Botkin & Keller- 8th Edition Chapter 8- Biological Diversity and Biological Invasions Name: ________Chau Vu_____________________________ 1: What

is biological diversity? -> Biological diversity refers to the variety of life-forms, commonly expressed as the number of species or the number of genetic types in an area. 2: What is a population? -> Population is a group of individuals of the same species living in the same area or interbreeding and sharing genetic information. 3: What is a species? -> A species is all individuals that are capable of interbreeding. 4: What are the 9 reasons why people value biodiversity? -> There are nine primary reasons: Utilitarian, Public-service, Ecological, Moral, Theological, Aesthetic, Recreational, Spiritual, and Creative. Define the following: * Genetic Diversity: The total number of genetic characteristics of a specific species, subspecies, or group of species. * Habitat Diversity: The different kinds of habitats in a given unit area. * Species Diversity: Which in turn has three qualities: species richness, species evenness, and dominant species. * Species Richness: The total number of species. * Species Evenness: The relative abundance of species. * Dominant Species: The most abundance species. 5: What are the 3 main domains of life? -> Eukaryota,bacteria,archaea. 6: What is biological evolution? -> Biological evolution refers to the change in inherited characteristics of a population from generation to generation.

7: What causes mutations? Explain how this affects biological diversity. -> When DNA changes through an error of reproduction or an external agent, it causes mutation. Original parents of the offspring with the mutation will not have the mutated gene, but the offspring of those offspring will. 8: What is natural selection? What are the 4 primary factors involved in natural selection? -> This process of increasing the proportion of offspring is called natural selection. The 4 primary factors involved in natural selection are inheritance of traits, environmental variability, differential reproduction and influence of environment of survival. A Closer Look 8.1 Natural Selection: Mosquitos and the Malaria Parasite 1: Discuss the issue with Malaria, Mosquitos and DDT resistance and how this demonstrates natural selection. -> Malaria infects 300-400 million people a year and kills 1.1 million of them. The use of DDT prevented the mosquitoes from having malaria, thus infecting humans. Through natural selection, these mosquitoes developed a gene that made them resistant to DDT. It demonstrates natural selection; in the beginning, DDT harmed all the mosquitoes, but over time the most resistant mosquitoes reproduced to create more resistant mosquitoes. Migration and Geographic Isolation 1: How does Darwins Finches demonstrate the idea of Adaptive Radiation? -> Darwin's Finches demonstrates Adaptive Radiation because the finches that were isolated developed different niches. 2: Define: Genetic Drift -> Genetic Drift refers to changes in the frequency of a gene in a population due not to mutation, selection, or migration, but simply to chance. 3: What is the Founder Effect and how does it demonstrate Genetic Drift? -> Founder effect is when a group of individuals are isolated from a larger population. It demonstrates genetic drift, because the small group will have less genetic variability, making them their affected characteristics different by chance. Biological Evolution as a Strange Kind of Game In summary, the theory of biological evolution tells us the following about biodiversity:

1: Since species have evolved and do evolve, and since some species are also always becoming extinct, biological diversity is always changing and which species are present in any one location can change over time. 2: Adaptation has no rigid rules; species adapt in response to environmental conditions, and complexity is a part of nature. We cannot expect threats to one species to necessarily be threats to another. 3: Species and populations do become geographically isolated from time to time, and undergo the founder effect and genetic drift. 4: Species are always evolving and adapting to environmental change One way they get into trouble- become endangered is when they do not evolve fast enough to keep up with the environment. The Competitive Exclusion Principle 1: Explain how the introduction of the American Gray Squirrel into Great Britain demonstrates the Competitive Exclusion Principle. -> American Gray Squirrel was introduced in GB in 1830, and undergoes competition with the Red Squirrels. It demonstrates the Competitive Exclusion Principle, because both species of squirrels have almost the same requirements. Measuring Niches 1: What is an ecological niche? -> The ecological niche concept explains how so many species can coexist, and this concept is introduced most easily by experiments done with a small, common insect the flour beetle, which, as its name suggests, lives on wheat flour. 2: What is the difference between a fundamental and realized niche? -> Fundamental niche is where a species can live. Realized is where the species is living in. Symbiosis 1: In ecology, symbiosis describes a relationship between two organisms that is beneficial to both- each partner in symbiosis is called a: ___symbiont________ 2: What is an obligate symbiont? -> The bacteria and the reindeer are symbionts, each providing what the other needs, and neither could survive without the other. They are therefore called obligate symbiont.

3: Explain the symbiotic relationship between people and dogs -> Dogs are friendly, helpful, and companionable to people. In return humans have rewarded dogs. Predation and Parasitism 1: Explain how predation and parasitism actually helps increase species diversity in an ecosystem -> When two species are competing in the same habitat, one predator feeds on a more abundant species; it can keep that prey from overwhelming the other. How Geography and Geology Affect Biological Diversity 1: In general, greater diversity occurs: ____at lower latitudes________ 2: What geographic factors affect species biodiversity? -> Slope, aspect, elevation, and nearness to drainage basin. 3: How can moderate environmental disturbances increase diversity? -> The moderate disturbances can create new areas allowing different species to thrive in those disturbed areas. 4: How do people affect diversity? Explain. Factors That Tend to Increase Diversity 1: Physically diverse habitat 2: Moderate amount of disturbance 3: Small variation in environmental conditions 4: High diversity at one trophic level increases diversity at another level 5: Environment modified by life 6: Middle stages of succession 7: Evolution Convergent and Divergent Evolution 1: Define and give an example of each of the following: * Convergent Evolution The process by which species evolve in different places or different times and, although they have different genetic heritages, develop similar external forms and structures as a result of adaptation to similar environments. The similarity in the shapes of sharks and porpoises is an example of convergent evolution. Factors That Tend to Decrease Diversity 1: Environmental Stress 2: Extreme environments 3: Serve limitation in supply of essential resource 4: Extreme amounts of disturbance 5: Introduction to exotic species 6: Geographic Isolation

* Divergent Evolution Organisms with the same ancestral genetic heritage migrate to different habitats and evolve into species with different external forms and structures, but typically continue to use the same kind of habitats. The ostrich the emu are believed to be examples of divergent evolution. Invasions, Invasive Species and Island Biogeography 1: What are the 4 main principles in the theory of island biogeography? -> The 4 main principles in the theory of island biogeography are: - Islands have fewer species than continents. - The 2 sources of new species on an island are migration from the mainland and evolution of new species in place. - The smaller the islands, the fewer the species, as can be seen in the number of reptiles and amphibians in various West Indian islands. - The farther the island is from a mainland (continent), the fewer the species. 2: What is an ecological island? -> An ecological island is a comparatively small habitat separated from a major habitat of the same kind. Study Questions 1: Why do introduced species often become pests? -> The introduced species become pests because they replace native species in the habitat.