Professional Documents
Culture Documents
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II. HOW TO USE THIS GUIDE ............................................................................... 4
III. LEARNING ACTIVITIES ..................................................................................... 5
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IV. INFORMATION SHEET 1: ALPHABET OF LINES............................................. 6
INFORMATION SHEET 2: ORTHOGRAPHIC PROJECTION
A. ORTHOGRAPHIC PROJECTION ................................................................ 9
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B. STEPS IN SELECTING CORRECT VIEWS OF AN OBJECT ...................... 9
C. PRINCIPAL DIMENSIONS OF AN OBJECT .............................................. 10
D. STEPS IN PROJECTING THE THREE MAIN VIEWS OF AN OBJECT .... 11
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V. SELF CHECK 1 .................................................................................................. 8
SELF-CHECK 2 ................................................................................................ 13
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VI. ACTIVITY SHEET NO. 1: SKETCHING THREE MAIN VIEWS OF
AN OBJECT ..................................................................................................... 14
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drafting language.
In this learning material, the students should be able to apply the alphabet of lines in
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projecting the principal views of an object.
Competencies will be demonstrated by completing the job sheet and the unit test with a
minimum score of 75 percent.
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OBJECTIVES When you have successfully completed the learning activities in this
material, you will be able to:
1. Identify the different alphabet of lines;
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2. Steps in selecting correct views of an object;
3. Identify the dimensions of an object; and
4. Project the three main views of an object.
PRE-REQUISITES The completion of this learning material requires you to have a basic
understanding of:
If you are unfamiliar with any of the above concepts, work on________
before working on this learning guide.
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Refer to Learning Activity Page to know the sequence of learning tasks to undergo and the
appropriate resources to use in each task. This page will serve as your road map towards the
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achievement of objectives.
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Read the information sheets. This will give you an understanding of the work, and why things
are done the way they are.
Complete the activities as directed in the activity/practice sheets. These will test your
knowledge and give you practice of doing the tasks involved. Performance criteria for assessing
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practical exercise are shown to guide you in undertaking the practical exercises. Always be
aware of safety requirements highlighted in this material. Ask for clearance in using some tools
and equipment. Should you require some assistance and clarification, consult your trainer or
facilitator. They should be available anytime you need them.
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Answer self-checks found in each section of the learning guide. Do not write anything on this
learning guide; provide separate sheets for your answers. Self-checks will let you know how you
are going. To know how you fared with self checks, review the answer keys found at the end of
the learning guide.
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When you had completed all the tasks required in this learning guide, an assessment exercise
will be given to evaluate if you are already competent with the specified learning outcomes in
and ready for the next task. .If you feel ready for the assessment, consult the facilitator.
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A record of competency is provided on the last page to reflect how much of the required
assessment criteria have been met.
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You may already have some or most of the knowledge and skills covered in this learner’s guide.
Talk to your trainer about having them formally recognized. If you have qualification or certificate
of competence from previous training, show it to your trainer. If the skills you acquired are still
current and relevant to the unit of competency they may become part of the evidence you can
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present for Recognition of Prior Learning (RPL). If you are not sure about the accuracy of
your skills, discuss it with your trainer.
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RESOURCES/SPECIFIC
LEARNING STEPS
INSTRUCTIONS
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1. Student will ask the instructor of the 1. Instructor will provide the learning
materials to be used materials in Interpreting Technical
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Drawing
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Lines
Projection
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ALPHABET OF LINES
I. Basic Types of Lines and their Uses
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or contours of an object (NOTE: Visible
lines are sometimes called object lines.)
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b. Hidden lines – Used to show surfaces or
features on an object that are not visible
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of holes, round shapes, or the travel of a
center (path or motion)
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position of an object that moves (rotated
position)
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k. Border lines – Used to define the outer
edges or margins on the drafting media;
the drawing and all other information is
inside this border.
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1. Identify the alphabet of lines by writing your answer on the space provided.
1. ______________
A B
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2. ______________
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A B
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3. ______________
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B A 4. ______________
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5. ______________
ORTHOGRAPHIC PROJECTION
A. Orthographic Projection
An orthographic projection is a representation of separate views of an object on a two-
dimensional surface. It reveals the width, depth and height of the object.
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Ortho means “straight or at right angle” and graphic means “written or drawn”.
Projection comes from two Latin words: “pro,” meaning “forward,” and “jacere,”
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meaning “to throw.”
The projection is achieved by viewing the object from a point assumed to be at infinity
(an indefinitely great distance away). The line of sight or projectors are parallel to each other
and perpendicular to the plane of projection.
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Figure 1. Visualizing one view of an orthographic projection
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1. Select the number of views necessary to represent the object. This may require only one
view or as many as all six views. Only draw as many views as are necessary.
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Figure 2. Objects with very little thickness require only one view
3. Select alternate position for right side view if drawing area is crowded.
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3. Locate the views
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4. Block in the views with light, thin lines 5. Lay off the principal measurements
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7. Lay off the measurements for the details
( center for arcs, circles, and triangular
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ribs)
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10. Darken the lines where necessary to
make them sharp and black and of the
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proper thickness
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2. Found below top view which show s the shape, width and depth of the object.
a. top view b. front view c. bottom view d. rear view
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3. Found at the back of the front view.
a. rear view b. side view c. frontal plane d. none of the above
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a. length b. width c. depth d. height
6.
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The word orthographic comes from the two Greek words ortho and graphos meaning
a. forward b. straight/at right angle c. to write/to draw d. both b & c
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2. Draw the necessary orthographic views of the given object to show its exact shape.
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B. Materials:
A4 size drawing paper
Eraser
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C. Tools:
Drawing pencil
T-square
Triangles (30ºx60º, 45ºx45º)
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Erasing shield
D. Procedure:
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Study the example below and then complete the
assigned problem.
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Example:
the object.
(NOTE: The distance at the top and bottom of the
paper should be the same. The distance between
the top and front views can be the same as the
top and bottom or slightly less than that space.)
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(NOTE: The distance at the left side and the right side of the
paper should be the same. The distance between the views
can be the same as that on the left side and right side or
slightly less than that space. In the top and side)
3. Block in details using diagonals to locate centers, if
necessary, and lightly construct the circles and arcs.
4. Add line features to the views of the object.
Problem:
Layouts for Orthographic drawing problem will be explained by the instructor. Sketch the
three main views of the given isometric drawing below using the grid provided for measurement.
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on an A4 size drawing sheet. Do not erase light construction lines.
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1. Center line
2. Hidden line
3. Cutting-plane line
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4. Object line
5. Section line
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1. A 5. A
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2. C 6. 7
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3. A 7. C
4. B
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ASSESSMENT /PERFORMANCE
CRITERIA YES NO
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1. Components, assemblies or
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objects recognized as required
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drawing correctly identified