Professional Documents
Culture Documents
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Lesson Summary
The Discovery of the Cell The invention of the microscope in the 1600s enabled
researchers to see cells for the first time. Robert ooke named the empty chambers he observed in cork !cells." #nton van $eeuwenhoek was the first to observe living microorganisms. Cells are the basic units of life. Discoveries by %erman scientists Schleiden& Schwann& and 'irchow led to the development of the cell theory, which states( #ll living things are made of cells. )ells are the basic units of structure and function in living things. *ew cells are produced from e+isting cells.
Exploring the Cell Scientists use light microscopes and electron microscopes to e+plore
the structure of cells. )ompound light microscopes have lenses that focus light. They magnify ob,ects by up to 1000 times. )hemical stains and fluorescent dyes make cell structures easier to see. -lectron microscopes use beams of electrons focused by magnetic fields. They offer much higher resolution than light microscopes. There are two main types of electron microscopes.transmission and scanning. Scientists use computers to add color to electron micrographs& which are photos of ob,ects seen through a microscope.
Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes )ells come in an ama/ing variety of shapes and si/es&
but all cells contain D*#. #lso& all cells are surrounded by a thin fle+ible barrier called a cell membrane. There are two basic categories of cells based on whether they contain a nucleus. The nucleus 0plural( nuclei1 is a large membrane2enclosed structure that contains D*#. Eukaryotes are cells that enclose their D*# in nuclei. Prokaryotes are cells that do not enclose their D*# in nuclei.
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3. %erman botanist 3atthias Schleiden concluded that all plants are made of cells. 4. %erman biologist Theodor Schwann concluded that all animals are made of cells. 5. Rudolph 'irchow concluded that new cells are produced from existing cells. 6. The cell theory combines the conclusions made by Schleiden& Schwann& and 'irchow.
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"rue $canning
!. The si/e of the image formed by a light microscope is unlimited because light that passes through matter is diffracted. #. 4luorescent dyes help scientists see the movement of compounds and structures in living cells. %. Transmission electron microscopes form a 52D image of the surface of a specimen.
1&. T)I*+ ,I&-"LL. 6n the second row of the table& draw diagrams to show how a sample of three yeast cells would look in the types of micrographs indicated in the top row of the table. Then& in the third row& describe how each image would be formed.
" Co#parison of Detail in $asic Types of %icrographs Light %icrograph (LM 500x) Trans#ission Electron %icrograph
(TEM !"5x)
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11. To study cells with a light microscope& different types of stains are usually available. 7hy is it generally more useful to stain eukaryotic cells than prokaryotic cells8 $peci'ic stains can re(eal certain compoun s or structures )ithin a cell. Eukaryotic cells are more complex than prokaryotic cells an ha(e more structures that can take in the stains.
Definition
Cells that lack nuclei
&i/e range
101 #icro#eter
Exa#ples
2acteria
Eu+aryotic cells
130133 #icro#eter
13. 7hich category of cells.prokaryotic or eukaryotic.is your body composed of8 eukaryotic cells_________________________________
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Lesson Summary
Cell 6rgani/ation -ukaryotic cells contain a nucleus and many speciali/ed structures.
Cytoplasm is the fluid portion of a cell. 1rganelles are structures that have speciali/ed functions in eukaryotic cells. The nucleus contains D*# and controls the activity of a cell.
6rganelles That &tore4 Clean -p4 and &upport These structures include(
(acuoles* membrane2enclosed saclike structures that store water& salts& and organic molecules lysosomes* small organelles filled with en/ymes that break down large molecules and organelles that are no longer useful the cytoskeleton* a network of protein filaments: it helps the cell maintain its shape and is involved in movement centrioles* organelles made from tubulins: they help organi/e cell division in animal cells
6rganelles That $uild Proteins Three kinds of organelles work with the nucleus to
make and distribute proteins( ribosomes* small particles of R*# and protein found throughout the cytoplasm in all cells: they produce proteins by following coded instructions from D*# the en oplasmic reticulum 2E34* an internal membrane system where lipid components of the cell membrane are assembled& along with proteins and other materials the 5olgi apparatus* an organelle that appears as a stack of flattened membranes: it modifies& sorts& and packages proteins and other materials from the -R for storage in the cell or release outside the cell
6rganelles That Capture and 7elease Energy Two types of organelles act as
power plants of the cells. ;oth types are surrounded by two membranes. Chloroplasts capture the energy from sunlight and convert it into food that contains chemical energy in a process called photosynthesis. )ells of plants and some other organisms contain chloroplasts& which contain chlorophyll. 6itochon ria are found in nearly all eukaryotic cells: they convert the chemical energy stored in food to a usable form.
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Cellular $oundaries #ll cells are surrounded by a cell membrane. 3any cells also have
a cell wall. ;oth cell membranes and cell walls separate cells from the environment and provide support. Cell )alls support& shape& and protect the cell. 3ost prokaryotes and many eukaryotes have them. #nimals do not have cell walls. )ell walls lie outside the cell membrane. 3ost cell walls allow materials to pass through them. # cell membrane consists of a lipi bilayer, a strong but fle+ible barrier between the cell and its surroundings. The cell membrane regulates what enters and leaves the cell and also protects and supports the cell. 3ost biological membranes are selecti(ely permeable, allowing some substances& but not others& to pass across them.
Cell 6rgani/ation
1. Describe the relationship between the cytoplasm and the nucleus of a cell.
The nucleus of a cell is found in the cytoplas#4 2ut is not part of the8cytoplas#. The nucleus and cytoplas# 'ork together to keep a cell alive.
3. ,I&-"L "*"L6>. 6n the visual analogy of a cell as a factory& what two functions of the nucleus are represented8 ow are these functions illustrated8
The nucleus acts as the office4 or control center4 as illustrated 2y the people at the desk. The nucleus is the source of #essages4 instructions4 and 2lueprints4 as illustrated 2y the t'o 'orkers helping the chain 9of 7*": leave the nucleus.
4. 7hich feature of the nucleus is not clearly shown by the visual analogy8 &"%PLE "*&;E7< The chro#atin is not sho'n. 5. 7hat is another possible analogy that could be compared with the structure and function of a cell= &"%PLE "*&;E7< The structure and function of an airport control to'er could 2e co#pared to the structure and function of a cell.
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!. 7hat are the two roles of the central vacuole in plant cells8 storage of #aterials and support of the cell #. ow are contractile vacuoles different from other types of vacuoles8
Contractile vacuoles pu#p excess 'ater out of the cell4 'hile other types of ,acuoles hold #aterials inside of cells. 9999999999999999999999999999
%. 6n the diagrams of the animal cell and the plant cell& label the structures indicated by the lines.
Centrioles Lysoso#e
Central vacuole
1&. 7hat is the role of lysosomes in the cell8 7hy is this a vital role8
Lysoso#es 2reak do'n large #olecules and 'aste. ;ithout the#4 clutter could accu#ulate in the cell4 'hich has 2een linked to serious hu#an888 diseases. 999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999
11. 7hich structures of the cytoskeleton are found in animal cells but not in plant cells8 centrioles 12. 7hat other structures of the cytoskeleton would show the same pattern of microtubules as a flagellum8 cilia
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14. 6n which organelle are the lipid components of the cell membrane assembled8 Endoplas#ic reticulu# 15. 7hat is the difference between rough -R and smooth -R8
7i2oso#es are found on the surface of rough E7. 888888888888888888888 &#ooth E7 has no ri2oso#es on its surface.88888888888888888888888888
16. <sing the cell as a factory analogy& describe the role of the %olgi apparatus in cells.
The >olgi apparatus is like a custo#i/ation shop in a factory. It puts the finishing touches on proteins 2efore they leave the factory.
1!. Suppose a cell=s %olgi apparatus does not function properly. ow might this problem affect other cells8 &"%PLE "*&;E7< If the cell #anufactures proteins that are nor#ally released to travel to other cells4 those cells 'ould not receive the proteins. The loss of these proteins #ight cause the @receiverA cells to function poorly.
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For Questions 19&&, write True if the statement is true. f the statement is false, change the underlined word or words to ma!e the statement true.
1%. )hloroplasts are never found in animal cells. 2&. <nlike chloroplasts& mitochondria are surrounded by a double membrane. 21. *early all of the mitochondria in your cells were inherited from your mother. 22. ;oth chloroplasts and mitochondria lack genetic information in the form of D*#.
Cellular $oundaries
For Questions &"&#, complete each statement by writing the correct word or words.
23. 3ost cell 'alls are porous to water and other materials but strong enough to support and protect cells. 24. *early all of the plant tissue called 'ood is made up of cell walls. 25. ;esides supporting and protecting a cell& the cell membrane regulates what enters and leaves the cell. 26. )omplete the diagram of a section of a cell membrane. Then& on the line below the diagram& write the name of the model that describes the cell membrane=s structure.
Car2ohydrate chain
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Lesson Summary
Passive Transport The movement of materials across the cell membrane without
using cellular energy is called passive transport. 8i''usion is the process by which particles move from an area of high concentration to an area of lower concentration. +acilitate i''usion is the process by which molecules that cannot directly diffuse across the membrane pass through special protein channels. 1smosis is the facilitated diffusion of water through a selectively permeable membrane. 9:uaporins are water channel proteins that allow water to pass through cell membranes. Two ad,acent solutions are isotonic if they have the same concentrations of solute. ;ypertonic solutions have a higher concentration of solute compared to another solution. ;ypotonic solutions have a lower concentration of solute compared to another solution. 1smotic pressure is the force caused by the net movement of water by osmosis.
Passive Transport
For Questions 1', write the letter of the correct answer on the line at the left.
1. 7hich of the following must be true for diffusion to occur8 9. 3olecules or particles must have different si/es. <. Special protein channels must always be available. C. There must be areas of different concentrations. 8. -nergy must be available.
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2. 7hich term refers to the condition that e+ists when no net change in concentration results from diffusion8 9. concentration C. osmosis <. e>uilibrium 8. randomness 3. #ir has a higher concentration of o+ygen molecules than does the cytoplasm of your lung cells. 7here in your lungs will there be a net increase of o+ygen8 9. in the air breathed in C. outside of the lung cells <. in the air breathed out 8. inside of the lung cells 4. 7hich of the following statements tells how facilitated diffusion differs from simple diffusion8 9. ?articles move through cell membranes without the use of energy by cells. <. ?articles tend to move from high concentration to lower concentration. C. ?articles move within channel proteins that pass through cell membranes. 8. ?articles tend to move more slowly than they would be e+pected to move.
For Questions #7, match the situation with the result. (rite the letter of the correct answer on the line at the left.
&ituation
7esult 5. )ells are in an isotonic solution. 6. )ells are in a hypertonic solution. !. )ells are in a hypotonic solution. 9. The cells lose water. <. The cells gain water. C. The cells stay the same.
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#. T)I*+ ,I&-"LL. 6n the table below& draw how each type of cell will look after being placed in a hypertonic solution.
"ppearance of Cells in a )ypertonic &olution "ni#al Cells Plant Cells
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"ctive Transport
9. 7hat is the function of active transport in moving small molecules and ions across cell membranes8 %ive an e+ample.
"ctive transport ena2les cells to #ove so#e #aterials against a concentration gradient. Dor exa#ple4 cells can concentrate su2stances such as sodiu# and potassiu# ions in particular locations. This 'ould not happen 2y diffusion.
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ow does #T? enable transport proteins to move ions across a cell membrane8
Energy fro# "TP causes a transport protein to change shape4 2inding su2stances on one side of the #e#2rane4 and releasing the# on the other.
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protein pu#ps
Description The taking of #aterials into a cell 2y #eans of infoldings of the cell #e#2rane
*%a$ocytosis
" type of endocytosis. "n extension of cytoplas# surrounds a particle and packages it 'ithin a food vacuole. The release of large a#ounts of #aterial fro# a cell
Exocytosis
Lesson Summary
The Cell as an 6rganis# Sometimes a single cell is an organism. Single2celled
organisms must be able to carry out all the functions necessary for life. <nicellular organisms maintain homeostasis, relatively constant internal conditions& by growing& responding to the environment& transforming energy& and reproducing. <nicellular organisms include both prokaryotes and eukaryotes. <nicellular organisms play many important roles in their environments.
1. The term ho#eostasis refers to the relatively constant internal physical and chemical state of a living cell. 2. <nicellular prokaryotes& called 2acteria& are adapted to living in a remarkable number of different places. 3. Some unicellular eukaryotes& called algae& contain chloroplasts. 4. Aeasts are unicellular -fungi8 which are eukaryotes. 5. @ther unicellular eukaryotes include proto/oans and algae.
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They #aintain ho#eostasis 2y gro'ing4 responding to their environ#ent4 transfor#ing energy4 and reproducing. !. 7hy is maintaining homeostasis particularly important to single2celled organisms8
$ecause they consist of only one cell4 loss of ho#eostasis 2y a single0celled organis# 'ould #ean the i##ediate death of the organis#. They do not have any other cells
%ulticellular Life
#. ow are the cells of a multicellular organism like a baseball team8
" #ulticellular organis# has #any different types of cells 'ith different shapes that speciali/e in one of the functions that keep the organis# alive. " 2ase2all tea# has different players 'ho each speciali/e in one of the Eo2s that #ust 2e done so the tea# can function.
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" #ulticellular organis# #aintains ho#eostasis 2y having speciali/ed cells that #ust #aintain their o'n ho#eostasis and cooperate 'ith other cells. This reFuires the cells to co##unicate 'ith one another. Each cell in a #ulticellular organis# contri2utes to the overall ho#eostasis of the organis#. 1&. )omplete the table by describing the functions of the speciali/ed cells. Exa#ples of &peciali/ed Cells Type of Cell
cells t%at line t%e u&&er air &assa$es in %umans &ine &ollen $rains -in$s
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11. The 'enn diagram below consists of four concentric circles. )omplete the diagram to show the relationships among four levels of organi/ation of life. <se the terms cells, organ, organ system, and tissue.
cells
tissue
12. Starting with the outermost circle of the diagram& e+plain how each level is related to the ne+t level within each circle.
6rgan syste#s are #ade of one or #ore organs. 6rgans are #ade up of one or #ore tissues. Tissues are #ade up of #any cells 'ith si#ilar shapes and functions. 13. 7hat is the name of the areas that hold ad,acent cells together and enable them to communicate8 Cellular Eunctions
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