HEAD LOSS DUE TO FRICTION IN CIRCULAR PIPE The Darcy equation gives the head loss in turbulent flow

for a circular pipe. hf = 4 f l d Where: f is the friction factor l is the length of pipe being consider d is the pipe dia eter c is the ean velocity of the fluid The friction factor f depends on the velocity of flow! the pipe dia eter! the fluid density and viscosity and the roughness of the pipe. "ne ean of calculating the friction factor #for turbulent flow is s ooth pipes$ is to use the %lasius equation: f = &.&'()*e +)4 This is accurate within , -. for s ooth pipes at *eynolds nu bers less than +&& &&& /n order to calculate losses for a larger range of *eynolds nu bers and pipe roughness we need to use the 0oody 1hart. This is a graph of the friction factor f against *eynolds nu bers for various values of 2)d! where 2 is a easure of the wall roughness and d is the pipe dia eter. 3ro the 0oody chart we can see that there are 4 regions which can be considered when atte pting to gain a value for f. +. 5a inar flow 6 f = +7)*e #8p to *e = 2&&&$ 2. 3or pipe roughness 2 value less than &.&&+! the %lasius equation can d f = &.&&'( *e+)4 4. we need to use the d 3or high 2 values or high *eynolds nu bers x c2 2g

appropriate 2 value and *eynolds nu ber on the chart. d

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Example Water with a coefficient of dyna ic viscosity of +.4 x +& ;4 <:) 2 flows along a pipe -& dia eter. /f the pipe has an absolute roughness of &.&&&& ' ! calculate: +. 2. 2 of pipe The head lost due to friction per 2 of pipe The power required to overco e friction per

#a$ 3or a flow rate of 4 litres) in #b$ 3or a flow rate of 4& litres) in +#a$ 3or a flow rate of 4 litres) in 1alculate the *eynolds nu ber to deter ine whether the flow is la inar or turbulent = = >>>>>4>>> +&&& x 7& = = = *e = = = = ? - x +& ;- x 4 @ x &.&-2 &.&2)s = - x +& ;4

)s

cd
A +&&& x &.&2- x &.&+.+4 x +&;4 +&(7

This is less than 2&&&! therefore the flow is la inar! and we can use the equation f = = hf = +7 *e +7 +&(7 4 f l c2 2gd = &.&+47

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= = 2#a$ Cower to

4 x &.&+47 x +&&& x &.&2-2 2 x (.B+ x &.&&.&4' of water

aintain flow = = D h = - x +&;- x #+&&& x (.B+$ E &.&4' = &.&+B W

+#b$ #i$

3or a flow rate of 4& litres) in = 1 *e = = = = = 4& = +&&& x 7& = ? = 7.7' x +&;4
4

)s = &.44 )s

7.7' x +&;4 x 4 @ x .&-2

cd
A +&&& x &.44 x &.&+.+4 x +&;4 +4(+2

This is significantly greater than 2&&&! therefore the flow can be assu ed turbulent. Therefore we can use a co bination of the 0oody 1hart and Darcy equation. 8sing the 0oody 1hart! for *e = +4(+2 and relative roughness = &.&&&&' &.&f = &.&&'B = &.&&+4

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hf

= = =

4 f l c2 2gd 4 x &.&&'B x +&&& x &.442 2 x (.B+ x &.&4.7B = = =Dh 7.7' x +&;4 x #+&&& x (.B+$ x 4.7B

2#b$

= 24.+ W

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