White 1 Statement on Work and Writing Annotated Bibliography 1. Bauerlein, Monika and Clare Jeffery.

All Work and No Pay: The Great Speed-Up. Mother Jones. 2011. Web. 5 November 2013. This article emphasizes the importance of writing as a tool to increase productive, efficient output. That is, in our modern professional world, producing a quality product and a lot of it is essential and these same rules apply to writing in the workplace. This perspective is important to consider because of the reality that it echoes so much of what other authors and speakers have implied about professional writing in a very direct and obvious way. The professional world expects results and the results must be quality; efforts to write in professional settings must not only occur constantly, but the content of the writing must also be purpose-driven, producing results. 2. Brandt, Deborah. ""Writing for a Living"" Literacy and Learning: Reflections on Writing, Reading, and Society. San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass, 2009. 117-139. PDF. Brandts discussion of the knowledge economy and the role of effective written communication in it suggest an inherent reality about writing in the workplace: it is a collaborative process through which any number of individuals contribute to, scrutinize, and recreate a particular piece of writing. She continues this analysis of the knowledge economy with her commentary on the essential nature of change and continued growth for those in any professional field. Her emphasis on flexibility and adaptability certainly seems to open a path for writing to have a concrete place in a professional setting. As a final synthesis, Brandt argues that writing becomes the necessary technique for mediating these changes and for sharing knowledge and developing social capital. 3. Canady, Rae. What is advocacy? Advocacy and Social Change Theory and Practice Class Lecture. 12 September 2013. During one of our recent advocacy and social change classes, Rae emphasized the important role of quality writing and highly developed written communication skills in professional advocacy work. She suggested the importance of writing with such tenacity, describing effective writing as a professional tool ranked on par with all other skills necessary to the effective and successful advocate. Hearing Raes commentary on writing in the social work profession and listening to the rest of her lecture on the standards that constitute quality social work writing gave me key insights into the type of writing and the considerations that are examined and employed when tying writing to the field of social work. Rae discussed the importance of structure, audience, coherence and flow to the readers grasping the relationship between the advocates thoughts and writing. She suggested that writing is the primary means through which

White 2 the advocate can convey her principle message and construct her strategy of persuasion in this active fight to represent the concerns of a particular client in front of a decision-making forum. 4. Charman-Anderson, Suw. How to Tell if You Are A Professional Writer. Forbes. 7 August 13. Web. 22 October 2013 In Charman-Andersons critique of Lisa Mortons blog on professional writing, she highlights the ten purity test questions to which a professional writer, according to Morton, should answer yes. She follows this emphasis on the ten questions by indicating their irony and inherent lack of professionalism. She admits that only one of these so-called tests for a professional writer actually relates to a behavior that is idea for a professional: Would you rather receive useful criticism than praise? This initial critique facilitates Charman-Andersons subsequent, in-depth analysis of what it means to write for the professions, or at least to provide professionalism to writing. For Charman-Anderson, professionals are necessarily engaged in specified activities. Therefore, a writer in the professions must be engaged in specified writing whether as their main paid occupation or because they are competent, skillful, [and] assured as writers. Charman-Anderson concludes her article with an emphasis on the unfortunate in-group distinction Mortons blog attempts to create between writers and others; in other words, Mortons blog separates writers from others and Charman-Anderson reveals the detriment this otherness has the potential to create. If writers are others, then they are not seen as adaptable or as able to integrate their skills and their professional attributes across fields which, as all of these sources indicate are essential skills of professional writers. 5. Damon, William, Anne Colby, Kendall Bronk, and Thomas Ehrlich. Passion and Mastery in Balance: Toward Good Work in the Professions. Daedalus (Summer 2005): 27-35. PDF. In defining their understanding of professionalism, Damon et. al. discuss the apparent dichotomy between two foundational elements: the necessary mastery of knowledge, skills, and methodology and the purposeful, passion-driven interest in the professions underlying significance. Their insight into the false nature of this dichotomy suggests the inherent reality that neither of these elements can or should develop and later exist without the other. That is, the individuals passion for the purpose of and greater mission of her work leads her to devote the time and energy and excitement to the process of gaining knowledge and mastering the necessary, though tedious elements of her work. Similarly, the individual desiring success in her professional life must maintain a passion and determination in order to stay connected to the underlying significance of her mastery of the skills and knowledge. Overemphasis on either of these elements, however, can lead an individual to the danger of sacrificing authenticity and quality in their commitment to ethics and work. Thus, maintaining this balance between mastery and passion is essential for each individual considering or entering any profession. This piece highlights the importance of both passion and mastery in developing a professional identity and work ethic. Through two key examples, Damon et. al demonstrate the manner in

White 3 which achieving a balance between a reliance on passion and a cultivation of mastery is a tedious, yet essential process. Their writing raises some essential questions, though, such as what function should passion have in the transition from amateur to professional and how does this relate to an individuals professional responsibility? 6. Effective Workplace Writing. The Purdue OWL (Online Writing Lab). As a means of comparison, I examined the Purdue OWLs conceptualization of what it means to write for the professions. In the analysis I found, the Purdue OWL defines professional writing as centering on two concepts: rhetorical awareness and user-centered or reader-centered design. These concepts suggest numerous, key takeaways for the writer attempting to mature into a professional writer. First, workplace writing is persuasive and thus demonstrates a thoughtful consideration of the purpose, audience, stakeholders in the written work or those who would be affected by it, and the context of the writing. Second, workplace writing is accessible audience members, whether hearers or readers, should not have any difficulty in comprehending the purpose for and goals addressed by the writing you create. And finally, audience members must be considered in terms of their expectations and their goals for your writing. As much as writing is a personal activity, in the professional world, writing takes on a much more collaborative nature and thus the audiences considerations and the concerns of your supervisor (and others who will be editing and receiving the work) must be addressed. 7. Eichner, Lydia. ENGL 3220 Guest Speaker Presentation. 1 October 2013. Lydia Eichners dynamic presentation on her professional writing experience and job search process provides essential insights into the nature of workplace writing. As the materials she presented evidence, writing a professional writing portfolio must exist in multiple variations beyond a print, hard copy format and this is especially important in the job search process. That is, her online professional portfolio suggests the reality that using a creative, even quirky multimedia approach to presenting yourself as a candidate for employment may be the most effective technique in professional job search writing. Her presentation also suggests the idea that writing in the workplace involves both collaboration and organization, a process of completing all of the little steps in order to produce a quality final product that will either meet a need or fill a void. Her presentation leaves me with a few questions in regards both to resume writing, and to the general purpose of writing in a professional setting. In discussing resume writing, Eichner indicated the importance of limiting yourself to a one-page structure, a task that remains incredibly difficult for me. While I understand that being concise and effective in writing in the professions is essential, I am hesitant to accept fully that limiting yourself and your experiences, even those that might help you obtain an employment position, to fit a mold is really writing that remains concise and effective. In terms of the general purpose of professional writing, Eichner exhibits this understanding: [professional writing] is writing that comes from somewhere. It is

White 4 something that needs to be said. It has a purpose. I am intrigued by this concept of involving something that needs to be said and I have no doubt that investigating it more deeply will reveal necessary elements of professional writing which I can continue to analyze. 8. Eudaly, Jeremy and Laura Kestner- Ricketts. Career Services Center Presentation and Inclass lecture on 5 September 2013. Kestner-Ricketts and Eudaly highlighted the importance of incorporating both passion and concrete, transferrable skills into professional careers. With their primary focus on professional and occupational planning, they argued that professional success stems directly from an individuals awareness of her own personal skills, interests, and values prior to entry into this professional position. This certainly raises the question of what constitutes professionalism and leads me to wonder if this process of self-awareness is an ongoing process that must continue throughout ones professional career beyond this initial phase of preparation. Either way, their presentation ties very closely to the Damon et. al understanding that both passion and mastery have an essential function in the professional realm. 9. Fredrich, Lori. Informational interview. 25 September 25 2013. Loris perspective on writing in the workplace and on writing for the professions was incredibly unique, largely due to the reality that her primary writing outlet does not actually occur through her Marketing and Communications position within the College of Education at Marquette University. Instead, her main writing outlet stems from her freelance journalism work for On Milwaukee magazine and her food blog Burp!. When sharing her personal career biography with me, Fredrich highlighted a number of elements about how her experiences have shaped her as a writer and enabled her to synthesize the inherent connections between writing and work. First, though indirectly, she emphasized passion as a catalyst not only for her professional development, but for all aspiring professionals; hat is, she seemed to identity a direct correlation between her passion for writing and her ability and willingness to develop connections between writing and her professional work. From this implied emphasis on passion, Fredrich discussed the reality that professional writing stems from and depends on the audience, highlighting this in terms of her having to present and, in many ways, sell her story ideas to her editors. She also suggested the necessity of taking risks and allowing daily life experiences to make you a better, more relatable writer. In terms of professional development and professionalism, Fredrich emphasized the notion that making money and having a life is not a bad thing as long as we find ways to balance our jobs with our passions. The ability to write effectively and concisely, she described, is a highly transferrable skill and there are many jobs that are not really considered writing jobs that still allow individuals to

White 5 develop their writing capacities to an incredible extent. Perhaps the most interesting insight Lori shared with me as we were discussing what it means to tie writing skills with a professional identity was her suggestion for how to write cover letters and resumes that will really attract the attention of an employer: Employers and hiring managers read boring cover letters and resumes all day, all the time. If you are selling yourself as a writer, or even just an individual with highly developed creative, critical thinking skills, then you should absolutely sell that reality to them by relying on a creative, quirky cover letter and resume. I am still questioning this perspective, though, because of all of the contradictory evidence I have seen, but I am intrigued by and excited to experiment with this notion of being creative and quirky. 10. Gerson, Sharon J. and Steven M. The Importance of Memos, Letters, and E-mail. Harty, Kevin J. Strategies for Business and Technical Writing. 7e. Pearson: 2011. pg. 120 140. PDF. Gerson and Gerson present an informative investigation into the nature of some common pieces of writing that frequent professional settings. Through their analysis of memos, e-mails, and letters, they make two essential implications regarding the qualities that constitute professional writing or writing for the professions. The first is that writers in professional settings must possess and understanding of efficiency and alter their methods of communication by choosing the type of writing that most fulfills this understanding. The second is that the writer must evaluate and continue to re-evaluate the audience for which he or she writes. The audience, much like the desire to achieve high levels of efficiency, has a direct impact on the type of writing that is employed in the professional setting. 11. In-Class Discussion of "Can Old Editors Master Young Technology?" Focused on reading habits, changing media, blog genre, and generational gaps. 22 October 2013. In our class discussion of Wexlers article, we analyzed the benefits and detriments of shifting to an increasingly technological presentation of written content. Though we each recognized and shared our understanding of the necessity of changes that occur over time as society changes and technology develops, especially in relation to what and how we write, we admitted the fear and uncertainty that relates to this. That is, the skills and attributes of professional writing we learn now are essential because we can apply them now. But, what we will need to write later will be very different and will involve changes and transitions we cannot foresee. Therefore, we need to develop some sort of comprehensive and viable set of skills and assets that we can apply throughout this process of transitioning and that we can rely on to help us survive and thrive in the periods of shifting that are inevitably coming toward us, in terms of writing, professionalism, and the relationship between the two. Essentially, adaptability and flexibility are central tenets of what it means to write for the professions because they ensure that you will be able to write well into the duration of your professional life, no matter what changes occur to the professional field in which you work.

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12. Knox, Kelly and Patrick Schweiger. Experience on writing as a Program Assistant for the Marquette University Center for Community Service. Conversation. 20 September 2013. My position as a Program Assistant for the Center for Community Service has given me a new understanding of what it means to write for the professions. That is, writing for this job has shown me that writing professionally is writing that is constant, directed, concise, and connection-driven. Professional writing is constant in this position because of the vast mediums through which I am not only expected to write, but expected to write in a professional manner a manner that represents the voice of the Center for Community Service, the Office of Student Development, and Marquette University. I write emails to students, staff members, other faculty on campus, and community members hourly, and each email is expected to be grammatically correct, concise and written with a concrete purpose, while still conveying the attitudes of the offices which I represent. These standards apply to the social media writing I do on Twitter, Facebook, and Tumblr and to the newsletter that our center distributes on a bi-weekly basis. In terms of writing as directed and concise, professional writing has a distinct audience and objective that must be fulfilled in a specified, and often, limited space. This is especially true for the writing I do for the newsletter that our center produces as the newsletter is limited to a specific amount of space. Finally, writing for the professions is connection-driven. And, by connection-driven, I mean that the writing that is done always aims at increasing, promoting, establishing, or improving the connections for one, more, or both parties involved and this applies whether the writing is done as an email or done as a tweet or done as part of the newsletter or done as an outline. 13. Menck, Linda. Presentation to "Writing for the Professions" on Weebly. Marquette University. 15 October 2013. Linda Menck presented on the foundations and best practices of professional representation through the use of Weebly, an online website generator often used to create professional portfolios. Throughout her presentation, she emphasized the reality that creating and maintaining a comprehensive online presence is a necessity in the contemporary professional world. Similarly, she demonstrated the options for easy web design that Weebly offers, relative to other previous means for creating websites (e.g., in contract to coding with html). Central to Weeblys effectiveness is its capacity for easy simultaneous design of home pages for computer and mobile devices and, as Linda emphasized optimization for mobile is essential in workplace writing. In other words, accessibility is essential in the professional world content created must be accessible on mobile devices. In terms of other best practices" with design, the option "open in new tab" or "open in new window" should be the default, so that visitors don't navigate away from the profile to which you have worked so hard to draw them. Similarly, it is essential to use columns to visually organize information and to republish to update after new changes. In total, this presentation suggests three important conditions for professional online writing. First, creating and maintaining an online presence is essential it has become an

White 7 expectation in the work world. Second, writing in the professional world occurs across platforms and this does not change when the writing shifts to an online, technologically based forum for this writing. Third, professional writing has an incredibly broad audience with many different and often unanticipated members. 14. Miller, Jennifer. "How To Write Short." Co-Create. Fast Company, 30 Aug. 2013. Web. 02 Oct. 2013. Millers article provides the ideal illustration of what professional writing often necessitates. Due to the nature of the workplace, with its fast pace and constant striving for efficiency, professional writing often becomes short. This concept of writing short, though, does not mean that the characteristics of quality writing can be sacrificed. For example, diction and syntax still relate directly to the manner in which the audience receives the message - that is, the manner in which your writing is effective. Similarly, Miller highlights the reality that all written work, especially writing done in the professions must maintain a grammatical perfection. 15. OFarrell, Renee. The Importance of Good Writing Skills in the Workplace Small Business. Demand Media. 2013 Web. 22 October 2013. In this brief commentary on the importance of having good writing skills in every professional setting, OFarrell makes an important argument for writing as indication of an individuals credibility and potential successfulness as a professional employee. This notion of credibility was not one that was emphasized by the various sources I have examined, but one that certainly deserves consideration when examining the nature of writing in the workplace. Perhaps, though, OFarrell emphasizes to prove that writing is an essential tool in every professionals tool kit and that credibility is a consequence of a professionals ability to apply this tool effectively. 16. Oglensky, Bonnie D. "Writing in the Field: A Tool for Professional Socialization in Social Work." Writing in the Field: A Tool for Professional Socialization in Social Work. York College. City University of New York, n.d. Web. 02 Oct. 2013. Oglensky writes to describe the necessity that social workers be trained in professional writing because of the increasing importance of professional writing to the delivery of effective social work services. She highlights the required paperwork element of social work as a tool for education and a means through which higher quality, more appropriate care can be provided. Writing in the field of social work allows works to develop a professional identity and learn the ropes of the job while still examining and mastering the various types of written documentation on which this field relies. Oglenskys perspective suggests more than the importance of writing to the field of social work she suggests it is and will always be necessary as we aim to improve upon social work practice. Her statements lead me to question if this emphasis on writing

White 8 extends beyond a direct social work or social work instruction context to apply to social advocacy work. Either way, she provided substantial evidence for the link between effective writing skills and high-quality social service provision. 17. Online Guide to Writing and Research: Chapter 1 How Does College Writing Differ from Workplace Writing University of Maryland. University College. In this article discussing the differences between writing in an academic setting at a university and writing within the context and confines of a job, the emphasis again reflects the importance of specificity in professional writing: workplace writing is specific to the needs of your job and the format and content [] and expectations already established by those who assign, edit, and receive the writing. This article does provide a new insight into the nature of professional writing the necessity of creating a product rather than gaining knowledge. In other words, professional writing mandates a concrete result from the writing that an employee agrees to produce; writing in college is about increasing knowledge, about developing skills, or about demonstrating learning, but in the professions the goals is to create a specific piece of writing with specific motivations and qualifications defining it as a quality piece of written work. This emphasis on the created final product seems essential to the definition of professional writing, but I am surprised that this is the first article I have delved into in which this emphasis was explicitly examined. 18. Schneider, Robert L. and Lori Lester. Social Work Advocacy: A New Framework for Action. Belmont, CA: Wadsworth/Thomson Learning, 2001. Chapter 3: 106 111. Print. In this textbook for my Advocacy and Social Change class, the authors dedicate a specific chapter to defining the essential elements of client and cause representation. Within this chapter, they provide significant commentary on the function of effective, concise, professional writing in client representation and advocacy, arguing that writing is a key aspect of advocacy a necessary tool in the attempt to influence decision-making. They highlight writing in this way by referencing Ewings writers wheel, which becomes a visual representation of the reality that the facts and ideas of a writers message only make an impact on the reader if the writing incorporates the necessary elements of writing or the spoke[s] in the wheel. This perspective on writing in a specific profession seems particularly important because of the manner in which the authors suggest that the tenets and qualities of effective writing are the same tenets and qualities of effective advocacy. That is, the authors describe advocacy and representation of causes and clients in terms of writing in a concise, effective, professional manner. Therefore, I am inclined to believe that the ability to write effectively and persuasively is an absolute necessity in candidates for professional work. 19. Sergio, Allison. Defining Professionalism in the Field of Social Work Guest speaker class presentation. SOWJ 3300 Practice Skills with Individuals, Families, and Groups. 22 October 2013.

White 9 In her presentation to our Social Welfare and Justice class, Allison Sergio discussed her vocational and professional journey, highlighting the skills and attributes that led to her professional position as the executive director of Rosalie Manor, a non-profit organization dedicated to providing social services to teen moms and their families. In her presentation, she alluded to key aspects of what professionalism entails, especially in relation to communication in two forums: the communication between a worker and her clients and the communication between the non-profit organization and its partners within the community both of which rely inherently on the ability to articulate client needs and organizational assets in clear, demonstrative, and purposeful writing. 20. Simonds, Lauren. "Good Writing Can Help You Succeed." TIME Business and Money. N.p., 19 Apr. 2013. Web. 02 Oct. 2013. Simonds brief examination of the importance of quality professional writing, even in this digital age of abbreviated, electronic, immediate messages, speaks not only to the timeless nature of writing, but also to the undeniable importance of developing, practicing, and implementing these foundational communication skills. She provides a list of ten good writing practices to remind individuals who are potentially going to engage in the world through business that business cannot be done without effective, grammatical, and concise communication. Her ten reminders and clarifications include an emphasis on focus and clarity. Professional writing, according to Simonds, cannot include phrases that fill space unnecessarily. Simply put, she urges professional writers to get to the point while still managing to understand and engage the audience in a meaningful manner. To engage with the audience in a meaningful manner, however, necessitates what Simonds refers to as a relaxed authenticity. Though a difficult concept to process, this relaxed authenticity simply means that a professional writer is willing to meet the reader or the audience in a completely humble, open, and honest manner without relying on abrasive, forceful language. 21. Six Commonplaces of Professions. In-class lecture. 29 August 2013. These six conceptions, though not always applicable across every field of professional work, provide the necessary foundation for defining what constitutes a profession. Defining this notion of profession is essential to our work in a class entitled Writing for the Professions, and these six descriptions establish the range and depth of what characterizes a professional environment and field of work. The first commonplace suggests that a profession entails a commitment to service service done in the interests of others or to advance the welfare of a client base in society. This commonplace both shocks and inspires me; it shocks me in the sense that, at first glance, much of the professional world in contemporary society seems to focus on achieving monetary or material ends, rather than pursuing improved conditions for society. Still, it inspires me because of my particular interest in pursuing those improved conditions through a future career in social work. That is, this commonplace provides essential evidence for me as I begin to navigate and articulate the inherent connections that exist between highly efficient, effective, quality writing and effecting social change, whether through direct client work or through macro-level initiatives.

White 10 Another essential element to keep in mind as I continue to investigate the connection between writing and the professions is the commonplace conceptualizing a profession as an organized approach to learning from experience, of growing new knowledge, and of developing contexts of practice. This commonplace again becomes a catalyst for my interest and efforts to delve deeper into the potential for connection between writing and social work; social work and writing and all professions, I would argue require a profound ability to adapt to change and to succeed in a flexible professional environment. And, whether or not we realize it, these concepts seem to apply to us in numerous ways. The importance of adaptation stems first from internal motivations; we adapt our writing styles because we reflect internally on the style, voice, and language that are best suited for our external purpose. Yet, as I am already suggesting, this process quickly becomes external as we discern the best means through which we can apply these various techniques to the always changing external, professional environment in which our responsibilities and utilities are apt to change on a regular basis. This flexibility, and the commitment to pursuing the interests of a greater society, at least in some context, seems essential to the definition of profession. And, although the degree to which this commitment to an serving the interests of the welfare of society is necessary remains unknown and the terms serving in the interests of clients or in the welfare of society certainly require greater examination, we cannot deny their importance. 22. What Makes Writing So Important Writing Across the Curriculum. Marquette University. 7 July 2011. Web. 22 October 2013. This list of reasons explaining the importance of writing championed by the Marquette University 2011 Writing Center provide a short, specific, and yet incredibly value analysis of the tenets that define professional writing and the reasons for which writing is a necessary transferrable skill that separates ideal candidates for professional work from those who can simply do the job they are asked to do. Writing and work the professional world demands the qualities that this list shares. Since this list focuses on the reality that writing is the primary basis upon which your work, your learning, and your intellect will be judged, there are essential implications here that require our attention as we begin our analysis of what it really means to write in a professional setting. The first of these takeaways is that writing is a means of standardization and evaluation within a professional setting and therefore professional writing must always fulfill certain expectations and standards of evaluation. Second, writing in the professional settings must stimulate active responses. And, third, writing must become a tool by which professionals are equipped with the power and the confidence to incite increased effectiveness and communication in their workplaces. 23. White, Robert J. "Thoughts on Professional Writing." Conversation. United States, Westminster. 7 Sept. 2013.

White 11 My dad, Robert J. White, presents an interesting perspective on writing in the workplace, one in which I have been privileged to participate directly as he often asks me to edit the writing he will use in his professional communication, which perhaps represents an indication of the importance of grammatically correct writing in the workplace. His current professional practices include a weekly blog post shared with his entire company highlighting his thoughts on their goals for the week, quarter, or year ahead. I asked him about his purpose for writing these blog posts, what his reasoning and this practice seem to suggest is that writing is a necessary form of communication, particularly the communication of goals and values and aspirations, within the workplace. Further, he emphasized the importance of developing a personal relationship with his extensive staff through the weekly blog posts. Finally, he brought up the importance of this weekly post as a sign of his commitment to the organization and his desire to share and grow in the knowledge economy with them. 24. "Writing: A Ticket to Work . . . Or a Ticket Out." National Writing Project. The National Commission on Writing for America's Families, Schools, and Colleges, 2004. Web. 02 Oct. 2013. This report highlights writing as a threshold skill meaning the skill that determines whether or not an employee in any particular profession is hired or promoted. They further this argument by demonstrating the manner in which professional writing begins at the job application stage, with job search documents, resume writing, and other written pieces that an individual might not even consider to be professional writing because they are completed outside of the professional setting. 25. Wexler, Sarah L. Can Old Editors Master Young Technology Creative Nonfiction. Issue 40. 2011. PDF. Wexlers article provides important insight into the structure of workplace writing and the necessity of its effective transition into the digital, media, and global age as a means of ensuring its continued relevance. That is, this article highlights the importance of multi-media means of writing, especially in the workplace. Wexlers emphasis on the process of developing an online profile for a magazine relates in general to our class discussion of the process and importance of delving into the world of social media and creating a positive online presence. Clearly, creating new and fresh and timely content about a business and about you and your work through a website, blog, and social media is an essential element of professional writing. 26. Writing for the Professions Course Description. Holyoke Community College. 2013. As part of my investigation into what it means to write for the professions, I thought I would examine how other universities encouraging the development of similar skills address this question. According to Holyoke, writing for the professions necessitates specific, clear, and

White 12 lucid prose and exists in the various types of writing [and] communication demanded of business, science, and other professional careers. The emphasis on the importance of specificity and clarity echoes what I have already heard from many professionals and have read in many articles on professional writing, as does this implication that professional writing requires a variety of forums for presentation. The discussion of lucidity relates of course to the importance of being articulate, coherent, and smooth-tongued elements of writing that seem so obviously necessary that I have a hard time identifying them as purely professional characteristics of writing. .