115

115

115

W
K

K

? ? ? ?

K

{

115

K
K

K
K
K
K

KK

KK

115

W
KKKK

WW
0K

o
o
o
o
o
o
o

KW

-1-

115

W
K1

WK
K 2 , 4 , 6 , 8 , 10 J

K J
K J

K J

K K

K2.1
KKK A , B , X , Y W EF
KKKK a , b , x , y W

K {}

A = {2 , 0 ,1, } W 2 , 0 , 1 , A

K A
0 0 A A 0

K A 5 5 A A 5
K3.1
W
W

K A

K
-2-

115

W91 A K
A = {2 , 4 , 6 ,8},

A = {4 , 6 , 2 , 8,} W

A = {2 , 4 , 4 , 6 , 8 , 2}
W

K
W A = {2 , 4 , 6 , 8}

K N A = {x : x N , x , 2 x 8}
2 x
x A
K8

K4.1
A A B
B A W A B
W

EW F B A x B x A

K B A A B A B B A
K B A A B

A = {3 , 5 ,11, 24} B = {5 , 24} C = {3 ,11,12} WW1

12 C A B A W A C B
A

-3-

115

K5.1
A = B B A

A = B A B B A x A x B x B x A
A = {0 ,1} B = {x : x N , x 2 x = 0} WW2
W

B A
W

x 2 x = x( x 1) = 0 x = 0 x 1 = 0 , x = 1
A = B B = {0 ,1} W
K6.1

K
U = {5 , 2 , 7 , 21} K U

B A B = {5 , 7 , 21} A = {2 , 21}

KU

K{}
K A = {x : x < 0 x > 0}

1) A U ,

2) A A,

3) A B B C A C , 4) A = B A B

-4-

B A

115

W1

K J
K J
5 J
K21 J
K J
W2
1) A = {x : x N , 3 < x < 12},
3) C = {x : x N , 4 x 3 = 1},

2) B = {x : x N , x
, 3 x < 11},
4) D = {x : x N , x + 1 = 0},

6) F = {x : x N , x 2 + 1 = 2}.

5) E = {x : x = 5n 6 , n N , 1 n < 5},

W W3

1) A = {5 , 4 , 3 , 2 , 1, 0 ,1, 2},

2) B = {0 , 4 , 8 ,12 ,16 ........},

3) C = {.... 10 , 5 , 0 , 5 ,10.......},

4) D = {1, 4 , 9 ,16 , 25 , 36 , 49}

WW4
, A = {1}, B = {1, 3}, C = {1, 3 , 5}, D = {1, 2 , 3 , 4 , 5}, E = {1, 3 , 5 , 7 , 9},U = {1, 2 , ...., 8 , 9}
W

1) ..... A,

2) A.....B,

3) B.....C ,

4) B.....E ,

5) C.....D,

6) C.....E ,

7) D....E ,

8) D.....U

WW5

1) a = {a},

2) 5 {5},

3) 9 {1, 3 , 6 ,....},

5) A U ,

6) {},

7) 4 {1, 2 , 3 ,{4}},

-5-

4) A,

8) 7 {3 , 4 , 2 ,{5}}.

115

K2
K1.2
B A B A
W A U B

A U B = {x : x A x B}
U

B A

U
A

AU B
A U B = {1, 2 , 3 , 4 , 5 , 6} W A = {1, 2 , 3 , 5} B = {2 , 4 , 6} W3

1) A U A = A,

4) A ( A U B) , B ( A U B),

2) A U = A,
5) A U B = B U A,

3) A U U = U ,
6) ( A U B ) U C = A U ( B U C )

K 6 5

K2.2
B A B A
W A I B
A I B = {x : x A x B}



-6-

115

W
U
A

AI B

W A = {x : x N , x 6}, B = {x : x N , x 11} WW4

A I B = {x : x N , x 11}

1) A I A = A,
4) ( A I B) A , ( A I B) B,

2) A I = ,
5) A I B = B I A,

3) A I U = A,
6) ( A I B) I C = A I ( B I C ).

K 6 5
EFK3.2
W A , B , C

EF1) A U ( B I C ) = ( A U B) I ( A U C )
W

EF 2) A I ( B U C ) = ( A I B) U ( A I C )
K4.2
A A B
W A B B

A B = {x : x A x B}


-7-

115

U
A

A B

A B = {1, 5} W A = {1, 5 , 6 ,12 , 20}, B = {3 , 6 ,12 ,18 , 20} WW5

1) A A = ,
4) A B = B A A = B,

2) A = A,
5) A B = A A I B = ,

3) A U = ,
6) A B = A B.

K5.2

A A U

W A A KEU A F A U

A = U A = {x : x U x A}

U
A

A = {4 , 5 , 6.....} W U = N = {1, 2 , 3 , 4.....}, A = {1, 2 , 3} WW6

1) A U A = U ,

2) A I A = ,

3) = U ,
-8-

4) U = ,

5) A = A.

115

K6.2
W U B A
1) A U B = A I B ,

2) A I B = A U B .

a) A U B = A I B

b) A I B = A U B

B A B A

A B K
A B = {x : x A U B x A I B}

U
A

A B

A B = {3 , 5 , a , b} W A = { 2 , 3 , 4 , 5} B = {2 , 4 , a , b} WW7

1) A A =

2) A = A

W
3) A U =

4) A B = B A

5) A B = ( A B ) U ( B A)

6) A B = A = B

K4


K

W N
N = {1, 2 , 3 , 4............}
-9-

115

KW 0 N
W W = N U {0}

W = {0 ,1, 2 , 3 , 4 ,.......}

W
W Z

Z = {....... 2 , 1, 0 ,1, 2.......}

EF

WK Q

Q = : m Z , n Z , n 0
m
n

K m =

m
2
2 =
1
1
1

Z Z W W N

N W Z Q W Q

W
R

K
K 2 Q

- 10 -

115

W U = {1, 2 ,..., 9} 31

A = {1, 2 , 3 , 4 , 5}

B = {4 , 5 , 6 ,7}

C = {5 , 6 , 7, 8 , 9}

D = {1, 3 , 5 , 7 , 9}

E = {2 , 4 , 6 , 8}

F = {1, 5 , 9}

a) A U B A I B

b) B U D B I D

c) A U C A I C

d)D U E D I E

e) E U F E I F

f )D U F D I F

a) A , B , C , D

b) A B

c) B A

d)D E

e) F D

f )A B

g)C D

h) E F

WW1

WW2

WW3

a) A I ( B U E )

a) A I B I A

b) A E

d ) ( B I F ) U (C I E )

c) A I D B

WW4

b) ( A U ) U A

e) A U B U A I B f ) A U B U A

c) ( A U B) I B

d ) ( A I B) U ( A I B)

g)( A I U ) U A

e) [( A I B ) U ( A I B ) U ( A I B )] I B

B A A I B B A W5

a) A I B

b) A I B =

c) B A W

WK A , B , C W6
a) A ( B U C )

c) A I (C B )

b) A I ( B U C )

U
A

- 11 -

115

K W7
( A U B) I ( A U B ) = A W W8
W A B = A I B W9
( A U B) ( A I B) = ( A B) U ( B A)
WW10
1) 2

2) 0

3)

4
2

- 12 -

4)

5) e 2

115

KE ASCII F

WK1
0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9W

9 0

9
2

K 4.5 W1
K

K

W

1 (10 0 ) 10 (101 ) 100 (10 2 ) 1000 (103 ) 10000 (10 4 ) L

W
0.1 (10 1 ) 0.01 (10 2 ) 0.001 (10 3 ) 0.0001 (10 4 ) 0.00001 (10 5 ) L
124 = (4 1) + (2 10) + (1 100) = (4 10 0 ) + (2 101 ) + (1 10 2 )

W2

0.563 = (5 0.1) + (6 0.01) + (3 0.001) = (5 10 1 ) + (6 10 2 ) + (3 10 3 )

124.563 = (1 10 2 ) + (2 101 ) + (4 10 0 ) + (5 10 1 ) + (6 10 2 ) + (3 10 3 )

E10F10

- 13 -

115

WK2
K
20
KE2F2

W
1 (2 0 ) 2 (21 ) 4 (2 2 ) 8 (23 ) 16 (2 4 ) L
W
0.5 (2 1 ) 0.25 (2 2 ) 0.125 (2 3 ) 0.0625 (2 4 ) 0.015625 (2 5 ) L
K150W3

0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15

0000
0001
0010
0011
0100
0101
0110
0111
1000
1001
1010
1011
1100
1101
1110
1111

1111

WW4
1) 1101101

2) 0.1011

3) 10.111

- 14 -

115

W
1) 1101101 = (1 2 0 ) + (0 21 ) + (1 2 2 ) + (1 2 3 ) + (0 2 4 ) + (1 2 5 ) + (1 2 6 )
= 1 + 0 + 4 + 8 + 0 + 32 + 64 = 109

2) 0.1011 = (1 2 1 ) + (0 2 2 ) + (1 2 3 ) + (1 2 4 )
= 0.5 + 0 + 0.125 + 0.0625 = 0.6875
3) 10.111 = (1 21 ) + (0 2 0 ) + (1 2 1 ) + (1 2 2 ) + (1 2 3 )
= 2 + 0 + 0.5 + 0.125 + 0.0625 = 2.6875

W
K2E1

K2E2
K0E3

W W5
1) 12

2) 19

3) 45

W2E1
12
=6
2
6
0 = 3
2
3
1 = 1
2
1
1 = 0
2

1100W12

W2E2
19
=9
2
9
1 = 4
2
4
0 = 2
2
2
0 = 1
2

- 15 -

115

1
2

1 = 0
10011W19

W2E3
45
= 22
2
22
0 = 11
2
11
1 = 5
2
5
1 = 2
2
2
0 = 1
2
1
1 = 0
2
K101101W45

W
W

W

2E1
KK

2E2
K

K0E3
WW6
1) 0.625

2) 12.3125

W2E1
1 0.625 2 = 1.25
0 0.25 2 = 0.5
- 16 -

115

1 0.5 2 = 1.0

K0

K0.0101W0.625

K0.312512WE2

K1100121

2W0.3125
0 0.3125 2 = 0.625

1 0.625 2 = 1.25
0 0.25 2 = 0.5
1 0.5 2 = 1.0

K0

K0.0101W0.3125

K100.0101W12.3125

WK3
W

0+0=0

0 +1=1
1 + 1 = 10
1 + 0 + 0 = 01
1 + 1 + 0 = 10
1 + 1 + 1 = 11

WW7
1) 11 + 11

2) 100 + 10

3) 111 + 11

4) 110 + 100

- 17 -

115

W11 + 11 = 110 E1
1 1

1 1
+ 1 1
1 1 0

W100 + 10 = 110 E2
0 0
1 0 0

+
1 0
1 1 0

W111 + 11 = 1010 E3
1 1 1
1 1 1

+
1 1
1 0 1 0

W110 + 100 = 1010 E4

1 0 0
1 1 0

+ 1 0 0
1 0 1 0

K
WW8
1101, 1010.01, 10000, 0.010101
10000 > 1101 > 1010.01 > 0.010101

- 18 -

115

00=0

11= 0
1 0 =1
10 1 = 1

WW9
1) 11 10

2) 101 11

W11 10 = 1 E1

1 1

1 0
0 1

W101 11 = 10 E2

1 0 1

1 1
0 1 0

00 = 0

0 1 = 0
1 0 = 0
11 = 1

WW10
1) 11 11

2) 101 111

3) 1001 1011

- 19 -

115

1 1

W11 11 = 1001 E1

1 1
1 1

1 1
1 0 0 1

W 101 111 = 100011 E2

1 0 1

1 1 1
1 0 1

1 0 1
+ 1 0 1
1 0 0 0 1 1

1 0 0 1
1 0 1 1

W 1001 1011 = 1100011 E3

1 0 0 1

1 0 0 1
0 0 0 0
1 0 0 1
1 1 0 0 0 1 1

W
K
WW11
1) 110 11

2) 110 10

- 20 -

115

W110 11 = 10 E1
10
11 110

11
000

11
10 110

W110 10 = 11 E2

10

010
10
00

WK4

K 2 n 1 0 n W1

K2550 8W12
K65535016

W J
10W
K

W8 JW13
1) 19

2) 19

K10011W1952E1
K00010011W8 J

K10010011W J 19 E2

- 21 -

115

W JW14
1) 10010

2) 00101

1) 10010 = (21 ) = 2
2) 00101 = + (2 2 + 2 0 ) = 5

J n W2
K 2 n1 1 2 n1 + 1

J 8W15
K127 127

K 32767 32767 16
W1
J
K10
W81W16
1) 19

2) 19

8 J 19 131E1
K1 00010011 W

1 000100111 19 E2
K11101100 W

W1W17
1) 00010111

2) 11101000

1) 00010111 = 2 0 + 21 + 2 2 + 2 4 = 1 + 2 + 4 + 16 = 23
2) 11101000 = (00010111) = (2 4 + 2 2 + 21 + 2 0 ) = (16 + 4 + 2 + 1) = 23

1 n W3
K 2 n1 1 2 n1 + 1

- 22 -

115

127 18W18

K127

K 32767 32767 16
W2
J

110
K

W82W19
1) 19

2) 19

8 J 19 131E1
K2 00010011 W

1 000100112 19 E2
11101101 W1 11101100 W

WE8F

2 0 , 21 , 2 2 , 23 , 2 4 , 25 , 2 6 , 2 7
W2W20
1) 01010110

2) 10101010

1) 01010110 = 21 + 2 2 + 2 4 + 2 6 = 2 + 4 + 16 + 64 = 86
2) 10101010 = 21 + 2 3 + 2 5 2 7 = 2 + 8 + 32 128 = 86

2 n 1 2 n W4

K 2 n1 1

128 28W21

K127

K 32767 32768 16

- 23 -

115

W1

00000000, 11111111
W J
00000000, 10000000
WK5
W
0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, A, B, C , D, E , F
KE16F16

KW

W22
W

0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9

A
B
C
D
E
F

0000
0001
0010
0011
0100
0101
0110
0111
1000
1001
1010
1011
1100
1101
1110
1111

0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15

- 24 -

115

W
K4E1
K4E2

KE3

WW23
1) 1100101001010111

2) 111111000101101001

1) 1100101001010111 = 1100 1010 0101 0111 = CA57 16

2) 111111000101101001 = 11 1111 0001 0110 1001

= 0011 1111 0001 0110 1001 = 3F16916

W
K4E1
KE2

W W24
1) 10 A416

2) CF 8E16

3) 974216

1) 10 A416 = 0001 0000 1010 0100 = 1000010100100

2) CF 8E16 = 1100 1111 1000 1110 = 1100111110001110

3) 974216 = 1001 0111 0100 0010 = 1001011101000010

WW25
1) 1C16

2) A8516

1) 1C16 = 0001 1100 = 11100 = 2 2 + 2 3 + 2 4 = 28

2) A8516 = 1010 1000 0101 = 101010000101 = 2 0 + 2 2 + 2 7 + 2 9 + 211 = 2693

1) 1C16 = (1 161 ) + (12 16 0 ) = 16 + 12 = 28

2) A8516 = (10 16 2 ) + (8 161 ) + (5 16 0 ) = 2560 + 128 + 5 = 2693
- 25 -

115

650

WW26

W16

650
= 40
16
40
8 = 2
16
2
2 = 0
16
28A16 W 650

A = 10

W6W1
1) 1386

2) 54692 = 54,692

3) 671920 = 671,920

4) 13.564

W10W2

1) 10

2) 100

3) 10,000

4) 1,000,000

5) 0.001

4W3
WW4

1) 11

2) 100

3) 111

4) 1000

5) 1001

6) 1100

WW5

1) 110011.11
2) 101010.01
3) 1000001.111
4) 1011010.1010
W W6

11E5

10E4

4E3

3E2

E1

W7
1) 17

2) 35

1) 10

2) 17

3) 49

4) 68

5) 81

6) 205

WW8
3) 24

4) 48

5) 125

6) 186

- 26 -

115

WW9
1) 0.32
1) 11 + 1
1) 11 1
1) 11 11

2) 0.246

3) 0.0981

4) 12.34

WW10

2) 10 + 10

3) 101 + 11

4) 111 + 110

5) 1101 + 1011

WW11
2) 101 100

3) 110 101

4) 1110 11

5) 11010 10111

WW12
2) 100 10

3) 111 101

4) 1001 110

5) 1110 1101

WW13

1) 100 10
2) 1001 11
3) 1100 100
EF8 W14
W

1) 29
2) 85
3) 100
4) 123
5) 99
6) 57
WW15
1) 10011001

2) 01110100

1) 5916
1) 1110
1) 5916
1) 8

3) 10111111

4) 01110100

WW16
2) A1416

3) 5C 816

4) 8 A9 D16

WW17
2) 10

3) 10111

4) 1111110000

WW18
2) A1416

3) 5C 816

4) 8 A9 D16

WW19
2) 14

3) 33

4) 6500

- 27 -

115

W
KKK

WW
K

o
o
o
o
o

K12W

- 28 -

115

K1

K K

EF

K ( False : F ) (True : T )
K

K2

WK
W1

Ea

180o Eb
4 2 = 1 Ec
x = 16 W x = 3 Ed
2

Ee

K Ef

K

K

KK

- 29 -

115

WW2

Ea

4cm ABCD Eb
Ec

?W K?
?? ?W
K????W? 4cm ?? ABCD

K p , q , r , s .....

K3
W

W "and " ??W (conjunction)

W "or" ??W (disjunction)

W "not" ?KKKK?W (negation)

p q K1.3

p q WKE "and " F??

K q p p q K? q p ?

q p p q

p q K p q
K1

p q q p

K p q q p

- 30 -

115

pq

F
F
1

( F ) (T )

q p p q q p
K

WW3

E1

4 + 2 = 7 E2

2 6 E3

0 6 E4

p q K2.3

p q WKE "or" F??

K q p p q K? q p ?

q p p q
K q p p q

K 2 p q

q p p q

- 31 -

115

pq

F
F
2
WW4

E1

4 + 2 = 7 E2

2 6 E3

0 6 E4

p ?K??

??K q p ? q

q p ? q p ?

L2 L1 ?K

KEF??

K
??
p q

K? q | p ?

p K3.3

K p W p ?KKKKKKK?

p p p p K p

W p p
- 32 -

115

WW5
Ea

Eb

Ec

K??? ?W

W K???
?W

? ?W ? ?
K

q p

p , q , r
W

p q

- 33 -

115

K4.3
p , q , r... P( p , q , r ...)

KEF , , EF

W
( p q) WW6

p q q p q ( p q)
T T F F
T F T T
F T F F
F F T F

q p

T
F

T
T

K ( F ) (T )

K , ,

( p q)
K q p
p

q ( p q)

T
F

T
T

W
K ( ) () ()

( p q) ( p) q p q

- 34 -

115

K5.3
EF (T )
K

E (F ) F (F )

a) p ( p q) b) ( p q) ( p q) W W7
W

p q p p q p ( p q) W (a
(T ) p ( p q)
T T F T
T
W
T F F T
T
p ( p q) T
F T T T
T
E F
F F T F
T
W (b
p q

p q p q ( p q) ( p q) ( p q)

T T T
T F F

T
T

F
F

F
F

F T F

F F F

( p q) ( p q)
( F )

( p q) ( p q) F

K6.3
EF
KE F P( p , q ...) Q( p , q ...) W

( p q) p q WW8

WW

- 35 -

115

p q ( p q) p
T
T
F
T
F
T
F
F
T
F
F
T

q p q p q
T
F
T
F

F
F

T
T

F
T

( p q)

W p q
( p q ) p q

T
T

K7.3
p , q , r
K

E1

E5

a) p q q p

b) p q q p

a) p T T

b) p F p

c) p F F

d) p T p

a) p (q r ) ( p q) r

a ) p (q r ) ( p q ) ( p r )

E6

b) p (q r ) ( p q ) r

E3

a ) p p T

b) p p F

c) T F

c) F T

E7

a) p p p

E8

b) p p p

p p

b) p ( q r ) ( p q ) ( p r )

E4

E2

a) ( p q) p q

b) ( p q ) p q

- 36 -

115

W8

E F (2a)

p (q r )
( p q) r
W

pq

( p q) r

qr

p (q r )

( p q) r = p (q r )

W9

EF ( p q) p p W
p

T T

F F

T F

F F

pq

( p q) p
T

T
F
F

E p F

( p q) p p WE ( p q) p F

( p q) p p W

WW10
a) ( p q) ( p q) p

b) {( p q) ( p q)} q T

- 37 -

115

( p q ) ( p q ) ( p q ) ( p q )

(a

E8 a F

E3 b F
p ( q q)
p T E6 a F
p

E5 d F

(b

{( p q) ( p q)} q { q ( p p)} q

E3 a F

E6 b F
{ q F } q
q q E5 b F
T

E6 a F

( p q) ( p q r ) ( p q) (1) WW12

(1) ( p q ) [ p (q r )] ( p q )

E8 a F

( p q) [ p ((q r ) q)]
( p q) ( p q)

E3 b F

p ( q q )

E9F
E3 b F
E6 a F

p T

E5 d F

- 38 -

115

K8.3
(a

q p
(if p then q) ? q p ?
p q K p q W

K? q p ?? q p ?

p q p q
T T

T F F
F T

F F T

p q p q

p ? q p ?

q p
W

p W q WWW13

p W p q

K q p

p W 3 = 8 q W 3 + 5 = 8 WW14
3 + 5 = 8 3 = 8 W p q

K p q p q
K p q q p

p W q W 4 2 = 3 WW15
4 2 = 3 W p q

p q q p
K

p q p q W ( ) ()

- 39 -

115

p q p q

p p q

T T T

T F F
F T T

F
T

F
T

F F T

p q p q
K? q p ?? q p ?
WW16

p q , q p , p q , q p
W
p q p q q p p q p q q p
W
T T T
T
F F T
T
p q q p
q p p q
T F F
F
T
F T T
F T T
F
T F F
T

F F T

p q q p p q q p

p q q p p q

WK p : x 2 = 4 q :| x |< 4 WW17
K | x |< 4 E x = 2 F x 2 = 4 W p q

x = 3 x = 1 x 2 = 4 | x |< 4 W q p

x = 3 x = 1 | x | 4 x 2 4 W p q

p q p q ( p q)

T T T

T F F
F T T

T
F

F F T

p q p q W

( p q) ( p q) = p q

- 40 -

115

(b

p ?

K p q W? q

q p
p q p q

WK

T T T

p q ( p q) (q p)
EF

T F F
F T F

F F T

K9.3
P1 , P2 ,....Pn

W Q

P1 , P2 ,....Pn a Q
E Q F
EF P1 , P2 ,....Pn a Q


E F P1 , P2 ,....Pn

W W18

a) p , p q a q EF b) p q , q a p EF

p q p (a

K q
p

q p q

F F

K p , p q a q WK

- 41 -

115

W (a (b

q p q

KEF p q , q a p E p F
p q p q
T T

T F F
F T

F F

P1 , P2 ,....Pn

P1 , P2 ,....Pn a Q
E F P1 P2 ..... Pn

W P1 P2 ..... Pn Q EF
WKEF ( P1 P2 .... Pn a Q) T

p q , q r a p r W19

( p q) (q r ) a ( p r )

pq

qr pr

( p q) (q r )

( p q ) (q r ) ( p r )

( p q) (q r ) ( p r ) T
KEF ( p q) (q r ) a ( p r )
- 42 -

115

W20

KK

WW

p1 W p1 W

p2 W p2 W

p1 W p1 p2 , p2 W

( p1 p2 ) p2 a p1 T W p1 p2 , p2 a p1 W

p1 p2 p1 p2 p1 p2 ( p1 p2 ) p2 ( p1 p2 ) p2 p1
T
F
T T F F
T

F
F

T
T

F
T

F
F

T
T
T

K ( p1 p2 ) p2 a p1 T

K10.3
Q( p , q ,...) Q( p , q ,...) P( p , q ,...)

W P( p , q ,...)

q p q

T T

F T

T T

F F

P( p , q ,...) Q( p , q ,...)
p q p q p W21
p q p
K p p q K

P( p , q ,...) a Q( p , q ,...)

P( p , q ,...) Q( p , q ,...)

P a Q K

K P Q

- 43 -

115

W Q( p , q ,...) P( p , q ,...)
Q( p , q ,...) P( p , q ,...)

EF P( p , q ,...) a Q( p , q ,...)

EF P Q

WK4
W

WW1

Ed

Ee
Ef

Ea
Eb

Ec
2 + 2 = 5 Eg
45 > 58 Ed
p W?? q W??WW2
a ) p

b) p q

c) p q

d ) q p W

WW3

p W?? q W?? r W??

- 44 -

115

W , ,

Ea

Eb

Ec

Ed

WW4

p : q : r : s :

a) p q , p r , p s , q r , q s , r s
b) p q , p r , p s , q r , q s , r s
( p q) ( p q) F WW5
WW6
a) p ( p q)

WW7

a) p (q r ) ( p q) ( p r )
a) p ( p q) T

c) { p ( p q)} q

b){( p q) ( p q)} q

b) p ( p q ) p

WW8

b) { p ( p q )} q T

d ){ p q) ( p q)} q T

a) ( p q) ( p q r )

c) ( p q ) p q

c) { p ( p q )} {q ( p q )} q

e) ( p q) ( p q) ( p q) ( p q) T

WW9

b) p { q ( p q)}

c ) ( p q ) ( p q r ) ( p q )

WW10

(a

(b

(c

WW11

a) 3 + 8 = 11 1 + 3 = 4 b) 3 + 11 = 10 1 + 3 = 7
c) 3 + 8 = 11 1 + 3 = 7 d ) 3 + 8 = 10 1 + 3 = 4
- 45 -

115

WW12

p : ABC q : ABC

p q
W13

a) b)

E p q p q WF

WW14
(a

(b
(c

W W15

a ) p p T

b) [ p ( p q )] q T

c) ( p q ) ( p q ) T

d ) ( p q ) ( p q ) T
f ) ( p q) ( q p ) T

e) [( p q ) (q r )] ( p r ) T

W W16
a ) ( p q ) ( q p )

b) p q ( p q ) ( p q )

c) ( p q) r p (q r )

W W17

a) p q , pa q b) p q , qa p
c) p q , r q , r a p

W W18

W W19

K 7 4 7 K 7 4 7

WW20
1) p

2) p q

3) p q

4) q p

5) ( p q) ( p q)

WW21
1) A I B

2) ( A U B) I C
- 46 -

3) A = B C

4) A U B C

115

KW

WW
K

K NAND

o
o
o
o
o

KW

- 47 -

115

K1

K
W

p a

p a

E ab a b F

(T ) W1
( F ) W 0

pq =q p
pq =q p
( p q) r = p (q r )
( p q) r = p (q r )
p (q r ) = ( p q) ( p r )

p (q r ) = ( p q) ( p r )

2
3
4

9
10
11
12

( p q)= p q

a+b=b+a
ab =ba

(a + b) + c = a + (b + c)
(a b) c = a (b c)
a (b + c) = (a b) + (a c)
a + (b c) = (a + b) (a + c)
a +b = ab

( p q)= p q
p p = p , p p = p
p T = T , p T = p

ab = a +b
a + a =a , aa =a
a + 1 = 1 , a 1 = a

p p = T , p p = F
pF = p , pF = F

a + a =1 , a a = 0
a +0=a , a0=0

- 48 -

115

a) Z = (a + bc)(ab + c)
a)

b) Z = a + bc WW1

Z = (a + bc)(ab + c)
= a (ab + c) + bc(ab + c)

9 , 11

= 0 + ac + 0 + bc

12

= ac + bc

12

Z = c ( a + b)

Z =a+bc

= a ab + ac + abbc + bcc
= 0 b + ac + a 0 c + bc

b)
= a (b c)
= a (b + c)

7
8

= a (b + c)

K2
WK

??
W

Z : a : b : + : OR
WEF

a
0

b
0

Z =a+b
0

Z = a + b
W

K
WK

ab + ac = a(b + c) W W2

- 49 -

115

W F T 0 1

a
0

b
0

c
0

ab
0

ac
0

ab + ac
0

b+c
0

a (b + c)

1
1
1
E a(b + c) FE ab + ac F6

ab + ac = a(b + c)

K3
E F
K
L K
L

1 0
K1 0

L EF

K

K

K4
K

- 50 -

115

EF AND K1.4
E1 F AND
E1a FKE1 F

E1 FK Z = ab W
K AND
K AND 1b KE b = 1 AND a = 1 F B

AND A

K b a E
F AND Z
Z = abc W a , b , c K b = 0 a = 0 Z = 0
a
a

AND

1a

Z=ab

1b

a
0
0

b
0
1

Z = ab
0
0

EF OR K2.4
KE1 FE1 F OR
WK OR E 2a F

KE b = 1 OR a = 1 FE Z = 1 FK Z = a + b

K b a EF OR Z K AND 2b

K b = 1 a = 0 Z = 1
a

Z=a+b

2a

OR
b

2b

a
0

b
0

Z = ab
0

EF NOT K3.4
W
Z = 1 a = 0 Z = 0 a = 1
- 51 -

115

WK Z
Z = a
W NOT
a

Z =a

NOT

a
0

Z =a
1

NAND K4.4
NAND K NOT

AND NAND

W AND NAND K AND

Z = ab
W NAND

a
NAND

Z = ab

a
0

b
0

ab
0

Z = ab

NOR K5.4
K OR NOR K NOT OR NOR

Z = a + b W OR NOR

W NOR

a
NOR

Z = a+b

a
0
1

b
0
0

a+b
0
1

0
0

- 52 -

Z =a+b
1

115

W Z W3
a
b

AND

NOT

OR

NOT

OR

NOT

ab W AND a and b W AND

a WEF NOT ab WEF NOT

a + c W OR a and c W OR

a + c and ab W OR a + c W NOT
Z = ab + a + b W OR Z
K Z W4

OR

a W NOT

NOT

a and b W AND

AND

ab W AND

ab and a W OR

Z = a + ab W OR

Z = a + ab = (a + a)(a + b) E 6 F

Z = a + b E1011F

W OR

OR

- 53 -

115

WW5

abc W a and b and c WEF AND

abc W a and b and c WEF AND

ab W a and b WEF AND

abc and abc and ab W OR

Z = abc + abc + ab W Z

a
0
0

b
0
1

Z
1

W6
K

W1
Z = ab

OR

ab

OR

ab

= ab + ab + ab

= a b + b ( a + a )

= ab + b1
= ab + b

- 54 -

115

NAND K6.4

K NAND

K
W NAND

NOT

Z = aa = a

NAND

AND

OR

NAND

NAND

ab

NAND

a
NAND

Z = ab = ab

Z = a b = a + b = a + b

NAND

- 55 -

115

NAND

NAND K NAND
K

K NAND W7

bc W b and c W AND

bc + d W bc and d W OR
bc + d , e and a W AND

Z = ae(bc + d ) = abce + ade W

OR NAND

W Z = abce + ade = abce + ade W

Z = abce ade
W NAND

- 56 -

115

WW1

a ) ab(a + b) b) (a + bc )(a + bc) c) (a + ac )(b + bc)(c + ca) d ) (a + b)(a + b)

e) (a + b)(a + b 2 + b)

f ) a 4 + a 3 + a 2 + a g ) (ab + c)

h) ( y + yz ) + ( y + yz )

W2
K

a ) a + ab = a

b) a ( a + b) = a

c) a (a + b) = ab

d ) a + bc = (a + b)(a + c)

e) a + b = a b

f ) ab = a + b

KW3

K NAND
a

OR

a)
c

OR

AND

OR

OR

b)

AND
OR

AND

Z = a + b + ab NAND W4
K NAND OR AND
K

Z = a + b + c NAND W5
K

- 57 -

115

WW6
NAND

NAND

NAND

NAND
NAND

W C = ab S = ab + ab WW7

NAND

NAND

NAND

NAND

NAND

EFW8

a
0

b
0

Z
1

K NAND

a
0

b
0

c
0

Z
0

W9
K

- 58 -

115

W
K

WW
K
K

K
K

o
o
o
o
o
o

KW

- 59 -

115

W
K

W
K

113

K
WK1

X Y X f W1

X x2 x1 Y
W Y

x1 = x2 f ( x1 ) = f ( x2 )
K x f ( x)

x y = f ( x) Y X

Y f ( x) f y = f ( x) x f

K Y f ( x) Y x
f : X Y

EF f W2

f
K

K R f D f f
W g f W3

1) D f = Dg

2) x D f f ( x) = g ( x)

K f = g W

- 60 -

115

g o f ( x ) = g [ f ( x )]

g : Y Z f : X Y W4

W Z X g o f

W f o g g o f W1

1) f : R R , f ( x) = x + 1

g : R R , g ( x) = x 2

2) f : N N, f ( x) = x + 1

g : N N, g ( x ) = x 2

3) f : N N, f ( x) = x

g : N N, g ( x ) = x 2

4) f : R R , f ( x) = x

g : R R , g ( x) = x 2

g o f ( x) = g [ f ( x)] = g [x + 1] = (x + 1)2 = x 2 + 2 x + 1 W g o f : R R E1
f o g ( x) = f [g ( x)] = f [x 2 ] = x 2 + 1

W f o g : R R

f o g ( x) = f [g ( x)] = f [x 2 ] = x 2 + 1

W f o g : N N

g o f ( x) = g [ f ( x)] = g [x + 1] = (x + 1)2 = x 2 + 2 x + 1 W g o f : N N E2
g o f ( x) = g [ f ( x)] = g [ x ] = ( x ) = x W g o f : N N E3
2

x f o g ( x) = f [g ( x)] = f [x 2 ] = x 2 = x = x

W f o g : N N

g o f ( x) = g [ f ( x)] = g [ x ] = ( x ) = x W g o f : R R E4
2

x f o g ( x) = f [g ( x)] = f [x 2 ] = x 2 = x

W f o g : R R

KW1

KW5
W

K y = f (x) EF x E1
K ( x, y ) E2

- 61 -

115

x E3

KKK

WW6

K x D f x D f f ( x) + f ( x) = 0 f ( x) = f ( x) WE1

K x D f x D f f ( x) f ( x) = 0 f ( x) = f ( x) WE2
W

W7
EFK

W
K

KW
W
KW

W W1

1) f : N N, f ( x) = x 3
3) f : R R , f ( x) = x 3 + 1

2) f : N N, f ( x) = 3 x
4) f : R R , f ( x ) = 3 x 1

W1W2
W f o g g o f W3

1
g : R R , f ( x) = x 2
x
x
g : R R , f ( x) = x 2
2) f : R R , f ( x) = e
3) f : R R , f ( x) = x + 1 g : R R , f ( x) = x
1) f : R R , f ( x) =

4) f : R R , f ( x) = x

g : R R , f ( x) = x

- 62 -

115

W4

1) f : R R , f ( x) = ln 2 x
3) f : R R , f ( x) = e

2) f : R R , f ( x ) =

1
x

4) f : R R , f ( x) = x

WEF51W5
WW6

1) f : R R , f ( x) = ln 2 x
3) f : R R , f ( x) = e

1) log 3 10

2) log 2 16

2) f : R R , f ( x ) =

1
x

4) f : R R , f ( x) = x

WW7

3) log 10 360 = log 360

4) log

50

WK2
x W
: R Z W
W W
K x
3.14 = 3,

W2

5 = 2,

8.5 = 9, 7 = 7, 4 = 4
x W : R Z W WW
K x
3.14 = 4,

W3

5 = 3,

8.5 = 8, 7 = 7, 4 = 4
INT( x) W
INT : R Z W
INT W W

K x
W4

INT(3.14) = 3, INT( 5 ) = 2, INT(8.5) = 8, INT(7) = 7, INT(4) = 4

x x W
: R [0, ) W
WW

3.14 = 3.14,

W5

5 = 5,

8.5 = 8.5,
- 63 -

7 = 7,

4 =4

115

m k k (mod m) K k m W
K m k

W m 1 0 W6

25 (mod 7) = 4, 25 (mod 5) = 0, 35 (mod 11) = 2, 3 (mod 8) = 3,

26 (mod 7) = 2, 371 (mod 8) = 5, 39 (mod 3) = 0, 3 (mod 8) = 5

K2412W7
10 + 20 (mod 24) = 6
K

1) 15.23,

2) 15.23,

2 ,
2 ,

, 27, 4.1
, 27, 4.1

WW1

3) INT(15.23), INT( 2 ), INT( ), INT(27), INT(4.1)

4) 15.23 ,

2,

27 ,

4.1

WW2

1) 13 (mod 24), 13 (mod 12), 31 (mod 11), 31 (mod 32),

2) 13 (mod 24), 13 (mod 12), 31 (mod 11), 31 (mod 32)

W W3
5E3

31E2

43E6

21E5

20E1

15E4

- 64 -

115

W
KK
WK1

KW1
K

W x = 5 W1
f ( x) = 2 x 3 7 x 2 + 4 x 15
K f (5) W x = 5 f (x) W

K f (5) = 80 W

KW2
KKW2

K
WW3

K x = a f (x) W
K f (a ) W

E
F1 4

KW3
K

( ) ( )

WW1W4

f (5) = 2 53 7 5 2 + 4(5) 15 = (2 5 5 5) (7 5 5) + (4 5) 15
= 250 175 + 20 15 = 75 + 20 15 = 95 15 = 80

K 3 3 + 2 + 1 = 6

- 65 -

115

f ( x) = 2 x 3 7 x 2 + 4 x 15 = (2 x 2 7 x + 4) x 15 = ((2 x 7) x + 4) x 15
W

f (5) = ((2 5 7) 5 + 4) 5 15 = ((10 7) 5 + 4) 5 15 = (3 5 + 4) 5 15

= (15 + 4) 5 15 = 19 5 15 = 95 15 = 80

K 3 3

KK

K x 3 W

K x 2 W

KW

K x W

KW

KW

KW

KK 3 3
K3

WW5

K a > b b a W

b a W
W

WWE1

KW

KW
W b = 60 a = 258

1, 2, 3, 6, ...., 86, 129, 258 W a = 258 W

K1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 10, 12, 15, 20, 30, 60 W b = 60

K 6 W b = 60 a = 258 W
- 66 -

115

WWE2

K r1 b a W

K W

KW
W b = 60 a = 258

K r1 = 18 W b = 60 a = 258 W
K r2 = 6 W r1 = 18 b = 60 W

K r3 = 0 W r2 = 6 r1 = 18 W

K r2 = 6 WW
W

a = 258 > b = 60 > r1 = 18 > r2 = 6 > r3 = 0

WK2
KK

KW

KK

W4

KWK

K43W6

3 3 + 2 + 1 = 6

K9W

- 67 -

115

K6W
WW7

K a n f (x) W
K f (a) W

n(n + 1)
E1
2
n(n + 1)
n2 + n
1
3
K
+n=
+ n = n 2 + n W
2
2
2
2
n + n = 2n W n n E2

n n + (n 1) + L + 1 =

W O

K
K
W

log 2 n

5
10

3
4

5
10

n log 2 n
15
40

n2

n3

25

125

10 2

10 3

2n

32

10 3

100

100

700

1000

10

10 3

10 4
10 6
10 9
10 300
K O

10 4

10 6

10 30

K O(n) W O(n 2 ) WW8

K

- 68 -

115

WK3
W
W ITEM n W DATA W

DATA ITEM W

K DATA ITEM LOC W

ITEM DATA W
K LOC

KKW

W
K n

K O(n) W

WW9
DATA = (0,2,3,15,7)

ITEM = 15

W LOC = 1 W
LOC = 2 WW 0 15

LOC = 3 WW 2 15
LOC = 4 WW 3 15

K LOC = 4 WW15 15
W
W ITEM n W DATA W
DATA ITEM W
W??W

n
2

E n F E n F

n +1
W

2
W ITEM

ITEM

ITEM ITEM

ITEM ITEM
- 69 -

115

ITEM W
high + low
high + low + 1

2
2
KK low

high W
E
F

K ITEM W
K O(log 2 n) W

WW10
DATA = (3,1,0,4.5,5,10,16)
LOC =

ITEM = 15

7 +1
= 4, high = 7, low = 1 W
2

LOC = 6, high = 7, low = 5 W 15 > 4.5 W 4.5 15

WW

LOC = 7, high = 7, low = 7 W 15 > 10 W10 15

K 15 < 16 W16 15

K DATA 15 W
W
K n W DATA W

K DATA W

W
K

3(n 1) n 1 W
K 4(n 1)

WK 4(n 2)
4(n 1) + 4(n 2) + L + 4(1) = 4

n(n 1)
= 2n(n 1) = 2n 2 2n = O(n 2 )
2

WW11
DATA = (16,12,21,5,3,11,8)
- 70 -

115

WW
currentMinimum = 16, currentMinLocation = 1, currentLevel = 1
W
DATA

currentMinimum

currentMinLocation

12

12

21

12

11

3
5
5 W 3 W

W
DATA = (3,12,21,5,16,11,8)
WW
currentMinimum = 12, currentMinLocation = 2, currentLevel = 2
W
DATA

currentMinimum

currentMinLocation

21

12

16

11

4
4
4

4
5
4 W 5 W

W
DATA = (3,5,21,12,16,11,8)
DATA = (3,5,8,11,12,16,21)
W
- 71 -

115

WW1

ITEM = 63
1) DATA = (0,89,63,13,5)
ITEM = 13
2) DATA = (0,89,63,13,5)

ITEM = 4
3) DATA = (0,19,18,23,4)
ITEM = 7
4) DATA = (19,8,7,1)

K W2
K1W3
WW4

K1001

K1001

E3E2E1W

KE1

E2
W O W5

1) log 2n

2) n + 1

3) n 2 3n + 2

4) 1 log 2 n

5) 2 n+1

6) n 2 + 2 n

7) n 2 + log 2 n

8) (2n + 1) log 2 n

KK n E1W6
KE2

- 72 -

115

E1

K1983 J1403
2) Alfred Aho, John Hopcroft and Jeffrey Ullman, Design and Analysis of
Computer Algorithms, Addison Wesley, Reading, England, 1974.
3) Gwyn Davies and Gordon Hick, Mathematics for scientific and
technical students, Addison Wesley Longman, Harlow, England, 1998.
4) Micheal Garey and David Johnson, Computer and Intractability, A
Guide to the Theory of NP-Completeness, Freeman, San Francisco, 1979.
5) C. L. Lui, Elements of Discrete Mathematics, McGraw-Hill, New York,
1977.
6) Alexander Schrijver, Theory of Linear and Integer Programming, John
Wiley & Sons, Chichester, England, 1986.
7) Seymour Lipschutz and Marc Lipson, Discrete Mathematics, McGrawHill, New York, 1997.
8) Peter Tebbutt, Basic Mathematics, John Wiley & Sons, Chichester,
England, 1998.

115

W
K1

K2

10

10

11

K4

12

14
14

W
K1

16

15

17

K2

115

18

K3

19

18

20

21

22

K4

23

25

K5

22

24

26

26

27

29

31

K1

31

K2

32

K1K3

32

K3

33

K2K3

36

K4K3

37

K6K3

41

K8K3

34

K3K3

37

K5K3

38

K7K3

43

45

K9K3

K10K3

115

46

K4

46

49

51

52

K1

K2

53

K3

54

AND K1K4

54

NOT K3K4

53

54

K4

OR K2K4

55

NAND K4K4

58

NAND K6K4

60

62

64
64

W
K1

67

K2

68

69
69

W
K1

72

73

55

66

71

NOR K5K4

K2

73

K3

73

115

74

77

76