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CHAPTER 4: HEAT
4.1 : UNDERSTANDING THERMAL EQUILIBRIUM
By the end of this subtopic, you will be able to
• Explain thermal equilibrium Thermal equilibrium
:Keseimbangan terma
• Explain how a liquid-in glass thermometer works
A B
Equivalent to Equivalent to
Hot Cold
object object
1. The net heat will flow from A to B until the temperature of A is the ( same, zero as the
temperature of B. In this situation, the two bodies are said to have reached thermal
equilibrium.
2. When thermal equilibrium is reached, the net rate of heat flow between the two bodies is
(zero, equal)
3. There is no net flow of heat between two objects that are in thermal equilibrium. Two objects
in thermal equilibrium have the same temperature.
4. The liquid used in glass thermometer should
(a) Be easily seen
(b) Expand and contract rapidly over a wide range of temperature
(c) Not stick to the glass wall of the capillary tube
5. List the characteristic of mercury
(a) Opaque liquid
(b) Does not stick to the glass
(c) Expands uniformly when heated
(d) Freezing point -390C
(e) Boiling point 3570C
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JPN Pahang Physics Module Form 4
Teacher’s Guide Chapter 4: Heat
6. ( Heat, Temperature ) is a form of energy. It flows from a hot body to a cold body.
7. The SI unit for ( heat , temperature) is Joule, J.
8. ( Heat , Temperature ) is the degree of hotness of a body
9. The SI unit for (heat , temperature) is Kelvin, K.
10. Lower fixed point (l 0 )/ ice point : the temperature of pure melting ice/00C
11. Upper fixed point( l 100) /steam point: the temperature of steam from water that is boiling
under standard atmospheric pressure /1000C
l - l
Temperature, θ = θ 0 x 1000C
l100 - l0
l0 : length of mercury at ice point
l100 : length of mercury at steam point
lθ : length of mercury at θ point
Exercise 4.1
Section A: Choose the best answer
1. The figure shows two metal blocks. A. It warms the surroundings
Which the following statement is false? B. It warms the water of the tea
C. It turns into heat energy and
disappears.
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JPN Pahang Physics Module Form 4
Teacher’s Guide Chapter 4: Heat
2. The length of the mercury column at the steam point and ice point and are 65.0 cm and
5.0cm respectively. When the thermometer is immersed in the liquid Q, the length of the
mercury column is 27.0 cm. What is the temperature of the liquid Q?
Temperature, θ = lθ – l0 x 1000C
l100 – l0
θ = 27 – 5 x 1000C
65 - 5
θ = 36.670C
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JPN Pahang Physics Module Form 4
Teacher’s Guide Chapter 4: Heat
3. The distance between 00C and 1000C is 28.0 cm. When the thermometer is put into a beaker
of water, the length of mercury column is 24.5cm above the lower fixed point. What is the
temperature of the water?
Temperature, θ = lθ – l0 x 1000C
l100 – l0
θ = 24.5 – 0 x 1000C
28 - 0
θ = 87.50C
4. The distance between 00C and 1000C is 25 cm. When the thermometer is put into a beaker of
water, the length of mercury column is 16cm above the lower fixed point. What is the
temperature of the water? What is the length of mercury column from the bulb at
temperatures i) 300C
Temperature, θ = lθ – l0 x 1000C
l100 – l0
θ = 16 – 0 x 1000C
25 - 0
θ = 64.00C
Temperature, θ = lθ – l0 x 1000C
l100 – l0
300C = x – 0 x 1000C
25 - 0
x = 7.5cm
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JPN Pahang Physics Module Form 4
Teacher’s Guide Chapter 4: Heat
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2. What do you mean by heat and temperature?
Heat is the energy that transfers from one object to another object because of a
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temperature difference between them.
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Temperature is a measure of degree of hotness of a body.
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1. The heat capacity of a body is the amount of heat that must be supplied to the body to
increase its temperature by 10C.
2. The heat capacity of an object depends on the
Temperature of the body
(a) ……………………………………………………………………………………….
Mass of the body
(b) ……………………………………………………………………………………….
Type of material
(c) ………………………………………………………………………………………
3. The specific heat capacity of a substance is the amount of heat that must be supplied to
increase the temperature by 1 0C for a mass of 1 kg of the substance. Unit Jkg-1 K-1
Q__
Specific heat capacity , c =
m∆θ
4. The heat energy absorbed or given out by an object is given by Q = mc∆O.
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Teacher’s Guide Chapter 4: Heat
5. High specific heat capacity absorb a large amount of heat with only a small temperature
increase such as plastics.
6. Conversion of energy
Heater
Electrical energy
Electrical energy Heat energy
Power = P Pt = mcθ
Equal rate of
heat supplied
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JPN Pahang Physics Module Form 4
Teacher’s Guide Chapter 4: Heat
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JPN Pahang Physics Module Form 4
Teacher’s Guide Chapter 4: Heat
Exercise 4.2
SECTION A : Choose the best answer
1. The change in the temperature of an The temperature of the ethanol rises
object does not depend on faster. This is because the ethanol..
A. the mass of the object A. is denser than water
B. the type of substance the object is B. is less dense than water
made of C. has a larger specific heat capacity
C. the shape of the object than water
D. the quantity of heat received D. has a smaller specific heat capacity
than water
2. Which of the following defines the
specific heat capacity of a substance 4. In the experiment to determine the
correctly? specific heat capacity of a metal block,
A. The amount of heat energy required some oil is poured into the hole
to raise the temperature of 1kg of the containing thermometer. Why is this
substance done?
B. The amount of heat energy required A. To ensure a better conduction of
to raise 1kg of the substance by 10C. heat
C. The amount of heat energy required B. To reduce the consumption of
to change 1kg of the substance from electrical energy
the solid state to the liquid state. C. To ensure the thermometer is in an
upright position.
3. Heat energy is supplied at the same rate D. To reduce the friction between the
to 250g of water and 250g of ethanol. thermometer and the wall of the
block.
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Teacher’s Guide Chapter 4: Heat
= 36 160J
2. Calculate the amount of heat required to raise the temperature of 0.8 kg of copper from 350C
to 600C. (Specific heat capacity of copper = 400 J kg-1 C-1).
4. 750g block of a aluminium at 1200C is cooled until 450C. Find the amount of heat is
released. . (Specific heat capacity of aluminium = 900 J kg-1 C-1).
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JPN Pahang Physics Module Form 4
Teacher’s Guide Chapter 4: Heat
1. In figure below, block A of mass 5kg at temperature 1000C is in contact with another block B
of mass 2.25kg at temperature 200C.
5kg
2.25kg
A
B
1000C 200C
(c) Suggest one method to reduce the energy loss to the surroundings.
Put them in a sealed polystyrene box.
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JPN Pahang Physics Module Form 4
Teacher’s Guide Chapter 4: Heat
Gas
Boiling
Latent heat absorbed Condensation
Latent heat released
Solidification
Solid Latent heat released Liquid
2. The heat absorbed or the heat released at constant temperature during a change of
phase is known as latent heat. Q= ml
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Teacher’s Guide Chapter 4: Heat
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Temperature
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Time
(b) Boiling
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Temperature
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Time
(c) Solidification
Temperature ………………………………………
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Time ……………………………………….
(d) Condensation
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Temperature
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Time
JPN Pahang Physics Module Form 4
Teacher’s Guide Chapter 4: Heat
ice water
heat lost
( freezing)
gas
water
heat lost
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( condensation)
JPN Pahang Physics Module Form 4
Teacher’s Guide Chapter 4: Heat
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(f) Steaming Food
Food is cooked faster if steamed. When food is steamed, the condensed water
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vapour releases a quantity of latent heat and heat capacity. This heat flows to the
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food. This is more efficient than boiling the food.
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(g) Killing of Germs and Bacteria
Steam that releases a large quantity of heat is used in the autoclave to kill germs
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and bacteria on surgery equipment in hospitals.
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EXERCISE 4.3
Section A:
1. The graph in figure below shows how section of the graph would the wax be a
the temperature of some wax changes as mixture of solid and liquid?
it cools from liquid to solid. Which
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Teacher’s Guide Chapter 4: Heat
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Teacher’s Guide Chapter 4: Heat
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5. Calculate the amount of heat released when 2 kg of ice at 00C is changed into water at 00C.
6. Calculate the amount of heat needed to convert 3 kg of ice at 00C to water at 300C.
7. Find the amount of heat needed to convert 0.5 kg of ice at —150C into steam at 1000C
8. Calculate the amount of heat needed to convert 100 g of ice at 00C into steam at 1000C.
9. The specific latent heat of vaporization of water is 2300 kJ kg-’. How much heat will be
absorbed when 3.2 kg of water is boiled off at its boiling point.
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Teacher’s Guide Chapter 4: Heat
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Teacher’s Guide Chapter 4: Heat
Pα1
V
That is PV = constant Small volume
molecules hit wall
Or P V = P V more often, greater
1 1 2 2
pressure
1. Boyle’s law states that for a fixed mass of gas, the pressure of the gas is inversely
proportional to its volume when the temperature is kept constant.
2. Boyle’s law can be shown graphically as in Figure above
P
P
0 V 0 1/V
3. The volume of an air bubble at the base of a sea of 50 m deep is 250cm 3. If the atmospheric
pressure is 10m of water, find the volume of the air bubble when it reaches the surface of the
sea.
P2= 10m
P1V1 = P2V2
60m (250 x 10 )m3 = 10m x V2
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VαT
that is V = constant
T Higher temperature,
Relationship between faster molecules,
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volume and temperature larger volume to keep
the pressure constant
Lower temperature
JPN Pahang Physics Module Form 4
Teacher’s Guide Chapter 4: Heat
1. Charles’ law states that for a fixed mass of gas, the volume of the gas is directly proportional
to its absolute temperature when its pressure is kept constant.
2. The temperature -2730C is the lowest possible temperature and is known as the absolute zero
of temperature.
3. Fill the table below.
Temperature Celsius scale (0C) Kelvin Scale(K)
Absolute zero -273 0
Ice point 0 273
Steam point 100 373
Unknown point θ ( θ + 273 )
PαT
That is P = constant
Higher temperature
T
molecules move
faster, greater
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JPN Pahang Physics Module Form 4
Teacher’s Guide Chapter 4: Heat
1. The pressure law states that for a fixed mass of gas, the pressure of the gas is directly
proportional to its absolute temperature when its volume is kept constant.
2. The volume of an air bubble at the base of a sea of 50 in deep is 200 cm3. If the atmospheric
pressure is 10 in of water, find the volume of the air bubble when it reaches the surface of
the sea.
3. The volume of an air bubble is 5 mm3 when it is at a depth of h in below the water surface.
Given that its volume is 15 mm3 when it is at a depth of 2 in, find the value of h.
(Atmospheric pressure = 10 m of water)
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Teacher’s Guide Chapter 4: Heat
4. An air bubble has a volume of V cm3 when it is released at a depth of 45m from the water
surface. Find its volume (V) when it reaches the water surface. (Atmospheric pressure = 10
m of water)
5. A gas of volume 20m3 at 370C is heated until its temperature becomes 870C at constant
pressure. What is the increase in volume?
6. The air pressure in a container at 330C is 1.4 X 1O5 N m2. The container is heated until the
temperature is 550C. What is the final air pressure if the volume of the container is fixed?
7. The volume of a gas is 1 cm3 at 150C. The gas is heated at fixed pressure until the volume
becomes triple the initial volume. Calculate the final temperature of the gas.
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JPN Pahang Physics Module Form 4
Teacher’s Guide Chapter 4: Heat
8. An enclosed container contains a fixed mass of gas at 250C and at the atmospheric pressure.
The container is heated and temperature of the gas increases to 980C. Find the new pressure
of the gas if the volume of the container is constant.(Atmospheric pressure = 1.0 X 105N
rn2)
9. The pressure of a gas decreases from 1.2 x 105 Pa to 9 x 105 Pa at 400C. If the volume of the
gas is constant, find the initial temperature of the gas.
PART A: CHAPTER 4
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Teacher’s Guide Chapter 4: Heat
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Teacher’s Guide Chapter 4: Heat
C. Gas molecules move faster as 10. A plastic bag is filled with air. It is
temperature increases immersed in the boiling water as shown
D. Gas molecules collide in diagram below.
inelastically with each other
PART B;
1. A research student wishes to carry out an investigation on the temperature change of the
substance in the temperature range -500C to 500C. The instrument used to measure the
temperature is a liquid in glass thermometer.
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Teacher’s Guide Chapter 4: Heat
Thermometer A B C D
Liquid Mercury Mercury Alcohol Alcohol
Freezing point of liquid (0C) -39 -39 -112 -112
Boiling point of liquid (0C) 360 360 360 360
Diameter of capillary tube Large Small Large Small
Cross section
Table 1
(a) (i) State the principle used in a liquid- in –glass thermometer.(1m)
Principle of thermal equilibrium
........................................................................................................................................
(ii) Briefly explain the principle stated in (a)(i) (3m)
A system is in a state of thermal equilibrium if the net rate of heat flow between
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the component of the system is zero. This means that the component of the system
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are at the same temperature
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(b) Table 1 shows the characteristic of 4 types of thermometer: A,B C and D. On the basis
of the information given in Table 1, explain the characteristics of, and suggest a suitable
thermometer for the experiment.(5 m)
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Alkohol – freezing point is less than -50C, boiling point higher than 50C.Thus the
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alcohol will not boil.
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Capillary tube has small diameter will produce a large change in the length thus
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making the change clearly visible.
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Small diameter increases sensitivity of the thermometer
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Teacher’s Guide Chapter 4: Heat
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(c) The length of the mercury column in uncalibrated thermometer is 6.0cm and 18.5 cm at
00C and 1000C. respectively. When the thermometer is placed in a liquid, the length of
the mercury column is 14.0cm
(i) Calculate the temperature of the liquid
The temperature of the liquid = 8.0 x 100
12.5
= 64 0C
(ii) State two thermometric properties which can be used to calibrate a thermometer. (6m)
• Change of volume of gas with temperature
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• Change of electrical resistance with temperature
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2. A metal block P of mass 500 g is heated is boiling water at a temperature of 1000C. Block P
is then transferred into the water at a temperature of 300C in a polystyrene cup. The mass of
water in the polystyrene cup is 250 g. After 2 minutes, the water temperature rises to 420C.
Figure 2
Assuming that the heat absorbed by the polystyrene cup and heat loss to the
surroundings are negligible.{Specific heat capacity of water 4 200 j kg-1 C-1)
Calculate
(a) the quantity of heat gained by water the polystyrene cup
Q = mcθ
= 0.250 x 4200 x (42-30)
= 12 600J
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JPN Pahang Physics Module Form 4
Teacher’s Guide Chapter 4: Heat
(a) State the energy change each time the tube is inverted.
Gravitational potential energy → kinetic energy → heat energy
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(b) What is the average distance taken by the lead shot each time the tube is inverted?
45.0 cm
(c) Calculate the time taken by the lead shot to fall from the top to the bottom of the tube.
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JPN Pahang Physics Module Form 4
Teacher’s Guide Chapter 4: Heat
S = ut + ½ at2
0.45 = 0 + ½ (10)t2
t = 0.3s
(d) After inverting the tube 100 times, the temperature of the lead shot is found to have
increased by 30C.
i. Calculate the work done on the lead shot.
Work done = (100) mgh
= 100 x 0.500 x 10 x 0.45
= 225 J
ii. Calculate the specific heat capacity of lead.
mc θ = 225 J
c = 225
(0.500 x 3)
= 150 Jkg-1 C-1
PART C: EXPERIMENT
1. Before travelling on a long journey, Luqman measured the air pressure the tyre of his car as
shown in Figure (a) He found that the air pressure of the tyre was 200 kPa. After the journey,
Luqman measured again the air pressure of the tyre as shown in Figure (b) He found that the
air pressure had increase to 245 kPa. Luqman also found that the tyre was hotter after the
journey although the size of the tyre did not change.
Using the information provided by Luqman and his observations on air pressure in the
tyre of his car:
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Teacher’s Guide Chapter 4: Heat
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JPN Pahang Physics Module Form 4
Teacher’s Guide Chapter 4: Heat
Analysis of Data
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