Harmonic Elimination in Single Phase Systems by Means of a Hybrid Series Active Filter (HSAF)

ABSTRA T

In this paper, a fully-digital-controlled hybrid series active filter (HSAF) for harmonic elimination and reactive power compensation in single phase systems is presented !he HSAF is composed of two single tuned LC filters and a smallrated active filter "iscrete Fourier transformation is used as the control method Simulation results using #A!$A% program shows the effectiveness of the control method A hybrid series active filter is implemented verifying the accuracy of the control method

PR!P!SE" S#STEM $%M%TS&'

o

A series of hybrid filters has been evolved and e&tensively used in practice as a costeffective solution for the compensation of nonlinear loads State-of-the-art power electronic technology has enabled engineers to put active filters into practical use #any shunt active filters consisting of voltage-fed pulse width modulated ('(#) inverters using I)%! or )!* thyristors are operating successfully in all over the world !hese filters have provided the re+uired harmonic filtering, reactive power compensation, and etc.

Bloc( diagram&'
NONLINEAR LOADS

)*h s+**ly

"iscrete Fourier

Active filter

, 'arallel single tuned 'assive filters connected in series

Harmonics
Harmonic

current are generated to small extent and at law distortion level by .

1- Generation equipment . 2- transmission equipment. - !istribution equipment . "- #ndustrial load . 5- !omestic load.

Harmonic

5th harmonic distorted sine wave

Harmonics affect Power Quality

'quipment to (ail prematurely. !ecrease t)e e((iciency o( t)e electrical. distribution and utili*ation networ+. ,auses grounding potential rise. lig)t (lic+ering. -aulty operation o( ,omputeri*ed data processing equipments and computer. networ+s and computer equipment.

Cont.
-aulty

operation o( ,ontrol devices. protective relays etc. 'xtra loss in trans(ormer. rotating mac)ines etc. /oise in electrical equipments /oise are generated by electronic devices

Total Harmonic Distortion

'xtras01easurements

2)e 2H! is de(ined as t)e root mean square 34156 value o( t)e total )armonics o( t)e signal. divided by t)e 415 value o( its (undamental signal

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Mathematical THD

Interruption

!e(inition 7w)en t)e voltage drops below

108 o( its nominal value it is called an interruption or a blac+out.

interruptions are t)e most severe (orm o( power problem. because equipment s)uts down or lig)ting goes o(( since t)e voltage dropped below t)e point t)at t)ese devices can operate. 9)ere sags and under voltage typically represent more t)an 928 o( power problem events. interruptions represent less t)an "8 o( suc) problems.
1

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Over voltage

Over voltage is an increase in voltage above 110% of nominal for more than one minute.

Over voltage has detrimental effects on most electronics by causing them to overheat.
1"

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Transient voltage ,noise ,Sag or Dip and Under voltage

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1$

Power filters
-ilter 2o

is a device t)at removes somet)ing (rom w)atever passes t)roug) it. eliminate line-current )armonics.

2o improve t)e power (actor. 2o reduce electrical inter(erence.

lectrical !ilter
:ny combination o( ;assive 34. < and ,6 and0or active 3transistors or operational ampli(iers6 elements designed to select or re=ects a band o( (requencies.

cont
1ainly

s)unt type

>sually connected in parallel wit) power system or electric load ;rovide low impendence 3?-6 pat) to ground (or all )armonic currents at one or more tuned )armonic (requencies.

Im ortant c!aracteristics #y t!e filters

resente"

Hig)ly e((ective. reducing )armonics to negligible levels. 'limination o( several )armonics wit) a single active (ilter. resulting in a smaller number o( (ilters in t)e substation. :bsence o( problems wit) resonance (requencies due to interaction wit) t)e networ+ impedance or wit) ot)er (ilters. capacitor ban+s or reactors in t)e station

"ont#

'xcellent per(ormance despite variation o( t)e system (requency. 5el(-adaptation to c)anges in t)e networ+ impedance. 4educed si*e. allowing implementation using container tec)niques. #n addition to reducing installation time. t)is ma+es it possible to test t)e complete equipment as a system at t)e (actory be(ore s)ipment.

$ctive filter

>se op amps wit) resistor and capacitors in t)eir (eed loops. :ctive (ilters can )ave )ig) input impedance .low out put impedance . 'asier to design t)an passive (ilters. >sing @p amp can ac)ieve very good accuracy.

$ctive !ilter

Acti$e filters Circuits #ase" on O Resistor% an" ca acitors

Am s%

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HARM!,% E$%M%,AT%!, -S%,. A H#BR%" SER%ES A T%/E F%$TER (HSAF)

Hybrid active filters consist of single or multiple voltage-source '(# converters and passive components such as capacitors, inductors, and-or resistors !he hybrid filters are more attractive in harmonic filtering than the pure filters from both viability and economical points of view, particularly for high-power applications However, single-phase active filters would attract much less attention than three-phase active filters because single-phase versions are limited to low-power applications e&cept for electric traction or rolling stoc.

Fig0 10 System config+ration0

Fig / shows the configuration of the HSAF and nonlinear load proposed in this paper and, its parameters are given in !able I !he HSAF consists of a series active filter and two parallel single tuned passive filters in series with the active filter !wo passive filters are tuned in dominants harmonic fre+uencies of 0rd and 1th !he effectiveness of the proposed method in harmonic elimination and reactive power compensation is shown using HSAF for a nonlinear load

!MPE,SAT%!, STRATE.#&'

*ne of the .ey points for proper implementation of an A'F is to use a reliable method for current-voltage reference generation 2urrently, there is a large variety of practical implementation supported by different theories (either in time or fre+uency domain) !he control method should e&tract the harmonic components with minimum phase shift and attenuate the fundamental component

In this paper discrete Fourier transformation ("F!) is used to e&tract the source current harmonics with assuming 3 samples in a cycle, as4

o where (/) is "F! and (,) is inverse "F! After e&tracting the fundamental component, it is subtracted from source current to e&tract harmonic components as4

Fig0 20 ontrol circ+it of hybrid series active filter0

Fig , shows the control circuit to control the dc voltage capacitor %ased on this method, if active filter is along the passive filter, an e&tra voltage reference should be added to + component As seen in this figure, a component with 56 degree lead the load terminal voltage is added to reference voltage in order to control the dc lin. voltage capacitor

S#STEM STAB%$%T# A,A$#S%S&'

Fig0 )0 Bloc( diagram of the 3hole system0

Active filter shows 7ero impedance against fundamental component of the source current while it shows high impedance against harmonics In Fig 0, analog to digital converters in control circuit give rise to some delays in system Also, it ta.es some time to e&tract harmonic components by the microcontroller

Fig0 40 ontrol diagram of the system 3ith constant delay 50

Assuming all the delays in the system as 8, Fig 9 shows the system control diagram So, the open-loop transfer function will be as4

:+s (9) represents that if 8 is 7ero, the system will always be stable However, the e&istence of noise is unavoidable

Fig 1 shows the relationship between system critical time (8) and system impedance in different values of ; As seen in this figure, as ; increases, the system critical time decreases to avoid instability< however, the source current !H" decreases

Fig0 60 Relationshi* bet3een system critical time and system im*edance0

Fig = shows the system fre+uency response As this figure shows, the system is stable and its phase margin is about 56 degree

Fig0 70 System fre8+ency res*onse0

FRE9-E, # HARA TER%ST% !F THE S#STEM

Fig0 :0 Harmonic e8+ivalent circ+it of single *hase system0

In this figure, the voltage source harmonics are modeled by >sh, and it is in series with the !hevenin impedance (?s) of the power system Also, nonlinear load is a diode rectifier by a resistive @ capacitive load on its output !his load has usually a voltage source characteristic because an inductor is on rectifier input, and this ma.es it as a current source type load characteristic !he load is modeled by harmonic voltage >$hv in series with inductor $A2

!he series active filter behaves as a damping resistor which can eliminate resonance between the parallel passive filter and the source impedance It also prevents flowing of harmonic currents to the power source by presenting 7ero impedance at the fundamental fre+uency and a high resistance ; at the power source or load harmonics So, the series active filter can be modeled by a resistor, ;, and its output reference voltage as4

where Ish is the harmonic current flowing from the power source, produced by both the load harmonic current (I$h) and the power source harmonic voltage (>Sh)

In Fig A, the harmonic current of the power source is calculated as4

where ?s and ?pf are power source and passive filter e+uivalent impedance, respectively

%ased on (=), when ; is large enough greater than ?s and ?pf, the power source harmonic currents will be e+ual to 7ero (IShB6) In fact, in this case the source impedance (?s) has no impact on the parallel passive filter characteristic, and the power source current harmonics will completely be eliminated

Fig0 ;0 Fre8+ency res*onse of the hybrid series active filter for different val+es of <0

Fig C shows the fre+uency response for different values of ; As seen in this figure, when the passive filter is used alone (;B6), two resonances occur between the parallel passive filter and the power source impedance at about /06 H7 and ,96 H7 Also, when the series active filter is used along with the passive filter, since the series active filter behaves as a damping resistor, there is no resonance in the system