Probten 8.4 gad Given! Standard air entering Ad8m danieler Act, Q=2o mt ma Fund; (a) whether fisw 1s laminar or turecctent. ® Approximate entrance length tor filly developed Siew, Solution; The Reynolds number mary be writen on terans of the volume tiaurate, Thus since V A/a = Yafrp? then ke= PP 1D. 224 ap 4a a » Av 7a» ~ wo me for air, from Table Alo. Thees xh ep 8 = 9690 TBR mY 53m “bos Since Re > 2300, flow 's turbeelent, Aacording to See, &-1, the entrance leigth nity G6 betwee 25 and 40 Hameters, Thus, sine De h.3m, Sm eh 412.0m ——_ 184Frobiem 8.2 Wwull Gita: Flowin & tireniar hawe Transihon te terbutence securns at Be = 2500. Find: Prepare a leg-hg plot ef mean veltuty versus tube diamerr. Plot lines Corresponding 7 Ke = ov for (A) Starcard au, Aad (b} waterat SC. golation: &.> CL2 2 Ve —— ay Py standacd aur (Table Ai), ys tte rhs Vx REY © 2200, 1 46K Sy, o = V= BY, 2800 reso fot 1 2 ope m/s at D* 1m fim Far water at it (Tab ay), v= (iHnio" m/s T= REY = eB 0G Me 0S? ° = in = 26.2 m/s Qt D* Dry, Vx Vs ERM 28005 Mero Cpaty Le 600262 mis at D=Im 107 to vo 2 g S Bo - ge 3 in 0) ol jt wo? 0% Io! P10 Diameter, Dim) 1S[ddan 93 | satel) Goan For Seng soar Kubn , Neontoen & sans Sor Bee ma cucteder gine: Arenas, Son Find. Fragase 0, Seg oa, Qot_of ucla Gao rote ,S, Tun Vue, Sas), AE \mes core year Mes Ont eres A SO Sghaduces, ~ . Ss x en eS OO R= PIA HB-B awse o - TQE Yer dondord ar Tabbed, I= whons® wl: Wats, as = Qaeed Sty ts 2 ahead ale REYES A Ge BR ac we For wader dt The A, Tew est ak BYE | ox TOE, xy WOOT @s aden? ay wine” s. aAwethoo = aden ak Srondosd ace x Adume Flos tde _ alelds| Redden #4 sa@h | Given, S Seuss a cicosthar Suse, \vanition Gon Leber Ko Nude Sas accuse AU Rea 2300 | Fad. Yee o SS ¢ ross Mae cote Se Nessus Ree thee hoe CO Ronee SRSA. we. Sdubien. _ . YeGAtion Ree 2 Bio x & . ae > 1 Ree eae « SS ong Ae Te For endord ar Th add, peas act kales We Sa RRS Bed Se eon nad ih Wye ta L WE Baan” Rahs Bec wader ASE (Robbed, pe wad? kala i Ree = Fawn bs Sn cmon 2dr Sale ROY. Vw) We ade hehe 6, 6 ag” Nomina E ssecdara osrRex ted, 6. Toss Meo ete (AO ¥ oProblem 6-5 atl bivtn: Smooth fube loctt D= 12.7 mm. Find: (a) Maximum vo fume Flew rote for laminar tiow of water. (6) Maximum avtrage S020 fire laminar flow of air. © Eatrence lengths. Solution: Computing equetans: Re -2 ~2 Yoon ke Dara. (Tapie Ato)! Air pe Won Smryy . (STA (lable AB)! Water v= 10on0 mls (200) Fov laminar flow, Rt$%B00 20 maximeun 1& 2309. Q=Va Va PR Anwar (0.0120)'m*, 1.27%07% m* & ey Por water Ge toot? Vv on ‘ Bieta ™ 9:18) ms Q= a1 om, horxom* 2.2ax07S m/s ae : B= 2.24 x10? , 1000 L 260 S— = 1.38 Limnin s ns mn Por au = Menon, 230, 24 mls “ Eatrance length depends only on Rb, $0 its same tr btn: Le = 0.06 Re D = 0.06, 2390, 0.0127m ~ 7S m le <— 1s8| Redden Ge | Peder _ | we meen. Acorns dhe Gow s 5. anne, | Goes Brorgnatly Go gchar YE LON Bade sal © scr Ge Reo WES SSSR EES SSS geater 3. Ss) mare Cog v4 oe ord Spe dioewer wd Re Cor some Reaordic Und Y= & SdvB ReNMEsure Qaada suangresibhe Sas YyeGations. Re = BS 5 ae Jae on WSR Ten, ne Re ERG RS BRS Rh Re Wso w= W- VMS. Ba - ss Er REE RS Sym Re Fron Eq Ova. a= Tk < Then Gr sane Gas cde wn adios WR dGret Gord diander , “yRe Ye Re we Se Regs Rey = “SEP a vtoo = ese aE 1s4 }Problem 8.7 Given: — Laminar flow in the entrance section of a pipe shown schematically in Fig. 8.1. Find: Sketch centerline velocity, static pressure, and wall shear stress as functions of distance along the pipe, Explain significant features of the plots, comparing them with fully developed flow. Can the Bemoulli equation be applied anywhere in the flow field? If so, where? Explain briefly. Discussion: The centerline velocity, static pressure, and wall shear stress variations are sketched on the next page. Each variation sketch is aligned vertically with the corresponding sections of the developing pipe flow in Fig, 8.1. Boundary layers grow on the tube wall, reducing the velocity near the wall. The velocity reduction becomes more pronounced farther downstream. Consequently the centerline velocity must increase in the streamwise direction to carry the same mass flow rate across each section of the tube. (When laminar flow becomes fully developed, the centerline velocity becomes twice the average velocity at any cross-section.) Frictional effects are concentrated within the boundary layers. The boundary layers do not join at the tube centerline for some distance along the tube. Therefore ‘in the center region outside the ‘boundary layers flow may still be considered to behave as though it were inviscid. Flow outside the boundary layers is steady, frictionless, incompressible, and along a streamline, These are the restrictions tequired to apply the Bernoulli equation. ‘Therefore the Bernoulli equation may be applied as a reasonable model for the actnal flow outside the boundary layers, ‘The Bernoulli equation predicts that pressure decreases as flow speed increases. ‘After the boundary layers merge at the centerline of the channel the entire flow is affected by friction. Therefore it is no longer possible to apply the Bernoulli equation. ‘When flow becomes fully developed the rate of change of pressure with distance becomes constant, In the entrance region the pressure falls more rapidly; the increased pressure gradient is ‘caused by increased shear stress at the wall (larger than for fully developed flow) and by the developing velocity profile, which causes momentum flux to increase. In fally developed flow the pressure curve becomes linear; the pressure drops the same amount for each length along the tube. The pressure distribution curve at the end of the entrance length becomes asymptotic to the linear variation for fully developed flow. ‘The wall shear stress initially is large, because the boundary layers are thin. The shear stress. decreases as the boundary layers become thicker. At the end of the entrance length the shear stress asymptotically approaches the constant value for fully developed flow, JooProblem £.9 (tard) | Tos ba acing) ole Fe dd Fig. 8.1. Flow in the onttanes region of 8 pipeProbiem #8 | t2ady Given: Velocity profile for tows betwee) stationary Esetiel plas, ‘ arayl-y) 4 a La = Find: Rati2 T/umax, First tind Umax , by Setting a 20. & = Alay) rag(-1) = alh-2y) ; Bro ae go8 Ae Aman 4) -abla-b)rak From the defiactran of V, aad [fk Tee| i | Frolhen 1 | - Ganen t Aneneress Row bdween sparebe\ eben vats nnn a way 3) End 3 Ld RBC us © *s = SB ogegesde enact aN © Seldvion: 1 Beodolle tondary candice ae Me) uso @® Qe ehh aro eo =O) Bede Fron BED Gro Vrog Co yore) otek | Fron BO, ee wea (A Sh i Fen Bo, oF wae ade) © Subireduig yd Gon ag ane ony 1 aro Reding, age. Sona ape = ea (n Yad “Sows ae -& fonts & Wes, 2 we wal GS Ye oe |] & az fuse For western dag = ov Unay = Ag “a as ( (ols (ag - BR dme | yo sal" i tol -s(3\\ Bae a= Ped Ss Sma eda = Ub > das —_______ 1s «cy &- AWW = R Ona Nd = i * 4 8 pe W3 svcd__ Foblem 810 : Hrat i Giien: Laminar, fully develped tous between pareltel plates y ; *OS Mig) Bae * - Me rm tL toy hmm . prerreree Find: (8) Shear stress on usper plote. - GC) heme fous rit, PE Knit tordth. Wolth =6 Solution: From 69.9.7 with arh, an 2 Bley] lan 4h - -= EC’ 4) = ¥e At upper surface, 4 =h}2,and Then Tym = °.005", 200M, = —/.80 Minn The upper plase 3 a negative 4 surface. This since Lyx tO, Shress acts to right, in % director, The voleme How reste fhe bh h t ey a + fuaa + fe oy - ef ubdy = zoel ud 3) or ' Deaf tadyy ushers 7 =3f aed an Ze Gn) Tye ae Tus Os af BR dn * ~f.B ln 8) “SG B ef locastrrt, mt, “1200 2 Sg 210° mi) b “ews aS S40 11076 ma “fs Note 70,50 Flow 1s farm left fe right. 164 ka iM,| Abie 2.44 | grata Grivta: Fully developed! Iimninarc Foy bthuten POLAles Plates, 4 ~ er O.01 tS 2 8 wt hae ———— Oot, Fi ax fe Find: ) Shear shress on upper plate. ® Veteme flow rate per unit wrath, Soluticn: From €9:8,7 with ae2h, “> el -b +) Thea =, «st a Ba A «ER CH) -98 At upper surtacy,y%h, ane Tax = Open, f BE, ft. = -6.0400 be | The Upper plate s anegatiwe ysurtace, Thus since Tyx <0, tress acts ty FIQht, in 4% direchen. The volume fo rate a A A 1 Mody = ef Ubdy = 246/ uct) or ' 2 : 22h [aay where 9 Yn 0d Ux $ EE (hop) Thee. . : 3 * ge nf “BS Cendn 2k 2O-499)[ ~ 2S 4 = 5 eee Ysa A Fe = 6:67 10 SH¢*/s Nate 4>0, 50 flows 1 From left % ght, 76s BeProbiem 9.10 | BUA BY Glen! Fullg developed laminar fiew between pare Mel Ares, Her Mono leg SB -om 4 —< ‘ ; X= Aes ii. Find: (a) Derwe and plotequaten trr sheer stress Versus ¥, &) Maximum sheer stress, 1a; BI win ae At Ss Solution: From 64.8.7, with ach, bu fo BL-(8y] by symmetry, the origin for y must be located ak the Channel Gentervineg. Apply Newton’ fas of Viscosrty . gu Ton = ee YE YR =A a Assumption: NMeustonian theid Then d cht ap Fy pee 4} Tox sud gels @) Tox __—_- ~ For 70, Pfox &a, Thus Tyx <0 fr Yro and Tye 70 for y Xd. bn the wepper plate CQ minus y Surface), Tyx <0, so shear Stress acts te the rgar On the lower plate (a ples y Seerfaced, Tye 20, 0 Shear Stress acts to the right. ThE Axim Stress BCLS Luhen Y=t Dh, Thus = 4) = Be ody 008i, Ke (40 ef )-, bE) os, Tmax = Tax CZ) & =ox a. ah «¢ fx -ocotar BEI a, << or Emax = Eyx(-$) = 0.008ee wf yin) 602s Plot: Ton ) - 0.02 ‘IboReader 4.03 \ sata Gans Aygcadkse oe saggorls a \eod of 20,coo lt . eon YeKon dan \s Ke Aba rodiak doas Qs Sw Bk sos wecostiy, “O6 see do oS ASE Beds Leakage vate of Auld goad fe gdon Se eg Puc daohoga Sardar : \ Reus 2B, “Pre Sadatiown See oe eek WAS OES Gc wan of ea. S| when Be Ledtage Cos cic con he eaduched Gon Sy gts Lt a whe be D> oe Be Rois? © leas? Ms LE (arvedsde Fad Bee RBA and R= 3 - st ged. as “dy = een Whe nes We Le a AY (aed | ea APS a RT Gmee Me “Ate a : xe |e awwo @ Lad 2 Garnc™ @h s N fe Badr ee &- S sasous® Bard . a a-R- 8° S- CBOE oS Le oak = . ae = ee e= Ss was mse. S See * Me Res O. O2 fo Gow AaGaddy Somes v aon aa door aL squd ST diaqlaus \qpad ol cobs 9, idrere ae we _ ao \ . 2 Xe oe Se SD peared B adage Se0s als Sou FL SES tad | dan of phon con Soe NES ondeded. v bw?_ __Reathen 385 L. ad | Gon os i Serene ook ean SEAS Ses SRE BO A A SE Fad: \sckoas cde of ol BAR pden Shi tee the Bas Be Gers § gx See davdhoged. \aninat rE oe Sas Sha feat Nore >a RO we + oes “e cote canbe exducied oO foo” San a_ eer Xu A ere Lew a (ror Fake @t 0dr (Hed » pss este DoS = aaa Helge ie : EAE LL sol Le ; Bee RPA ard Be Ee SS HAN T BOE a 2 = ade ix wed hee Qe Ss = Fae odd, Baas we. ot. te SS ae a= anc Fl a Breck Rex eee “8 ye Se Bl eee we RP LLL WAT kt ae eS Be Ba ok Feo Sans TEAS | De ea ctor Che = Ladend KL ee £& Se — ere hast B Be = Ooze ana Gas & BeCntadyy Lonvos Pier nose doun A peed WT Reganes guid db cabs ,@, hoe he a: Uv ~ AS in > = SS =e By ane 2, ae VAG a = % OS art Mees \y Se E- MA. 6? 5 J mducn of pidten ton be nedeted i "168 || Preblten B15 Gan teh Bruen: Piston eyhader device uaity SAE (DW o1f ar 1086. O=9.2Sin, . P= 100,000 psig. =Z0h. A= O.DO01 in. Find: Wtawage tow rast Solution: Orputing equation: g = ap Bove, Assumphens: ( Lamaar fous @ Fuitg deveb pect fort (L>>4) Fire SAE 10 oi) at w06r (87.9%), Au Px Aes (Fig. A.2) Aen PE MES, LE al sega 74s car He sf Por this contigeenathon, L= TD, site acd, Then Q=224ph _ wa3app War HEaae = E0077 ia 100,000 let , 0-28 in., 72 x int R*5.98KI0 in )s Chéck Ke to ones laminar tus - wy S4BxO NS 4 yt ” v Re ae 7 pein bao a. 7 755” 4 SG * oe (Table A.2)5¢ > $6Pr0 Kew CVO. 6 Pn Ve wae oz 0.88 (1.44 5) 7.S8in, , (07% in, lets 8° s, “Sasa rs "Shag te" Fe ras Re 0.0113 <<2300 $0 ftow is definitely laminar ! Neh| Wrote | _ Ginen: Sagrodle eo BN ey ey ae ws Cert erection § vet on. Sue sapped ih SHE Boro Qved® and WS So REG, 3d rd of Re bee < +s cece gee SS Cap ea 3 Bond! hal Resume eat: Ga desiows . Kander Gos ios CMe, hen Se prestare Re rosa &\ Noragta, eon Be A are Xo Spene wk La Sos Neral gacgndioubas § al 3 con fe x sy x SERS co= 2 (gan = ay wan = oC "ee = SQ\bss ce at sie Wal aly Ges av 29, (8 SNe as ows BE ea gh ae Bae oset Ke cores presence wads. KS gen by Bee BR sot Roots). 8 Set Sec $n hoo ee Re Geo ras 6 ante Sq, $5 q X pa\e Ren “EON \ | 3 sap Fron Fawr, SPE Bde. + Ms (uw Ler trond > Monde, Te Feds . ee > See ey: wel = Rea Bed Re Bee SP *bSs y Sn 7 sQ aS SF ENS 2 el, . . s - SS ws > Ree wat eons \ Bact & Pow & Akeldy lender . SS ARS “Ws ie Be sh 0| Preblem Bur tate " Gwen: Aistin=cghader device, as Showa D=bmm bL*tsmar Li guid 45 SAE3O i) at 20%, Find: (A) M tr develop pp x 1.5 MPs.(gage) (43 Leakage flow rate ia terms of a @ Maximum & te provide y = 8B wb nd cheek assumetons: V ~ 8 ofa a bat ime en? Thes olin, see LD = 9, Ga Be Bette? = OBS < 0.01 Theretore pishn mohen is neg hgivle. Also. fe = Ye a) “Fst « From Tobie A.2 Lappe tel A), $6 * 0: ya O42 me me ae, mae “Gabe GE. - 1S THO™ Aes - fe = NASI m Lex Mm, Sw Sy ie7S ee | ys 4 SIo-4 Therefore flow Is surety laninar! ™mProblem 8:18 q20 Given: Visteus Haw in narrow gap berucen parauel dsles,as shown, 3 Flow rate 1s Q, accelerations are small. a Velocity profile same as tutly developec, ’ i Find: (a) Expression Br Vir, (by AP kip 1A gap e t ©) Expression tr pir), fa) Shows net frye 10 hold upaer phar 1 ovsupsy | gy Be ABET Bi] cotatian? Penn te ePinitenn of mean ve locvig, Q~Vemrh 300 x38, The pressure change Wn racks can kevatuakd by analogy to &% Fob el B)H° Fg (Ble? wetn be ene Thes & ~- oe Thr fascorse 9 % fad plr), ie ob = fatm-P ~{* {a dr = $48 tur) Sec8 ble) Thus ptr) * pom — GE smug) CHEPKR) SPP PX Ro The force on the woper plate is dh *(pér)- Porm Jerrdr Takegrehng and using gage pressceres rote fog = - Me) at Re “Leer arrdc ~ fo The? + erat pegs dh) = RoR + oretf, fan GAS Lol E(B) kG) ~ RaTRE - LO" Gf teuder bf, = Pers 2680 kon -4] -Qott-®-2)} = eS) stl B) wasy 2 - Gyrtinlye 4 ys] SEES] ae voi [e per) << Ri jewi Problem FF i eat — Bruen; Poaser- jaw model fer nen~Kewhonian lgutd, Toy = Key" 4 Pars nd: Ss =(2 ay” at 4 ¥ Find: Show u=(7 Se) Bb [-ey#] ty, a fir Fiatly developed laminar How berween p ates. Plot: Protiks ule vs. ylb for n> 0-7, 1.0, dod 13 (0 *Umnax). Sehation: Apely momentum equachen * differenhat CV base equahen: yota ode) zo0sy Pg t Fs = Zz f, et yp Assteemptens! li) Horijental Fou: ©) Hecdy fou ©) Fay developed Fou Perey Het Fi cly) coche —(p 422 al lrchy — Tulthe =8 97 B® Since T = Thy) and Pp» ples, then g +E x constant and C292 or Syn KB) = ay Thea Thus daw 2 yt an EB) Ps” Jategrating ” 4 =~ im “moe = fh AByh nas a BT re =e) mayne But uz0 aty~h, so 1 t ° CL Ban 5 oy CME PE)" a he and 4 an E) eA] att or “Ger ah -giF] ns07 n=10 9913 yh www ° 1 1 1 003 1.000 0999 0.998, 0.06 0.998 0.806 0.993, 01 0.996 0.990 0.983 02 0.880 0.980 0.942 03 0.848 0.910 0.881 04 0.892 0840 © o.g02 05 0814 «0750 0.707 06 ©0711 0.840 0.595 07 0580 0510 0488 og 04a 0.980 0.826 09 ©0228 «0.190 0.170 1 ° 0 o ee 113| Problem £429 | va teh Given: Power leus model fer nan Neustoaiza liquid, ton ~ KEE)" . lett Find: Show i. aes ae a "ty —-—— ba VW ner! Ga) i tor fulig cusped lamar flew betueen plates, Plot: | Profiies uh vs. gh for 1707, 10,804 13 (9 » uaug) Solution: Apply momentum equation » difRreahas Cv Basie equaten: =i) male) *0f3) Sur de =f wee of Ve ea yurte Assumptions: (i) Herigontas tow aT @) Heady foo Pirdy | | lpr urdy @ Fist clverped Flow ow Corde porch + lo+ E dy ure - lpr Bede edly rote =O or H,-2% afar | 230 SUH Ht i Since T Bly) and 2 = ple), thea ¥ * ¥, stofstant and T=52L or Tam = KO BY = 9 Be oe Thes He a-G Ho Tategrahag a_t ok a Ee wo EEE ei ee = GENE YF re But u0 at gah, 50 a + ame ans ee) 8 4 2. 41 4 ERY [Ch] = heey sf ey] The volume flow rake 1s 5 , Q= V4 ~Plezn) = Luda =f, nerdy = zur | wath) or 1 7 4 mu) Tt Valet) Ce By" 28 [in ats GY et | a t wd Bool pa(b ee)? an ‘ byt 4 VER) lim aa] (BB) oy =e By 2h Thus Be ent? kL, $+ Se-Gh"] % and + e Q=V tush hey ZauthProblem 820 (contd) | 003 0.06 ot 02 03 04 0s os 07 08 cr 1 n=07 n=10 n=13 wu 1411500 4.57 141 150 156 141 1491.55 141 1401.54 1980 141.47 134 197 1.38 1260 1281.28 49501131 1.00 0.980 0.931 osis 0785 0.732 oset 0540 0510 0319 0285 0.266 ° 0 ° 78Problem &.2t | eoakey Given: Sealed journas bearing tating as shown, fa + 2omm, rp > 28mm F Gap contains oif in laminar motion 4 with hiear velocity profile. —_ 432 2800rm and Torque, T= O2N-m Find: @) Viscosity of oft @) wit borgue increase or decrease with time? Why? Solution: “Untort" bearing since gap is Small, ANA Conse AS tous behween Parallel plates, Apolg Newton's las of Viscosity. 4 oawr; sa: ks Basic equation: Ty, sete Eo ans Assumption: Ls ' y : Linear velocity profile Then yy su# = eet and : Tr, (emnllyy) = erntecy, = amewerl ar Solved eae 9 A ASE = hen C001, 0.2 Mom, min ! ce a Fe0b rev "(o.02SPms"t.1m "trae aA (Ab = 00695 Aes | m* Searing 1s Sealed, So cil temperature Witt increase as energy Ms olss pated by friction. For Ugur, An decreases AST Wicreases. Thus torque Will clecrease, Since 1s Prygerhenas te 4+. 116Problem $12 422M Gwen: Fully devenped laminar Flow between pareltiel Paks lutth No Pressure grahent. zh ¥ I 20.3510. Urtke « Fiad: (a) Expression for wioerty Profile in gap. . (6) Volume Flow rate Per unit depth passing croSs-sechen. Solution: Use Analysis of SéehenP-2,2; sir . PE OPK Sum Perens ia x, direchon: e andy de ye [+BY CEP Jove Lp RE lo B Bet 0 Simple dod ~ empl Pong x - Bro x ae ° Lategratiag tice wa Gy ter Boundary condihens: Yyro,u=-U ; & 2-0, Yad UAV 5 Ue ~ 6d -U So y= U5 Thus u =O +UdZ-0, tlmisee) = a9 -1 The volume Fious wore bs a +f aoa “fi bel -ferwg- U Jbary ~ Yrs -ayp, ae Yess -0,] = bGetid = LI=By fo Bo feoasine- DEH = pore ls / ~—_______+ Foti alg) m7Probie 8.23 | sce | Given: Water ot 60% fews between large flat plates, EL et TF *0.3m/s (er iv 1 b= 3mm (P-¥ Pes I PHBE )dydg t ee Senay | 2 oy ees Find: Pressure gradient reguired far zero net tow at a section. Solution: Apply momentum equation Using Cv and coordinates Shou, sot) mole) 03) & - Fg + Fiby “2 v1et fitch eos rt 4 ow Ss ay Assumptions : 0) Fag 20 Q) Steady How O) Fug developed tow @) Newtonian fic Basic equations: Then Fq 20. Substituting the force terms (seepage 31o for details) D . Hey ley ge He de 21 Br Te BG” Tee Tntegrating puice, ant Byte + Gy te % cualuate the constants ¢,and Owe must use the boundary Conditiéns, At yxo, u>-U;50 C= ~0. At 2b, U+0,50 oat BPeorsee-v ore eZ 4, Bax Exh e Thus bap ns oles) 4 Fide Greg) HOC Em! To tind the flowrate, Wwe integ ate ve oe = fiudy = LLB ape od -fety = “Bd Ee S fora = =o, Larkin Ae = 468x107" Bes from Tabk Ag, Bh a - EEE wo bpo.te tb no" WS eal e Ite nfatin — Thus pressure must decease sr % cuieetin tor yes net flowrate, 78 ae axProblem #24 seat Given: Dimensionless elect; profile far frebly developed larnurar flow between aha parattes piats with upper plate roving at tonstaar speed U (Fig, 8.5), Find: Plot the shear stress as a functor of papdiiménsenal distance yla For each of the three cases Shown in the Figure. Solution: The vélotrhy profile (Eq. °.9) max be nondinvenicad lized as = Uy, @ rap ypu iy at a Be SB Me i) 0 Be 2 thE leg] The parameter 6» 524 (B) controle tneprofile shape. For zero pressiere gradient Be prohie is hater, The favorable pressiane gardient hes 0% -§ and the adverse pressure Gradieat has 6x +2,a4 shown below. 0 From &q,?.42, Toe eZ eahyle- 2) on x 2 Be [4-4] ae Tatreducng t, 4, ee a t+ ef 2)-i] This expression is Uincar; 1+ may be pleted as Shown bef: Tabulated values are: — a pa a an ror te oO ah fo3 8 0 4 pond 774Problem 825 | 22) Given: Rewrd-urite head for computer disk~ storage system. Se. n om t= lonio Fuad: (a) Regnabls number in gap tb) Viseous shear stress © Power to overcome viscous Shear, Solestina: V > Rey > BIS m, 800 rev, treet te we Sb.f af Ree Oe VAL SEM as net, s ee “fo Oe See 194 ke $$ _____+— (Table Ao ah 7 =") Teds eek fer smau gap Assuming standard cancirhotis, 1.99 x10" kg fins c= N70 Sp 9 Ln 2.08 ki fag SFeo om |= > The teres 6 > TA © Cork, ane te torque ST “PR = TUR, The power eessipahsn rate 6 Pere -Thuke BOER 0:01 0/0, 05m, Bh 1 4 2 aa Pais FP 180| Prodan 3c. | a-eelel Garon: Sete. aeongre sabe € SSN deadoged Naxos ~ an Sete Nebo pee, C Sxone Sen SAY is a RADE CSD Finds rangi secosky I of oe Ker W=0.kmwn, Se ad and Sra S KS els Whee Re whet grt, SAo oN. us Ba one wie oe aly = ax by SO “ ad nee (= BR - eS and: qe ca . 2a we, CoaeN, 2 A= ooves® Re RA a 8-2 80. Bae - =a ee gee ome | | 0008 0.190 Ot OB | 0.510 03 | 06 9.640 o4 yh 0.750 os | 4 0.840 06 os 0? & 0.960 os 0.990 og ° 1.00 10 oon wm L—___. 791Recher tan | eee Gia darload Lanter Goo essidhe, ~ doen an Ane wuriace | Oe BiNawe Vana \ougs ts candle Finds oe, e\ pro@e Ky use of nacht, ¢ oe ESS & SERS SE oka Sddsorr Fla is Cy dapdoped, J. een) oat xO: 13 oS ol RO Kerentad wer £4 wo Say ee ECD tooo condos on Ke Used, ‘axe’ Sues aro Go kd- e eas Seo no bros dred Spt Ses Soe FR workin siydoon So Ss a ~ “ qa BAN ee SGRH ee See, so oa'f one Guten Sach, ® @ vorarslicn J reese “ ete oe (eS SSN adg: &- x Sas AQene Betts “ Be - eqane BS peace Le SS, ahs ‘ss as ane hank - Bo BSS cdvig agoch, os > Nasha ap oe WEE GQ Dee BX wo oro | te cet to “Sy abs= Cody = eee wae (tg-3t alas eases Joys NY 4g).| Redden dad Gare, Yoee L o-2ale\ deve S Kor Mao Kae wecous a RES as 4 HAwHed AL ade & we ape Oo weno (rage SOY We sha een , Z\apke \relo . spe et she Fea LS Q Ween ee Breer a OSS Aree ddticlohooy 4 Oy Sddicey. yes ET ewes Rion deal gabe gyndoot MS = | @ Tox fa. Lo 8 wie eee se Lay Xe a Mommun dye o/ ‘ =k ase =S8GRa genes Me Sten & RO conde Sams ag LES, Sproat . dees ov WAL weed te As A Bude sO Rey “enfoty WA = A ded XO s (ag = © ae Gy SI aa = ea S - tapes gp - wee ie at * “ Be bee a aig cared + BS wey wate SA Seed Q- acs wel ven ee ~ > WDe Be Qe Me dae ev ely 3 3 . Rex - ney, «Mains x SABO aces = Rex ora R 4793Problem 8.24 tartal os Givens Futty ave loped flow be huten para lie) pilates wrth the upper plate roving (Fig. 8.5), = 2 als; 2Smm Find: (a) B/2 for 2Ppy =o (6) Ty at y =O Aor SPiox =o () Pht Tix vs. & for oblox *0 G bait @ iaerease or decrease iF Plax 20? @) 2Plax fr Tox #0 OF y = 02S a, F flutd IS aur (A) Plot Tyx vs. y far this case. elution: The velocity pootite is quiver by 6p. 88: un Oty Se eey(e>-2) wo uae. Boe 4, 2 @) For wo, un Fe 5 Er fea -f Yo, Zee BL, 2g2, a0008 m = o.00250 rte fon Zz ©) Te A § for B m0, TAU, For air at BTR yx 179810°E 1-3 Jrnt, Tag = 1980 Fs am, tw» 9.0143" Nim* rat Foner ©) Shear shuss 1b constant tr B ao; see plt below. GG win decrease 2B 0; O win increase Bb eo. << The shear stress 1s given bi 69. 29a: Tox ~ AL + ae ['% -4] - - out Lo 2 © for T*oatysoua, 0 eG + EL 4) or Bo tae BE a 4, Lame Ms 2 = 22.49Niotln Be me 1 ‘Co.0025)* yn 7) plot, castutate Tay at y=! tin ole oll 4] ABs BE «8 Plotting : O0FS 1, 22.48 1.0428 AL NOE, + dO ‘a a ho Ya, OS “G3 -2 =F O 1 2% BH SF Tyx (NIm* len) x 100 784 2p o ———| Reber tac | t Grae: Wadler AGS F Cows \bdioaen garabel gdies as Soon _ WE Ee Ge rs Flas 120 MIAe 4 & Feasts \oudtagh F geek K morse oes Bh BW Grae WD uduew of Cos posse a wdc A O85. Was Be sociug ans Sreor hence didelokione - Gneing eden oe SHON: L & “SE a -<\- g * San ta utes, » ws Se GD Or _ arnnd Me ae Seon Tah aa. ~ anne bslecy x . BOAR RADE F We bea XY o.cokas & Lg Ser Se | Sen SS SAL) x\ wdrece, ar ekasos fe ae, AAS A 2° Ve = ve * aan nd™ &.- shores ois Mees = Van Gls oon Ve C Re sduere of Cow | erchuske “= oth o- aes -¢ was” “Cray S IOs ee JF art- oy Feiss: - e eds: My ek oat, aS eh) Se a ° ay Sa = anne sa le Soe » = and Eyes Sos = RY can Cle te ES qaeXayReddin dtc Gel) *\ * ~ay naan on S787 BUA a Re Seer deus & Sage eee A ay. ter AZ SCALA mS E Sag + OSE CEL] Mgr ens, - eos LQ] 3 “ ” Velocity Distribution 0353 Od ' — oes 02 oe 099 608 12% 04 °8 ! 1.46, 05. yo 15806 oe ast or 134 0B 1408 1.00 1 ‘mb coos 0 coors = oooses 02 oon7s 03 oocass 04 0002 08 ooo 06 0.000087 000128 08 “000248 09 sooo 1.0 we wdocky. and Shear Anus dutclubios an ihesbbes): “FL,| 4220y Problem 2.21 Gn . . {4 jvea! Beit moving steadily through | bath as shown, 4 4 Zz . rey Assume gem shear at trimlair oft surface, End ng pressure forces. Pe P=Patm . cy Find: @) Boundary conditions ter dw Velocrty at YR, Yoh, t G) Velocity profite , Les Bath: fu Solution: Choose Cv ckolydy aS shown. Apply x component of momentum equatian, sote) rots) Basic equations: By + fox “ts apes +] ap0A : Gx eget wv 5 O Fey due to shear forces onty a Steady Trew @ Fulty- developed #low tha, = C+ EY lines - B- FEY heals ~ pg tnclyely ~0 Assumptions : Then Fog + = FH ge We or SE = py. Trtegnating mde y x Tm pay te, Ge or He = ae + Dategrating agan, 2 un Fe sg CBee % evaliate the Constants Cand C2, Ayety the boundary Cuetans €, =U. a& sg At y=0, 42Us, So At yah, T=0, so MH 20, and 4, ig Subs triating, we Be eghy , oy Be i + % Note that at yen, uBio rr #0 Thus the Solution is determined Caty when We are h are kiewn 197[Redden sae | 422d [° Geoens Vehou othe Gor Goby dadogid \anhar Gao & SR SR ns Se mae ea eS COL ays Ge amls az &Sen pete Fea: @ soda Cor US ah Gos : SASL SE age Ss specs ud ay Sor cose Where, WH US was od Sdven: Comte : we - 2 meg ysos: alts 27 EG) ats SEE ass Fer ero, Gon Eq th Costumeg Te 0) aK : For Cin oAverne grein ago’ <<) gee oe L Areas Seo Koo i s é _— = ASexd ths ~—— i Wee us es & aloe os ~ oS ae\t y 3 < as) wor ost = CAVA) one Foe - GGD 3 . BL _eUBp_ ie yan WS Ae, ware By in Re Seacnsrar 7-808 Say > = te pS se EQLR-$) Cee Res Gees 2s 2 SF oad - sa. AnReS RE ae, Ly Bee Coal eke BS *ReeSn ye oe pg - Hob AS ALE Nate Rat Re geek of Saar Reus & ak & alas os ont ene Nak oS SB n& Re Leeann oC mentary hoadity «Mesa wSeckiy ocoure & Moros, 3 wie ats BAS Lad as 138 4 a ON OS eCazuctae 7 Bethe, GH)Preden 222d) We Gad So \oudics of apso Svvox BA yee Rn er AS ACRE) ok Bs BR SS s 25. 2 Br OSs and as ae “asc sth Wer Sas cose Cun ams a was os) Re ade: ond Sear Kerss dutrhions Utd be os © = 0.583. ny = St. GL] Wy * saree Ke Seas dees gotttwn ( aeons) ‘eSioas Ba = o.sva sy Gost Aree acs Dposttwe € dasadtion on o postese YQ sare Be Seer dees & regaiose ¢ BABES) adsore ar ©.5HR, nadet tress ocks kn we. % diredacn SR a gostoud 4 war Goun. MG\ Redden 1.23 | daelal Grae, Wadi pratle Gr Gy dodogd Venter for & weber oer porch h Bakes Ss os SENS: 3 i we avs Ax BSewn 4 a . La Finds @ Adin foo ond or SS Shear Sees on owed he nett eGR coedd ods SS. GD pressure, 8 pdberee presence ago Aer oe; ELST x 8 5 Corgang upd: “Kye ws z “CLE: ad aq. “SE -aG Be < Gay Fee Mero OE LAE eal Re Sur dee Rage spe (mde, ARS ae] spe AS 8. anon = va AQ Sue =< Be Sear Reese So conor’ acces! Qarwd (urwe vleed For Mare , Eq tts ndictes RE a koe | “sre x deo ors ese PEED EAD Ss “aS = Mate? Aon 8g ‘Genet astra For &s esters gradients > ty = Nae AS. Bae S BBA on, ennes 2-08) Says MAS + Sag Wyse = hy SS Mane cued, eave ; Tage = ww ALS sa . 1i) Probie 9.34 Given: waa TAL Microchip supported 00 air tim, on a herigental surtack. Chips Are L>H.0 me jong, Ur =F.28 om wide, Add have rnass 1 * 0,325, ThE air filer is A~O.12S mm thlth. The ini has sped oe of the chigs 13 \y* 19S mals s thes Slow From \scoues Shtow. Find! (a) Differential equation for chip ratios curing dlecekerabsn, ©) Time required for Chip ts fose 5 percent of Yo. (ey Sketch of chip s2ted vs. time, wh (Abels ard Comments. Solution: Apphy Newtoa$ sav of Viscosity Basie equahens: Tyx de emt 4 L vy Ke RxtA SF 7ma,y Assume: () Neurtonian tied QO Air at STP OQ) Lintar Velocity Probie in narrow gap 24 eee = vare Coxe we ak, Ana el te! The frec- bedey chiagram fr the chia Is —~, ha = = vu ; Thy Ry satel egy A tl oe Tategrating, fe Dw VY, ve Yo —_—_ et Thus te eh hwy Perey . ras toy, t=x-0 BRS 5 812 0, Oa Na BE i I Ethoes kes 048, ka_sooenc feng’ ~ The pht of speew vs. Arne 13+ fnihat rapid decekrahen Ltt less rapid ciecdlerdbnea Tine, & ‘Nasymprye| Prablen 2.35 _. #22atA\ Given: Free-surface waves begin to form on a laminar liquid film flowing down an inclined surface whenever the Reynolds number, based on mass flow per unit width of film, is larger than about 33, Find: Estimate of the maximum thickness of a laminar film of water that remains free from waves while flowing down a vertical surface. Solution: The mass flows rat ts ri pA apTUS, 5 or» OS. Thus ec a + & = 33 (maximum) From Example Prbten 3:3 (pp. 243-345), 0 = Pas Me Tus 3 es pg? a rr 8 Solving fy 8, ‘e ge % At T > the, ce whicoxto ke fens aad g 2 948 ka len® (Table A.9), Substrhetiag, ‘a [een 8 eap Tai $+ 2.0% mn or 02h mon aeProblem 8.36 _ __ #22ts\ Open-Ended Problem Statement: Hold a flat sheet of paper 50 to 75 mm above a smooth desktop. Propel the sheet smoothly parallel to the desk surface as you release it. Comment on the motion you observe. Explain the fluid dynamic phenomena involved in the motion. Discussion: After some practice, one can release the sheet so that it continues to move parallel to the desktop for a considerable distance before finally slowing and stopping. The slowing of the paper sheet is so gradual that the motion appears to be almost frictionless. The thin layer of air trapped under the paper sheet acts to “lubricate” the motion as the sheet moves parallel to the tabletop. Kinetic sliding friction between the sheet and the desktop is prevented by the fluid layer. Instead the motion is resisted by the much smaller viscous shear stress caused by the motion of the sheet (see Section 8-2.2). Thus the sheet appears to move across the desktop almost without friction. The same phenomena are involved in hydrodynamic lubrication, Detailed analysis of lubrication is beyond the scope of this text, but contact between two solid surfaces can be prevented, even ‘with large normal loads, by properly shaping the clearance space between the two surfaces. To I analyze the phenomenon, the Navier-Stokes equations for incompressible flow (Equations 5.27) { are simplified further to a “thin layer” form. These equations are used to predict the load carrying capacity of a lubricated bearing. ‘The NCFMF video Low-Reynolds-Number Flows shows further examples of flows in which viscous effects are dominant. 742Fooblem 9.37 $-220s\ Given: Viseous- shear pump , aS shown, b= worth normal t dhagram; ack Find: Pectar none character istes (0) Pressure artferenhad () Input paver ) Efficiency AS Freneheas of vohearc Flow rate. Solution: Since 2%*R, unwrap b form lowe between pare tte! plates. Pople €98. 89 tb falty develeped Note! tres Voheme flow rete s Q Ue 3 P perrrerrereereT PTOP fo jaw B-% oe 7 Substitating U* fe and B-% }— p= ‘ent (oie. -@) = uebne Ap ae <__—______} Torque is T= TR(kL) = Reet, wer 6 P=Tes, Fram &.P.9a, at y74, ~ - Re = Rebu| “ety BB] = Roe] her Gest Re, 28s | = As Rust 2 P Rebs | AR £25)] + kb(hued* (4 4B ) P —— Output power is BAp, 50 FE Ieeney KS ~ Che . CuaLRY/, 20 a. 4 7 pe OS (- io.) die Tews + G- BBE = 68_U~ Bay) y =a Ne Ge Bs) ” 44Problem F.22 | Given. Annular gap Sta) As Shown, Power required te pump oil, Pe. Power to overcome viscous dissipaton Ry. Fired: (a) Expressions for Fe, Rr © Show tote! power minim rest when a. 6 chasen $0 thet R= 3B. olution: Apply 98.86 and 89 for Flos bere paratk plates. Assumphensi() 452, 5 untut r Flas prates SESE ad @) Nb presseure, gradient erteumbereatialy z The viscous power 1s the prodisct of vistoces *rqUe times WI! * A+ Teo = TewreyRu =a Ler 2p 2s ae PP moi Sue & Tater z The pump power 5 fac prodicet of frow rate times Oressure dep. = O4b ~ ~ 42740 _ 1002p ~ Wee ° Fam €9. 8.00, 0 pat eae? ro Feat Ga < pre The total power required & Ap +R 1 Ap = XD , 7020p . Wa. (pene Ft mary be minimized by settvig LE =o. Thus oF __ Taw? , pathy _, oO a 4a* gee This con be wciten de, = ore-tat 2% ~o lwhich 13 Satistieg When 3hp-R, ~0 0F PL +Sho Spine, <—_—___— Ejuaten ! Also can be solved frr & At iphmum condiheds! are AWEE ge gt ete on § «fT lenis 79S| Problecn 3.34 da2ts\ Given: "“Wscoes timer,” tesisting oF a. cylindrical mass 118t0e a eifeertar tube Filled with viscous liquid, Crtahng a darts aanulargap. Fiad. (a) The flow Aetd created when tre mass falls under gravity. @) Whether this wor! make a satis tactery her, and 1# $0, tor what range of time lntervals. . (0) Efrect of temperature shange ta measuced hme interval, Solution: Agpig conservation of mass ta ty o enclosing the cylinder and the moving Mass: Thea: a-ue =V rOa. = Vila ao CO Assume! (i) Gap is narrow, a«D c @) Vongit gap 2 tat, £= 1D ( Lt Bi Steady Flow Fllty developed laminar thaw a Uneler these assumptions, the flow feid 17 the gap is <> that for flows behicen parailel plates With one plate moving. Place coordina on tne moving mass! fo Then the Volume flow rate (€q,8.96)18 F La Ua 1 ry Ere eS j But e a SPY, where Ap IS the pressure drop driving vistoles Fletd, & % c 4 dead 2 Babine? = te ee io re The pressure Change acmss the moving mass Js Fe Ap = eg + bpy @) x Summing tarees tn the rapving mass gives prope” E . 00s) th ope mg. thom But mg ~ fn as and Fy +E 7DL Fn 6p 844, ts ak - FB) ad +S de Subs hiteting, op ~ tm Dig rok 4 4a] 70 or Ap > fmgh- (ok e $2) (4y 1% Flow Feetes| Problem 8.34 (ante) | Combraing €4s.landegues UD. Ue, Apa? ca z Feat Thus met 0, Jun The hive interuar for tre mass ty move clstanct H 45 Ate Hw Oo UT Em S64) fio g 2? ) << Equation 6 shows that the time interval for the mass to fall any distance His proportional to liquid viscosity j1 and inversely proportional to gap width a cubed. A temperature change would affect the diameter of the measuring tube and the diameter of the falling mass. A temperature change also would affect the viscosity of the liquid in the tube. ‘Speed of the falling mass is proportional to the cube of gap width. If the coefficient of thermal expansion of the falling mass were greater than that of the glass measuring tube (Which seems likely), then the width of the annular gap would decrease with increasing temperature. This would tend to slow the falling mass, ‘The total amount of thermal expansion would depend on the diameter of the mass and tube. ‘The effect on gap width would be greater, the larger the tube diameter compared to the initial gap width. It might be possible to “tailor” the thermal expansion coefficient of the cylinder, by using a suitable material, o closely match that of the falling mass. Then there would be no differential thermal expansion between the mass and tube, and changes in temperature would not affect the gap width, Speed of the falling mass is inversely proportional to liquid viscosity. Liquid viscosity decreases sharply as temperature increases (the viscosity of SAE 30 oil drops more than 10 percent as its temperature increases from 20°C to 25°C, see Fig, A.2). This would tend to increase the speed of the falling mass. “The entire device could be maintained at const nperature, ™ atProblem 8.40 iar Ts | Open-Ended Design Problem: Automotive design is tending toward all-wheel drive to improve vehicle performance and safety when traction is poor. AAn all-wheel drive vehicle ‘must have an interaxle differential to allow operation on dry roads. Numerous vehicles are being built using multiplate viscous drives for interaxle differentials, Perform the analysis and design needed to define the torque transmitted by the differential for a given speed difference, in terms of the design parameters, Identify suitable dimensions for a viscous differential to transmit a torque of 150 Nm at a speed loss of 125 rpm, using lubricant with the properties of SAE 30 oil. Discuss how to find the minimum material cost for the differential, ifthe plate cost per square meter is constant. Solution: From Probe 1.45, dr = rdf rtdA But Teg sae seth | A» 2rrelr Tres > ry Che a EMBOY 3d; Pe THEY Ta tag, aw ye OME taeee TELY 3he 5s T ake [he aa] or Ts TAY BH nuty where & > Rif 7 This vatee's per gap, Fach ter has 2 gaps ted heusing, Fer n gaps Te Leb oats on |r From 69.1, asseaming 102019 beg lens (Fig. A-t) andant, s Inatal- prt, tren nk’. 2m Sot, Ot, thn, OV tos. 2. OR paca aR as ev a Mae Fain * FOS = 6 or ta Renee For n= 10 cinch #012 minh Ye HOF GOR My he w 9.101 rm R=(bxet] Ym = 9.0999 br Dm 10mm) R The stack heagth «mght be Lc as mn ter ne ter sn fr nos F| Problem F.4t | saw Given: Fully cevekped laminar flow in a pipe, wrth -R ef) ye ar -S ~( . Exp Gl ] Find: Racks trom pipe axis at whieh & equals the average velocity , V. Solution: First determine V. vee = maf oe = wel & Ezlre@s +} emrdc == [fer -g ~-EB [Len -par: >I Then w= when -£¥ us GQ) ~7.- 2% £L-@] Ex or or y= £Problem 9.42. q3aV\ Given! Waster and S4€ Worl Sewing at 4OC through abmm tube, Find, for: each te id: @) The maximem teurate for laminac few, &) The corresponding pressure gradient, Solution: Laminar tious 13 expected for Re < 2800, Expressing this Mn BACT of Flourate, e~ OP? Wap 4D _ 4a BP eG = 42 or a~ DDE Thus = 7vO. x 7 2 2 Qmax PRO Ane = Eu 200, 0.006m, vont . 10.8 yg? y 4is0, Q = - TRY 2 for taminar few, according 0 64. 8,136, THEA ge ox Ba HO ee oe wee ~ woe so 2 aes am? aK Tr , Ee G00 tm © er tle ROUAQ “) 7 Using data. from Appendix: A, at 4 Finis EY (BEY (ME) ain) CS) Water SI x0™? 7. 10x10 bsinso™ Hea K OT = 15 SAE OW 3.8K “410K S.4xte~* 139K 0% = 3EK0e z ott t * Bra f Alote a~ vs Fans ge ~ua ~| Trreden xe | wa | Gans Vscosty of weber ae te Ne Afenge egttuses, drop ond SER Pash and ieee yo Soon Find ah Motman actune Con catte ol Kons woskd Lu Lanmof & Regeury deo cetres fe Re area aA Bale meAN was ues am . eddie ses Nook ww ha BU sug ah ke gros. Sddson: Reswres dead Gia deodops Lanter Kans we Se Ae Roo 6 = *s renainVoniner upc Ri=tseo. Ree RE = & - S = 3S No ddernne © wa pestoloss S. Beare TATE, Qo a= Mos. 8 & CRA pe teano® Wesley ~ ; ag R.o8SH .\ohns® Bees & - 200 Se Dros Se orcas gerdng, grassure drop, BEE AHR, 5 can tee diasmned. a sos St Ge pe Seated) «gee TPM . cane @ tA owe MAS. a, natn bs, SR rene @ “casa WRE Wh KG = A whe SS ee i $Me gor ‘a used So Edasrine px Gon oy mreotasenanis C | wears Gros «wy as \ we te or pepe OF YS mwas ri se lE SR a GBS GR -GRaly Exduddrg , 2B <. a. BRP RS 4 Lp. cas Re POE ea SE FORMA aa an WN AST COY + Cost . Soe x Qo. See. Re sup coda Nee orgroued. Ms egg SORE SFA abn Gor ‘I Ys * ~~| Reon 454 | sa | Gaer: Sygederne suds of dapdur, ds otconn ont ly Q & Bow & ad ko im Sresen, ace TASER | SSS wet 2 Be onan Gre oA ES ad ee AS S34 Fn e waemen Fas rate A WINK shine: can See delivered Schur odd fe, Sow os Sandy, Oy _ davdogd Vos ow Seohar eo ls, Goaiy Nabe % + Resume is) disdecae & to Tay a A Kua @ ATs toc Then, Be atone Gas cate @ con bee eadladad Gon Eq. fade on AR Une BSP = BRA oa tee Be Se SSS + at THe Po Spee ont Sor Pr An? Kalas. 3 ae ” ho qe ESL EL svar da ON. S sa Sahn” = Tas Sf SAS Ay @ WB ~ le Grech Re we RP SS Sanne Reine = BHO af} AS wre. wee Rex SHB + bro's ames Es 6 3 Lg Ren Th (Mow & ashnddy coare FouProblem $45 wal Given: Commerual viscometer, D=0.31 mm and Lb * 13mm. Sige. Chasen 50 At 2005, and Uyy 1s negligible. Find: Eshimate the maximum Uncertainty 10 D te attow measurement of xr wstthin +) percent, Solt100! Computing equator: Q= TApo* @ise: FEAL Assumptions: U) Laminar flows @) Fuuty de veropes flow Solving for viseest = T4p DY fa en eat But Apregl and Av A¥/be, Thus 1 PG bt DY _ pg dt ot “a aL ae From Agen ©, 1 a By = tlle ¥ + ue)’ + (ey?) Neglect’ ng Uge Ane! Ugy compared to Up, db xe, * et = +42 ty [rapt] = t yap = 44% Thus bp = + he p=t 201, 031mm, ma a ¢ ‘(e090 ram Sp= + 0.77 yam §D ee Bich a small te krance would be impossible te hold in ang manetacturing operation, Theretere Capt leary viscomesers are Cahbratad using a hquid of knewn viscosity in tne Cange of inkerest.L Froblem Bib wu Gien: Resistance 0 Fluid fow, R= & Tube S0mm long Aho 9,25 mm inside Hameter. Find: (a) Show that for jammar fou, R= het &) Maximum AP for faninar Plow in given tube at HOC for (1) keresing and 2) Castor oi. Solution: Apply results deve oped 1 Section 8-% for laminar float tet 1h aton: Ap = (EAL Computing egu. ie st Assumpheoas: (1) Laminar Flos, Re $ 2300 @ Fully devejoped fleur Then R= 4h 2 HEL a Tov To caleulate dp, first write Aia terms of Ke Re = OZR 2B. HER gy Q = Wedhe ae” aA” Teo a and Op = AOL _ i2bak medRe sage, Leet De Toe ie Be Flow may b¢ laminar up % Re * 2300, dp = $2 (2300) 0.050, —— 4 ee NSE m3 kg. el 2002533 ro Pkg” Nese Mfmax (Pa.) = 2.36 nit (ee (esi md] ekg Jen) Using data. frum Toble 4.2 (assume T* 480) and Fig. a2, Fleud A OS WEE OUMYyx) Pima Kersinge 1x10? 89 B49 kPa. Casterait 0.24 96k 14.0 6 Fa, <_< Por caster oi! , Sbmax about 140,200 . atmospheres, The chance for tereusent Flos bi Shim, indeed f BY omeProblem 27 F3ta\ Given: Capillary viseo me ke of Example Problem 8.44, Q > 80 mel s. Least counts are: £9.01 MR for bp, £0.01 mam far B£8 maths for Q,and £ 10omm ter b. 36 Of test liguid 15 Of2, eon 7= 10 MPa fw — “208mm ie g Fuad: (a) Effect of tube duametee on experimental uncertainty. (GF proper ensite of ohamerr aan rriaimise uncertainty, Solution! Viscosity is given by ~ bee the uncertainty li Yam #1 ugh + (bup)*# ud + cat J* % a+ [(eou fay 20)" + (203001 )* zyyt = #[(te.01*+(t0p8)" + (2 0,00/)*#(£0, coset)*]* Yup & the largest tlc 00 ts Upp ti the setond largest influence on ud t= +[pocuss]® = + s.080¢ o- + Bo® percent To reduce Up, increase chametr, Then reduce R to maintain Re constant ke nfie, fo Up scontant. But V~Ba 98, 30 Wo ~ & mcoritont Bur dp wit! be attected. Ap ~ tate, 2 p~Be~ds (svice $ xconst) Representative Values rnty ke computed as follows: D a Ap 7 au wy | a cA (rom | iments) | way) Te 050; 8801.00 6.0160] 0.0800] 0.001| 0.00568] 0.0808] 058) 968) 0.761] ~0.0"33|__o.0727/~ a0ot! o.006t7/ 0.6741 0.60, iose|_0.879| 0173 0.0867] 0.001] 0.004731 0.0620] “Tos 4444) 0.485) 0.0720/ 6.0618 0.0011 0.00887| “0.0688 070, 12a) __064\"_o0zral 0.0871. 0.001] _o.00408| "0.0836 G75 1320, 0206, aasse| 00538] 0.001] —a00s7a] 6.0822) on 0.80] 140802441 0.0410] o.0s00/~~“6.00t 0.00855] 0.0647] Goan.) [best —tasal 0204 owst] —o.os71| 0.001] onal “0.0661 (090, 1884 0.171} 0.0883| 0.044001! 0.00316 0.073a| | 035] ~—ta72|_—~0-148] c.0686) 0.0421 o.001|' “0.00288) 0.0806] 00) 4760|__0.125] 0.0800] 0.0400] 0.001] 0.0024) 0.0085) The untertaraky in D chow quickly asp inereases, Although Uiyy intreases, tnere ib @ dikmeke that minimizes bus, The optimum dameke 4 Dx 0.2mm. Dope (Note that he entrance dagth wisus/d! inereaast, 5,nce lefy * 00a Re) fs| rabiem 8.48 | aalay Given! Pith developed lamar flow (0 & Culer pipe, uiith Sylnarizal Contre! volume QS Shown, 4 Tx tarde et Ly Bir} — Dg of To Find | (a) Fotees acting on cy, @ Exeressian for velocity distritection, Setution: The forces on & CV of adius r are shown deove, Apply the x component of ‘memento. ta GV shown. 0Ci) sole) Ota) 4 Deo oe Sy + Fon BS apes fact , mse ov Asstamotions ! U1) Fg, 29 @) Steady How @ Fuse ~ developed Flos Basie equations : Then Fay = (0-28 H)tr* tin err. — Gor EGE )art 20 Canethag ard combiging terms, he ~rb + 2a +O or Ty At As z x Thus dL. £ dp dir * 20S and uz LF te, yu bx Te evaluate ¢,, dpoly the boundary Condition U0 at raR. Thus = +2 & ge we gh Bee) -E ¥en] and Sd | which 1s Mentéar te Eq, 8.12, foesoe ~ Basiz Equations \ Frobiem 3,44 | 43h Given: Fully developed laminar How in an aanuis as Shown, The ~ diner section Is Stationary ; th outer Moves at Vo. am) ~ ame BP Assume 2 ao Find: (a) Tle). terms of 6,» ah Gd Vor) in terms of 4, @). Evatuate 6, C2. lation Apply % mponent of momentum equatien, using annular a “CV Showa. woe) Fit he 36h unto of. weal; tse Hor Aisemptens: @) Fy 0 @ Steady flow @) Fustg-devetoped flows in = Fy “= Cf Bieter ies = get en-E te = 0 Ce Lee =o or Zt) so rE = 6, o t= eyed sett so te tir) ‘ ae ae em St #0, > wer) tem Ble 2 : To evaluate Constants 6, ANA Cy use: boundary Conedinens. Ab car, aM se hs Silanes ke At ren, er0,s0 03 Bknge y and G>~ Bde ’ ‘ 2 ei = qe =e Tous subtrac hog, Yo = TAN) or Cr = Zriy,) 2 Se BATT) =p. ctose;) = Ve Poblod. a Cow fos ts) = Np PERS utr) <_< %7ek | sald Ginens Faby daghoge Varner retest oa SE Te mules oun te Show S& Se odors cere is gprentoy, uae SAS > -& SA s\ & Cian on eqrecsen ee Beets cot AO Ve Wes a Sindacn of & & ox Comore tid Ag cote, Rare, Wik dao euler ege| | Scvdwory he res vse Qe me sents of Re deer cortrah Lage oF Sede YS No wore we Se Bsr sce oo The wenden conddrars ose RO AB ER wee of re k& “Seat Koon candice a Stee & --@ Se By RR 4 Ce ~---@) = CR S Ws Sloe bd ea Ged Sak eb) Sed) y Ap 8k eewe* cael en “Sk SS ees WW ap aK ae Bh nN ine Sp aR Se SK ROR, as sane 2 = UN (tas - te =- “Se. Gd wer “s &. ar > AS wE\ & Vo Soe Mow Saal » a =o < = -t -aE GAN te QS “= QR oBk “AR OF BE[Redden doo} gals\ a im sai \ S&4.s0 A rege. Ben aR, GED L aa AACR) 2& on i. oS \ a (SS eu kane om | Radius Ratio for MaximumVetocity 0001 0268 ' 001 0.29 j 002 0.387 os 005 408 i 00s | oasg | $8 04 0.464 g 02 (0548 4 a4 04 0877 06 07m =a or 8 , AO ee owe -“SN-@ ss ws seats Sor Ges Wa ae BW Ra rio Kei. and ah Soe hos We Gers one Ree Se Scre FoF| Vedden 45 BE Fes Gare. es — gees Ngehos arent = aE StL eos BroChe “6 Se orn Se ah “+ = HS s\ @ Shas Bol “se se Res vhs, Ss geet a, ae Ee Loy ee WS) ChRan on ergreercn Gor eave moa a a Awd “ Cae cone, Karo, wih Savion» Tre rclune foo. ste Se ty @= (usa= Gq wher ae = ae Ky weds SANG te § Se AY ak ac “SE ACTS a “CQ geese - or A “SEL AW-s Sefer ree a, . oaietae sala soe at = -wWae LE ew oy SE LEE BEL AES RR ARE Lak eantag pte ee) _ sa) ya { w Te A EG wot ag 7 eR WY, s\ a ze AL TAT AGAR . = ats 2S pe -w GRN \ ap a TF? EE = ore ae a\ GAN SL ON a Tre onerage heck, 3 F10| Redden 161 Got a)| Whe omen eon toy “ an Canrae = et CR SOY we ant TARY weed Ne wees Kus ya Se untae La Ge) _ Ga SOG aS SEL OES CS y=-P 3g To _ GAN mm al CEN RR 1} For Rao op aN ond V = = 4 Rese oppet WR Re ceadts Ke Boo Wa cular “Ege Fh| Redsten 4.52, | watay Gasen: Fidy tesdoges: Comes Soo WW awudes gree 6 & comesied So Hod ermhus Saedicn of a Bn woe of Re castteskine SY See resis of Recbhesy 9.5) to ddsin an enerensien Gor Seger) Saange pressure Seog os a Kantion H coders <& GN WR geet Sarge o Bae & Ge o.com she ono Scldion, “Fa cue of -erchborn BAe ape == oe ae us Ge oe ee ae! SRA hos . we -3P Lk wo 2 fh BS eS Fer Lao, se. 8 eye sei BN ‘ Rerark ™ = ans Seong alee. 7 COE ER 2 ~ lod. SR RN ERel “6 & vel - del _ vas del _ ~ he eo orae TAT Ela) Uste) 7 Oda) a \ le Shomse= > EGTA * SOP Ye Saree | For srt &, ken “eenae ! Percent Change in Pressure Drop 0.0001 122 ® 0002 133 3 0.008 181 s coor 169, 3 40 ooo 192 2 0.008. 233 2? oe oe ee Ke Kat Sows Wat evan He eral of wowes Comes a aanieort Werease wh prrssum drop fer sgsen wan. Fie| Prvblen 2.53 tal Given; Horizontal pipe with fuity developed teerbulent Flows. re” Ap ~P.-pe* Fest ease BR Be Find: Wall shear Stress, Tw. Solution: Apply momentem eguaton tty liniral Ov: et Basic equoahen: =o) 202) oteyf”* BE far th - e fapew Let A Assumphens:() Horizontal pipe @ Steady flow Fung kvebped Aow Thea Ba PRY Cu TOL PA ay 07 Tn = we LF by ait. 2 Te =F ae ‘Ba # 2116 tot fe Sines Ts £0, 1+ A048 to KEP patted, to right on pipe wall. 813 Tosated | Prvblem 5% L ¥ 8 Givta; Herizon tai rectongulor creaeet twit, Fc thy developed Flow of water} ied Flows Dp pin Pe 2/78 KR re Lem W240 mm— Find: Phuerage wall shear stress, Tu. Solution: Apply momentium epuaten t CV inside duct surface hex ptiy vole) sats) w Basie equaten! « Foxe Bl woe tf yeh po | Assumptions: (1) Meergentas chacanes © Steady tow & Fell chee loped Hous Thea Fag = P)WH + Ty Cut ne ~prwH #0 or Ty =(panp, POL oe LIB KAA, O, i a = Ty = — SKA, 003m, 1, = 77 C 2) as Tw z Tinea at = 77 Pa 67.91 alm) a Since Tix <0, i+ acts to KEE on Ficid, 60 IQht on channel wall. FigWU Problem 3,55 Au P alr) Base Equation : 57 fhe “sf phe +e Lupa + peuanphins: OD Fay» Given: Flow of kerosene at EE ina Smooth tube With D=/ia, The Regnokls number 1s 4000, Se Flows can be ether laminac or turbulent. The pressure graditnt 1 these two Cases i =o Bae lof lamar 2 0.20 # + Tearbstent: SP = 0.50 BF Plot: Variaten of Shear stress as a function of padiss fir both How Conditions, Bohetion:, Appiy the momentum eguatbien to a tylindricas Contre! voiume. to relate shear stress te. Pex. 3063) @) Bodily Pious Flows G) Fulty developed tow A Leg Bor Beem ae Substituting, Fin t (PBS rt t Ty orede (pe Bart <0 Coneling ard combsaing terms, : w0 By + atm 0 or Gy FB "Thus the. shear stress prpartional to radius For both both laminae “and turbulent How. The maximum magnitude i ihe valee at the tube way, Where Pa he, Thus . Dep p 28 , ot Tre ase BG TE tan He ab 0120) ae em ITN # laminar) Mag Axo, SOE w — 104 x00 BE teuresiene ) Cre Phe asProwler 8.56 \ atl Solation: Fous will belamnar for Re 230. Given | Ligueid worth Wwseesity aad density of water in lamiman flous 11 a smooth capitlarg Hebe. De 0.25 ram, L¥Sd mr. Pand: (a) Maxime Volume toca TOE. ) Pressure drop to prodiece this fous rote. le) Corresponeling WOM Shtar stress, Re=P¥O. Te .82 722 _ 4a CR Dae THOT = Fp 6 Thues (ae 7» 20°CS Qe Geer’ ~ 2227, hoawrtent, 0.80025 Sexton 2 _ This His rate Corresponels te 27.1 mb bia» A force balance 0n a tirid element shows! ‘ 2D Lex. IR = dp 2" twroe ~0 ae en Te o % woe - Ap = twit Fr laminar pipe Flows, t= teres! I~ (BV), fm 69.8.1. Theat tw = ag = ABH png = time (— But Umen = 20, oTw ~ B2Y PA Also Je B HW 4 4 serIms, ar ae ee Thes Ty = Fa 79 ho «wrtont, fain ale EES = 244 nn 94 Pad| Ts Same T —_———_ 1") and Lp = 4,008 As, 235 kPa. Ap Fie| Probe §.87 tall Given: Data measured by Laufer in fully developed turbulent pipe flow at Rey = 50,000 are shown below. Find: (a) Power-law exponent obiained graphically from the data plotted on log-log coordinates. (b) Comparison with power-law exponent obtained from least-squares fit to the data using the results of Problem 8.63. Solution: The data plot is shown below: YR ut 8 OY Se ot [ee rT 0704 0.981 ‘ 0.601 0963 Ly 0588 0937 Sadan 0486 0807 we 0383 0.886 0220 08st 0216 o7e2 ey = 80.000 0184 0742 0.083 0.700 on 0.062 0.880 oon 21 1 0041 0619 0.024 0.561 To obtain the power-law exponent from the plot, far a straight ine through the data by eye. Measure the horizontal and vertical changes to define the slope of the line, Then scale the results so the horizontal and vertical seales of each decade change on the plot ae the same, (For this plot, the horizontal scale is 44.0 mm per decade; the vertical scale is 45.2 mm per decade.) de hime, ome aS Proc 1 et mit Feb TOS ne Gee G graph) Calculate the power-law exponent using the method of least squares (results of Problem 8.63): inyr inure OR) a aye EUinG laine). 2.21 x Int) 0.108 0.00401 0.000431 oot16 zLintae)*) He 0231 001018 002 —o0s32 0370-00877 001300137 = ous. 0591-00851 00348 0282 0722 00978 00704 o.szt 0960 0.144 0.138 0.924 127 0485 0238 1.82 153-0233 0387 2.35 187 0208 ©0558 3.50 238 0957 0847 8 84 (Form vasues) 278 0431 1.20 773 “319-0480 1.53 102 373-0598 2.22 139 Sums: 7.24 469 Comparison shows good agreement between the measured and calculated power-law exponents, (The measured result is very sensitive to minor changes in the line faired through the data.) 7Problem 8.58 as UA) Given: Data measured by Laufer in fully developed turbulent pipe flow at Rey, = 500,000 are shown below. Find: —(@) Power-law exponent obtained graphically from the data plotted on log-log coordinates, (>) Comparison with power-law exponent obtained from least-squares fit to the data using the results of Problem 8.63. Solution: The data plot is shown below: mow 1 at 0898 © 0.997 Domn 0704 0.988 osoi ors iT 0.588 0.959 J $$$ 92.04 90 496 0934 0.383 0,908 uw 0780 0874 0216 0847 Ro, ~ $00,000 0454 o@te 08 0771 0.062 0.736 oF 0.037 0.690 308 or ‘ wR To obtain the power-law exponent from the plot, fair a straight line through the data by eye. Measure the horizontal and vertical changes to define the slope of the line. ‘Then scale the results, so the horizontal and vertical scales of each decade change on the plot are the same. (For this plot, the horizontal scale is 46.2 mm per decade; the vertical scale is 44.8 mm per decade.) bs laoma , w2mm Gabor Gree * ON; 1AP4D (From graph) Calculate the power-law exponent using the method of least squares (results of Problem 8.63): layR nw num) (ayn a Un) patent aur 0.108 -0.00800 0.000823 0116 EL mtor? “0231-00121 000278 oosae -0370 0.0253 0.00836 © 0.137 4 = 0104 ‘0531 0049 co2az = a2 0722-00883 0493 asat “0.960 0.00685 00008 0821 n= pba a (Fam vatees) “127 0135 oN7! 162 _ dt 153-0168 0284 2.35 “187 ‘0201 0783.80 238 “020 ©0618 584 27% ‘0307 oss 778 330 0371 122108 Sum aera Comparison shows good agreement between the measured and calculated power-law exponents. (The measured result is very sensitive to minor changes inthe line faired through the data.) os[Rectan en | ssl | Gade) Neroaites, eres Gr guge Shoo Be QS Gudsbed He Q Gand Fendt) achnn of Tle A RED GE Cr end grote. Ma. cle us A Ser LER vo WEARER Ae Fer Varn ar Goo, Sees < ge Gol Gleecte- acted - = A@SL- E Rae Wan = S-Se Soe Se onci__\antod ForXutabed Goo, Us Sa ul SP eacde Se eC RN § eA Xo See mee ORR ues w, 8Q)=-8N oS wl “ws CACM al Cr SS an ss Laan w Bea oy = eet aA Xs as| aed _nowd) ss GWYGRS, mA aay Pas SANT Ros GR an GE ENDS ote oe G+ He} eonsd ile ren den ae wat Ghar. za “A a? ER CEN) Werney ) VEG G-R\S= > Sea aaintatnieresvg | or o77 | ve \Seal les Vaid we 9.[Redden the | esl Gmsan, Emgiredl 0 Gr gSocttag grate Wate K S- 2 Seon aes _ > _ ° SS Shs = Sead Weer Ais ws RL, Save & 4 PeGiatrcn Ve = = & Qoaw = Sas RY aw CAE 5 s Ke at _ Se ee’) G-EY §& AQ) Vo waged Me ee & se ey and a(S \= = ok Yay = wf as GayGad = al aS GaDonq oe aah} ron a ~ elas “ent \- *Laseal at G@rda- Ado ae ANGRY “| GAGA Gad) Ne PR Shs we By er ovthage, (ad) Ne AAAS VG Meg Beas qe! git! gt 88 2 Veit Roy 60 791 1.906404 65 0.805 3,606+04 ad 70 0817 BBSEHO4 18 Gaar t2aecos oat | 80 0837 2456105 | Vegi 85 0845 4.855105 os 90 08538. 80E+05 95 0.860 1.67E+08 oe 100 0.866 3.16E+08 ova 1E04 ESOS TEMS TEU Fu; | Redden Wa | es Gover» Raserlas e XL Lardan of ond See eee gene Se Deb + NB Veg Bey, Cara) = = Shs" ESGRS ad We Why we &y Scdiven Wregore a Tole of sckues Bars Gown Say 828 “he Grows Say G24 &s= 3 SS oe | Rey . Rey Vad 086 190-04 600 1505108 701 e0E+04 6.50 2806104 0805 Sascis 7.00 | S80E+0s O87 ose 1295105 7.50 1.07E#05 0.827 Val ME CR late er | ae ie $B ines oon sees cm tae ces | aw ‘ce so tase tes Sine aS Sey cee eer[Reber ule | ostal Gasen: hein profiles Cor guge Fos Be EY donee) BEOHEY GALS emai cola tubes BiH ( pdw Faas te\ & Sr Canons gett . ¥ S ms SE Be Acbohed grate, GIA N74 TAR B ws 9 Cor Nactoulerl grote coer vange Weft, BNR compare, USER Larhor -grotte Sse xv & er Ra (apes - ae (la pts car Mduag RA B= CCNY & ee lel Ceiter = ES O@_e For Nemsrer Boo, Se OGY, She 2S) [y- S480 845-4 aan - finaly, 2 kek = PlmaxS% ty © Pelumay ura. 27 3 a AIK te =£ ke 3 sh = fe 999 ko oy aa 0.08, totoe mS kek =O290N-mjs. (0.2% W) Check Resynolds NUMbEr: Re = VA. 2 Yeard® 22 om 0.002m, $= 800 nd as 1.00 x10" n* RE = 800 < 1S00) $0 flow I$ laminar. 92S ket| Problem 2s Pea | Given: Fow of Roblem & 63: lammac flow of Water betucen paresiCl plates, y epee tes = heey ES dtm ure Bamm = Umax = mis Find: Kinet is energy coef trerest, & Solution: Apply definrhon of kinetic energy cotthtiar, ae Sp eV3dA rh pla (258) may f From the Analysrs of Section §-t, Hr fis between parallel plates, aman li(E 4] = 80 [i-gp') since timex 2 BV Gee) Substituting int 69. 8-bb, aS evide Sf putan iy t ana = Aeetsn «4 (gitan + aL Gers LGA m evev a” Then 3 apt 3 = BEL prep EL G0 ome 1H Evaluahag, U-nty? = j= By 4 8n4-7% The mtegrat 1s Loney oly-dytedns tor], = 2 Subshteting, a (EL Cnty Check: From &4.8.be;. = ket . 2 kef = 240.2% ms 2 J . Aa SH Om ge Spa 0 stag laname Gasve mim ns™ ~' FUL| Problem 2.ue HC | Given: Fug develooed laminar flew in @ eirenlar tube. “eS Find: Kinetic energy coef icient, & Solution: Agply defiathea of kinckic cnergy coetticyeat, x heveA opt G26) av From the analysis ot Sechen8-3, for flow 1 & circular tube, A timan['- GE] = 20 [iG] since tan = eV Sttstifeasting tate 6, 8.2Sb, «hein = REED 4) fee «seal Cop erer = 2] 1 ba. 8 4 | 3 a= LCE May teat = Lom) ndy wnere 998 Evatsatag, (i942)? = 7-38 y 84 B95 -9? The integral is LG ndy Subst teti3g, a =e £ Com) yay 27[Reker sha | oe Me Garden: “Rouser Loud ss be creel Keo, Kandie, vagal vy an wi Be ae [SE Sx Exotudte a Cor a1 AL Kase pant WD) ans Sor Nosouberh Quer \euo grotles aver Be woe Ge atic Seicon, “Bron Re keGntacn « 4, a eG pane eee (8a po) ee 6 Sat | RQ AD MCRD year No Weegee SW eR Rag Geen vont a G)= =o, So) ae fh (FR GAGS LETC Aan as at Lass - Boa we =f Ace - Bal ~=[g{ Cee “ “(Sl & ame oe Cees tat Freon ey Gen, _ ~ AES tae) Ren foe aed 3. aw. Oa ond pa = = eh eh, * [sa GSS * SOS Fen To BR A we on . QL et SF AGS one (2 Bend No dk aw Beg _ sons hs \elegkew ond Reg = x Reg Re GdL ome hon tebos 528Problem 8.67 (cont'd.) hey 1 Vag a Rey soe inate Energy Gooftcient 1906-4 60 0781 1.077 1.504 360E-4 65 0805 1.067 2.90E4 tor GSE 7.0 0817 1.058 5.60EN4 4.29645 7.5 0.827 1.052 1.07615 06 245E+5 8.0 0837 1.048 2.05545 « 46565 85 0845 1.061 3.99665, 108 B806+5 90 0853 1.097 7.5065 1S7E*8 95 0.860 1094 1.ME08 B18E 10.0 0.868 1091 274648 aePrebiem 8.08 | Wavy Given: Flow of water though & pipe with thE conelitect shown, VES misee — Flow © pf, = 540 kA (90g¢) Find: Head loss between Att and outle of pipe. Soketian: Apply the energy equaties tr steasty, mompressible fous, i a ii =002) | Base equation: Bangle «foie ae + her Assumprtioas: 1) nus ee fs BH ay @ tis peg - fer = SA0K SN OTF Fler. hep = Be men TOT SE eam Map = 345 T/kg FiFeobiem 9.09. | GUE o eye) | Basie eguation: Bt Brad <2 Bod -an + hips _ Changing the orrentation of the Pepe wit not attect. fer. 7 tiie Given! Flows of water through ee at the conditiwns shoud, Versmis es Pe farm pez 2m O= 50mm Flow Py = 590K (gage), 3,2 Flew Conditicas @re held Constant, but pipe 1s p@ced on a horizontal surface. Fiad: Intet pressuce tar news Condisins . Solution: Apply the energy equation for steady, incompressibete pipe Assumptions : ()) Fuully dévelepedt 2 without area change, a = 4 Me @ pe = 0 PSE “ «10%; est fee Eigen 2” a oN nit tay Re «om AE Thea Agy = 345 Nem [hg the new Py, Apply the nergy equation again, Using Previous assumptions, o ole) (0) bs) Basi: equaten) PB Bedrgh “PFs gh ther Dw = phep = 7 KS arses at extn or 248 kB. (gage) : —_— w3 [stFrobkmm 3.70 | Given: Fw 14 Contigutten Shown; Section pb & 3 (psigy, (tls) CE) Bt SS Vs z eS los Find; (a) Heas lass (in tH) & Heas bss in energy pec und mas, Solution: Apply the energy equation for pipe tla, Fq. 9.30: OQmputing Equator: (Br ya, 0 - [Pave = be (Be + 3,) (rod vs) Ber Hey Assumptions’ (i) Steacty tas (2) Latompressible flaw (water) B) et, and a, approximately | #3i-Be ~ we 00.2-6.5) bf, £3 8°. x Minin”, Slag. fe In | A¢slag Bette | Fe Toh s* + GSN Cy or “10. 5 Gish, +Gs-los) Ft Hyp = 4.05 fe Her <—— ep + 9 Hep > Sutéey 40S ww 130 Hs or Digy = 130 0, Ib Se 130 ete ter = 132 FF Mets [Bo hep Blag ——| Recher Ba | whew lel see 2a i 4 Gaver Yen fred as reba, Regt SRR eR n age “Gs SNS AL BER E SSE. on Fad old whecdy, ac Sddcon Congas, eaypcbaer : (= ere > Sor GR wa Se a «ay “ene O ds eAe = ve we Bala be Soa 1c Aaa teal we “ee RoR ceakgead - ~ ak GasaNe = 2 (0.28) Fe, O.0tS be, 1 PS SO Sug ft Fee" T0044 “7A Shag Catsetn* be : + = 0,042 ~ Therefore Hous miust be turbulent, at Re w 3500. PoeProblem 8.9! wav Given; Steady flow of water through a Sravoth, inticlated pipe. D=ssp mm and V= Smis. Find: Eshinaze of temperature rise per kilometer of pype Kagth, Solution: Apply the detiathea of head loss. — =0l%) Computing Equator: hep * Ua-ty -#60 Assinmp hens: (i) Sttady Haw @ Incompressible Fow G) Fuels deyeped Flot () Lasulated pipe - ony =f hE afi Thus Ur-uj> Gy lr-m) =F BY @ ATat EY Since pipe is smooth, f2#lEe). ir uaterat wit, v ~ | 00x10 “m'/s(Tabie A.B), s Bem UR m= Spc a ree 780 xO From Mevdy alagram (Fig.8.13) tor Smooth tube, # = 0.0123. Tras fr = 02123, kak, fooom ,(S)*m*, Ns 2 Faokim™ gsm" sk AF = 0.245 K (per. kilometer) 4r 843| Redden $82 | wat Goren: Grads dandiar (d= oS) cog See rede ~ rors Soom AWA Vsod EF . an seqareton Male a Mone wo gen Fans rdclce ws Sa con Sata RORY Scdson. Far draun , Gow Vode da 5 SF SOON eH e Ban wR Ye esen | S= SESS - c.cos a) ot Be Wo aso CR 2s ,ue P| sma ais bere, Sage hte t arene Las - Bee Nartar Gas (Ree Raed) Re cdddwe soins res me RA oy Ge Coo BeesGruen: Empierdas equaten ter Curves 0n Moody deagram (Fig? 13). elo o54 | = ~2.0 tog (2 4 ESE (B30) ep, 247 * aim inches guess trom t= wes [leg (G2 + a4] (as) US decurate to $1 percent turk one Caleniahen, Find: Validate Claim ter Re =i and 107 with €/p ©0 aad 0.0). Solution: Values cateejated form Mese eguahons are below: 16407 ° 0.00814 0.00810 0.528 1E+04 0.01 0.0440 0.0431 2.24 0.01 0.0379 0.0379 0.020 The last Cohemn shows te percentage errr in the CAIIARS Values of 4, Compared tot, At Re = 10%, t/0 = 0.01, The maxim ernr i just ever 2 percent. SysFroble oa 7.84 wal _ Given; Moody diagram gives Darey trichen tacter, +. Faamag trichon acter is Fes Pe Find: Rttate Darey and Fanning trichen factors tr fultg developed pipe flow, Shows f= 4h. Soletion: lonsider egfindricas CY Cantadmng Husd i pipes Appl torte baiance, defiaihen of F. rio Basic equatons' EF +o prep Be fen thee” " From the force balance, (pr epstes— tu no. ~PM ao or Tw & Substrrchiag, fue Beg of But a w av le q * rs | a Bue\ i Probieen 8.85 i PALLY | Given: Water floes through sudden entargement frm bin. bin diameter. Q» % galtoas per minute . Find: Sressuce rise Qcerass enlargement. & — > Comper ine with value far Fricton less Fous 4, volution: Apply energy equaton ter pips Feu. ® . Orlin, Brea Computing equation: “af 8 Bs ya, Vi ve tg |, ther Assuumphons; () Steacty tow hers kv G) Encompressible Ftovs (8) Uniferm tow at each sectog : 4%, =f @ Horizontal Sahon Thea Pep, = HG) - Phen, Frm contaurta, Via, Was UU = UBD; Tt From Fig, £.17, at AR=(B)* 0.0% tre Pounded sa¥rance Va =f En 29989, 9.91 29 0.0005 m, 3 Va Bg OES 1 28 jSekg = SS mals Va lrrodtited) = | -2» 99% bg, 4. 00RS tn, 72 VG eh) jay" TB, ABE 9 10088 Org = Ie mks. Siice Q~VA, then or AB = Cm “Vela 2 Gd 8.18) m0. (but)? = D.018 4 mBls The percentage improvement is % = Baro «Ven Mi eo = (ASHE 90 @ ses ara } fe fst 4aeva _ _Problem 8.91 . ata) A Given: Consider again flow through the elbow analyzed in Example Problem 4.7, Assume inlet pressure remains constant and the loss coefficient in the nozzle does no{ change. Find: (a) Minor loss coefficient for the nozzle using given conditions. (b) Vertical force as outlet diameter is varied. (©) Plot of vertical force versus gutlet diameter. Solution: poi, me energy equation tor stad, niomaressible pipe xlouws som) Computing qucton: Baad a Brews fm (3.24) ASSstumt: U) ol, = 4a) @) Gaiteren Flow so Via, tea, YT, Ale te mls G) Meg tect Ay OH he. Gage Pressiues ae A, 9001 m* j Ay>.00e5 rm Then by, = PA WE O20 07h ego? 9 td 4 Altace * Cn oe = We = gpg ER 1 tlw Car] mts 10 on ue dey thE 5 kw thm zoom St 4 4, ~ K fem Ri ko Se LE Gia” 4 BEM For other gutie# areas, Pa gh ot oo a o ew whee adem Bon (oeGl B= ts ? how “Pe +, we Pala] wt Fram euamole Problem 4.7, Ry ~~e'a. * glee [es THis expression will increase wittaut Jionit ther 148 (2Y", or when D+ B)- Caleulard Valets and & plot are on the next Page, ¥521 pblemsstiennayl Die ames Initial value va “a oeom o Nozze os coecetbosed on ie K= 0,000938 (—) Pan 1010 Pa (@o)= 2210 tee potas) = 120.0 kPa ) AYA; Va(en) atm) —Dalewn) Agim?) x Initial Dy 5 sea wee daeo tes ootere 76 16.4 ies 21 mm. O30) rs oa ue 0.334 16.4 1.40 0.0621 os bomen ss tes : 0705, 5 5 16.8 us ua ee 0 0.00391 " ze ar os o 0733 0.00423 wh ‘s rea 00458 0.456 ‘= a oo 0.490 178 ae } 0.0762 eos ma seagaa D 8 mma S caste 0.00528 12 va B18 ose i 1S eee 84.6 0.00563 if a 0.60 a 0.00601 Be ts 874 bool soe Freee 244 ‘s eat 0.681 a 0.00681 at ‘= 0959. eo 0.723 oat eae u no 95.9 ore 3 0987 0.00766 3 a is od 0.810 too ° 102 0.00810 oe a roe 0.00856 ee ‘= o 0,903 ‘Gio Jue 2 te 108 108 = 0.00922 oe ae 100 0.00941 0: a e id 0.951 iss a8 110 0.00851 oot bad ‘es ae 110 0.00954 ts Ofte Ds (inti = 58.4 men (Outlot dtameter, D3 (mm)j i Problem 8.92 2) | Given: Water at 45°C enters a shower head through a circular tube with 15.8 mm inside diameter. The water leaves in 24 streams, each of 1.05 mm diameter, The volume flow rate is 5.67 Limin, Find: (a) Estimate of the minimum water pressure needed at the inlet to the shower head, (®) Force needed to hold the shower head onto the end of the circular tube, indicating clearly whether this is a compression or a tension force. Solution: Appi, tne energy equeatin tr steacy, ineampressisle pipe flow, and the x component of momentum, using the Lv shown, Assume: 0) Steaaty Flow d= 105 am or @ Iacompreseiiole flaw D='S.8 mm @) Neglect changes a3 — pe (4) Uniforrn theta? ely % } o 2 (5) Use. pressures LE men Bt 9498 sirenins Pee Beg / A “ep * hep Ax2 24 1: 7 eee ATR taxon Beg Ng a gmt 9 sy m +B 8 Samaria aE + 0 mls =u, Aw O87 Oy tMoxtoton® sq a 3" ots mm mls Use K =AS, tor a square-edged orihce, p * Mo ky lm? (lable 4-8), Thea + Eat @ 94) = Weve Pim SCG ee ot] = Eon ov] pir gute 4, 0.54.54 = (0.909)4) eee = 15.5 lea. age) Use momentum to bid force: water gaat) Basic equatin: Foy t ie . Lseee +f met aa =! Assume: (6) Fay 20 o~, Then Rum tiga = Uif=pal tua{eeal ~ -vif-pal + Cudfera} = rave) sO: wesw, ae Re igh * alm) = ISSHI0 2H, gt Axia 940 t Fe gp O87 wt ee) * feo * Cod Re® 205M bin chrectoa shotan, Ue, Ceased) ee 5S <_———____}—Problem 8.93 taal ~ Give! Flow through A sudden txpansian in & pip seqster, Let AR* a. i. Find: (a) Expressin tor minec head lass coethcient and plot (©) Compariien with data. of Fig.8.15, Solution: Apply tontinurh,, % momentum, and energy Using LY Shown, =0) inn 6 “ff rit rf ev.dt ={-pTa} tfekal, GanKas oth) = . o Pay the “HL, upd +(upvdt i Vi F [+e . 001) arp -£f epav fur ee aprons ® ® Assume hens: i) Steady few (is Hrigontal; Figy, 20 (2) Incompressitie tous _ © Ne shaft werk; ti, ~2 @) Uniterm flew at cach Section (b) Megieer Ay From momeatum fag ~ Bp Ay-fiAr~ VEenA} + fret al} = pt A (A) 2 by cont From energy & a (ur B+ Bepaad + (au rt Biad or ua ty SW bp Ry ph Pay * ba My + ob WG B) PsP wo From contauity, & a Ot mae ana Be Ay wae @ a “Nad Dierciag mamintum by phy toh Ga (a0) 2 a (% 1) 8 AR (Ae) Substitetng inte 64.1 and using co anti hag = EG ant+ Wanton) x imag? + 2an® -2aR) = ¥(-aa)” Thus Kexpaasien = (I-AR)* The plot ts Expansion LoesConflant Agreement witr Fig. 21S is excetieat. sree Ra, AlAs Kexp| Redden gan | wad | Gesen. We Cas A dandard unddics let i Qe o exgangsen 5 \ wW Paredes dit Jos i ol | De Be Jas Sa (where 4.0) ReR = GASH. 4.0 D Wada Re gredrcrad Garo cote ee thgher or Lave © Erde yen were ome dad” AS ada WD Soc ae Ce Be some Ra coke ‘ee Nasags or sober QUE Eres EMER Fee € GAR were ogghednd? To answer Rese qpadiens We mead So daudag on eupretiot Sor tay Were of BP and Be wrcx Lae coelQGuat K for Be wddon exgansay Bose eqpdsory Cass ay at saab hee KES Resum@aas ) Sty ere Swhe es a y Ss sy ese! QE enum Cohen datonigaddd ye dyeh ands — MVR LS WD EE Ba Gere veer dices Gelouad Quan tea. Fon Sy costs og weds weed ee Ness Ger Sndtrordess Gad? ond ane? Re graditiad Cow vote. works a \awer Gidtion were medteded BS Fe AL sere Gos whe U.S sare Red GAdvotess ond Bid Bow. Fron qs, Qe qeetiure me how Cicdnotess las (Med nous. ‘ee arectier Ban Ke QR Gadroad coon. 7| Wrddheay 85 | weal || Seddon a m en vgydcnes (oa ray Gea sag eber Gad Nex © C+ wy Sweaevghasie: os Gusens Water disSerges to dmosdnere wo See . eda vourd cet 199 os, tos NN B® dock Ans SOmrn -ou oan SS KSINR, a tbh RAgareiore Fear Se A Goo edie, uhen Se Led weno adel & Ee ran Greg, Bussen, OTE Qe os were ered CR Qe ou shan, SERENE A Qhaes Locedd Qa MS tbe Mur or ae tam ane kee BS) Mod Be Goo rete Be Kuber ler, of Be son Seedy congress Goo - we we ” 5 Maeve oy Clnad Be We ale ; DRE . aed . Ban Daven © om © gens SSS Sag eterna ZTE TR SMe Sond ae PRG] Lp 2 ame usapk Sa FREY Lt oT BSE Be Setatincn of gigs an houn a mola BLY @Y = 4 For ay Bas WIA Bda= O25, Krok Deka: fas SKuwan © os @ wh tatu Sarees We rw= wag aS Fromeatinus AS a= WSs, and x < aay ~ Sy sey we + Be) hare RK OS Ken le \= Gy wan 4 UG L- = = - 1am xs) op[Redden 4G AD) f) ae a A®g 80 = \cakeas “|. sss ws Re Le Seo vA . era rermose oh 6 ‘0 ee Severe “SL ES. wel bol, Be pressure wih Ga Serge A sedi 2, S\okemase + Ba BAR Maren © eo eS , RTS ages eo Gat se): aE tee age an - SS wag S 2 ee el sara Lgl - ee wson bg [aang Qsd- on oad th Rae - SPO Ra (asaey Roun S6 Be Boo wese Cosa hse Oo RS sellin cgantnin AW grad , ~ Sey Meal ond a woes ec Sa agus « Brees Set we wdestty Y, Cond en ee Cao = web. Non areca Ciabnalus Goo. TEC BL adhe OC SS Se Norge Man BL CR hen renee) wold Le love, 554| Probie 8.96 | Aah | Given: Aur Flour from a clean room through a duct of 1D mm diameer. Original : t Modihéd : 0 = 180mm oO of o Wel Berdedt N=0.45 | Aymhe = 2.5 mm bho Ayrhg * 2.0mm ho Neglect frichon losses Compared * “ariigr "losses. Find: (4) Area. ratte 2ad angh tor yphawum tanical differ, ©) Flows rate ter modified syskem Soleetiog! Apply the energy equation for steady, jncampressivie pie tious. odh) Ge «fern Pra eager Gor to section 3) wot) her fe ‘hem 5 heen * Kent + heerithaser 5 BP fing Ah From 69. @ 42, hed ritsser ~ YL. Aas - $] Assumphons: (1) V,%0 @) Uniform Flow a+ cach sehen @) Negteer 43 9) Neglect Frichanal losses Computing equations! Fore erie! settin, Pa Es kn Hs ~PasB8h (amen Thus _ i ~/F en git fz, 999K 2 BE 10a my Ew 51s mls For the modified system, Robe Been . w/- dee] uy it Kent -@] since Vy Pa da Thus th best oditsere has the Aighest Cp. From Fig, 8:16, fet FCMIR, AR), MR, = PNip, = Sngitsar +b, From the Aguce,the best hitfesier 15 Go 0.62 OF ARM 27 And 2p m Ieceg [Ae —__ For -tne modifed System, [meeps Petes eh =f pe mB Lf E90, Eten O.002S er, LOR we F,24 mis. Ye ma Bao oh acoso RR ge O00 "oa and B= Vans = 99 28, F lousytm® = o.r7e mPly [2 {tm improvement iis & Yeg=Peno = 9.94 1A BUS. 00 = 28.1 percent more } Si0Problem 3.47 Wd Biver! Shady Flow of weter from a large tank through & kigth of smooth plashe tiwag, wrth D* 3,8 mm and &* (6.3m, ~ Find: (a) Maximum volume tow rate ter lamar flow. @) Estimate maximum wae levet ia tank ter lacninec totale = 2 a0d Kent 4).4) Soluten: Assume wate at ute. Finm Table Af, P*998 kglnt y ~ haorio mf =f0P Yo 1% 7 Re ior Ws 2200 5 Yas * Bev, 20, Na, 0.723 mis 7 Q~VA j AS PPLE oat = 7.44 x 10% Q- onset, 7.990 mt 5.4 x03, We = 0.345 Limin a Ss mma ~—__+—_ Apply eatrgy equaton ter sttady, ¢~ constant pipe fet! “4 Omputing Equation: id fon)- ¢ +e ig her ma D = = han hy J - Me Assumphins:ty pb pate L.— @Y~o 8) kent > 14 given) Tren gd = %% + Kae B ree on G0 (ante +45) Foc larminar tous, #> Oo So 2 007K. Subshhuhag d= $x(0-703) me ° 0 ¢ 3 PigSt (nor ie soot S3a d= Bas m d| Veale 1.08 | LANNY ai Guser Sadun Gr qeeeg eee sprucsme deop for ular Gos 1D anes Shae 2 De Sen Leaden 1S fa Sapar, -edggd ron P No pee = Fs ed dune Geo ede, wees Se Nantel Kens hpi . sere beg SKarenks “ SRS ae Sd cor: Revs wee kor Sey >tseo Rey = ee Ss. 8h wo a S S Oat Tad © | We ew ne Seat Coe ads Wer Bes taco, 2 ae Ketone Wa BAS we rdeo = BHA Sell bane aqpadinon GLa Kg)- be a “aan | De eb he SSE he et Besearguche R= Be Ba A A~L-o BD Meg= OS Take BD Cat SO Way alae als eee ual oe a a~ 2-4 Be wenn s. * Ceca AY = Os ale Vor Nustodberl Gove ho snoot& pig A Ree 2800 f= 0.08 CR 38) Bron Eq de ye COTE. E [oc 8S cs ad de Ookn o Bhan &[Fetes ina | dX i Sddson: Ree x = tee Tease sgrsend th Cheah Fer BA Ue ML eS. Se teak Twas ego: Co Ses o> Nye Hed Geren. Sagon Sary for vee vreosumng -erestime drop Ge wolter D enakh Tea aches orn a cunts enue Anand “See Cl . a + Swo SS Sandord dhheacs @{ oo a Na wane NO Sve SSS Fed desdicn of "Sear sur Cace a supaes Nok doove mere dusdherge meded Yo abou "Edy, = 16 rere ye 5 ee Se 5 mee Yes wat Soe nv Rae Ske WAALS Baro ggere Seg Sees) was be Gea = Sle ss +S eB see] Tron Tobe 2, Si sos Fron Be HN GN Gash OD OD Wor Banik A smedBgign , Ce core a Ras x ene de LTE LE [ae oot EE 4 ocd locddasroorld)scg| de tow a Ra woke oF A Raden RAT WA add Le pote, No ddan a Vd of Ree A Leute Monn due of Be wide consider was Ronis, 3| Wedd ¥ 100 | Vio Basen Whos om \ sesso ee Torrrent Sak qe ae _ Be yew Feats Ge presume A Be gang Aachere Sdvdron: BEANE ARETE Sd Ban eayadsche. (ES vay )-(B + ar) hy Gad Martha 5 he 65S BE ae he Aasumrgucre: 6) @® RsWy as . & Blo tase Se BH Teese Te woo Al OMe a8) Rem DI. WL o2ses ay, Be Aso NS St cong 7 VSONS For commarcsall Sad gage) ee crcl wn r Uhye Gos L ayn So yo D800 "4 Sova foots. We Gusto Ses NS sola ESE ed] 2 veep Lan + S$) iSy 3 2 Re ang ba [S83 AK 4 OOS «Behe ® ~ a ” Gi eo a. Re Ae WRa ‘sgae &[Redten src | Hida ©) () Gwen. Vdar Bas by aroitig touotes Lise EES fo 3 2 Raed won Rhye, Reged Otten ae 1 Ye Soren, ro Le Sta) Is Finds s whe Tequured So mastian & Goo dura No ener \esses Wes “SS da, ark 5 warerhow MAK Los ene neat ARS kx Sanden, wemgradie Goo Bare equadrene, PROS Nex . ard Naser SRE SESE 5 hear Mane Ok, Resumgicre® “Oe RaQ GQued BD Aslxzo es sqysose edugd of eran For sqynare edagh eSronce Cates D Qaxo.8, dso Mento Ser oder a (ae Goon? Ak “Cran ad) e- BR Be Bes as Sp & Re vequeres & a 2 ges > Ree Recon, eet cant AAR AS x SO cons Sen Yor adsanyed Aron gege ET OAS MH CTL BD, Y= 0.003 Ren’ Naps G48 | C= cox Fron Eq, tea, a zoo re QY Y Wek aye S- Sie Sig Esso ky Ae = “Se Kees Soceat = BE » » ack as Seah [oon wos sae HA, = KLPeden toenGects | senor Lots Mot Sek a - Sweat tahles 7 TRA” REN oats Ve oe as @ As “3.8 saan a AID Se Ya e512 § (as* scot | hen C= FC Re, Beowed a Wee Gusta vs Ae: Dee Wate her 5 ~ Yer sat Re vaio bulky wereame Wid wreteosig, Be j Neacomse © dacrenees voi wereo eng, Qe. [ te % | 80 140 ~ 70 1108 o ar 108 0 az (em) 1.04 Pier 40 0 ‘net 02 2 1.00 10 098 ° 086, 0 002 0.00 = 0.00608 Volume flow rate, @ (mis) Boe~ Froblem $102 $4.08 é 7 hea Given? Air at a flowrate of 38.m4/min at standard Conciiteng 1a Srroath duct 45 m sguart. Find: Pressuce dep in mm 4,0 per 30m of horigontas duct. Solution: Apply the energy equation fer steady, jncampressibie Flow that 4s uniform at each stition. Use hydrautic diameter, te ay role) ose equation: Boy Logg - pet 5e Phen = HB (Assumptions: GG =% @) Herigontal OS heyy 20 Ap 9-w th OE Pram 29 tiniest, VS 3 98 ar CBM ee = 6.48 mis 2,5 A = FO m la 2 1.3m sD = LS KOS tls: (Table AsO) = 2 S648 mp 0idm, = ab xek &=% Sa ib nam Fae = 12% F = O.0I% Cig P18) bha 448 mma (er Samet duct) 5 %o7 Then = SOIT, oe. 128k ple .48)m* SE 48.49 N/m™ ry AR ie OW |r “For @ manometer, or Pua 9H bh = Sb Saw, gS «8m . 9, 00447 Puja * Bahig"F Tin" GES = 0.00448 Thes ah| Probleor §.103 | Gra) Given: Pipe Feithen experiment, using war, in reach Ré > 102,20. at . Tr . anhste 4 Pee Met | nr) “oo | bales xl L=4of Firid: (a) Required autrage speed in lia. pipe. (2) Feasiesiity of using & constant ~head tank. ©) Pressure difference behuween taps 2 and 3, Selatan: Assume water at LEP, From Table A.7, p= 1.44 shan [h2, vn 08xrS Ys, Ree Sp ~100,00 5 Vw 12AC0OY. 108 LP Tt 4, Bia « 13,0 FIs 2p ST Apply energy equation try shiady, incompressible pipe Flew! oe, Bs fey) Cf raids ty. hip hat Perm ~ Assumptions: i) -p, ™ py = fatm (5) Smeoth pipes " uno () aymd o . a” &) Neg lect miaer losses. Va> Wo(28)? = Va = 3,5 fis Thea oe @ way Fe 2 a E Ge Rey + YADA = 50,0005 f #0» ao.bid gH tee gh + eee a 8D m0 ty ob; fa 0-bii Or, since ly > H-A, {From Mead, chart (Fig.9, 18)} ao Zaye “ge = Bats Hayy eh ] reglect Ho + dog Hof a 4 (oytr, = 25.3% H Che\ fe Most ceiiuAgs are IL feet high or hess. A Constant head tek is wnprachia. SOR Se Behe: dd oe - ia een @ard@ PSP ate tae Ue or bp ~ fee Ab > 0006 EB ot, tt Bea i MS ache = 8.08 ps op ~ Since bp = pg bh, thea n= BU bE wins, ft Te" RSA (ie in.) of water ah wh Re lae “ — Bos\ Eroeien: 2.10% ttAatah Given: Flow of standard air at 3 m3 /min, insmarih ducks of area, A= d)m* Find: Compare pressure drop per unit length of a Pound dct luith that for rectangtalar vucts of ASpat rahe 1,2 anda. Solution: Apply the energy equation tor steady, /ncompressibte Flows that is uniform at each section. Use hydratstic diameter, . gO te oe ron Basic equation : Ba Brgl Bad Valeek E +H 3 ‘Assumptions: 0), = Ve ©) 373+ @) hem 20 Thea . =p > 7 4 aa p= Bim = #, or Ba £0" Dem mio. . nthe . but U= S tan eae 2 SAB sy sb 4ex 0b ( Table Ay 12) Wp _ 593m ,D, Sogn 7 5 LS 20.9 N/m* keh 2 558, be ee age, = 399 410 Dn); Ee 20 fe For a round duct, Dy D =(HA)t 2/[t,eia)* 9.57 at . For a rectangular duct, 2,2 £4 . #bh” , thar Duct A where ars, 2” Ba” Born)” Tear + p bee ol & = oh = 2 But ha F so ta aA or hh [Xe and 2,» 280" 4’ For smooth ducts, use Fig. 9.13 (or Blasixs correlation, f oe) to find #. Tabulate resutts ; an OD Sketch ae + ph, Percent : . © 4). (Nfm*) -Fperease Round 0.357 oO Naanta® 0,012 0.448 - | S9uarelares) 0.3 LI vaeuie® oor on 14.6 arse 6.298 co 1IRKOF 9,070 “iy 20.3 ares 0.2% co 1.09 x10" 09,0178 132 28.2 fete that # varies only about 2 percent, The large enange in Spi, } 15 dus primarity te the faster £ -h FoF| Section @: Sp, ~ 426 Mim] 200 min 0.0009 (For cast iron, €>0.thenm Table 1) : oe 2 One ap alae Ye (gear 2 186 m/s ee pg: Buoy C09 ta Section @:. hy, = 0.00088 | Problem 8.105 F-tAc) Given: Reservoirs eonnected by three, clean, Cast inn pypes in Series, The tious '$ water at Oma) aad (SC. T ® 3 © hy= oom ind: Elevation difference, 3) 35 : Salat: free. the encray equation for Shedaky, incampressibte flow at is uncfarn ak each Section. Ne) ca hoo Basie esis equations: Bh +B egs -# Peper ter oo ole) her = EEE + hay § hay “Feit Te flog, Hei w ~Astumetions: 0) By Be * parm QV 3% 20 @ Aleglect feenp at pipejorats (note Qilminer lasses Ole probably Smatt Yue ta leng leagtas of straight Pipe Sections, but Wwe wel Check ) Fir nonrsmects pips, t= 4B, Yo) jt =). 1810 aa [i tim TARBALL Abst Aen ya s0% tea Bais "kg ie From Fig.8,3, fe * doz Ry = Piss 990 bs OSI D4m, ae me zt ee . BONE gi MATA From Fig, %i8, #, = 0.014. 0Problem 2.105 Ceont a.) Va D atu mbe 1 2 5.692 mis tT Ay WF (3.45 i'm* Rey, = OV De 904 kg 069211 OAS Hn, re Nese axwt eg DA Bhan OS GS Nagin 7 218 18 From Fig. 8.13, ty = 0.0105 4 Then THe Vw 0,020, 00, 4 OSb)4m* 4 9.0/9 YOM 1 (OFS > : pe jan tet Pee ONE $ oio1s, 508m xf O0malign: TAB ine a4irn 2% e miner loss coefficients are Keg 22:5 Table 3,2) ard Kexip 210. Phas, by hen = Kens + Kein hem = O84 ofl Se) e (On fx OW ag = O.84E m/s Iherefore minor losses Are roughly / percent of the Frichdnal losses, $0 they may be neglected. Thus trom the energy equation 33s BE = AE gio = Bis me | eae| Problem 8.166 | K4Aatal Given: Water at B» 200g0m Jn hese and 10331e Assembly, D=3 ouptin dali, ee — mr rrr Va Find: Supply pressure required, Solution: Apply the energy equanon fer steady, ;eompressibte ppt flow. \790L4) lz) Oly Phar Computing eguahsa: Pi Bead gf +a , ~prag rage hr Assumptions: (1) Y2t0, (2) 63 0, (3) he» 1-0, (4) Pr * fates “ofgaae “© ® her “het hin * FEES Ce + 4c) UE + From comharity Vy (ZIV, 50 Vy =(B)"V", thas Pit Bes cae the EC l4kn)] Te find #, we need &t, Fem conhauity <2 8. 40 , Vx p= 28, ~ 4, So Ht. 2 13.64 ror ir min TERS iergaile vis Assunrng T* 60%, y= htxio “fi /s (Table 47), 30 Re~ we. Buf. 02S Hy, 2.09 xo® cy eR - From te ead chert, with Yp = 0.004, F « 0.929, Substituting, pit bale stag sug [2% +45) +05 +@y10.00] HEL, pr =!FGe0 oF = 135 psig fe ein head bss. Thus it 1s not necessary A tihmat f rent {rs wn tos cast, Prehen accounts v.:23.2° guar [] = 08 *} precisely. onRedden gc | CAAT | Guan Whar Goo, arom BE, Groh a OF PPS ORS ~ corroded tdin K odvanged Con | - Ta pee tk prantbte rok o Soo ott b arse ay Ena. keds SL rddove routines 6 Ge weeks S cee) Nae Were, Eek: Rees gt — ma Shion» Aeahy Ke caycbin Ge dandy ceoqrutlh pet Go Conquista ce SS. a ehadsys ws) . Dy she, -6§ S % or mae Basanguees GUA, Gon woke dee D arya wo& WAY ne eaKor \cstes Smee Ce CC BD hae Ge Gon SMS, cAnAdsx te jana Run ~ “adam, Sy Gon Fay Bas | Reems ots Dad - ~ Lt RR, Ph aed = HE ee BLS aah W &-B- woo Gh aue ah, en, Y = & Ke coe Se aad) POE Sg BRE EM coed SeewrnrSn SF ea d-vos + =a (Tebde AY. we B- = sk, ter & vcs wot Ba = chon ¥ ° Nec éro.ase ond Re =Uleond Grom Fig $93, 5 roscek Fer a Wot dtonter dean adhongad ren ete, Browds Chey Ban Gor Fag Bab f= 0.085 ond Sor Re chan ERe wy + MAH RA eos, - we € Seams SE SONS: EE Be boon = eldauars see l= Ven es wact soaps. nee Bean we Me BR aa San DASA Lae Rese howe “esoungyn pare our = ST = TAS work Resfow # 1S[Redden tno | Woah Gusen: Sreh sommong god ib Groaned Gag o ne Kose: Ws Tome | Le Bow SO Reney Aus tes an Eads Nkotes da asta Soon ww Grek sf A SO SOS Sos, Na shee Nets ee ae Srpsdien Gr Sandy ceorgnaite Goo 1) ate uo BES PES hn 4d Sesh ba phe CSE 5 hae Ged Resa gticns! SO Re RL > Rae. Ase . disco & BD sqpore oksonce + wean es OSE sua GAEL Veg aud) 8 OB RS FAD ae SSS eas m~ For sqyome cdpgd ohrane Crabde Letras ~ = SB Stoa ren, = AAW me Seed TES (SERIES x SA) san. Fron BA. Seay yt te 5 Rea Gon on “ > s a wt mae wi saves eo Vk Wor Srratess Gens ae est suadec and = at as aw = See oe ap ses os Ot posse. Nene Se SAC ‘ee sok ead we Sak SEE ASS eC Fre\ 4 _. Problem 8.109__ Wrosh Open-Ended Problem Statement: In a certain range of Reynolds number, flow in a circular tube may be either laminar or turbulent, The friction factor for the two flow regimes is very “n different. It has been suggested that this can be demonstrated in the laboratory using water ~ flow from a tank, through a horizontal tube, discharging as a free jet. Show that this flow may alternate between the laminar and turbulent regimes. Design a suitable laboratory-scale setup to demonstrate the altemating-flow phenomenon. Analysis: Appiy tre eoeigy equaten tor steady, Incampressinte pit Flew! vont > 3 wae] { RL a | + . geo oS Computing tenaoen: teaheg, -f toads) = her whet ham Assumes (VB, “by * Baam % Vo Taer gn Bates kent Bole tt rhe ~ a . so a (i +45 tet) or alae] For trther flaw, Re~ WO = URE ive xs Por laminar tous #904 Jee, X27 2, anes Kee =1 Gustss) Fre tac butent thes #9 8G ,eIM (Biasins), 21; dred Kent = 0-04 (Toble & 2) Qtealatem Onda plot art shown on tne veer page; Land Dace reasonable. Discussion: Starting from rest flow initially will be in the laminar regime. The friction factor for laminar flow is low, so the flow will accelerate. Transition to the turbulent flow regime will occur as the threshold Reynolds number for turbulent flow is reached. The friction factor will suddenly become higher and flow will decelerate. As the flow decelerates, it slows below the threshold Reynolds number for laminar flow and becomes laminar again. Once the flow is again in the laminar regime, the cycle will repeat indefinitely. ‘The appearance of the free jet as it discharges from the horizontal tube makes it easy to tell ‘whether flow in the tube is laminar or turbulent (see the discussion of the characteristic free discharge patterns for laminar and turbulent flow in Problem 8.131). os(8) Turbulore now Ro 500 1000 1500 Vise 0074 0.149 0.223 0.298 cara o4e7 o.s2t 0.595, Column Helght vs. Reynolds Number 6 mm 08 om 2B 8.93E-07 mils 1 2 1p 7A 353 569 427 341 284 244 213 Ket 0.08 a= 41 f a0 0.0668 ast 0.0562 7.49 0.0508, 677 0.0473, 6320 0.0447 5968 0.0427 569 ‘ooatt 548 0.0397 $20 (Table A.) w a o oO H (omy 5.68 130 224 328 453 504 762 927 H (oom) 281 963 198 sat 44 ea 90.4 114 3 ‘Column height, (mmm) BoB 8 000 2000 9| Redden 1X0 | aU Salion: Gren: We oo Ancoud a\we | SK ogy ond damier y= honed Reo BaD Rx esokle (ch ye Me S yro 25 kale coma Or _O— Rr condor’ m | Finds Warooldke \engtin of hose = Comput, sppdbrin (8 0a 3 & ge mabe wSrese bet SS wags wy Fer ge VBen dad, aR. Sis and, & Ce AR Ea, Sy a Then Eq BA con be Lorian of oR Py “ Y CREED 2d a - ee ey Nee danst Zo A aack Loe = ee ae x Sn aa EN Sas Fron conti ~ Sun 4 -oreky ot \ = who ue Ne AT RET wT nag” Co¥ et Wer or ht Ace | TANS” Ralrrs (Tobe ad) AD), $0 Rex BP - taka when B ooh. meee eA at Sex Tene se Gn Gon Fg bt, €S.008 sey = Roxie . 4% go.in = wt g ue ee “tak! SSw* Gis Ke eee rra] Problem 8.11 4c Given: Gasoline flow sa a. horigontas pipeline at ISC, The distance between pumping stations are J3km wy) Gad pressure drop And U4 Mie, respectively, The. pipe 18 0.6%. 10 NANT, TS roughness Correspands fo gateanize iron. | Find : Volume flow rate, Sadatiia! Apply the coecgy eguaten tor shoals acmopteesscese Pou that is uniform at each section . =O sey ius pote | basic equation: ib, “i gf a pg Phar | Me BE + ion camptions: @) Ganstaat area. pive, So uae @) Level, $0.3, 30. s __ tebe 45 F or. v~ [2a ba ee of Bee $= (Rep), and the Reynokls number I's Net lenowia. Therefore “iteration is required» Choose ¢ in the Fucilig~ rough gone. From Table P.4, E54 mj ®ip0 00088» Then fram Fig. 9.18, F% 0.014, Stauber iturin ne i damsess > pe elegy 4 ea PatekProblem @ice | Giten: steady flow of water in Sin, diameke, horigental, Gast-iren pipe DeS in, (50 fe Ap=b~p. » 25ps © Find: \alteme flows rate, BOlRtION: Apply the energy eguaton far steady, ntampressible pipe Foe. Qmpunng equated! a a Gee ra sf CBon ah on that hm = EES RE Assumptions: U) Fudtg developed Flour: 40," = be Ve @ Horizontal: 3,~3a @) Constant area, So K =D =fk so 4B = her 5% ve = [2aB2 Since tous rate Chenee Re and t) are Uunkaowa, must erate. Guess a Trial value of fin the fully Pugh 3006, From Talele 9,1,€ = 0.00085 #4, Then Then Cp RRS = 0.002. Then trom Fig. £13, £ = 0.0% for RE2 bxioS Valet OF Sm, 8 im. Slag ft)" v { ja 46 Stag "b-0t4 * S60 om Be TAGE J = 10-7 444s Qod, checking Kt, with y= i2/xwS/s at Treo" (Tabi. 4:2), 3 WE 2 0.9Ft Fi, 5 x fhe nee mens we [tine Re Bin, * 3.75 #0 The friehon Facter at tis Re 1s stil f % 0-04, $0 CONE FETE 1S Ob. =Va =O 9A Maye Q=VA =!0 #-E(S)4 = 199 HAs a (a= (4928 984 bo = 669 9pm) 974| Teekhen Cs | GANDY Goses, Bas oC weber Broads a cod won ae ys Sin KR gresuse drop over ae Sa Ae Sco ie Qe e US gr. Gudbon ae ye Sac\ X Finds Se nde Gao cole GO. | Scdudons Sealy Se enegay, eaychion Gr Ready sccongruistale gy Gy Serer SPEER ° as Beg eherben «SE KE Resunrdions 10) A= a) Gon ested eer ‘A ae es D yegy= eH CE Bnd water Neuse Fer cad won gige wo Qe SH, §< coe (en c.coots G Take) Sinee F2L CD and Ve urkrosn, Rercdlren co be ceqpired Fron Sq ors D _ Casa ag = O55 Se AALS geal Sr as S (9G SN eh make piad EV = Vay a ~- sewn, an: A says oo SS Ren B= VM rade Ce mae -* (Se hesnd SL raed XX 2S BAAR ey Be = SARS. Be = that Fron Bey faa UK Rex rte? - yr ocee Yan fe Oct ana WE AUK We Buk Cee area! v ”~ al eet y ye xa Loria & eC rcsa 9Problen R114 ee Given: Twa geen standpipes Shen Water Foss lag gravity Fiad: Eshmate of rate of change of water level in left stardpipe- Solution: Appig the ene yy equaten Por quasi-steady, intioom- pressible pipe Hous 2030 Computing equation: pam ¢ be «ffea) f vary Lb) hers har = het hem off Prost hain] From tan tinerty, A, ~Apv Assumphens : (t) Neg ket uasteads effects () Snampnssible tow 0) by =p. = Pate (HU = since diameters ere equal Thea 9 BA = hy, =, Rear *Kenit] S Flow cate (hence spced) 1s unknown, $0 assure Flow is in Fully rough Zor, 5 > SS 0.004, 50 Fm 0.028 from Moody aagran (Fig. £13) Brom Table 8.2, Kent = 0.8; From Fig, BAS, Kexm 4, Thea Vl 28th J. 249.91, Lom : Katt Kex (ee cara) ~ tes me Check Re and t. For water at we, ys reocet as Cable A3) Rew Wn 425 ry 00720 mm, So 819 x10 From tht Meedy hagram $% 0.029, 50 this is satislactery agrereat. =A = /Z\* e Mon SE Ve GN ve (2 teas mw o1o4er m/e (down) The Water level in the let tank fas OF about 42.5 mms 53)| Redden 8.45 | tie) a Sie ey ie (3 Gosex: Tar ganged yor gree oan Ye Lage taker Waar hed godess greg wad goss Gad eiolciiod; w SYS as vote = Neen, = SOM Le SOK OSes BEET A ewan gs ly- Cosi: Shay Gens votes CS Sovhug = © 5S + Mat Basunguacre Gy 2 Re Ra = Ra, wR, FOL nee abacap = bas y. WS wer nl Ged Berd Ge Gas ews Sn Boke Arde «Be “ ag ond QQ Bro we & ads Stes Noe Won Ta BA HONE eye oss Iso = ocos Memune vodter AL Use | Oe Gooner etl, CRUD roote Gidics Gder C2 cictke GA Gdy won, Fg dD) Bot ea Sareea Sg {a Xr * {mamas atm, Me * Xo. nz Byrosnd\ Xr aeanls Ged Bee Wee Sosncuaan , Se wand Ss © “nets? w BER Goods one Xs tacnk @= We Re Eo i neon, shanstel, By aA ~ s FoeProblem a 1ib | 8c GL) Gruen! SH ter hydrawatic ining, H * 800m, b= 4eom. Host with DS mm, eip 0.01. Couptings, x20, every 10 m along hose Nosglt diameter, of #25 mm 5 K =0.0t, based onV, Find (a) Estrnate maximum othe Uelerts, Vy. % &) Determine Maxime treet of Jet on rock, Soluhoa: Apply the energy equaten trr hasty, jncompresiible pijee Flow. rot), xo) Computing équaten: Be aia) (pug taf) her Assume: G) pit 0; le) V, *0 5 (3) Pa 0 5 (as ae =/ 5 (5) 31 205 C)Fally~ ough sae Then gh = her + eg -4k wy FyTOUL Kee Freon contraccity Yor = Wags Te Vs fe 3 We +t Cheye WS" setereat gh = HG rm Suey, red ¥ @ ie peas are in ally tmagh gone (4 76.01), # 2 A038 B tte ¥N(d )* 41+ he UG = [ex9-81 m2, 300m, ! = 26.0 mls (es) f Pd * 958 +o CONV AEEY 4 | 0.08 Check tire Fultiy- ough flaw Zone: Re YEP, Gg = FOL hy ~ om mis [Assume T20"e} 2 83h, Bex boven, 1 = Lboxta?; a & =o.01, F ~ 0.040 aioe The ree estinade “\ipae Bese) = [ES w0m - 2.3 mls . % Apply momentem th Aad tyree: Cv 18 Shown, r sel. Rant Fay Bl upae +f apt aN Assumphens: () No pressure forces @ Fox =0 © Steady tow 93| Frobtem pire (ccot'a.)| @) Uniform flow at cach crass~section Ku = Ur f-ehasp + usiteGArp w= As =o kx > ~ olga, The tree 00 the mek face Us Ky = Ra = CY As = Aes® 999 esha Zloorsymy Be I = B65 N leo right) A KyProblem $117 | tte TL | ot . Given: Flow coatigeeratin of Example Probie 8.5, but with a well rounckd inlet, d=10m, Gad D~= 266 ma . Dete.omn Fite: (0) Volume Flows rate it L= Mem. t (6) Length for laminar flew oF) (© What happens te Flow rate whea Few oe +} changes tram laminar te furbu leat, (d) Length te reduce Flow rate fe Igalfye, Solution: Apply the entgy equaten for steady, jncompressitle pipe flour 00) 0 Computirg i” -( ge . ay equation: (Preah ras) ral ty t) hag APS # Kent) E Assumptoas:b) py ~t.=batm _ Kent 0.0% (Table 92) ) Reservrir sarge, 0 V%O Vane (rarotc, ole AP) ares = » Thea oe a of = +e py f}—#2_]* gd = (FB Ment +H) E or viet al Por smeoth pipe, f =#lRe), but Vis rot kaon, Guess RE* 105 So fx0.018 (9.8.13), 264.51 A 2 eee 1.50 mils 5 Rem PP Bx My Be» Byer ye FO 0.01 Poy FOF Fe Try again witn £2 0.023 _ [Ro mils Ve ig k +4 Vs ioe Bay =] 15 mls ; Ke= B0ex00%; #2 012 vy (shay) = ale s, Trts Qa VA = ME Bn ZOOM nk, HOE lO «26-5 Ymin (arom) | Puan Por larniner #l 2 Oe, = = 20m; R= G- x wate tou, $= tee = CH ra5q = 2.0078), ke By ae a NGS popes Lis. From ole, 45 ~ Ed Kane ae 0 ln pra ch OF = ZetKt Lm BHEeER . tent, garth, | = ten = 284 L ‘pare = 25x hm ke Flow rate weld decrease at tranishen because Prnhia fact inereases, a x as *. Plseye Fer cadinen quge , EEO: oro¥s fe CR BD yebdan Tas) Rie SrccoHS AWS, ze widisn = cokes Fron Fig £08 gus fx o.022 Classe wen) “Kon & we “ae a [Bere gator, todo, XS HERE, Hess ees Sack Be oss. TREE E Se Gadeso® ale eee SL WS Po & wm Wx ESE & ae s Me ws Foe BAe) Freon Fig. & AB f= Geta & eee ses ye eae. x ae we 2 Lae. een) | Fer as cecggn gor rena wed, sags “ess ee a tn ela ~%s a seRe Ree Be okad c.cay go gle. sng — pte ed Elan on as DN, < TA AR re| Reader wa | ANT | Giren. Sidron drown te Ghoredled Gon Bie LA. Arar uw . re, \qydd We wodies aA SE. Fear Gree Be ack ote. Eade Ba eke WR tts Hetads ot RR es Say Bose equdione: OX oO Ho sah ee ~~ Ween $e | hee ALS ssumgiions 6 CV -2.=7P. = Ran BW Aao Bon term Mas ok ©. d= 40 ASN seetlronk erttroce The ae AE ce SS ek La Qit 2 Raye SN th AB Sh We Larcee edthacn Ge AG sequared Ero Tale 8:2 Cor cacriconl esivoa WAH ONS Rar Wend Blas 1s& le a = 9 + Gon Fag 0 | Le tps te for A Lend te BSS RECANNALES assure Lebpesh Gr Wo Lend For demas Qe Wok , UD =bo Oe eset the Xv Ls one +€{ Sle seal = RL (rae ete] Fer 2 Broun hemi Subing or od TED, *ly= © ccooa Reture Mer SHE | en Cocos one des ws A Me Ge We &, wae, sanet Be sare re® WW Bee ERe® (nee oot pom wat, hen Gx SS = EONS Se RE Ne @ Crooky ase MEAL Baran E+ oaks OW s Te ahd. ereetare cece, a ROK OD 4 Me gop Sethe, ee Saggy eS S. ¢( ASS teglatgead- Bove a wren By LRG, 2d ONE (\ronerocdf cas ll Rye - th RED, Peon 87| Problem 9,12 G4 Ne VY Given: Water reservoirs connectist by tuso popes, as Shown. sya s Ny y woer : Le L= loom ee hx la5m Da= aoe} Og = So ram Find: Comparisoa . head losses ia pipes A anc &. ~. Voleme flow rates Solahan: Appig the energy equahon tre steady, incemaress ole Flow ole) lomputiig equahen: b ms e + 95») bral ‘ap) her Assemp bens: (1) py tp * hate r= G@) Large reservoirs so Vi =~ V0 Thea rt GB 2 PH E 4.81 OSM 103 rn fm try both pipes. For cach mines her =E5 + £ 2D any, + Kent + Resi EE Assveme: (3) Minimum bend tas, ip x 12 (Fg 8-17) G@ Square edged tntrance, Kent * 0S Table 8,2) ©) Ae) % Keys¢ MI oa bs nakGrmens] Yo U= ah = LRG z FC eeu 45) Flow rate ts unknown, so guess # fern filly ugh zone Pea: D=Bmm; lb, om © 1330; & w= 0,002 (= 4.8 mm, Table £.1) D oom Guess f = 9.9280 (Fig. 8.13) = [29 ge LoS 44 mals. i “poess(30 rane) Ve kee = 2 = 2.89 pe vy 2095 m, 1 ee = 1 BOKIOS, bo f= 0.0248 (Fig, 2:13) Thus a beter estirnate is 7 2.9.8) om fo.Sm ! v= f x x <$—— 1 __ * * Dotus (isso tty) 7/5] Q=VA~ 24 28 a H lowsrsy rt = 0.D108 mils 8t Sw mls <<Pipe B! B+ S0mm,; & + 12 220m; & = 0.003 (Fig. 215) 5” bam Guess f 0.02% (Ag.8.13) ve [etege x (0.5m, f 4 "imate vey] = 195 mls ke WP = (9S 02 0.052 1g —S— = FISHY so f¥ 0.0288 (Fig. 2.15 Meio na Thus @ beter estimate for V is s hy V= [2099 124 Floosl?m* . 9.09373 mes Thas 86 . 0.00393 _ y suc; tye flowrate thre Pipe B is low aa” 9.0108 becorest (Q) B® <2; , and &) B)s> By OFF ] QeProblem 8!) i BAS D ¥ Given: Roman water Supply system from Example Problem 0.10, buat wrth $0 fot leagth of straight pipe with DO» 25 mm, ip =0-01, Find: (a) Plug rate cehvercol, ® Effect of aolding a. dfhaser. Soluhon:! Aoply the energy equaton for Steady, nempresstble pipe Flow Computing equaten ; fof fog ‘sat her 5 5 hegrlt Br Kena Assemphens: Ui) P= Pr = Oa,=1 . @Vxo @) Kent *0.0% Then = G0= EHS tend Y or VY xf 2250 “F. Bir thy ~0.01, 4% 0.038 tram Pig. £18, 50 y + free rem TF 0.038, 50 te, n ] =100 mis L Bago OD + 1.04 Checking, Assuming T 2, = BD 5 tog , 2.008, SEE 2,78 <10% 5 thom Fig. 2.13, # R 0.040, $0 ken Gna, * pen Peg *Yon00- Fn* ou fenF bom, ‘ |" % -[ a T0000, 50 Peps FEB p oy | * 108 mts Q=Vax 108-4 Coots) 5.30 K10~* mBls .. (no diffuser) The diffuser Wwoutd increase head bis by Karttaser = 08 (ee Example 8.10), but woud reduce Vp to £V,. The Cnergy equaton would be 0.25 t FEY Kany + Kate 7 = Pate prem, 1 J /h '# ” GESTS BUI |] OS . FO DMO NEDA, 8 BEER + 2.08403, is aad AaTa = 1092. Bloors)m™ = Sarai * mils. . (wrth diffuser) The diffuser increases plows Pate only 3g htly (wl percent), becanse loss 4 dorninated by tLip. 7496| Rede 4422, | tive @ a Gasen: aa Neng AL anenttnd (odtaaan BL mogile tedes gy WwetaF non) ond dKusar of Pandas, dro. DWE RBON Mags OA AES 2 Vitoues niles ae aes to Mak so.3 Fras wi nogahe dln: er Be ak Ms saan . 5 Fhe wi nogale ond afer (ED) agenda, Faas wee Ws of WAR aby Forer dd to BL ARS Qa eee AR commissioner's reqprerend of Sake Gaon Mee. lag we KYY Ss awa es Ss Sater Net tpane Op OPAN ytabeag abe aa Metheny 5 wees SE shee Wea tady Mewnguoe: SS 2.6. Roe Ra WW eV ayesc e WD wer @ We, I= boos * aban -ad=ads SS Fs ean 6S = ron cetaneteg Bsa PASS * Ags Rvs we y ay PA . . ae CR NE sen ace weYE~ Se vomE g| and aad Ls gy Ba-osc| | 2 Le - s Be Qe sannls eee 8 = OPENS ep tS Le My soir | Ce cae (Rg. HS) one i eke maha Oe *eadtt 7 oste|= oben KM Ree & Ge & Cowal Se Soe | JS Ae Sag Gearthy Ves SOK, vequered wakes 6S ae We was erdses Sa whe QA Sler= Sg, ubere XL = Saale Srowosha vebas oH| Redden ta ledh| o~ AM =o lars vas Le ottk a (ge 8) alers co Bs Ye Gertend SL Cong Sen BD oh decease 1 Codvon Bdteor ok nevense RR Gos sccm. Be dd of ale CAI) is Ld dene ey osminig sabes ao sory, EQ eu. 18 Vee Ro row om (ns) oO oO MW & 708 «(1.77E405 0.0282 «001.83, 832 1336405 0.0384 117 1.00 1 50 1.256+05 0.0384 153 0.940 45 1196405 0.0984 225 0G || OG, 40 1.008405 0.0385 324 (0752 35 875E+04 0.0986 47.0 0.658 08 30 7.50604 0.0387 69.3 0.564 25 6256404 0.0988 105-0470 20 500E#04 0.0301 173 0.376 18 S.76E+04 0.0304 317 0.282 ° 10 250604 00402 718 «0.188 ° 200 “100 300 a | bb | far[redken dos | wtrctal as a Tl () Gren: Weiter Mao Gon eqagt Gh bdh) & Soh ons See wid Ye ons wn order O-0thin, YreSare al nan / Sees cokok & So secure AL seat Moras oS sqpare woke. rege Ne then Weoumgborts 1 OP = Rion. @® We hee 3S 6 ta heel & ye Ran ee Be REE _ Ae Saks e Ls 2 SS AT Sy & Shey Gost Se = WSL ona Lon Re 37 OSS Sy ely= cwlons = aczas Fron Fay 85 Se oon . spake Bs Nan Sag, woes Soh ee SoS ES aaa — =“ Bamdios S Leg . eek ~ is See =F Sud 9 alsovastoak & we Dee ws ely re, So H ae of SS agen . for Xs S Wee S etek Gad & cosa 2 Tose adie: Cee ee saga) = Ne Lasugt Se = Shand a Gudtatenal <= AS ws wa. Re Re on A Owe s sees NaS sane SAR F ae hous eq pdiin Ekpun © oa © GOSS CES Rot edePehen BAB oA | al. We Grd a as yee EE 88 og Ne BED sre wv Se 4S agg) Cha oe Be ws Ras Ran LS geage [ Ase dart “cites Sgr BQ See we) ord eRe » “S ats acy ea Sat Mg ae aes. onto oe XQ janee das *| 4 Be candy oles; SEA AL" Rae tar s ww ee = PRES EE. Us be Maca) eased Ras 8h Nico roens, { we Uae PRGE (ORO tad cogs = XS en 6 Ea =| Sutin ethage st mang sae| Problem fit | HVA Given: Hadrastic press pauered by remote high-pressure plemp. B= 0.032 mlm | Pump L=som Press ne "| Bi= 20 MPa Gage) «RY RAR gege) Find: Minimum diameter drawn Stee! tubing for SAE Io W vit at 40%, Sokaten: Apply the tncrgy equaten tr shady, itompress ible pipe flow. ‘ . . ats) vol Computing equation: te af +991 = By Sp rgfthe her lee Dell Assumphoas: (1) Fulty developed Flows, pV," = oth, (2) 3: 73x03) Ne menor leases cee Tren ap = tk Oe D 13 not kamen, so we canner compute Vand Re to fad f. Qt small, $0 try laminar flow, For fully developed laminar flow, tren 64,3136, Ap + BAS so p=[Emuar]t Toe Fp For SAE tow pil at WOC, zx = 3.3x107E NS | (Fig. A-2) D =[l?8x 3.3 10 NS. 0.032 m3 50 me ma rma * m, a FUR N Check Re trasure tow is laminar: 4 ana I LE j = 0.0138 m Ge GB 248 4, oose md, 1 dy an VA apt Win *(oom ine bos ~ FST ms + wey rex Bw 0uB For SAE 10 W oil, SG@= 0.4L TALE A.2), 2 Re = 0,92) 1000 k3 3,57, O0i3t mm, __™ WW. 1390 me é pBaroenis Kim Therefore flow 1s lanunar since Re< 2300. The minimum allowable tibiag diameter is p+ 138mm. D The next largest standard sje should be Chasen, £45| Preétem 2, 2S HAL Biveq: Pump drawing water from reservtie as Shown, For Satisfactory qperation, the suction head (py jy) must not be less than -ta feet of Mater py me s O10) gon Section © 1s at pump inet, Setion® /s ab reservoir surtace, Find! Smatiest Standard Commercial sttel pipe that wit give the Pequired performance, Solution: Apply the caergy eqaation tor steady, ‘compressible Flows that /3 unirm at each section, sec 00s) basic equation: BETO Boneh Eohe Assumptions: a) Be s 8 96 ay, @3n0 9 hemn = Kent. +24 Albee) UP Kee = 0-78: Yar, reentrant Tht configuration (Fabre Bd), etnies 12 Cig, 217) has e =-h- (1+#5 + Kent ret) = nga [oe rere] Since Dis unknown, iterahon is Peguired, See caleutating equations +2013 sai v ro 20 «re aige = Bee Als =o eS sh le Phe ReaD = On 08 a aera aati NE = Bhem “ssposit Tare 4a), t fom Fig 8.18, £9 27f6. Oth. a fran Taste as. D v Re & £o p be Gnd Gels) . Ge) B00 84 67100 0,00lle 0,02 106 m3. 4 Lite? G01. P00 0.0007, 0,082 131 ~15.6 2 2,067 9.59 (00,090,000 0.08/18? ~ 2041 Recognizing thar pipe Frietiin calculations Ae Only good tots pereent, Pecammend , . . Da 24 tr. Gominatp pipe 7 <—‘3 Probiem & ite SAAT Given: Flow of standard dir at 30 m3 /min through a sneoth uct of aspect ratio. Fad: Minimum size duct tor a. head loss of 20mo of water per 30m of length. Solution: Agply the energy equation for steady, incampressibte Fious that is uniform at each seetien, Ose hydratic diameter, : wo Oye . Baste equation: ee BWighitabesh rae Assumptons: 0) V,=% one er 20 "Then fem +, af = tLa% Sennom 5E abate ~ fale For a métargurdnciuce, Azbhs a) shar, and = th thtar © thar 2 * sero) > Fonars * Fee Surostituting , 4p eae eer ate Eph Hear’ 4 “are ae Thar h¥are 4 =f Fees sary; ho =uagan = Wh (A812. 008m ns™, oe te rt igen Thas Ap= 249 .Nim* ' 4 = GY Ef e128 My, $o.m,l0) Pei oun anes A= @) eer «| Pan eS aS b=) OMe Buss # 2b.07,then bh =0.184 en, yebe Pin Ste By = ghar ghar sgh 0248 m ane Re» S98: 138 Fan a Soe guce at Panis eeinoke neem ber, £ 20.018. (Fig 9,13), © Wrln £0.08, then h = 0, 88m. V= So 217.9 mis, and B,=£h~ 0.2570 And Re = 3178108, This vateve of. "ee iar woof, wren #=.0.0/88 ben 2 O.194m, And bach 2) AY =s.382 mM Check ! Vas namie - ann pe afte fe VY D fins 29 06,0303 m or 30.3mm ¥ G47Frobtem 8.17 i4aacs| Given: Kew industrial plant requires water supply of £.7 m2/min, The goge pressure at the main, 50m frum the plant, iS i 800 kPa, The supply line Wilt have 4 eleoles in a tote! length of bom. Fressire inthe plant must beat least 800 kPa. (gage). Fibd : Minwavem sine $13@ tf galvanized iron to lastall. Solution: Apply the energy eguatin tor steady, /nanpressibte Flow that 1s unrferm at each section (A om /), pm (2) ca) basic guaran: ef J = Be Poof. FEELS hem Assumptions: (1) b,-f2 © $00 ke = Ap . (2) Fug dévenpect flosin constantareap/pt, Ua h=0 O) gage . 0 bem = # Bangs © 2 BOL CE ~ 20,fram Towle 2.5) Then ee Abr eo)e er Ap =pt(S+a0) ¥ Since D is unknown, iterahon 1s required, The calentahng equatons 2001S eam (Table $1) 1 from Fig 2113, L = 68m. D from Table #5. D D Vv. Re % é Yo 4p from,) tm> (mis... l-) o Gd. OG) (Pa) 2 0779 19.9 Be xt0% 9.0019 0,084 834 4530 Sone 137° B.24K08 goon 6.087. 360 6 OSH Sito, “.hIx10* 0.001 . b,070 Hie vt Pipe trishin Calculators are acekrart inly within about £10 percent, Line rests tence Cand consequently Ae dwit Merease with age. Reammend sastaiiaten of 6 in. Cisivinal) Hae. D 94?Problem 8.128. - dina TEL ‘Open-Ended Problem Statement: The chilied-water pipeline system that provides sir conditioning for the Purdue University campus is described in Problem 8.140. The pipe diameter is selected to minimize total cost (capital cost plus operating cost). Annualized costs are compared, since capital cost occurs once and operating cost continues for the life of the system. The optimum diameter depends on both cost factors and operating conditions; the analysis must be repeated when these variables change. Perform a pipeline optimization analysis. Solve Problem 8.140 arranging your calculations to study the effect of pipe diameter on annual pumping cost. (Assume friction factor remains constant.) Obtain an expression for total annual cost per unit delivery (¢.g., dollars per cubic meter), assuming construction cost varies as the square of pipe diameter. Obtain an analytic relation for the pipe diameter that yields minimum total cost per unit delivery. Assume the present chilled- water pipeline was optimized for a 20-year life with 5 percent annual interest., Repeat the optimization for a design to operate at 30 percent larger flow rate. Plot the annual cost for electrical energy for pumping and the capital cost, using the flow conditions of Problem 8.140, with pipe diameter varied from 300 to 900 mm. Show how the diameter may be chosen to minimize total cost. How sensitive are the results to interest rate? (From Problem 8.140: The pipe makes a loop 3 miles in length. The pipe diameter is 2 ft and the material is steel. The maximum design volume flow rate is 11,200 gpm. The circulating pump is driven by an electric motor. The efficiencies of pump and motor are 1), .80 and 7, = 0.90, respectively. Electricity cost is $0.067/kW-hr).) Analysis: Prom Problem f.140, the electrical tneyy for pumping casts $14,000 pee year for 1,200 gallons per rministe tirealaten, The present hic, With D= 24 in,, & aptiniged for This flaw rate, Wi =Bdp, © Wi «bp. Tht tptiomen pipe diaenete minimizes total annualized cash, for Gonstracten nd operation of the pipeline, Ce ket Gp. Goastructin cost Ce it a ane-time cast, Annualized pumping cast Op ti omputed by Sunnmring tne present uncth of Cah Bameal pumping ast wer tne litehine of the piptitit, Fer 20 yeas at Spereent per Year, Spit = 13,1 (see spreadsheet). Qysts meuy be expressed in hems of cicuaiche as Ce neg top ~ KeDte £ o For tet opharen dameter, Hi/gp 9 he D an eye = 5h 28,0204 1%,000,—1- sus Pata hint ee a, fine 6 Frome Eh, Keo * 05 = (2) B00 leF oS = 1Tn w Sin | Calewlanans with these values Art smu on the Soadsheet, Te aphirm3e at a. ne, unger Fhurate, pate Gy ~te~ t EY a FE E(BI ra Pres . Kp lotus) = aly Sate» 2.3) kpGrl) = 3.00110" fein The nts ophonum ts at De RSA in, As Shown on the stiond plot. Results are not the sentence 19 interest Pate; onily Kp varies, Dopt + ts i1.ter bm Ist. 544| etm ssanseneay | 2 ie fee ie Bases: Annual interest rate. = 10 15 put pwt pt 1.00 1091.00 0952 0.909 0.870 0.907 0.826 0.758 0864 0.751 0658 082306830572 o7e4 = 06210487 0748 0864 = 0.432 O71 05130376 0s77 = 0467 0.927 0645 0.424 0284 0614 = 0386 0247 0585 = 03600215 0887 = 0319187 0.530 ©0280 0.163 0505 0283 O.141 ose 0239 0.123 0488 = 0218 = 0.107 0438 0.198 0.0829 0416 0.180 0.0808 0396 © 0.184 0.0708 134 84 72 20 put 1.00 0.833 0894 579 0.482 0.402 0.335 0.279 0.233 194 0.162 0.135 oz 0.0085 0.0779 0.0849 0.0841 0.9451 0.0378 0.0313 oy ‘20:Year Sum of Present Worth Factors ‘Prosont worth eum (—) ° 8 10 5 ‘Annual Interest rte, 1 (6) 9,880 Sin? Gost of construction per diameter squared 1.816413 grin§ Present worth 20-yr cost of pumping 11,200 gpm Gostot Costa Pumping, Sp (10s) Cy (10S) 239 02238 173253 19.8 Total Cost, Ge (10°) 128 286158 959 320128 732 387 109 667 = 398 82 4440-436 8.80 362 4788.30 282 © 823808 228 «5707.97 1866.18 8.04 159-669) 8.21 1280 721 84T 4.05 775 88h oes = 832.20 0746 = 890885, Chilled Water Pipeline Operating Cost 1 =8 porcent n= 20 years, 11,200 gpm 400 20Ke= 9890 fin? Cost of construction per diameter squared Ky = 3.06E+13 $*in” Present worth 20-yr cost of pumping 14,600 gpm ive _ Costet __Contto wen Ponsing cena OC Din) cy qs0's) c.qrats) Fr 0") 15 403223 a. 16 2022838 HB 7 216 286 2h 1% ©6162 308.4 1990124387189 2 8887 398 13.83, 27500436 11.86 22 595 478 10.73, 2% 47652389 2 «385570 BA 2 314 8B 2 ©6288 8898. 27 248724838 2178 178 883 2 © «149 832 30128 = 880 102. 20 25 Pipeline diameter, D (in) Foi