GLAAS 2012 Report

UN-Water Global Analysis and Assessment of Sanitation and Drinking Water

The Challenge of Extending and Sustaining Services

Erin Wolfe Linda Venturato

Global Analysis and Assessment of Sanitation and Drinking-Water (GLAAS)

Produced every 2 years by WHO (World Health Organization) Purpose: to monitor the inputs required to extend and sustain water, sanitation and hygiene (WASH) systems and services. Goals: 1. enabling environment 2. A more challenging secondary goal is to analyze the factors associated with progress, or lack thereof Provides policy makers with evidence for decision making GLAAS is a global update on these goals Highlights areas of MDG not advancing High Level Meeting (HLM) of Sanitation and Water for All (SWA)

*Access to drinking water has improved, sanitation has not

*Need new strategy; current operation and maintenance are not sustaining access to safe drinking water *Many practical & plausible steps can be taken by countries and agencies to sustain current operations for sanitation and drinking water as well as improve new ones

Around 1.1 billion people globally do not have access to improved water supply sources

whereas 2.5

billion people do not have access

to any type of improved sanitation facility.

About 2 million people die every year due to diarrheal diseases, most of them are children less than 5 years of age.

Millennium Development Goals

GOAL 7: Ensure Environmental Sustainability

MDG Target 7.C

Halve, by 2015, the proportion of the population without sustainable access to safe drinking water and basic sanitation.

The world has met the target of halving the proportion of people without access to improved sources of water.

The benefits are very unevenly distributed challenges remain to reduce disparities and to increase sanitation coverage.

Basic sanitation target?

WASH
= water (drinking water), sanitation and hygiene Sustainable development is impossible without WASH.

Currently, there are 4 main WASH targets.

Context
- JMP (Joint Monitoring Programme for Water Supply & Sanitation) assessment

-UN Development Report, Lack of a single international body to speak on behalf of sanitation and drinking water -SWA addresses obstacles: >political prioritization >implementation of plans & strategies >sustainability of supply & sanitation >hygiene >sanitation in public places

SWA (Sanitation and Water For All)

2013 Progress Update on the 2012 SWA High Level Meeting Commitments

Progress: - increased political prioritization - increased budget allocations - strengthened relationships among key ministries - better evidence developed - concrete results on sanitation achieved
Required structural changes: - strengthening institutional arrangements and financial systems - reducing sector fragmentation - addressing human resources gaps - improved evidence-based decision-making

Section 1: Political Will and Accountability

All participating countries committed to sanitation and drinking water since 2010 Global gains, but WASH targets not met Investments scrutinized >transparency improving WASH decision-makers need to deliver results

Section 2: Policies, Planning and Coordination

2.1-Policy Adoption
63% of responding countries have policies for sanitation 77% for drinking water

-Establishment of policies increased about 30% for both sanitation and drinking water

Hygiene
-Only 19/74 countries have defined targets for hygiene promotion -Small-scale implementation

2.2-Planning and Coordination

Most countries have established national sector planning and coordination processes Insufficient information for effective investment planning

Ghana: -exceeded MDG target for drinking water -found Community Led Total Sanitation (CLTS) successful
CLTS -123 persons trained to facilitate CLTS in Ghana -increased institutional collaboration -key stakeholders

Improvements in sanitation and/or drinking water in most countries

Sanitation better than drinking water?

2.3-Reviews, Monitoring and Reporting

Annual/biennial reviews provide 1) greater participation and joint ownership 2) ways to hold participants accountable Ethiopia-Memorandum of Understanding

2.4-Decentralization
When effective, decentralization makes sure services meet local needs and operation and maintenance requirements are met

Evaluation Study on the Rajiv Gandhi Drinking Water Mission

Only 8% of homes willing to pay for operation and maintenance Over 50% of Gram Panchayats (GPs) cannot take on this fiscal responsibility Only 28.6% of GPs given field-testing kits Fewer kits given to higher-risk areas Only 2/3 of hand pumps functional When probed about the existence of any committee in their village/habitation that is responsible for maintenance of water sources, almost all the households (99%) responded in negative.

2.5-Local Stakeholder Participation

Participation has improved since 2009, but application remains low Procedures for participation either arent there or arent implemented Strengthening participatory processes local support sustainability of sanitation and water services -Planning for drinking water seems easier or more attractive

2.6-Implications for the Future

WASH sector improving Progress on easier improvements: -commitment Still limited progress on harder improvements: -action

Could benefit from management information systems WASH service delivery could improve with a better whole systems approach

Section 3: Financing
Insufficient financing for WASH overall, especially for sanitation Extending and sustaining services requires funding Insufficient funding is most frequently cited obstacle

3.1-Sources of funding and how much is being spent

Funding needed for: -capital investment -operation expenditure -capital maintenance -costs of capital Funding from 3Ts: -tariffs -taxes -transfers

 Funds from central budget major source Household contributions could be greater

External support is major aid >strong donor coordination important Strong coordination more likely when more donors

3.2-Allocation of Funding: What is money being spent on?

Government expenditure: 0.37% to 3.5% GDP eThekwini Declaration

Summary of data:

-$ on saniation and drinking water is 1/3 of that for health -1/6 of that for education Ghana

Uneven distribution of expenditures

3.3-Use of Committed Funds

Absorption rates of central government capital commitments are low and declining

Absorption rates of donor capital are even lower than those of domestic capital

Countries in greatest need lack the ability to absorb and spend funds effectively

Key Findings with Financial Absorption (WaterAid report):

High rates = good indicator of health of sector
Quality of financial management impact all service sectors Donor funds more likely to be delayed and underspent Challenges for absorption greater in all sectors if country or region in fragile state Many countries lack investment program Funding in line with decentralization policies

3.4-Financial Monitoring and Transparency: How can we track what is being spent?

3.5-WASH investment Programmes: Do countries know how much they will need to spend in the future?
40% of participating countries have established sanitation investment programs 62% of participating countries have established drinking water programs

The planned mid-term expenditure for sanitation development of 2010 2014 increases around four times compared to sanitation budget in the period of 2005 2009. Indonesia 2011 GLAAS country survey response

3.6-Adequacy of Finance
2010 GLAAS report: Only 10 countries had >75% of funds needed for sanitation
Budget allocations increasing >development of investment plans >stronger political commitment Still shortage of adequate finance to meet budget 4/5 countries increase in sanitation and drinking water expenditures

Financial flows dont seem sufficient to meet MDG targets

3.7-Adequacy of revenue to sustain urban water supply operations

1/3 of countries say revenues cover <80% of operating costs for urban utilities User fees did not cover operation and maintenance costs Infrastructure degradation expensive major asset replacement

3 policy aspects of urban water management that may increase water revenue:

1) Tariff reviews and according adjustments

2) Decision-making authority 3) Reductions in non-revenue water

3.8-Implications for the future

Households, central government and external donors are major contributors to WASH funding WASH has trouble absorbing funds Lack of info on WASH financing

Financial data insufficient for informed decision-making

MUST strengthen monitoring of financial flows

Section 4: Human Resources

Lack of information on human resources Insufficient WASH staff and incentives

Women make up less than a tenth of professional WASH staff Lack of funding and lack of supply-side technicians and skilled labor

Section 4: Human Resources

Human resource strategies Human resource planning

Section 5: Equity
Recognition of right to water and sanitation UN Human Rights Council adopted a resolution on September, 2010

Section 5: Equity
Equity criteria

Section 5: Equity
Equity criteria (cont.) Assessment of Equity Policies
National/Federal Integrated Water Resources Management Plan(s) or Equivalent: The current status of the main plans that include integrated approaches to water resources management in responding countries by HDI groups

The Human Development Index (HDI) is a composite index that measures health, knowledge, and income.

Section 6: External Support

External support agencies and WASH

Section 6: External Support

Development aid for sanitation and water Poor prioritization MDG regionsonly half

Section 6: External Support

Development aid for sanitation and water Urban vs. rural areas Maintaining services only 7% of aid

Section 7: WASH in Schools and Healthcare Facilities

Monitoring systems and capacity Sanitation facilities

Issues needing urgent attention and action

National governments, country WASH stakeholders, and ESAs need to:

Strengthen development of robust national plans

Maintain existing services Consider the adoption of a human-rights based approach Improve targeting of investments to the poor and vulnerable

*Intensify harmonization and collaboration among national line agencies, donors, and NGOs

Discussion Questions
1. We have discussed how certain drivers (social, demographic, economic, technological, political/legal, financial, environmental, etc.) have exerted pressure on water resources. How have these drivers shaped the impact of water, sanitation and hygiene services? Which one has been the most influential? 2. What produces an enabling environment for adequate obtaining of drinking water access and sanitation services? 3. Women often promote local-level WASH initiatives, but are not equally represented in the decision-making of WASH improvements. What benefits would result from women playing a larger role in WASH services? 4. Go to next slide.

4. Political scientist Elinor Ostrom provides 8 principles for how commons can be governed sustainably and equitably in a community. Explain if each of these principles are implemented through WASH programs, and if so, how? 8 Principles for Managing a Commons 1. Define clear group boundaries. 2. Match rules governing use of common goods to local needs and conditions. 3. Ensure that those affected by the rules can participate in modifying the rules. 4. Make sure the rule-making rights of community members are respected by outside authorities. 5. Develop a system, carried out by community members, for monitoring members behavior. 6. Use graduated sanctions for rule violators. 7. Provide accessible, low-cost means for dispute resolution. 8. Build responsibility for governing the common resource in nested tiers from the lowest level up to the entire interconnected system.

Reference: http://onthecommons.org/magazine/elinor-ostroms-8-principles-managingcommmons

References: "Community-Led Total Sanitation: Ghana." Community-Led Total Sanitation. Institute of Development Studies, 2011. Web. 21 Oct. 2013. "Hrw, Decade, Water for Life, 2015, UN-Water, United Nations, MDG, Water, Sanitation, Financing, Gender, IWRM, Human Right, Transboundary, Cities, Quality, Food Security, General Comment, BKM, Albuquerque." UN News Center. UN, 3 Aug. 2010. Web. 21 Sept. 2013. <http://www.un.org/waterforlifedecade/human_right_to_water.shtml>. Parr, Adrian. "The World Financial Review." The World Financial Review RSS. N.p., n.d. Web. 6 Oct. 2013. <http://www.worldfinancialreview.com/?p=3644>. Parr, Adrian. "To Be Or Not To Be Thirsty." The Wrath of Capital: Neoliberalism and Climate Change Politics. New York: Columbia UP, 2013. 69-71. Print. Planning Evaluation Organisation: Planning Commission. Evaluation Study on the Rajiv Gandhi Drinking Water Mission. Rep. no. 213. New Delhi: Government of India, 2010. Print. "Sanitation and Water for All - Homepage." Sanitation and Water for All - Homepage. N.p., n.d. Web. 21 Sept. 2013. <http://www.sanitationandwaterforall.org/>. "Sustaining and Scaling School Water, Sanitation, and Hygiene Plus Community Impact (SWASH ): Nyanza Province, Kenya." Global Water Challenge. N.p., n.d. Web. 15 Oct. 2013. <http://www.globalwaterchallenge.org/programs/projects-detail.php?id=852>. "UN-Water Rio 20 Report." UN-Water Rio 20 Report. N.p., n.d. Web. 21 Sept. 2013. <http://www.unwater.org/rio2012/report/>. United Nations Millennium Development Goals." UN News Center. UN, n.d. Web. 21 Sept. 2013. <http://www.un.org/millenniumgoals/environ.shtml>. "Water, Sanitation and Hygiene." UNICEF. N.p., n.d. Web. 10 Oct. 2013. <http://www.unicef.org/wash/>. "Water Supply, Sanitation and Hygiene Development." WHO. N.p., n.d. Web. 21 Sept. 2013. <http://www.who.int/water_sanitation_health/hygiene/en/>.