1.

00

H2Y2-

H4 Y
0.90

Y4-

HY3-

0.80

0.70

0.60

0.50

0.40

H 3 Y-

0.30

0.20

0.10

0.00
0.00

2.00

4.00

6.00

8.00

pH

10.00

12.00

pH
0.00
0.20
0.40
0.60
0.80
1.00
1.20
1.40
1.60
1.80
2.00
2.20
2.40
2.60
2.80
3.00
3.20
3.40
3.60
3.80
4.00
4.20
4.40
4.60
4.80
5.00
5.20
5.40
5.60
5.80
6.00
6.20
6.40
6.60
6.80
7.00
7.20
7.40
7.60
7.80
8.00
8.20
8.40
8.60
8.80

[H+]
1.000E+00
6.310E-01
3.981E-01
2.512E-01
1.585E-01
1.000E-01
6.310E-02
3.981E-02
2.512E-02
1.585E-02
1.000E-02
6.310E-03
3.981E-03
2.512E-03
1.585E-03
1.000E-03
6.310E-04
3.981E-04
2.512E-04
1.585E-04
1.000E-04
6.310E-05
3.981E-05
2.512E-05
1.585E-05
1.000E-05
6.310E-06
3.981E-06
2.512E-06
1.585E-06
1.000E-06
6.310E-07
3.981E-07
2.512E-07
1.585E-07
1.000E-07
6.310E-08
3.981E-08
2.512E-08
1.585E-08
1.000E-08
6.310E-09
3.981E-09
2.512E-09
1.585E-09

a4

a3

a2

a1

a0

8.623E-22
5.409E-21
3.382E-20
2.103E-19
1.297E-18
7.902E-18
4.721E-17
2.741E-16
1.527E-15
8.035E-15
3.925E-14
1.753E-13
7.087E-13
2.589E-12
8.615E-12
2.648E-11
7.647E-11
2.109E-10
5.631E-10
1.470E-09
3.780E-09
9.615E-09
2.425E-08
6.072E-08
1.508E-07
3.708E-07
8.988E-07
2.137E-06
4.942E-06
1.103E-05
2.352E-05
4.769E-05
9.173E-05
1.680E-04
2.953E-04
5.025E-04
8.351E-04
1.365E-03
2.206E-03
3.537E-03
5.640E-03
8.957E-03
1.417E-02
2.232E-02
3.496E-02

1.499E-11
5.931E-11
2.340E-10
9.181E-10
3.573E-09
1.373E-08
5.177E-08
1.896E-07
6.665E-07
2.213E-06
6.822E-06
1.922E-05
4.903E-05
1.130E-04
2.373E-04
4.601E-04
8.385E-04
1.459E-03
2.458E-03
4.049E-03
6.569E-03
1.054E-02
1.678E-02
2.651E-02
4.154E-02
6.443E-02
9.856E-02
1.478E-01
2.157E-01
3.037E-01
4.088E-01
5.229E-01
6.346E-01
7.335E-01
8.134E-01
8.733E-01
9.157E-01
9.443E-01
9.628E-01
9.741E-01
9.802E-01
9.821E-01
9.802E-01
9.741E-01
9.628E-01

2.166E-05
5.409E-05
1.346E-04
3.334E-04
8.186E-04
1.985E-03
4.721E-03
1.091E-02
2.420E-02
5.069E-02
9.860E-02
1.753E-01
2.821E-01
4.104E-01
5.436E-01
6.651E-01
7.647E-01
8.397E-01
8.925E-01
9.277E-01
9.496E-01
9.615E-01
9.656E-01
9.624E-01
9.515E-01
9.313E-01
8.988E-01
8.506E-01
7.833E-01
6.958E-01
5.909E-01
4.769E-01
3.652E-01
2.663E-01
1.863E-01
1.262E-01
8.351E-02
5.434E-02
3.496E-02
2.232E-02
1.417E-02
8.957E-03
5.640E-03
3.537E-03
2.206E-03

9.901E-03
1.560E-02
2.450E-02
3.827E-02
5.930E-02
9.073E-02
1.362E-01
1.986E-01
2.779E-01
3.673E-01
4.507E-01
5.056E-01
5.134E-01
4.712E-01
3.938E-01
3.040E-01
2.205E-01
1.528E-01
1.025E-01
6.720E-02
4.340E-02
2.773E-02
1.757E-02
1.105E-02
6.893E-03
4.257E-03
2.592E-03
1.548E-03
8.994E-04
5.040E-04
2.701E-04
1.375E-04
6.645E-05
3.058E-05
1.350E-05
5.770E-06
2.408E-06
9.888E-07
4.014E-07
1.617E-07
6.476E-08
2.583E-08
1.026E-08
4.061E-09
1.598E-09

9.901E-01
9.843E-01
9.754E-01
9.614E-01
9.399E-01
9.073E-01
8.591E-01
7.905E-01
6.979E-01
5.821E-01
4.507E-01
3.190E-01
2.044E-01
1.184E-01
6.241E-02
3.040E-02
1.392E-02
6.083E-03
2.574E-03
1.065E-03
4.340E-04
1.750E-04
6.995E-05
2.776E-05
1.093E-05
4.257E-06
1.636E-06
6.162E-07
2.259E-07
7.988E-08
2.701E-08
8.678E-09
2.646E-09
7.681E-10
2.139E-10
5.770E-11
1.520E-11
3.936E-12
1.008E-12
2.562E-13
6.476E-14
1.630E-14
4.086E-15
1.020E-15
2.533E-16

9.00
9.20
9.40
9.60
9.80
10.00
10.20
10.40
10.60
10.80
11.00
11.20
11.40
11.60
11.80
12.00
12.20
12.40
12.60
12.80
13.00
13.20
13.40
13.60
13.80
14.00

1.000E-09
6.310E-10
3.981E-10
2.512E-10
1.585E-10
1.000E-10
6.310E-11
3.981E-11
2.512E-11
1.585E-11
1.000E-11
6.310E-12
3.981E-12
2.512E-12
1.585E-12
1.000E-12
6.310E-13
3.981E-13
2.512E-13
1.585E-13
1.000E-13
6.310E-14
3.981E-14
2.512E-14
1.585E-14
1.000E-14

5.434E-02
8.351E-02
1.262E-01
1.863E-01
2.663E-01
3.652E-01
4.770E-01
5.911E-01
6.961E-01
7.840E-01
8.519E-01
9.012E-01
9.353E-01
9.582E-01
9.732E-01
9.829E-01
9.892E-01
9.931E-01
9.957E-01
9.973E-01
9.983E-01
9.989E-01
9.993E-01
9.996E-01
9.997E-01
9.998E-01

9.443E-01
9.157E-01
8.733E-01
8.134E-01
7.335E-01
6.347E-01
5.230E-01
4.089E-01
3.039E-01
2.159E-01
1.481E-01
9.881E-02
6.471E-02
4.183E-02
2.680E-02
1.708E-02
1.085E-02
6.871E-03
4.346E-03
2.747E-03
1.735E-03
1.095E-03
6.914E-04
4.363E-04
2.753E-04
1.737E-04

1.365E-03
8.351E-04
5.025E-04
2.953E-04
1.680E-04
9.174E-05
4.770E-05
2.353E-05
1.103E-05
4.947E-06
2.140E-06
9.012E-07
3.723E-07
1.519E-07
6.140E-08
2.469E-08
9.892E-09
3.954E-09
1.578E-09
6.292E-10
2.508E-10
9.989E-11
3.978E-11
1.584E-11
6.308E-12
2.511E-12

6.239E-10
2.408E-10
9.144E-11
3.391E-11
1.217E-11
4.193E-12
1.376E-12
4.282E-13
1.267E-13
3.584E-14
9.782E-15
2.599E-15
6.776E-16
1.744E-16
4.448E-17
1.129E-17
2.853E-18
7.195E-19
1.812E-19
4.558E-20
1.146E-20
2.881E-21
7.239E-22
1.819E-22
4.570E-23
1.148E-23

6.239E-17
1.520E-17
3.640E-18
8.517E-19
1.929E-19
4.193E-20
8.679E-21
1.705E-21
3.182E-22
5.680E-23
9.782E-24
1.640E-24
2.697E-25
4.380E-26
7.050E-27
1.129E-27
1.800E-28
2.864E-29
4.551E-30
7.224E-31
1.146E-31
1.818E-32
2.882E-33
4.569E-34
7.242E-35
1.148E-35

Ka4
Ka3ka4
Ka2Ka3Ka4
Ka1Ka2Ka3Ka4

a0

H 4Y
CY

a1

H Y

a2

H Y

a3

HY

a4

CY

CY

CY
4

CY

5.7544E-11
3.98107E-17
8.70964E-20
8.70964E-22