For review, see AP Biology Semester I Final 1) Scientists a) Chargaff ~chemist that looked at base composition *separated out

t nucleotides to get a percent *discovered base pairing (complementary bases) ~discovered a 1:1 ratio of purines to pyrmidines b) Hershey & Chase (1952) ~labeled T2 virus in E. Coli with 32p (radioactive phosphorus) or 35S (radioactive sulfur) *DNA contains phosphorus but not sulfur vs. proteins contain no phosphorus ~result: 35S remained outside the cell / 32p was found inside the cell *DNA carries information from parent to offspring not protein c) O.T. Avery, MacLeod & McCarthy (1944) ~concluded that DNA was a gene and not a protein *took a boiled S strain and divided it into protein and DNA *injected R strain into mouse; DNA fraction transform R strain to kill the mouse ~DNA was not pure d) Griffith (1928) ~tried to find a cure for streptococcus pneumonia (strep throat) ~discovered 2 strains: 1) S strain was smooth with a protective coat *[normal] into mice = died *[boiled] into mice = lived 2) R strain was rough without a protective coat *[normal] into mice = live ~[combination of R and S boiled] into mice = killed with R strain capsulated *S strain transformed R strain calling it the transforming factor e) Meselson & Stahl ~confirmed daughter cells receive an old parental strand and a new matching strand *DNA replicates by the semi-conservative mechanism

AP Biology DNA SG

f) Watson & Crick (1953) ~published the double-helix structure of DNA in chromosomes *used x-ray crystallography by Franklin and Chargaffs rules to describe the helix 2) DNA ~determined to have two chains held by anti-parallel hydrogen bonds ~two sides are made of a sugar (ribose) and a phosphate *perpendicular steps are formed by nitrogenous bases called rungs 1

A) Replication ~topoisomerase changes the surface of a coiled DNA (relaxes) ~binding proteins protect and coat chains of DNA ~replication begins at origin a specific nucleotide sequence and is bidirectional *always proceeds in the 5 to 3 direction ~helicases unwind and melt DNA to break hydrogen bonds *opens the helix replication fork B) Synthesize ~DNA polymerases I, II, III, IV are involved (enzymes: ase) ~strands are created in opposite direction: 3 to 5 direction ~new strand created is started by a primer *proceeded by nucleotides formed by RNA primase

3) a) b) c) d) e) f) g)

~errors are made that are not complementary to the template strand *DNA polymerase proofreads and removes wrong nucleotides Vocabulary DNA: a double stranded, helical nucleic acid molecule consisting of a nucleotide monomers with a deoxyribose sugar and a nitrogenous base; capable of determining the inherited structure of a cells proteins and replication Complementary Bases: guanine = cytosine / adenine = thymine Anti-parallel: the opposite arrangement of the sugar-phosphate backbones in a DNA double helix Semi-conservative Replication: a type of DNA replication in which the replicated double-helix consists of one old strand, derived from the old molecule, and one newly made strand; new + old Replication: when DNA copies itself during interphase; specifically S phase Nitrogenous Base: a base with nitrogen; grouped as purines (adenine and guanine) and pyrmidines (cytosine and thymine) Nucleotide: the building block of a nucleic acid, consisting of a five-carbon sugar covalently bonded to a nitrogenous base and a phosphate group

h) Template: the DNA strand that provides the pattern for ordering the sequence of nucleotides in an RNA transcript i) Origin of Replication: the site where the replication of a DNA molecule begins consisting of a specific sequence of nucleotides in an RNA strand j) Helicases: an enzyme that untwists the double helix of DNA at the replication forks; separates the two strands and making them available as template strands k) Topoisomerase: a protein that breaks, swivels, and rejoins DNA strands; during the DNA replication, topoisomerase helps to relieve strain in the double helix ahead of the replication fork l) DNA Polymerases: an enzyme that catalyzes from the elongation of a new DNA strand by addition to the 3 end of an existing chain; DNA polymerase III and I play a major role in the DNA replication of prokaryotes m) Replication Fork: a Y-shaped region on a replicating DNA molecule where the parental strands are being unwound and new stands are growing n) RNA Primase: an RNA polymerase that synthesizes a short RNA primer sequence to initiate DNA replication. o) Leading Strands: the new complementary DNA strand synthesized continuously along the template strand toward the replication fork in the mandatory 5 to 3 strand p) Replication Bubble: an area created once the polymerases have opened the DNA molecule q) Okazaki Fragments (Lagging Strands): a short segment of DNA synthesized away from the replication fork on a template strand during DNA replication, many of which are used to make the lagging strand in new DNA; joined together by DNA Ligase r) DNA Ligase: a linking enzyme essential for DNA replication; catalyzes the covalent bonding of the 3 end of one DNA fragment to the 5 end of another DNA fragment