I)
The substation transformers shall have
ratings as follow :
Rated power output : 30/40/50 MVA and 15/20/25 MVA
Rated primary voltage : 115 kV
On load tapping voltage : +10% to -10% of 115 kV,
1.25% in each step.
13
PEA’s Substation Transformer (II)
HV/MV Substation Transformer
No Transformation Transformer
voltage Rating
1 115/22-33 50
2 115/22-33 25
14
PEA’s Substation Transformer (II)
MV/LV Substation Transformer
No Transformation Transformer Phase
voltage Rating (kVA)
1 22-33kV/400-230 V 50, 100, 160, 250, 3 phase
315, 400, 500
2 22-33kV/230 V 10, 20, 30 1 phase
15
INSTALLATION STANDARD
22-33 kV Aerial
Cable Feeder &
Bare
Conductor Feeder
16
17
Meter Installation
18
CAPACITOR (I)
19
CAPACITOR (II)
20
LOSSES COMPUTATION & ACCOUNTING
The methodology to calculate losses of PEA :

Energy Losses = Energy Requirement - Energy Consumption
Energy Purchased Energy Sales
Energy Generated Free of Charge
Percentage of Losses = Energy Losses x 100

(% Losses) Energy Requirement
21
Methodology for Distribution Losses
Computation (I)
Key variable Symbol Actual reading Variable used in
/unit /Estimated losses computation
Imported energy through A Actual reading Yes
transmission main intake substation
(kWh)
Imported energy from utility owned B Actual reading Yes
distributed generation (kWh)
Imported energy from utility non- C Actual reading Yes
owned distributed generation (kWh) (included A)
22
Methodology for Distribution Losses
Computation (II)
Key variable Symbol Actual reading Variable used in
/unit /Estimated losses computation
Total metered sales for all LV/MV D Actual reading Yes
customers (kWh)
Internally used energy E Actual reading Yes
(kWh)
HV tariff sales (kWh) F Actual reading Yes
Free of charge (kWh) G Actual reading Yes
& Estimated
23
According to the variable in the table above, we can
find the formula for the computation of distribution
system losses as follow :
Energy Losses (kWh) = Energy Requirement - Energy Consumption
= (A+B+C) – (D+E+F+G)
Energy Losses (%) = 1- (D+E+F+G)/(A+B+C) x 100%
24
Metering locations and reading frequency
Key variable Symbol Metering Manual Sync. Reading
/unit location Reading or AMR reading freq.
Imported energy through A HV side Manual Yes End of
transmission main intake month
substation (kWh)
Imported energy from utility B HV side Manual Yes End of
owned distributed generation month
(kWh)
Imported energy from utility C HV side Manual Yes End of
non-owned distributed monthly
generation (kWh) 25
Remark : Sync. Reading : Auto reset meter Provincial Electricity Authority
Key variable Symbol Metering Manual Sync. Reading
/unit location reading or AMR reading freq.
Total metered sales for all D HV side Manual Yes & 15th-4th &
LV/MV customers No 25th-26th
(kWh) every month
Internally used energy E HV side Manual No 25th -26th
(kWh) every month
HV tariff sales (kWh) F HV side Manual Yes End of
month
Free of charge (kWh) G LV side Manual No 25th -26th
every month
Remark : Sync. Reading : Auto reset meter 26
Large Cust. Internal
MA,B,C, synch. meter class 0.2 or 0.5 MD2, meter class 0.5 energy >30 kW
Record : at 0.00 am., at the end ME, meter class 0.5 used
E
Record : on 25th -26th of
of every month. Record : on 25th -26th
every month.
EGAT PEA of every month.
115 kV 22/33 kV
MF, synch. meter class 0.2 MD1, synch. TOU meter

Record : at 0.00 am., at the Record : at 0.00 am., at the Cust. >1 MBaht 22/33 kV
end of every month. Cust. end of every month.
Large Cust. 400/230
30 kW < energy < 66 kVA kV
MD4, meter class 0.1 Cust. MD3, meter class 0.1
Record : on 15th -24th Record : on 25th -26th
of every month. of every month.
15th-18th :40%
18th-21th :30%
21th-24th :30% 27
12 region offices of PEA report losses data
to PEA head office every month, the billing system
(meter reading) and software analysis are used.
28
This is the technical losses data of year 2004.
Energy Purchased (kWh) A, C 77,921,878.372
Energy Generated (kWh) B 41,875,384
Energy Sales (kWh) D, E, F 73,124,233,648
Free of charge (kWh) G 995,987,988
Losses (kWh) - 3,843,532,120
Losses (%) - 4.93
29
Energy Losses (kWh) = (A+B+C) – (D+E+F+G)
Losses Evaluation in 2004 by formula is:

Energy Losses (kWh) = (77,921,878,372 + 41,875,384) –
(73,124,233,648 + 995,987,988) kWh
= 3,843,532,120 kWh
= 1-(74,120,221,636/77,963,753,756) x 100%
= 4.93%
30
Historical MW Demand growth
Year 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004

MW at 8,724 9,456 9,962 10,639 11,721
distribution level
% growth 5.81 8.39 5.35 6.79 10.17
31
Historical Distribution Losses Level (I)
Fiscal year 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004
(Sept04)
Energy Purchase & 56,292 60,414 64,340 70,228 58,404
Energy Generate (MWh)
Energy Sales (MWh) 52,370 56,482 60,239 65,497 54,608
Free of Charge (MWh) 665 643 758 867 757
Losses (MWh) 3,257 3,492 3,715 3,864 3,039
Losses (%) 5.79 5.78 5.77 5.50 5.20
32
Historical Distribution Losses Level (II)
33
Historical Distribution Losses Level (III)
Fiscal year 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004

(Sept04)
Distribution losses (%) 5.79 5.78 5.77 5.50 5.20
HV network (cct-km) 3,809 4,625 5,286 6,079 6,600
MV network (cct-km) 243,824 244,618 252,614 260,714 265,901
LV network (cct-km) 338,494 344,449 354,659 368,477 388,830
Total KVA of Distribution 37,511 37,668 38,465 37,401 42,052
transformer (MVA)
34
PEA’s Energy Forecast (I)
YEAR 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010

Energy requirement 83,528 90,814 98,455 106,148 114,263 123,066
(GWh)
Peak demand 12,615 13,685 14,806 15,947 17,151 18,451
(MW)
35
OVERALL TECHNICAL LOSSES
MANAGEMENT PROGRAM (I)
1. System Planning Design
The criteria of substation and distribution system
of PEA are :
36
Substation’s Criteria
1) Transformer capacity : 25 MVA or 50 MVA
2) Transformer max. loading capacity :
- 56% of rating capacity for N-1 criteria
- 75% of rating capacity for N-0 criteria
3) Breaker rating (IC) :
- 31.5 kA for 115 kV
- 25 kA for 22/33 kV 37
MV (22/33 kV) Distribution’s Criteria (I)
1) Voltage drop at peak load :
- 5% for normal condition
- 10% for emergency condition
2) Line loading capacity:
- 8 MVA for 22 kV system, no more than 18 km.
- 12 MVA for 33 kV system, no more than 27 km.
3) Conductor size : 185 mm2 aluminum in main feeders
38
4) Types of conductors :
- Bare conductors for clear area, rural area.
- Spaced aerial cable for cities, industrial area and
lines under 115 kV transmission lines.
- Underground cable for in front of substation and
environment protected area.
5) Adequacy for transferring load from nearby substation.
39
LV (400/230 V) Distribution’s Criteria
1) Voltage drop at peak load :

- 5% for normal condition
- 10% for emergency condition
2) Line loading capacity:
- 80% of line, transformer, no more than 1 km
3) Conductor size : 95, 50, 35 mm2 aluminum
40
The Standard Power Factor (I)
1) Standard Power Factor of PEA-EGAT :
- Power factor > 0.875 lagging at each delivery point
(EGAT Substation)
- Power factor < 0.875 lagging must pay for penalty
about 5 baht/kVAR/month of the different kVAR
between original and 0.875 power factor.
41
2) Standard of HV Capacitor Bank :
- 5, 10, 20, 30 and 75 kVAR 3 phase LV capacitor.
- Fixed 3x100 and 6x100 kVAR.
- VAR control, time control of 15x100 kVAR switched
capacitor.
- Power factor control 7.2 MVAR indoor capacity bank
(3steps x 2.4 MVAR) substation installation only.
42
3) Standard Power Factor of PEA Customer :
- Only 30 kW up demand customer is responsible for
keeping power factor not less than 0.85 lagging.
- Power factor < 0.85 lagging, the customer must pay
for penalty about 5 Baht/kVAR/month.
43
MANAGEMENT PROGRAM (II)
2. Equipment Design & Specifications
The PEA’s listings of MV&LV conductors with
technical parameters and transformers with load &
no load losses and impedance are :
44
CONDUCTOR designs & specifications (I)
Conductor R1 X1 R0 X0
Type (ohm/km) (ohm/km) (ohm/km) (ohm/km)
185A 0.1764 0.4091 0.4005 1.5989
185PIC 0.2107 0.4144 0.3554 1.6448
50SAC 0.8219 0.3395 1.1093 1.8975
185SAC 0.2107 0.2986 0.4462 1.8310
45
CONDUCTOR designs & specifications (II)
Conductor G1 B1 G0 B0
Type (uS/km) (uS/km) (uS/km) (uS/km)
185A 0 3.5320 0 1.9370
185PIC 0 3.6360 0 1.3640
50SAC 0 5.1220 0 1.3950
185SAC 0 5.9510 0 1.5220
46
TRANSFORMER losses & impedance
Transformer Rating No Load Loss Load Loss

(MVA) (kW) (kW)
30/40/50 Up to 25.5 Up to 150
15/20/25 Up to 15.0 Up to 100
47
MANAGEMENT PROGRAM (III)
3. System Operation & Maintenance
-Loading monitoring program :
*for HV - record at substation monthly.
*for LV - record at distribution transformer yearly.
48
3. System Operation & Maintenance (cont.)
- PEA uses on load tap change transformers (OLTC) to

manage voltage profile at HV/MV substations. For
MV/LV substation, we analyze load in each area and
change the tap of transformers to the proper tap.
49
-Feeder balancing program :
Standard : unbalance current < 10%
Monitoring Procedure : by reading incoming &
outgoing feeder at substation every month and
measured distribution transformer’s load once
a year.
50
Load unbalance Improving :
Unbalancing > 10% 1-phase branches’ load
> 150 kVA
1-phase branches&
1-phase transformers&
Upgraded to
1-phase customer shall be
3-phase
reconnected to
the proper phases
51
-Power factor correction :
Monitoring Procedure : Power factor at substation
shall be checked from meter reading MW and MVAR
52
Power Factor Improving :
- Find optimal capacitor location using computer software.
- Check real current and power factor from meters in
existing system.
- Obtain the optimal location.
- Install LV fixed capacitor at 100 kVA or more distribution
transformer. (kVAR = 10% of transformer Rating)
53
MANAGEMENT PROGRAM (IV)
4. Technical Losses Assessment Methodology
PEA uses computer software such as PSS/Adept to
calculate distribution losses. This soft-ware needs Single
line diagram that contains the database as follow :
- Daily Load (MW) - Type and characteristic of
- Length of feeders Distribution transformers
- Power factor - No. and type of customers
54
MANAGEMENT PROGRAM (V)
5. Overall technical losses optimization, issues and
learning points
* MVAR program or capacitor placement program
- The fix capacitors are installed in every feeders. The
capacitor rated is about 10% of each feeder’s load.
- The installation of switching capacitors depends on
daily load curve.
55
learning points (cont.)
* Voltage profile improvement program
PEA has installed SCADA system to monitor and manage
the equipments in distribution systems and also control voltage in
system by switching capacitor. But SCADA isn’t reach full
efficiency now, we have to improve it to handle all function of
program.
56
learning points (cont.)
* Loading profile improvement program
- For distribution transformers, we have to manage the
existing transformers and install new transformers or change
to high rated transformer for increasing load.
- The load monitoring at substations are programmed
monthly to manage load profile.
- PEA has plan to reduce capacitor of transformers, If
the transformers supply load less than 30% of rated.
57
CONCLUSIONS
PEA’s realized that the meter reading error
such as the overlap reading date is the function of loss
analysis’s error so the 50,000 AMR meters was planed
to install within year 2007.
Year 2004 2005 2006 2007 Total
No
. of AMR 5, 000 15 , 000 15 , 000 15 , 000 50 , 000
Ratio to Total Per Year 10 % 30 % 30 % 30 % 100 %
Accumulate 10 % 40 % 70 % 100 % 100 %
58
CONCLUSIONS (II)
To improve the technical losses analysis, PEA has
employed the consultant to :
- research, specify and improve the methodology of losses
analysis and forecast.
- develop the software for capacitor installation.
- distribution transformer criteria in distribution system.
The pilot area of this project is the feeder
in the central area. 59
CONCLUSIONS (III)
And the last, PEA set up the losses optimization
committee. The staffs are from PEA head office and
region office in order to manage and find the
methodology to optimize losses.
60
The losses evaluation of the central area in year 2004.
HV system 0.27%
MV system 2.44%
LV system 4.34%
Power Transformer 0.17%
Distribution Transformer 2.37%
61
THANK YOU
for your attention
62

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Technical Losses in Pea

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TECHNICAL LOSSES

Provincial Electricity Authority

Provincial Electricity Authority (PEA) is a

Lop Buri Ubon Rat.

Nakhon Sri Thammarat

PEA classifies distribution voltage level into

PEA use the various type of conductors for MV.

Partially Insulated Cable Current Ratings

Spaced Aerial Cable Current Ratings

The methodology to calculate losses of PEA :

Percentage of Losses = Energy Losses x 100

MF, synch. meter class 0.2 MD1, synch. TOU meter

Energy Generated (kWh) B 41,875,384

Energy Sales (kWh) D, E, F 73,124,233,648

Free of charge (kWh) G 995,987,988

Losses (kWh) - 3,843,532,120

Losses (%) - 4.93

Losses Evaluation in 2004 by formula is:

Year 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004

Fiscal year 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004

YEAR 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010

1) Voltage drop at peak load :

Transformer Rating No Load Loss Load Loss

- PEA uses on load tap change transformers (OLTC) to

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